Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Approche adaptative'
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Pruski, Cédric. "Une approche adaptative pour la recherche d'information sur le Web." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00433071.
Full textVIVIAN, ROBIN Gardan Yvon. "UNE APPROCHE ADAPTATIVE : UNE APPLICATION A LA VISUALISATION EN C.A.O /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1993. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1993/Vivian.Robin.SMZ932.pdf.
Full textHerpson, Cédric. "Approche multi-agents pour la supervision adaptative des systèmes distribués." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066509.
Full textSupervising a system consists in the detection, isolation,identification and then repair of any fault that may occur in it. Nowadays, supervised systems are often distributedand communications are asynchronous. When communica-tions are disrupted, information takes an indefinite time toreach its destination, which slows down or stops the su-pervision process. The question is thus how to efficiently supervise a distributed system with unreliable communica-tions ? We claim that the answer to this question requiresa distributed supervision system. In this document, we presentADS2, a multi-agent supervision architecture that is robustin a context of unreliable communications. ADS2 has fourmain characteristics : (1) Each agent can perform both di-agnosis and repair, (2) Each agent can find a balance be-tween a quick local diagnosis and repair, and a delayed, sys-temic one, based on the respective costs of misdiagnosis andcommunication, (3) Agents may form a coalition to restorea consistent view of the system state in case some had toact locally with incomplete information at an earlier stage. (4) Each agent is able to untertwine the diangostis and repair steps in order to reduce the size of the diagnosis search space and thus the time of malfunction. The document develops our proposal along these four charac-teristics, and evaluates AD2 using an industrial case-study
Vivian, Robin. "Définition d'une approche adaptative : une application à la visualisation en CAO." Metz, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1993/Vivian.Robin.SMZ932.pdf.
Full textRay tracing is an image synthesis technique which allows the simulation of complex optic effects like refraction and reflection. Unfortunately this algorithm remains very expensive in computation. In order to minimize the processing times we propose an optimisation based on an adaptative décomposition of the working space and the rationalization of the optimization techniques. An analysis of the content and the localization of the information allow a selective application of the ray tracing. The method consists in an analysis of the position and of the repartition of the objects in order to determine the intersection possibilities. An recursive and adaptative decomposition, directed by a study of the content, reduces localy the complexity of the scene which helps for a reduction of the processing times. A propagation of the results which have been obtained with the primary rays and shade rays, to secondary rays (reflected and bend rays) allows under particular conditions to give an efficient solution to the processing of reflected and transparent objects
Lattaud, Claude. "Approche adaptative de systèmes multi-agents dans un contexte vie artificielle." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05S021.
Full textErrera, Marie-Hélène. "Etude des mécanismes immunitaires des uvéites idiopathiques par une approche biologique et l'optique adaptative." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066714/document.
Full textMost of experimental models of uveitis are mediated by lymphocytic subtypes CD4+ T-Helper 1 (Th1) et Th17. The aim of this thesis is to study the immune mechanisms in idiopathic uveitis (i.e. unknown etiology) in humans. First, we will determine the biological spectrum of 30 cytokines/ chemokines/ growth factors in aqueous humour and sera by Luminex® technology. Those mediators will be measured in the serum and aqueous humour of patients with active intermediate and posterior uveitis classified as idiopathic. Those results will be compared to a cohort of patients with no inflammation and to patients with uveitis of various causes. We found that the profile of mediators changes regarding to the cause of the intraocular inflammation. The proinflammatory process is related to increased levels of cytokines Th1 (IFNγ, IL-12), Th17 (IL-17), TNF-α, IL-6, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-1, G-CSF and IP-10 idiopathic uveitis. The sera of the patients with idiopathic uveitis have increased levels IL-17 and IP-10. Secondly, the immune mechanisms of uveitis were studied by adaptive optics imaging (FIOA) and particularly the observation of anatomic changes related to ocular inflammations. We ruled out any correlation betweeen the perivascular cellular opacification in FIOA and the cytokines/ chemokines found in the eyes with uveitis. An understanding of the profile of mediators in inflammation and their determination could help to target idiopathic uveitis with correct therapies
El, Guedria Sgaier Zina. "Assistance à la recherche documentaire par une approche adaptative à base d’agents et d’artefacts." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMIR24/document.
Full textThe development and multiplication of information systems and platforms for information access has been accentuated over the past thirty years. The large volume of information available has raised many scientific challenges in different areas such as information retrieval. To access documents grouped in a digital corpus, one must be able to express his/her information need, often in the form of a query, to associate the relevant documents and present them in the best possible way to users. Document research in a thematic digital corpus presenting a high level of technicality in the concerned discipline can be considered as a browsing process driven by some information needs. Such browses requires the use of traditional information retrieval tools to select relevant documents based on a query But they can be improved by the use of customization and adaptation mechanisms in order to refine the representation of information needs according to the specificities of a user, his current browsing or the corpus considered. Indeed, access to digital documents raises problems related to the search for information, the visualization of the results of a query and the browsing between the documents. The process of information retrieval requires to be improved and especially by the integration of the user as a main factor to take into account in the search for satisfaction of his/her information needs. We consider several approaches to help users in their search for documents. A first assistance concerns the reformulation of queries by targeting an audience of users unfamiliar with the technical terms of the field and struggling to express in the form of a query their need. The second approach that we propose is not to consider the user in isolation but to bring it closer to those who have expressed similar research to find the documents they considered relevant. Finally, we include works from the field of the recommendation to better understand the informational needs of the user and help them find what they are looking for by recommending documentary resources. In this thesis, we propose to treat this diversity of influence by a multi-agent system interacting with a shared environment representing the users browsing so that the system may be adapted to use either assistance facilities according to the user's expertise. We applied our work for document research in a digital corpus of legal documents
Voisine, Nicolas. "Approche adaptative de coopération hiérarchique de méthodes de segmentation : application aux images multicomposantes." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10128.
Full textDarmet, Ludovic. "Vers une approche basée modèle-image flexible et adaptative en criminalistique des images." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03086427.
Full textImages are nowadays a standard and mature medium of communication.They appear in our day to day life and therefore they are subject to concernsabout security. In this work, we study different methods to assess theintegrity of images. Because of a context of high volume and versatilityof tampering techniques and image sources, our work is driven by the necessity to developflexible methods to adapt the diversity of images.We first focus on manipulations detection through statistical modeling ofthe images. Manipulations are elementary operations such as blurring,noise addition, or compression. In this context, we are more preciselyinterested in the effects of pre-processing. Because of storagelimitation or other reasons, images can be resized or compressed justafter their capture. Addition of a manipulation would then be applied on analready pre-processed image. We show that a pre-resizing of test datainduces a drop of performance for detectors trained on full-sized images.Based on these observations, we introduce two methods to counterbalancethis performance loss for a pipeline of classification based onGaussian Mixture Models. This pipeline models the local statistics, onpatches, of natural images. It allows us to propose adaptation of themodels driven by the changes in local statistics. Our first method ofadaptation is fully unsupervised while the second one, only requiring a fewlabels, is weakly supervised. Thus, our methods are flexible to adaptversatility of source of images.Then we move to falsification detection and more precisely to copy-moveidentification. Copy-move is one of the most common image tampering technique. Asource area is copied into a target area within the same image. The vastmajority of existing detectors identify indifferently the two zones(source and target). In an operational scenario, only the target arearepresents a tampering area and is thus an area of interest. Accordingly, wepropose a method to disentangle the two zones. Our method takesadvantage of local modeling of statistics in natural images withGaussian Mixture Model. The procedure is specific for each image toavoid the necessity of using a large training dataset and to increase flexibility.Results for all the techniques described above are illustrated on publicbenchmarks and compared to state of the art methods. We show that theclassical pipeline for manipulations detection with Gaussian MixtureModel and adaptation procedure can surpass results of fine-tuned andrecent deep-learning methods. Our method for source/target disentanglingin copy-move also matches or even surpasses performances of the latestdeep-learning methods. We explain the good results of these classicalmethods against deep-learning by their additional flexibility andadaptation abilities.Finally, this thesis has occurred in the special context of a contestjointly organized by the French National Research Agency and theGeneral Directorate of Armament. We describe in the Appendix thedifferent stages of the contest and the methods we have developed, as well asthe lessons we have learned from this experience to move the image forensics domain into the wild
Rousseau, Kami. "Restauration adaptative des contours par une approche inspirée de la prédiction des performances." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2788.
Full textAmy, Matthieu. "Systèmes résilients pour l'automobile : d'une approche à composants à une approche à objets de la tolérance aux fautes adaptative sur ROS." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0014.
Full textLike the mobile phone evolved as smartphone, cars have gradually turned into smartcars. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), infotainment or personalization of the vehicle are clearly today key aspects of attractiveness for customers. Connected vehicles led manufacturers to remotely update embedded software, promoting their maintainability and the subsequent addition of features later in the lifetime of a car. In this context, the AUTOSAR consortium, a group of major car manufacturers, has designed a new software platform to facilitate remote updates and online modification of such embedded systems. However, with the increasing complexity of embedded software systems, it becomes mandatory to maintain dependability in operation despite unforeseen changes. Thus, the dependability mechanisms must also be adapted and updated to ensure the resilience of the system, namely, the persistence of dependability when facing changes. Fault Tolerance Mechanisms (FTM) which are means ensuring a nominal or an (acceptable) degraded service in the presence of faults must also adapt to a change in the application operational context (fault model changes, characteristics of the application or available resources). This ability to adapt FTMs is called Adaptive Fault Tolerance (AFT). The contributions of this thesis are performed in this context of evolution and adaptivity of critical embedded software. In this work, we propose approaches to develop safe embedded systems whose FTMs can adapt to the operational context in different ways, coarse-grain or fine-grain modifications of their implementation at runtime, to minimize the impact on the application. We propose a first solution based on a substitutable component approach: we break down FTMs according to a Before-Proceed-After design scheme grouping respectively fault tolerance actions performed before a functional action of the application, the interaction with the application and fault tolerance actions required after the action performed by the application. We implement this approach on ROS (Robot Operating System), a middleware for robotics that enables an application to be implemented as a component graph. We then propose a second solution in which we refine the granularity of the FTM components by first categorizing the individual dependability actions they contain. This enables an elementary action to be substituted instead of a component as a whole. Thus, we solved a resource problem that appeared in the substitutable component approach. Since a component is mapped to a process, the FTMs overuse more resources that are obviously limited in embedded systems. To this aims, we design a solution based on an object-based scheduling approach. FTMs are designed in this case as an object graph. The fault tolerance basic actions are mapped to objects that are scheduled within the FTM component. This second approach was also implemented on ROS. Finally, we make a comparative analysis of the two software execution platforms of the automotive industry, namely the AUTOSAR Classic Platform and the AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform, which is still under development today. As a final step, we examine the compatibility between these two runtime supports and our approaches to design resilient systems based on adaptive fault tolerance
Boudoin, Pierre. "L'interaction 3D adaptative : une approche basée sur les méthodes de traitement de données multi-capteurs." Phd thesis, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553369.
Full textAbdeldjelil, Hanane. "Une approche adaptative basée sur la diversité pour la gestion des fautes dans les services Web." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10212/document.
Full textFault Tolerant Web services are components with higher resilience to failures that result out of various unexpected faults for instance software bugs and machine crashes. Since it is impractical to predict the potential occurrence of a fault, a widely used strategy consists of duplicating, in a passive or active way, critical components (e.g., Web services) that interact during a distributed application execution (e.g., composition). The ability of this application to continue operation despite component failures is referred to as Fault Tolerance (FT). Duplication is usually put forward as a solution to make these components fault tolerant. It is achieved through either replication or diversity. In this thesis, we are particularly interested in diversity, and we show how semantically similar Web services, i.e., offer same functionality (e.g., Weather Forecast) but implement this functionality differently in terms of business logic and technical resources, collaborate together to make web services fault tolerant. We illustrate the limitations of replication (e.g., presence of replicated faults) and suggests diversity as an alternative solution. Our literature review revealed a limited interest in diversity for FT Web services
LAVAL, LAURENT. "Modelisation et commande robuste en force d'un actionneur hydraulique confronte d'un environnement incertain : approche h et commande adaptative." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066417.
Full textLachaud, Jacques-Olivier. "Extraction de surfaces à partir d'images tridimensionnelles : approche discrète et approche par modèle déformable." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004892.
Full textBarolle, Victor. "Approche matricielle de la tomographie à cohérence optique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLET012.
Full textInterferometric techniques of microscopy display sensitivity to aberrations affecting both resolution and depth of imaging. Formerly introduced in astronomy, different methods of adaptive optics have been applied to microscopy in order to compensate for these effects. Most of them rely on the measurement of the wave front and on a close-loop correction of the aberrations using wave-front control devices. These methods are nevertheless limited by the rates of measurement and correction and can only compensate for low-order aberrations.The purpose of this thesis is to present an innovative matrix approach relying on the analysis of a new operator, the distorsion matrix, allowing to locally quantify the scattering and aberration parameters, and to compensate for the aberrations over the whole field of view. Besides, we introduce a mathematical formalism in order to describe the effects of aberrations in full-field OCT and we extend the scope of the matrix approach to very large fields of view thanks to an experimental setup of reflection matrix measurement inspired by this technique of imaging
Boucher, Alain. "Une approche décentralisée et adaptative de la gestion d'informations en vision ; application à l'interprétation d'images de cellules en mouvement." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004805.
Full textMoyne, Oriane. "Approche métabolomique pour l'étude de l'évolution adaptative de Pseudomonas aeruginosa au cours des infections pulmonaires chroniques dans la mucoviscidose." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS003/document.
Full textChronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. a.) is considered as the leading cause of cysticfibrosis (CF) morbidity and mortality. During this persistent infection, the bacterium adapts to the typical lungenvironment of these patients and evolves within its host for decades. This adaptive evolution is driven byphenotypes, including a decrease in virulence and an increase in antibiotic resistance over time. Althoughseveral studies have attempted to elucidate the genetic mechanisms of this evolution, it remains difficulttoday to explain the relationships between the accumulated genomic mutations and the expression ofclinically relevant phenotypes, or to correlate these mutations with the patient’s health status.In this work, we propose to study the mechanisms underlying this adaptive evolution at a post-genomicobservation level: metabolomics. Metabolomics, the newest of the -omics disciplines, provides an instantview of the metabolic activities, and furnishes a vision as close as possible to the phenotype. To this end,we constructed a bank of evolutive clonal P. a. lineages sampled during chronic lung infection in patientswith CF. This bank was then clinically, phenotypically and metabolomically characterized. Integration ofthese different levels of information by multi-block statistical methods has allowed us to highlight metabolicpathways involved in within-host patho-adaptation of P. a. .Our results rise new hypotheses for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic tools with the aim ofimproving the management of these infections particularly resistant to antibiotics. In addition, our workdemonstrates the interest of metabolomics to study bacterial adaptive evolution under natural conditions
Teixeira, Joël. "Nouvelle approche de mesure de front d'onde sans analyseur pour la microscopie à deux photons : application à l'imagerie in vivo de l'hippocampe." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEO017/document.
Full textDeep in vivo two-photon microscopy is severely limited by optical aberrations. Adaptive optics is now a widely used technique to overcome this issue. It relies on one of several possible wavefront sensing techniques. Indirect or sensorless wavefront estimation has the advantage of being easy-to-implement on existing systems. Modal sensorless approach, initially developed for two photon imaging by Débarre et al., has become a standard technique based on the maximization of an image quality metric such as the mean image intensity.However, the indirectly inferred wavefront is influenced by the sample, which may induce a strong bias in the estimation, the so-called sample dependence. This PhD work aims at developing an improved modal sensorless approach that is not affected by sample dependence.I first study the impact of aberrations and of the sample structure on the mean image intensity.A new analytical expression of the mean image intensity is given and makes explicit the interplay between the shape of the 3D PSF and the sample spatial distribution. Through numerical simulations I show that the metric sensitivity to aberrations is preserved for samples much larger than the spatial resolution.Secondly, I study the Standard Modal Sensorless (SMS) approach for different sample scenarios. I characterize the sample dependence issue induced by strong fluorescent structures located out-of-focus. Then, I show that the displacement-free technique fails at fully removing the sample dependence. This analysis leads to the development of our Axially-Locked Modal Sensorless approach (ALMS). This new approach solves the sample dependence by an automatic and controlled adjustment of the focusing depth so as to lock on bright sample features. Furthermore, the ALMS approach is based on a specifically designed image quality metric.The performance of this approach is numerically compared with the SMS and the displacement-free approaches. Finally, ALMS is demonstrated through ex vivo and in vivo experimental tests
Duchesnay, Edouard. "Agents situés dans l'image et organisés en pyramide irrégulière : contribution à la segmentation par une approche d'agrégation coopérative et adaptative." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944164.
Full textGadenne, Hélène. "Les effets des changements climatiques et des changements d’usages sur les oiseaux d’eau migrateurs : une approche mécaniste chez un oiseau emblématique, la Cigogne blanche." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2278/document.
Full textUnderstanding adaptations that allow species to live in temporally and spatially variable environments is crucial to predict how species may respond to current and future global changes. Long-term studies have shown that climatic variations affect the dynamic of populations. However, the relative influence of habitat selection and density-dependence processes is still poorly understood and explained. The aim of this thesis is, firstly by a correlative approach, to investigate the density-dependent habitat selection at varying spatial scales in an increasing white stork (Ciconia ciconia) population. Secondly, by a mechanistic approach, we studied the relative effects of climate, habitat and breeder experience in terms of reproductive fitness (fledging success, body condition and sex ratio) in this population monitored for 30 years in a sensitive wetland in Charente-Maritime, western France. This work helped identifying the mechanisms that lead to nesting habitat selection. This work supports research showing that habitat degradation by human activities may affect habitat selection decisions. In addition, these results provide crucial information to understand the adaptations of this population in a changing environment, which allows predicting more efficiently the response of the population to future environmental changes
Cherkashyn, Valeriy. "Représentation adaptative d'images de télédétection à très haute résolution spatiale une nouvelle approche hybride (la décomposition pyramidale avec des réseaux de neurones)." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5831.
Full textGadenne, Hélène. "Les effets des changements climatiques et des changements d'usages sur les oiseaux d'eau migrateurs : une approche mécaniste chez un oiseau emblématique, la Cigogne blanche." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00748802.
Full textBakhouya, Mohamed. "Approche auto-adaptative à base d'agents mobiles et inspirée du système immunitaire de l'Homme pour la découverte de services dans les réseaux à grande échelle." Besançon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BESA2018.
Full textIn this work, a self-adaptive approach based on mobile agent paradigm and inspired by the human immune system for dynamic service discovery in large scale network is presented. The immune system has a set of organizing principles such as self-organization and self-regulation that enable it to be adapted to dynamic environment. These principles are used, in one hand, to dynamically regulate the population size of mobile agents and, in the other hand, to organize servers into communities by the creation of affinity relationships in order to represent services in the network. The establishment of relationship affinities between servers allows to solve, by collaboration, the user requests. A reinforcement learning mechanism by dynamic adjustment of relationship affinity values is presented. This reinforcement mechanism permits to the to cope with dynamic changes in the network, the services availability and the user requests
Llau, Antoine. "Méthodes de simulation du comportement mécanique non linéaire des grandes structures en béton armé et précontraint : condensation adaptative en contexte aléatoire et représentation des hétérogénéités." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI029/document.
Full textLarge-scale concrete and reinforced concrete structures, and in particular containment buildings, may undergo localized cracking when they age or endure strong loadings (LOCA for instance). In order to optimize the maintenance actions, a predictive model of concrete damage is required. This phenomenon takes place at a rather small material scale and a predictive model requires a refined mesh and a nonlinear constitutive law. This type of modelling cannot be applied directly on a large-scale civil engineering structure, as the computational load would be too heavy for the existing machines.A simulation method is proposed to focus the computational effort on the areas of interest (damaged parts) of the structure while eliminating the undamaged areas. It aims at using the available computing power for the characterization of crack properties in particular. This approach uses Guyan’s static condensation technique to reduce the elastic areas to a set of boundary conditions applied to the areas of interest. When the system evolves, a set of criteria allows to promote on the fly the elastic areas to areas of interest if damage appears. This adaptive condensation technique allows to reduce the dimension of a nonlinear problem without degrading the quality of the results when compared to a full reference simulation.However, a classical modelling does not allow to take into account the various unknowns which will impact the structural behaviour: mechanical properties, geometry, loading… In order to better characterize this behaviour while taking into account the various uncertainties, the proposed adaptive condensation method is coupled with a stochastic collocation approach. Each deterministic simulation required for the characterization of the uncertainties on the structural quantities of interest is therefore reduced and the pre-processing steps necessary to the condensation technique are also reduced using a second collocation. The proposed approach allows to produce for a reduced computational cost the probability density functions of the quantities of interest of a large structure.The proposed calculation strategies give access at the local scale to a modelling finer than what would be applicable to the full structure. In order to improve the representativeness at this scale, the tridimensional effects of the heterogeneities must be taken into account. In the civil and nuclear engineering field, one of the main issues is the modelling of prestressing tendons, usually modelled in one dimension. A new approach is proposed, which uses a 1D mesh and model to build a volume equivalent to the tendon and redistribute the forces and stiffnesses in the concrete. It combines the representativeness of a full conform 3D modelling of the tendon when the mesh is refined and the ease of use of the 1D approaches.The applicability of the proposed methodologies to a large-scale civil engineering structure is evaluated using a numerical model of a 1/3 mock-up of a double-wall containment building of a PWR 1300 MWe nuclear reactor
Fassinut-Mombot, Bienvenu. "Contribution à la fusion d'information par une approche entropique : algorithme et architecture dans un contexte de perception multi-sources." Littoral, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DUNK0074.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the study and the implementation of an algorithm and its distributed architecture for multi-source information fusion. The Entropy Adaptative Aggregation (EA2) algorithm developed, is based on the use of entropy criteria to combine the set of information and to decide on the possible behavior of the perception system. The aim of Entropy Fusion Model (EFM) is to reduce the combination space of the perception system using an explicit representation of the redundancy-complementarity duality of the information sources. An applicative example is given to validate the performance of Entropy Fusion Model. We show with the implementation of the EA2 algorithm on a cluster of hosts running in mode MIMD-NORMA and communicating by message passing, that the use of SynDEx for writing and implementing of the executable code provides high performance computing compared to PVM. However, although the progression of the SynDEx performances is linear, the overhead introduced by the PVM libraries communication strongly decreases with the increase of message size
Audibert, Jean-Yves. "Théorie statistique de l'apprentissage : une approche PAC-Bayésienne." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066003.
Full textMagassa, Modibo. "Gestion adaptative des zones humides : une approche de réduction de la vulnérabilité des populations riveraines face aux effets des changements climatiques : exemple du lac Wégnia dans la région de Koulikoro, au Mali." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68749.
Full textIn a context of ecological uncertainty linked to climate variability and change, how can the sustainability of the resources of the wetland of Lake Wégnia in the Koulikoro region in Mali be ensured, while allowing neighboring communities to benefit from them? This is the central question around which this thesis revolves. To approach it, the "adaptive management" approach, relying on the effective participation of local actors and the taking into account of their traditional ecological knowledge in the management process of this lake, was favored. The approach is also based on a methodology using various complementary tools to collect, process, and analyze data. Field surveys and analysis of satellite images have shown the vulnerability of natural resources in the study area (particularly Lake Wégnia) to the combined effects of climate change and human activities. However, local communities derive their livelihood directly from these natural resources. As a result, the vulnerability of natural resources consequently leads to the vulnerability of the livelihoods of these communities. In order to reduce the vulnerability of the communities concerned, certain actions were undertaken: the analysis of the situation of the Lake Wégnia basin; identification of the main threats and local adaptation strategies; the development of an improved action plan and a monitoring plan and their implementation. The action plan included activities such as reforestation around lakes Wégnia and Kononi, the construction of stone bunds perpendicular to the ravines that lead to these lakes, fish farming in ponds, and the establishment of a monitoring committee for the monitoring of achievements. Finally, the activities implemented were evaluated after an observation period (the duration of which varied depending on the activity) to draw lessons on the basis of the results obtained. From these lessons, recommendations were made with a view to designing a potential future action plan.
Nguyen, Ngac-Ky. "Approche neuromimétique pour l'identification et la commande des systèmes électriques : application au filtrage actif et aux actionneurs synchrones." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00605221.
Full textContrada, Francesca. "L’apport de la Constructibilité au pré-design.Évaluation et support au choix des solutions techniques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC1006.
Full textDesign for efficient buildings is a complex process because of interaction between several stakeholders throughout life cycle phases. Today, many standards allow design to be assist taking in account energy performance and other performance aspects, such as indoor comfort, carbon footprint or project management. In this context, early-design stage plays a key role: early-design choices define design strategies that can influence the following phases (developed design, construction and operational). In order to optimize the whole construction process, constructability sets some principles based on the anticipation of risks about performance variations. Even if some tools and methods exist, in France constructability still needs to be formally integrated in design process. This thesis has two main goals: it aims to introduce the discipline of constructability in early-design stage and, on the other hand, it provides a performance assessment for conceptual design choices. The result consists in an assessment method able to support programme managers and designers to verify early-design relevance concerning constructability and performance aspects. The evaluation is based on seven criteria established by constructability concepts and performance-based tools. The method is applied to three case studies in order to show its applicability for both an early-design holistic assessment and a decision support approach concerning traditional or adaptive envelope components
Sassi, Ahlem. "Observateurs adaptatifs pour les systèmes à retards." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0178/document.
Full textIn automatic control reaserch fields, an observer plays a key role in the control and supervision of processes or the detection of faults, given its ability to provide information on the values of unmeasured or unavailable states. In this context, this thesis deals with the estimation not only of the state but also of the estimation of the unknown parameters affecting the dynamics of the system simultaneously with the state vector. In particular, the problem is addressed for classes of nonlinear systems subject to constant and unknown delays. This problem represents a dual challenge, both on joint estimation of unknown state and parameters, as well as the presence of delays that affect the system dynamics. First, functional observers were developed for systems subject to time delays and involving state-input nonlinearities. The problem of robustness was studied, initially, when some finite energy perturbations occured in the system dynamics, which required the H∞ theory in order to attenuate its effects. In a second time, it is treated when parametric uncertainties affect the model parameters. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of observers have been given through the resolution of Sylvester's equations. This resolution made it possible to simplify the problem by setting the observer gains via a single gain to be determined. As the study of the observer's convergence returns to studying the stability of the estimation error, Lyapunov-Krasovskii theory dedicated to the stability of the delay systems was used based on the descriptor transformations. This study lead to sufficient conditions of a symptotic convergence, expressed in terms of LMI. Throughout the dissertation, the synthesis of observers was considered in full and reduced order cases. The developments were then extended to estimate the system states simultaneously with unknown parameters affecting its dynamics. Two approaches have been investigated through this memory: when the vector of the unknown parameters acts linearly with respect to the dynamics of the system and when the unknown parameters act nonlinearly with respect to this dynamics. The approach proposed in this work make it possible to simultaneously estimate the convergence of the state and unknown parameters, which made it possible to relax some constraints considered in the synthesis of adaptive observers in the literature. It concerns particularly the persistent excitation constraint considered in the second approach. Finally, the results obtained have been extended to the class of singular systems, which, in addition to the dynamic relations, involves algebraic relations in their description
Vendelin, Inga Peperkamp Sharon. "Adaptation des emprunts une approche psycholinguistique /." Saint-Denis : Université de Paris 8, 2008. http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/VendelinThese.pdf.
Full textVendelin, Inga. "Adaptation des emprunts : une approche psycholinguistique." Paris 8, 2007. http://octaviana.fr/document/124494331#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textIn this thesis I test the hypothesis as to which loanword adaptations result from an evaluation of acoustic distance between non-native structures and phonotactically legal native structures, i. E. From a process of perceptual assimilation. Two aspects of this process have been demonstrated: (a) the sensibility of online adaptations to the fine-grained phonetic detail of the source language, which was shown by testing the perception of French and English /n/-final words by Japanese speakers; (b) the sensibility of online adaptations to the presentation mode (auditif vs visual) of new non-native words, which was shown on the basis of online adaptations of English vowels by French speakers. Moreover, I have found evidence for a link between the presence of non-adaptations in the target language and the capacity of its speakers to correctly discriminate related contrasts in the source language. Finally, a model of perceptual adaptation of non-native structures is proposed
Souza, Bernardo Severo de. "An adaptative approach for ontology alignment visualization." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2017. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/7471.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2017-06-30T17:33:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_BERNARDO_SEVERO_DE_SOUZA_COMPLETO.pdf: 5113763 bytes, checksum: a24628d427a0a60b3a6ea0c5200d5dfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20
O aumento do volume de dados n?o estruturados na Web nas ?ltimas d?cadas tem sido impulsionado pelo surgimento de novos meios de comunica??o, dispositivos e tecnologias. Neste contexto se desenvolve a Web Sem?ntica, cujo objetivo ? o de atribuir uma camada de representa??o de conhecimento a esses dados, facilitando o tratamento por processos automatizados. Ontologias s?o elementos chave da Web Sem?ntica, oferecendo uma descri??o dos conceitos e dos relacionamentos entre os mesmos para um dom?nio espec?fico. Entretanto, ontologias de um mesmo dom?nio podem divergir em sua estrutura, granularidade ou terminologia, necessitando que um processo de mapeamento entre as mesmas seja realizado, produzindo um conjunto de correspond?ncias entre entidades semanticamente relacionadas (alinhamento). Um n?mero crescente de abordagens de mapeamento tem surgido na literatura e a necessidade de avaliar e comparar qualitativamente os alinhamentos produzidos se faz presente. Tarefas que fazem uso de alinhamentos passaram a demandar melhores representa??es gr?ficas dos mesmos. Neste contexto, foi realizada uma pesquisa com especialistas em alinhamentos para identificar os aspectos mais importantes em uma visualiza??o de alinhamentos. Este trabalho apresenta ent?o uma abordagem adaptativa de visualiza??o para alinhamentos, que permite ao usu?rio escolher como e o que visualizar, de acordo com prefer?ncias pr?prias ou para uma atividade sendo realizada no momento (cria??o, manipula??o, avalia??o, etc.). Por fim, um prot?tipo foi constru?do com o intuito de validar a solu??o. Os resultados obtidos da avalia??o dos usu?rios com o prot?tipo mostram que a abordagem lida com os problemas que se prop?e a resolver, com uma margem para trabalhos futuros em formas de visualiza??o de alinhamentos.
The increase in the volume of unstructured web data in recent decades has been driven by the arising of new media, devices and technologies. In this context, the Semantic Web was developed, whose objective is to provide a layer of knowledge representation to that data, facilitating the treatment by automated processes. Ontologies are key elements of the Semantic Web, providing a description of the concepts and relationships between them, for a specific domain. However, ontologies of the same domain may differ in structure, granularity or terminology, requiring a process of matching between them to be performed, producing a set of correspondences between semantically related entities (alignment). A growing number of matching approaches have emerged in the literature, and the need to evaluate and qualitatively compare the produced alignments is presented. Tasks that make use of alignments started to demand better graphical representations for it. In this context, a survey was conducted with alignment specialists to identify the most important aspects in an alignment visualization. This work presents an adaptative approach for alignment visualization, that allows users to choose how and what to visualize, according to their own preferences or the task being performed at that moment (creation, manipulation, evaluation, etc.). Finally, a prototype was built with the purpose of validating the solution. The results obtained from the prototype validation with users show that the approach handles the problems it proposes to solve, with a margin for future work on alignment visualization.
Gonçalves, Eduardo José dos Foros Santos. "Adaptive lighting design as a holistic approach to public lighting." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12387.
Full textA iluminação pública alterou profundamente a nossa percepção e uso do espaço urbano nocturno. Compreendida muitas vezes apenas como uma questão técnica em vez de humana, é baseada principalmente no desempenho fotométrico da visão, deixando de fora outras dimensões humanas, como a psicologia da percepção. Actualmente, a iluminação pública está particularmente direccionada para a redução do consumo energético através do uso de novas tecnologias, tal como iluminação adaptativa e fontes de luz LED e o uso de soluções de iluminação standardizados. Neste contexto surge a oportunidade para o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens à iluminação que tirem partido da flexibilidade inerente destes sistemas, melhorando a relação entre o bem-estar do utilizador e o consumo de energia, contribuindo assim para uma prática de design mais sustentável. Com base numa abordagem research through design, foi utilizada uma metodologia mista, de natureza não intervencionista e intervencionista. A partir de uma inicial revisão bibliográfica e da experiência profissional do investigador, considerou-se que adaptabilidade é um importante factor técnico e de design para a melhoria da iluminação pública. Propondo o desenvolvimento de um método orientado para o utilizador, que determine os cenários de iluminação adaptativa para a condição mais adequado e mínima aceitável, considerando uma relação utilizador-espaço específica, com base na percepção de bem-estar do utilizador e a avaliação da qualidade dos cenários configurados. Para apoiar a implementação do método foi desenvolvido um quadro de referência - Continuidade de Luminância Percepcionada como forma de descrever o comportamento da iluminação adaptativa. A informação reunida - objectiva e subjectiva - fornece uma base empírica para que profissionais da iluminação possam criar soluções personalizadas para um contexto físico e humano. Foi formulada a hipótese de investigação que o método proposto, potencia a criação de soluções de iluminação mais ajustadas e flexíveis. Permitindo a adequação de normas suportada em dados objectivos para uma relação utilizador-espaço específica. Dando uma resposta efectiva ao nível do bem-estar do utilizador e da gestão energética, promovendo uma prática de design mais sustentável e melhorando a experiência nocturna. Para testar a hipótese foi executada uma experiência em espaço real como um primeiro caso de estudo na vila de Arraiolos, Portugal. Uma segunda experiência foi realizada com o objectivo de testar a consistência dos dados prévios e confirmar a hipótese primária. Após a análise e validação estatística dos dados recolhidos, foi possível afirmar que a tendência de escolha em ambas as experiências foi muito semelhante, significando que os cenários de iluminação inicialmente considerados como adequados eram reais e significativs, proporcinando elevado nível de apreciação da qualidade da luz. Significa igualmente que existe uma relação entre a configuração da iluminação, distância de visibilidade e a ilusão perceptiva de que um espaço está totalmente iluminado. Mostrou-se ainda que a maioria dos participantes aceitaria iluminação pública adaptativa como prática comum dentro do quadro de referência da Continuidade de Luminância Percepcionada. Com base nos resultados, concluiu-se que o método proposto é uma ferramenta de design válida na concepção de soluções de iluminação pública adaptáveis, confirmando a hipótese primária e secundárias, demonstrando a sua relevância para uma prática de design de iluminação mais sustentável e a melhoria da sustentabilidade do espaço urbano nocturno.
ABSTRACT: Public lighting altered profoundly the way we perceive and use nighttime urban space. It often is understood only as a technical issue rather than a human one, mostly based on photometric visual performance, leaving mostly out other human dimensions such as the psychological perception of light. Currently, public lighting is predominately directed to reducing energy consumption by means of the use of new technologies, such as adaptive lighting and LED light sources and the use of standardized lighting schemes. In this context, there is an opportunity to develop new lighting approaches that take advantage of the inherent flexibility of these systems to improve the relationship between user's well-being and energy management, contributing to a more sustainable design practice. Based on a research-through-design approach, a mixed methodology was used with a non-interventionist and interventionist nature. From literature review and professional experience, we considered that adaptability was an important technological and design factor to improve public lighting. Proposing the development of a user-oriented method that determines adaptive lighting scenarios for the most adequate and minimum acceptable lighting condition, for a specific user-space relationship, based on the user’s perception of well-being and the assessment of the perceived lighting quality of the scenarios. To support the implementation of the method, the Perceived Luminance Continuity framework was developed as a way to describe the adaptive lighting behaviour pattern. The gathered data - objective and subjective - provide an empirical basis for lighting professionals to design customized solutions. We hypothesized that the proposed method, would allow the design of more tailored and flexible lighting solutions. Allowing the adjustment of standards based on objective data for a specific user-space relationship. Promoting a more sustainable design practice that give an effective response to the user’s well-being and energy management, improving the nighttime experience. To test the hypothesis, an outdoor field experiment was conducted as a first case study, in the Village of Arraiolos, Portugal. A second experiment was carried out, aiming to test the consistency of the previous data and confirmation of the primary hypothesis. After analysis and statistical validation of the collected data, we can say that the tendency of choices in both experiments was very similar, meaning that the initial lighting scenarios considered as adequate were real and meaningful, with a high appraisal of lighting quality. It also showed that there was a relationship between the lighting configuration, visibility distance and the perceptual illusion of a fully lit space. Moreover, it shows that the majority of participants would accept adaptive public lighting, as common practice within the Perceived Luminance Continuity framework. Based on the results, we concluded that the proposed method is a valid tool for the design of adaptive public lighting solutions. Confirming the primary and secondary hypothesis, showing its relevance in the development of a more sustainable lighting design practice and improving the sustainability of the urban nighttime space.
Gros, Pierre-Alexis. "Potentiel adaptatif d'Escherichia coli : approche théorique et expérimentale." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077094.
Full textMicroorganisms are capable of large and rapid adaptations when faced with new selective pressures as illustrated by the fast emergence and diffusion of antibiotic resistance. Mutations are the ultimate fuel of evolution especially in asexual organisms. Their rate and their effect are among the most important parameters that determine the evolutionary fate of an organism and estimates of both are sorely needed if we want to understand any aspect of evolution and especially if we want to be able to predict it. In this study using theory and experiments, we try to determine the effects of new mutations. Using the population genetics framework applied to Fisher's geometric model, we show that robustness to mutations can be selected for when the removal of deleterious mutations in an asexual population is limited by genetic drift, regardless of the intensity of the mutational pressure, which can be arbitrarily small. Such drift is found to be more pronounced in complex organisms and when deleterious mutations are mutually reinforcing (synergistic epistasis). We also show that the same conditions can lead to the selection for antagonistic epistasis. In addition, we highlight some possible antagonisms on fitness between the short term and the long term effects of mutational robustness and epistasis. We also developed some fitness assays by means of growth curves and competitions with a fluorescent Escherichia coli strain. We applied these procedures to study the distribution of fitness effects in lineages resulting from a mutation accumulation experiment and from the mutagenesis of a single chromosomal gene
ACOCELLA, EMILIO CARLOS. "MATHEMATICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES IN SHAPE-ADAPTATIVE VIDEO CODING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2000. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7568@1.
Full textEsta tese aborda teórica e experimentalmente diversos tópicos de Codificação Adaptativa à Forma de objetos de forma arbitrária. Aspectos associados à representação e à codificação eficiente da intensidade e do contorno de objetos são analisados e são propostas soluções para os problemas identificados. Os métodos introduzidos são testados valendo-se de seqüências de imagens empregadas em trabalhos congêneres. Inicialmente é desenvolvida uma formulação matemática das transformadas adaptativas à forma utilizando operadores lineares e, com base nela, é obtida uma métrica que possibilita a avaliação teórica do desempenho dessas transformadas. A comparação das grandezas obtidas com resultados de experimentos mostram a validade dessa métrica para a finalidade visada. Em seguida é analisada a questão do melhor alinhamento dos coeficientes das transformadas unidimensionais de duas colunas com dimensões distintas e é proposto um método de alinhamento pela fase. Esse método caracteriza-se pela baixa complexidade e os resultados experimentais demonstram o seu desempenho superior ao de outros encontrados na literatura. Problemas específicos da codificação adaptativa à forma referentes à quantização dos coeficientes da transformada empregada são abordados matematicamente para diversas e freqüentes versões de sua implementação. Apresenta-se um método para solucionar simultaneamente os problemas da distorção do valor médio e da correlação do erro do sinal introduzido pela quantização. Constata-se experimentalmente sua maior eficiência de codificação em relação à de outros métodos propostos em trabalhos recentes. Um grande número de possíveis modificações de um codificador de cadeia diferencial, método bastante empregado para a codificação de contorno sem perda, é identificado e avaliado, concluindo-se com a implementação de um método que introduz aquelas mudanças que resultaram em aumento significativo da eficiência de codificação da forma de objetos. Por fim, propõe-se um esquema genérico de decomposição em subbandas através de uma transformada wavelet discreta adaptativa à forma. Os resultados dos experimentos realizados permitem concluir que o esquema oferece perspectivas de obtenção de eficiência de codificação superior à da transformada cosseno discreta adaptativa à forma, sobreturde em baixas taxas de bits por pixel.
This thesis investigates shape adaptative coding of arbitrarily shaped segments. The texture and contour coding efficiency is discussed and solutions to tackle the associated problems are proposed. The presented methods are evaluated using standard image sequences. A mathematical approach for shape-adaptative transforms using linear operators is developed, followed by a metric that theoretically evaluates the transform performances. Experimental results show that the proposed metric is an efficient tool for such purposes. The proper way for grouping the 1-D transform coefficients of two image segments of different sizes is analyzed. Based on this analysis, a new low complexity method for grouping the coefficients is proposed. A better performance than other reported methods in the literature is attested by the experimental results. A mathematical analysis of the performance limitations of shape-adaptative transforms due to coefficients quantization is presented. The drawbacks discussed are the mean weighting distortion and the signal error correlation produced by the quantization process. An efficient method to simultaneously overcome both problems is proposed. The differential chain coder is an efficient and frequently employed structure for lossless encoding of object boundaries. Many modifications in the differential chain coders are investigated and evaluated, resulting in a method that reduces the bit rate to encode the object shape. Finally, a generic scheme for sub-band decomposition using shape-adaptative discrete wavelet transform is proposed. The experimental results show that such a scheme is able to provide a performance gain over the shape-adptative discrete cosine transform at low bit rates. The preliminary results suggest that this scheme could be a promising new approach for shape adaptative video coding.
Ruzmetov, Azizbek. "Approches distribuées et adaptatives pour la gestion de l'énergie." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BELF0271/document.
Full textIn the last decades, very great research and development efforts have been made to develop and promote electric vehicles (EVs). Most efforts have been made to further develop the power engine of these vehicles and batteries technologies. However, one of the major obstacles to the large deployment of EVs is the uncertainty of drivers to get a suitable and vacant place at a charging station (CS). In this manuscript, we focus on the charging process modelling using formal approaches based on discrete event system tools namely (max,+) algebra and Petri nets. In addition, an optimization approach based on linear programming is proposed to optimally assign and reroute EVs to the suitable CSs and schedule their charging operations. In order to predict, manage and handle charging needs of EVs, a dedicated model based on a predictive function is introduced. The aim is to predict the average charging rate and time while considering the inter-arrival of charging requests and the state of charging of EVs. Using this approach, charging operations could be planned while minimizing waiting times of EVs and avoiding queuing situations within CSs. Simulation results showed that the proposed approaches allow assigning adequately and optimally EVs to CSs while satisfying all process constraints
Loulou, Hassan. "Verifying Design Properties at Runtime Using an MDE-Based Approach Models @Run.Time Verification-Application to Autonomous Connected Vehicles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS405.
Full textAutonomous Connected Vehicles (ACVs) are Cyber-physical systems (CPS) where the computationalworld and the real one meet. These systems require a rigorous validation processthat starts at design phase and continues after the software deployment. Models@Runtimehas appeared as a new paradigm for continuously monitoring software systems execution inorder to enable adaptations whenever a change, a failure or a bug is introduced in the executionenvironment. In this thesis, we are going to tackle ACVs environment where vehicles tries tocollaborate and share their data in a secure manner.Different modeling approaches are already used for expressing access control requirementsin order to impose security policies. However, their validation tools do not consider the impactsof the interaction between the functional and the security requirements. This interaction canlead to unexpected security breaches during the system execution and its potential runtimeadaptations. Also, the real-time prediction of traffic states using crowd sourcing data could beuseful for proposition adaptations to AVCs cooperation models. Nevertheless, it has not beensufficiently studied yet. To overcome these limitations, many issues should be addressed:• The evolution of the system functional part must be considered during the validation ofthe security policy and attack scenarios must be generated automatically.• An approach for designing and automatically detecting security anti-patterns might bedeveloped. Furthermore, new reconfigurations for access control policies also must befound, validated and deployed efficiently at runtime.• ACVs need to observe and analyze their complex environment, containing big-datastreams to recommend new cooperation models, in near real-time.In this thesis, we build an approach for sensing the ACVs environment, validating its accesscontrol models and securely reconfiguring it on the fly. We cover three aspects:• We propose an approach for guiding security models checkers to find the attack scenariosat design time automatically.• We design anti-patterns to guide the validation process. Then, we develop an algorithmto detect them automatically during models reconfigurations. Also, we design a mechanismfor reconfiguring the access control model and we develop a lightweight modularframework for an efficient deployment of new reconfigurations.• We build an approach for the real-time monitoring of dynamic data streams to proposeadaptations for the access policy at runtime.Our proposed approach was validated using several examples related o ACVs. the results ofour experimentations prove the feasibility of this approach
La, Delfa Salvatore. "SECAAC : Système d'Eco-Conduite Auto-Adaptatif au Conducteur." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0002.
Full textPethe, Rohit. "Variational h-adaptation for strongly coupled problems in thermo-mechanics." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0046.
Full textA mesh adaption approach for strongly coupled problems is proposed, based on a variational principle. The adaption technique relies on error indicated by an energy-like potential and is hence free from error estimates. According to the saddle point nature of this variational principle, a staggered solution approach appears more natural and leads to separate mesh adaption for mechanical and thermal fields. Using different meshes for different phenomena, precise solutions for various fields under consideration are obtained. Internal variables are considered constant over Voronoi cells, so no complex remapping procedures are necessary to transfer internal variables. Since the algorithm is based on a set of tolerance parameters, parametric analyses and a study of their respective influence on the mesh adaption is carried out. This detailed analysis is performed on uni-dimensional problems. The proposed method is shown to be cost effective than uniform meshing, some applications of the proposed approach to various 2D examples including shear bands and friction welding are presented
Schmid, Quentin. "Modélisation du rayonnement thermique en immersion de volume." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM086/document.
Full textFor heating and quenching operations occurring during material forming processes, thermal radiation is the the predominant physical phenomenon. Hence, when one tries to simulate such processes, it is important to have at disposal powerful tools for the numerical modelling of thermal radiation.The numerical simulation of these processes often rises numerous problems and questions, as the representation of a complex environment, involving several components ( ingots, burners, nozzles, walls), to deal with different coupled physical phenomena ( flow, heat transfer, boiling, thermal radiation). In this regard, some “immersed” numerical methods, allows a generalist treatment of these different problems, have gained popularity and drag interest of the scientific community in the recent years.The Thost project, aiming to produce a software for heat transfer during material forming processes, fits in the framework, and this PhD is part of this project. The goal is therefore to design tools for numerical modelling of thermal radiation within the immersed volume method of the Thost software. Two approaches are presented: one consisting in the adaptation of an existing method to the context of the immersed volume method, another concerning the development of a formulation for a specific model of radiation. These methods are then tested on industrial applications provided by our partners
Turki, Marwa. "Synthèse de contrôleurs prédictifs auto-adaptatifs pour l'optimisation des performances des systèmes." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR064.
Full textEven though predictive control uses concrete parameters, the value of these latter has a strong impact on the obtained performances from the system to be controlled. Their tuning is not trivial. That is why the literature reports a number of adjustment methods. However, these ones do not always guarantee optimal values. The goal of this thesis is to propose an analytical and original tuning tuning approach of these parameters. Initially applicable to linear MIMO systems, the proposed approach has been extended to non-linear systems with or without constraints and for which a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) model exists. The class of nonlinear systems considered here is written in quasi-linear parametric form (quasi-LPV). Assuming that the system is controllable and observable, the proposed method guarantees the optimal stability of this closed-loop system. To do this, it relies, on the one hand, on a conditioning improving technique of the Hessian matrix and, on the other hand, on the concept of effective rank. It also has the advantage of requiring a lower computational load than the approaches identified in the literature. The interest of the proposed approach is shown through the simulation on different systems of increasingcomplexity. The work carried out has led to a self-adaptive predictive control strategy called "ATSMPC" (Adaptive Takagi-Sugeno Model-based Predictive Control)
Chachoua, Soraya. "Contribution à l'évaluation de l'apprenant et l'adaptation pédagogique dans les plateformes d'apprentissage : une approche fondée sur les traces." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS003/document.
Full textThe adoption of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has enabled the modernization of teaching methods in online learning systems such as e-Learning, intelligent tutorial systems (ITS), etc. These systems provide a remote training that which meets the learner needs. A very important aspect to consider in these systems is the early assessment of the learner in terms of knowledge acquisition. In general, three types of assessment and their relationships are needed during the learning process, namely : (i) diagnostic which is performed before learning to estimate the level of students, (ii) formative evaluation which is applied during learning to test the knowledge evolution and (iii) summative evaluation which is considered after learning to evaluate learner’s knowledge acquisition. These methods can be integrated into a semi-automatic, automatic or adapted way in different contexts of formation, for example in the field of languages literary learning such as French, English, etc., hard sciences (mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc.) and programming languages (java, python, sql, etc.). However, the usual evaluation methods are static and are based on linear functions that only take into account the learner’s response. They ignore other parameters of their knowledge model that may disclose other performance indicators. For example, the time to solve a problem, the number of attempts, the quality of the response, etc. These elements are used to detect the profile characteristics, behavior and learning disabilitiesof the learner. These additional parameters are seen in our research as learning traces produced by the learner during a given situation or pedagogical context. In this context, we propose in this thesis a learner evaluation approach based on learning traces that can be exploited in an adaptation system of the resource and/or the pedagogic situation. For the learner assessment, we have proposed three generic evaluation models that take into consideration the temporal trace, number of attempts and their combinations. These models are later used as a base metric for our resource adaptation model and/or learning situation. The adaptation model is also based on the three traces mentioned above and on our evaluation models. Our adaptation model automatically generates adapted paths using a state-transition model. The states represent learning situations that consume resources and the transitions between situations express the necessary conditions to pass from one situation to another. These concepts are implemented in a domain ontology and an algorithm that we have developed. The algorithm ensures two types of adaptation : (i) Adaptation of the situation and (ii) Adaptation of resources within a situation. In order to collect traces of training for the implementation of our approaches of learner evaluation and adaptation of resources and learning situations, we conducted experiments on two groups of students in Computer Science (L2). One group in classical training and the other group in adapted training. Based on the obtained traces from the students’ training sessions, we assessed merners based on our evaluation models. The results are then used to implement the adaptation in a domain ontology. The latter is implemented within oracle 11g which allows a rule-based semantic reasoning. After comparing the results of the adapted training with those obtained from the classical one, we found an improvement in the results in terms of general average and standard deviation of the learner averages
Salma, Najar. "Adaptation des services sensibles au contexte selon une approche intentionnelle." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00989775.
Full textQuéré, Nolwenn. "Approche moléculaire de l’adaptation différentielle d'un poisson laguno-marin (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) en populations naturelles et d'élevage." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20039.
Full textThe identification of gene-linked genetic markers allows the exploration of potential correlations between their genetic variability and selective pressures acting on the genes in both natural and experimental populations. In Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), twelve gene-associated loci – four of them linked to Growth Hormone gene (GH), Somatolactin (SL) or IGF-1- and height anonymous loci were used in a multi-scale study of the genetic differentiation. The structure in three basins know in this species is well confirmed with gene-linked markers bearing a significantly higher differentiation than anonymous loci implying some stronger barriers to nuclear gene flow than admitted so far. At the open sea-lagoon scale, no coherent picture can be drawn from the different tests performed. A fresh water acclimation experiment was carried out in parallel. If numerous fishes in low-salt conditions died, the survivors are not genetically different from that maintained in salted water except for one locus EIF3E. These results can be partially explained by a family component but the genetic determinism is not elucidated yet. The use of gene-linked markers succeeded in revealing the involvement, at least indirect, of some of the genes in the edification of a genetic structure inside the species but also in the physiological response of the fishes to an environmental stress that can be encountered in natural conditions
Tran, Trung Hau. "Approches évolutionnaires pour le comportement adaptatif d'entités autonomes." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/92/.
Full textThe behavioral simulation of virtual entities in dynamic and unknown environments becomes a complex problem. Deliberative agents cannot handle unforeseen situations. Reactive agents interact with the environment in real time, but they do not easily adapt their behaviors to dynamic environments. The research of this thesis focuses on mechanisms inspired from Artificial Life, offering characteristics of reactivity, adaptation and evolution. We propose an architecture mixing different mechanisms in order to increase the reasoning capacity of virtual entities. This behavioral architecture consists of two models. The first one allows the autonomous entities to act quickly on the environment. This model is based on the potential fields' method which has already proved its efficiency in navigation problems for autonomous entities. However, this solution is expensive because the designer has to define manually the potential fields' parameters for each environment. To solve this problem, we have developed an additional model allowing the autonomous entities to obtain adaptive behaviors in dynamic environments. The second model is an extension of the classifier system XCS, whose role is to evolve discrete actions corresponding to the potential fields' parameters. We have validated our behavioral architecture in a predator-prey problem. The performance of our architecture entirely depends on classifier systems. The possible actions remain discrete and predefined. .
Magoariec, Hélène. "Adaptation élastoplastique et homogénéisation périodique." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007063.
Full textDevarenne, Isabelle. "Etudes en recherche locale adaptative pour l'optimisation combinatoire." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2012.
Full textAll optimization methods have internal parameters that influenced their performance. The challenge for users is to find a good adjustment for each problem. In recent years an important part of research in combinatorial optimization focuses on the conception of adaptive methods. The objective of the approach is to define processes that attempt to adapt dynamically parameters of methods according to each problem. In this context, this thesis focuses on the mechanisms of memory and adaptation in order to develop an Adaptative Local Search (ALS) method combining mechanisms of extension and restriction of the neighborhood. The neighborhood extension is defined as a procedure which detect blockage during the search by studying the historic of the choices made by the method in order to intervene on his behavior. The restriction mechanism is based on the use of an adaptative tabu list to manage access to the variables. The resulting method has been applied to two problems: an academic problem, graph k-coloring problem, and a real problem, the frequency allocation in radio networks. Several variants of ALS were developed and compared to public results on the two issues
Carnero-Montoro, Elena 1985. "Genomic and functional approaches to genetic adaptation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/291115.
Full textLa base genética de los carácteres que han contribuido a la adaptación de los organismos y las especies ha sido siempre una pregunta central en biología evolutiva. Gracias a la acumulación masiva de datos de variabilidad genética, en los últimos años se ha podido detectar en el genoma diferentes señales de selección positiva y también localizar cientos de genes candidatos que han podido tener un papel en la adaptación de las poblaciones a diferentes ambientes. Sin embargo en estos estudios, donde no hay una hipótesis a priori, se desconoce qué variantes dentro de estos genes fueron realmente las que proporcionaron una ventaja selectiva y por qué. Además, la compleja arquitectura del genoma y la naturaleza poligénica de muchos carácteres hace que sea difícil detectar casos más complejos de adaptación. En esta tesis se intenta resolver algunos de estos problemas. En primer lugar, mediante un enfoque evolutivo y funcional, hemos descifrado el rol adaptativo de dos variantes genéticas, una en un receptor linfocitario y la otra en un transportador de zinc, que probablemente fueron seleccionadas por conferir resistencia a patógenos. En segundo lugar, mediante el análisis de datos de polimorfismo y divergencia conjuntamente, también hemos detectado distintos mecanismos de acción de la selección natural en distintos pathways y entre elementos codificantes y elementos no codificantes reguladores en chimpancé.