Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Approche contrastive'
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LEOUE, Jean Gilbert. "SEMANTAXE ET GRAMMATICALISATION DE DO EN ANGLAIS: APPROCHE CONTRASTIVE." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007021.
Full textLéoué, Jean Gilbert. "Sémantaxe et grammaticalisation de do en anglais : approche contrastive." Paris 3, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007021v2.
Full textThe subject of this contrastive study is fourfold: (a) it takes into account the inference of languages in contact in the diachronic development of English language; and it builds up a hypothesis on the origin of periphrastic DO; (b) this study lays its foundations on established facts from diachrony and etymology to claim that the grammaticalization of DO did not entail any process of desemantisation; (c) it also resorts to an invariant-meaning approach to show that the auxiliary DO - just like its lexical counterpart - is not meaningless in natural language; (d) it carries out a critical analysis of current trends on either a binary categorization or a ternary categorization for DO-forms (lexical verb (vs. Proverb) vs. Auxiliary). Then, this study shows that the proform DO SO can indeed substitute for purely stative predicates; and, as an operator of 'thesis', DO has an enunciative function which accounts for its occurrences as well as its non-occurrences in the linear structuring
Omar, Hayat. "Les marqueurs –mm et dämmo dans la narration en amharique : approche développementale." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2062/document.
Full textLanguages provide speakers with a wide range of linguistic units to organize and deliver information (Jisa, Reilly, Verhoeven, Baruch & Rosado, 2002). There are several ways to verbally express the mental representations of events. The speaker, according to the linguistic tools he has acquired, selects the one that brings out the most communicative effect to convey his message.Our study focuses on two markers in Amharic, -mm and dämmo, which abound in the language and in narratives in particular. Our aim is to examine, from a developmental perspective, how the speakers use them, and the functions these elements have in their narratives. We seek to distinguish the communicative and pragmatic functions indicated by means of these markers. To do so, we created a corpus of sixty narrative productions of children from 5-6, 7-8 to 10-12 years old and adult Amharic speakers. The material we used to collect our data is a series of pictures without text “Frog, Where are you?” (Mayer, 1969). This experimental material has already been used in many developmental studies and in several languages (Bamberg, 1987 ; Kail & Hickmann, 1992 ; Berman & Slobin, 1994 ; Kern 1997 ; Akinci, 1999 ; Strömqvist &Verhoeven 2003 ; Jisa, Chenu, Fekete & Omar, 2010 ; Fekete, 2011, Saïdi 2014 and many more).The results show that -mm and dämmo, although all the speakers use them both, do not always have the same scope according to the speaker and vary according to the age. dämmo is mainly used to mark a contrastive topic to signal the concomitance of the events. It seems to be easy to use for children compared to -mm which is much more complex, not only because of its synthetic structure but primarily because it is a multi-purpose morpheme. -mm anchors the information into the context, it highlights the constituent on which it operates
Djohar, Abdou. "Approche contrastive franco-comorienne : les séquences figées à caractère adjectival." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA131038/document.
Full textAs in French, there are a significant number Comorian of fixed adjectival sequences that the use only oral. Adjectival these sequences have never been studied. They are remarkable subtype Prep N, Adj as Det N (the angels, thick as a brick…). These predicative adjectives to express a complex shape condition and the pronominalisables. They may be analyzed as predicative adjectives in that they have the same syntax as simple adjectives property they are compatible as well as the epithet that the attribute position. The morpho-syntactic analysis and semantic analysis of the adjectival sequences allow us to understand their fixed character meets two conditions congealing: polylexicaux and they have a certain degree of fossilization, the second condition can be demonstrated the fact that you can not replace a word with another word. In our study contrastive Franco-Comorian, we conducted an exhaustive survey of adjectival phrases from Comoros and established a typology of adjectival predicates using the same principles as for the French
Arvine, Mehdi. "Approche contrastive des phrasèmes persans et français relatifs à MAIN-DAST." Paris 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA030122.
Full textThe choice of this work was justified, initially, by the lack of a Persian - French and French - Persian dictionary of phrasemes relating to the parts of the human body. Taking into account the considerable number of the phrasemes relating to the parts of the human body; this work laid down the aim to study the phrasemes relating to the parts of the human body most employed in the French and Persian phrasemes, that’s to say main (hand in French) and دست /dast/ (hand-arm in Persian). Then we created the meta-linguistics word MAIN-DAST. This task enabled us to distinguish three categories of phrasemes by crossing the semantics and syntactic studies. These three categories (“formulary” meaning, “emblematic” meaning and “compositional” meaning) are proposed to compose each article of our future dictionary of phrasèmes. The semantic unity of the phrasemes will help this dictionary to put a mono-semantic phraseme of the original language opposite a mono-semantic phraseme of the target language, which will help the translator or the interpreter to avoid the problem of the polysemy of the lexemes
Mélac, Éric. "L'évidentialité en anglais - approche contrastive à partir d'un corpus anglais-tibétain." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030172/document.
Full textThis study aims to give a detailed description of evidentiality in English in contrast with Tibetan. It is based on a specialised corpus collected in Tibet and in England (TSC and CSC/LAC, 2010-2012, 10 h.).Tibetan has a complex and grammaticalised evidential system, and its description can provide a preliminary analytical grid for a semantic assessment of English evidentiality. Athentic examples and quantitative data from the corpus illustrate and supplement the analyses of the Tibetan verb phrase from previous research (Tournadre & Sangda Dorje 1998), in order to lay the foundation of the semantics of evidentiality. The evidential markers that emerge in the Tibetan and English sections of the corpus are examined so as to determine the parameters that motivate their usage. Tibetan evidentials are mainly grammatical and paradigmatised: copulas, verb suffixes and enclitics. English evidentials are either lexical or semi-grammatical: perception verbs, cognition verbs, speech verbs, modals, adverbs, conjuncts, parentheticals and discourse markers (Nuyts 2001a, Cappelli 2007, Sanders & Sweetser 2009, Mortensen 2010, Whitt 2010, Gisborne 2010, Miller 2008, Boulonnais 2010, Gurajek 2010, Kaltenböck et al. 2011, Heine 2013).This survey of Tibetan and English evidentiality provides precise data for the analysis of the consequences of a grammatical or a lexical rendering of this notion (Talmy 2000, Bybee et al. 1994, Nuyts 2001a, Boye & Harder 2009). Qualitative and quantitative evidence illustrates the differences in complexity, optionality, frequency, semantic restriction, speaker commitment, informative status and discourse strategy in the two systems. Finally, this study reassesses the assumed dichotomy between grammatical and lexical evidentiality (Aikhenvald 2004), arguing that evidentials in both Tibetan and English inhabit a lexicon-grammar multidimensional continuum, merely in different positions. This study does not question that the Tibetan evidential system is more grammaticalised than the English one, but it shows that the latter presents all the signs of partial grammaticalisation. This reassessment leads to the conclusion that evidentiality is a relevant and necessary notion for a thorough linguistic description of English
Leoue, Jean Gilbert. "Semantique Et Grammaticalisation De 'Do' En Anglais: Approche Contrastive (The Semantax And Grammaticalization Of 'Do' In English: A Contrastive Study)." Diss., Université Paris III - Sorbonne Nouvelle, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71565.
Full textBaldini, Benedetta. "Le proverbe: une approche contrastive franco-italienne la notion de temps proverbial." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7458/.
Full textSamaei, Farshid. "Etude interprétative des séquences binominales [N1N2]N en Français : approche contrastive avec le Persan." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20001.
Full textThis research has for objective the application of theoretical and methodological approaches to the interpretation of [N1N2] N sequences in French, with a contrastive study of the similar sequences in Persian.The thesis divides in two major parts. The first part provides a historic and linguistic overview of binominal compounds alongside the old and modern theories in this field. It deals with the history of composition in Sanskrit, Greek and Latin as well as different syntactic and morphological aspects of the French language, until the most recent approaches in the modern linguistics. At the end of this part, the studies on the composition in Persian have been reviewed. This historical vision of the subject can be used as a basis for discussing the relevant criteria of analysis for the study of our data, by allowing us to develop a multidimensional and inter-modular approach to the syntax, morphology and semantics. The second part presents two main approaches to the analysis and interpretation of nominal N1N2 sequences in French (dictionary based and non-dictionary based corpora) and the similar sequences in Persian. The first approach of Arnaud & Renner is a morpho-semantic and referential classification of N1N2 sequences in two main categories.of subordinative and coordinative compounds. The second approach, proposed by Noailly, consists in analysis of the N1N2 combinations within the framework of four interpretative classes including qualification, complementation, coordination, and identification. These two models also make the interpretation of the sequences that are in the process of lexicalization as well as those that are not entered the dictionnaries yet possible.This study allows us to analyze binominal sequences from a multifunctional point of view, to understand the mechanisms of the interpretative irregularity, and to show that a number of sequences are capable of producing two and more potential interpretations
Jamet, Christian Soëtard Michel. "Contrastivité et enseignement du français langue étrangère en France approche anthropo-didactique /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr:8080/sdx/theses/lyon2/2000/cjamet.
Full textRizgalla, Abdelmahmoud. "Approche contrastive de la traduction économique spécialisée : le cas du dictionnaire des sciences économiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0339/document.
Full textThis research, having as a general experimental framework the specialized economic translation, tries to reduce the gap between the theory and the practice regarding translation between French and Arabic. We dedicate an important place for the usually used economic terms, their translation, their analysis, their equivalents and their epistemology. The basic objective of this approach is to know what position adopted by the Sudanese translator whose mother tongue is Arabic, the first foreign language is English and the second foreign language is French, and to observe how each of these three languages can have an influence upon him. Indeed, this study is based on a general statement according to which numerous are the problems encountered by certain translators while translating. These problems are linguistic, textual, contextual or intercultural. It is essential for us to show that the understanding of the text / context is a crucial stage in translation. This concerns a global as well as sequential understanding of the text dealt with. However, to translate, it is necessary to understand at first. This does not mean that the learners can only learn formulae and expressions translated from source language to target language. It is indeed a question of teaching them a whole range of procedures, techniques and knowledge allowing them not only a methodical training and practice but also an experience based on a thoughtful learning of the translation. Two methods of analysis were followed in this research. The first method is elaborated by J.-P. Vinay and J. Darbelnet in their book entitled Stylistique comparée du français et de l’anglais, which addresses a varied public. The second method of analysis is a tried-and-tested method in recognized works, introduced by Michel Ballard in the book entitled La traduction de l’anglais au français, and addressing those who wish to learn the practice of translation in a reflexive way. To better succeed in the field of translation in Sudan, it is necessary to set up a specific planning of the translation through measures as: mobilize the motivation of the learners towards the learning of foreign languages, train the teachers of foreign languages in countries where these ones are the first idioms of communication, supply monolingual, bilingual and trilingual specialized dictionaries, set up widely attractive programs for the theoretical study of the translation and be interested, as for the foreign languages, in the improvement of the mother tongue
Mokhtari, Najat. "Étude contrastive de quelques quantifieurs en anglais, en français et en arabe : Approche métaopérationnelle." Paris 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA03A005.
Full textTinchant, Sabine. "Approche contrastive et aspects transculturels de la communication multimodale en français et en espagnol." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030195.
Full textWe present a multimodal, contrastive and transcultural approach of the gesture space of French speaking area and Spanish-speaking area. We describe and analyse the gesture space on the one hand and on the other hand, the function of gesture, eyes directions and prosody in reformulation examples in French-speaking area and Spanish-speaking area.In each French or Spanish speaking area, we compare gesture space and reformulation in three different cultural areas : in French-speaking area, we compare the gesture space of French speakers of Metropolitan France, (Europe), Quebec speakers, (North America), Cajun speakers in Louisiana (North America) and in Spanish-speaking area, we compare the gesture space of Spanish speakers from Spain (Europe), speakers from Argentina (South America), speakers from Venezuela (South America). We analyse the differences and/or the similarities amongst speakers with a common language, either French or Spanish, but a different cultural environment. We decided to study gesture space and reformulation and recorded from a television corpus. Therefore, with this corpus,we can analyse gesture space speakers refering to the diagram “Division of the gesture space for transcription purposes” from Pedelty, which is presented in D. Mc Neill (1992). This diagram allows us to obtain a double reading of gesture space : on the vertical axis (trunk, head, beyondhead), on the horizontal axis (close to the body and far from the body). Afterwards, we analyse the function of gesture and eyes directions and their relationship with the intonative variations during the reformulation process in an oral interview. We analyse the functionof gesture amplitude and the function of catchments and growthpoints, studied by D. Mc Neill andM.A. Morel and their relationship with the function of eyes directions and the fundamentalfrequency (F0) variability with different examples of reformulation in the oral speech. Thereforewe analyse how these three modalities seem to have a double function to help the construction ofthe own speech and/or to help the intercomprehension, the mutual understanding in the coenunciativeprocess
Barreau, Jean-Louis. "Une approche de la langue familière espagnole : éléments de linguistique comparée." Perpignan, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PERP0220.
Full textThe main object of this thesis is to bring out specific characteristics of colloquial spanish as compared to standard spanish, from a recent corpus (some translations and mainly documents of spanish origin : magazines, comics, novels, video and audio recordings, etc. ). The relevant areas are : - phonetic and graphic marks of familiarity. - morpholexicology (derivation, composition, agglutination, reduction, reduplication, cryptic processes, etc. ). - the grammatical area : morphosyntax (gender, number, person, conjugations) ans syntax (ellipsis, class transfer, substitution, word order, repetitions, etc. ). As many means, among others, which are used in colloquial french, but not always in the same way as in spanish. . . Hence the interest of applying a comparative method, which has been done whenever possible in this study. Besides the second part of this study is mainly constituted of a bilingual french-spanish colloquial language dictionary, suggesting 5000 translations. Each term or expression suggested is truly defined ans each translation is followed by a genuine sentence as an example
Hajok, Alicja. "Etude sémantico-syntaxique de la détermination simple et complexe en français et en polonais : approche contrastive." Paris 13, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA131013.
Full textThe system of determination of the French language differs from the system of determination in the Polish language. In the thesis, the determiners are considered through the use of contrastive analysis. The suggested descriptions are formalized in databases which are designed for automatic processing of natural languages. In the thesis, the functioning and properties of determiners in the Polish language are systematically described. The suggested analyses concentrate on morphosyntactic properties of the determiners in both languages. The simple and complex determinations are distinguished, at the same time the formal typology of determiners in the Polish language is presented. Additionally their syntactic-semantic properties which results in the division into predicative determination and argumentative determination are considered. The work contributes to the development of LDI electronic dictionaries
PARRA, JALIENTE MARIA ROSA. "Une approche contrastive des phenomenes de discours dans des textes espagnols et francais. Theorie et pratique." Montpellier 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON30035.
Full textTranslation has always had a special place among the methods used in higher education for language learning. A critical examination of this pedagogical activity will show that operations of interlinguistic transfer are by no means the only recourse or the most adequate exercise in a methodological and contrastive approach although there is no question of giving up the latter. This research work attempts to bring in correctives to the supremacy of translation by suggesting a methodological and contrastive alternative based on the comparison of couples of original texts - one in spanish and one in french - which are semantically and functionally equivalent. Some of them are analysed in our work. In order to have a convincing and even legitimate, interlanguage comparison, each couple of texts has to offer some analogies such as a similal mode of prevailing discursive organisation, same drafting and publishing conditions, an equivalent global content and topic as well as a close illocutionary value. The aim of this confrontation is to put into light recurring correlations (similarities and differences) between language and discursive phenomena such as are spontaneously actualized by native speakers when setting up some kinds of utterances. It is also to offer an explanation on the nature and origin of those utterances as well as to shed light on the nature and origin of the major variations. The contrastive study of the two languages can also operate on the plane of discursiveness. It is also legitimate to bring into relief the manifold value of linguistic forms within the field of text dynamics
Jamet, Christian. "Contrastivité et enseignement du français langue étrangère en France : approche anthropo-didactique." Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/cjamet.
Full textHénault-Sakhno, Christine. "Problèmes de synonymie dans une approche linguistique contrastive : verbes de perception visuelle en français et en russe." Paris 10, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA100036.
Full textThe contrastive analysis is a new way of describing lexical synonymy, a very important linguistic phenomenon because of its situation in the very heart of meaning and in that of speech : this approach can let us know how each language builds, with its own lexical and morpho-syntaxic means, specific signifying configurations. The described data (chosen in French literary texts compared with their translations in Russian) give evidence for semantic complexity of the visual perception verbs both in French and in Russian, verbs which constitute ramified frames with fuzzy shapes. Cases of plain and direct equivalence are not frequent. .
Cloiseau, Gilles. "Une redéfinition de la métaphoricité à l'oral : mise en place d'outils d'analyse par une approche de corpus contastive." Orléans, 2007. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01276764.
Full textA corpus of interviews carried out both in English and in French on the topic of music was collected, XML-formatted and tagged morphosyntactically and semantically (semantic distance worked out thanks to LSA). The goal is to devise and train tools not only for spotting metaphors but assessing metaphor liveliness. Thanks to a parallel use of semantic structure and the prosodic data, live metaphor templates are established, and then used to access contrastively the liveliness of metaphor production in the different conceptual mappings tapped in the particular area of interest. However close the deep underlying semantic structures may be in both languages, there are slight differences in the surface realizations due to idiosyncratic structural constraints. Metaphor liveliness seems to be nevertheless correlated with literal translatability, whereas lexicalised metaphors are usually not translatable literally. This sreening for hypercoding elements of discourse is potentially usable in huge oral corpora now conceivable with internet, not only with a view to providing tools for automatic translation, but also as an observation platform of language evolution at a time when things appear and disppear fast
Chouit, Drissia. "L'anaphorisation : de la pronominalisation à l'ellipse : approche métaopérationnelle : analyse contrastive trilingue (anglais, français, arabe) et problèmes de traduction." Paris 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA030142.
Full textThis thesis is composed of three parts: nominal group anaphora, verbal group anaphora and predication anaphora. As it is too general, the concept of anaphora needed redefinition. So, i made a distinction between two types of anaphora: one of phase i which signals that when the enunciator refers to the previous context, the operation he makes is limited to the semantic programme of the items he takes back, and the other of phase 2 which signals that this semantic level is presupposed and that the grammatical structure is pre-constructed because co-accepted by the enunciator and the co-enunciator. This distinction was necessary to give a satisfactory explanation to the structuring and functioning of pronouns, this, do this and do so on the one hand (anaphora of phase 1) and the, that, it, do that, do it,-ing and do operator of syntactic liaison between subject and predicate on the other (anaphora of phase 2). This abstract mechanism of phases gave me tools to show the coherence of the architecture underlying the three languages studied, and to show that one language can shed lights on the functioning of another. I also compared my explanation to that of contemporary researchers to make explicit the new measures i brought. .
Palvadeau, Sophie. "Approche contrastive de la rédaction scientifique - Les consignes éditoriales et les résumés de revues japonaises et françaises de chimie." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00816797.
Full textTaï-Masgnaud, Ting-Li. "Traductologie théorique et approche contrastive : recherches linguistiques et philologiques sur l'Evangile de Jean et ses traductions chinoises et françaises." Limoges, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIMO2006.
Full textSaleh, Samo. "Traduire "le temps" du français en arabe : approche traductologique." Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN1482.
Full textNfissi, Abdelhamid. "Approche métaopérationnelle de la cohésion discursive : les connecteurs interphrastiques en anglais, en arabe et en français : étude contrastive et problèmes de traduction." Paris 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA030141.
Full textThis thesis is devided into two parts. The first part deals with congruous connectives: and, moroever, furthermore, besides, in addition. The second part deals with incongruous connectives: but, though, although, however, still, yet, nonetheless, nevertheless, in spite of and despite. In each part, we have discussed the deep functioning of theses connectives, exploring their semantic, grammatical and discursive role. The exploration of theses roles helps us to detect the abstract mechanism underpinning the structuring of each connective, because the use of every connective on the surface chain is the result of an abstract work from the speaker. That's why we believe that terms such as addition and concession cannot shed lights on the functioning of these connectives. Intersentential connectives play a connective and cohesive role. Their place on the surface chain, their scope and their grammatical status confirm this cohesive role. The translation of these connectives into arabic and french has been examined. The aim of this contrastive study is to demonstrate that, in linguistic analysis, a language can shed lights on the functioning of another one
Appetito, Paola. "Étude contrastive du langage publicitaire en français et en italien : approche linguistique et perspectives didactiques pour l’enseignement du français en Italie et de l’italien en France." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3034.
Full textThe purpose of this research work is to develop a renewed pedagogical approach which uses advertising as tool for the teaching of French and Italian as foreign languages. To this end, we have made reference to the major studies in this area, and we have analysed the characteristics of advertising adopting a contrastive approach in French and Italian and in a didactic perspective. The study of the evolution of the strategies and forms of encoding of the advertisements message – as well as the linguistic, iconographic and cultural peculiarities – is put at the service of an approach which places itself in an action-orientated, intercultural and plurilinguistic dimension. This approach – adopted in the educational plans of French and Italian schools and universities - meets both the recommendations of the CEFR and the media literacy endorsed by the EU. In addition to illustrate the advantages of a didactic exploitation of this type of documents at different levels of competence and for different users, our objective is also to prove the effectiveness of certain methodological approaches, especially those integrating new information and communication technologies and digital tools.This research work represents the general framework of an extended multimedia, intercultural and interlinguistic programme for the teaching of Italian and French and it will lead to the creation of a website or an educational blog, offering the opportunity to implement and catalogue new pedagogical scenarios in the field of teaching-learning of foreign languages in schools and universities
Ivanova, Tarasova Elena. "Approche cognitive et formelle de la polysémie verbale : les verbes de transfert en français et en russe (comparaison et différences)." Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040034.
Full textIn this thesis, we deal with a semantic representation of polysemious verbs. The theoretical framework of our linguistic analyses is the J. -P. Desclés’ Applicative and Cognitive Grammar. We perform the analyses of meanings for some French verbs from the semantic field of transfer of possession namely donner, offrir, recevoir, and prendre, relying on examples extracted from dictionaries and computer corpora. The verbs in question are represented in the form of networks of meanings with an semantic cognitive invariant as root. We present next the analyses of the verbs davat’, predlagat’, polučat’, prinimat’, and brat’ which are equivalents to French ones in Russian. Our approach to translation is based on the anti-anti-relativity according to which each language has its own representations built by means of a set of semantic cognitive primitives. The tools to get target representations in Russian for source ones in French, in other words transfer mechanisms, are given at the end of the thesis. The carried out analyses both in French and in Russian prove a lack of one-to-one correspondence between verbs lexicon organisations in these languages
Panov, Sergueï. "La grossièreté et ses représentations en russe : approche sociolinguistique, comparative et interculturelle." Montpellier 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON30062.
Full textThis Ph. D. Dissertation is devoted to a contrastive study of how rude words work in Russian : swearing, insults, vulgar and obscene words. It aims tentatively at investigating the variations in the way the French and the Russians use supposed "four-letter" words in their everyday life and speech. In what context are rude words used in Russian, and what is their function ? What are, from an intercultural point of view, the linguistic mechanisms at work which select some and promote them as the items most used, and in what particular cases of verbal intercourse ? What status should they be assigned : standard vs non-standard ? To that end surveys have been conducted both in Russia and in France to determine the socio-linguistic context of foul expressions. A French-Russian dictionary of obscene words has thus been sketched out with approximately 1000 corresponding words and phrases
Bezzina, Anne-Maria. "La variation stylistique en maltais : étude des usages concrets de la langue appuyée sur une approche contrastive des phénomènes variationnels en maltais et en français." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100221.
Full textIntraspeaker variation takes place according to relevant situational conditions of language use, such as the spoken/written order, the framework and degree of formality of the situation, topic, tone, participants’ aims and identity issues, and context, which is co-constructed and reconstructed throughout the interaction. A distinction is made between institutional or protocol formality, practised by public speech professionals in serious, public, sometimes mediatic situations, and individual speakers’ formality, practised by all, normally within transactional frameworks. The type of bilingualism which characterises the Maltese language situation is described as relatively diglossic, from a social rather than an institutional point of view. This characterisation is based on the functional distribution of Maltese and English, and on the prestige associated with English, considered by the community and the private sector as the H variety, whilst Maltese is the H variety chosen by government institutions for protocol situations.A questionnaire delves into language use and attitudes on a societal level. Ambivalent attitudes emerge regarding regional dialects, as well as veneration of Semitic Maltese, and conflicting attitudes regarding the use of English. These results allow a better understanding of the sociolinguistic value of data obtained from a Maltese corpus. The spoken corpus is obtained thanks to eight key speakers (among which three public speech professionals), recorded in a variety of situations ranging from the formal to the informal. The written corpus is divided into informal (emails, chat) and formal (articles, literary prose, administration texts) sections.The corpus shows that variation takes place in Malta through register shifts and code-switching, thus covering variation patterns associated with both monolingual and bilingual situations. A study of adverb and conjunction distribution in Maltese confirms their susceptibility to formality, channel and genre. Clause junction and dislocation also vary according to style. Code-switching appears motivated by a will to teach children English and, for adults, by the prestige and the connotations of education associated with this language. The language situation in France is known for the significant difference between standard and non-standard forms; its causes are mentioned. In the Maltese context, variation inherent to Maltese and the possibility to resort to code-switching also provide a wide margin of variation possibilities. The standardisation process in the two situations diverges on several levels; language attitudes converge through an idea of language purity. Language areas susceptible to variation are analyzed, and it is proposed that variation is mostly tolerated in Maltese at the syntactic level. Stylistic variation dominates the non-diglossic French context; a hypothesis is proposed that social variation dominates the Maltese context
Bezinska, Yanka. "Production, compréhension et imitation des constructions causatives chez des enfants monolingues francophones et bulgarophones âgés de 3 à 6 ans." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENL011/document.
Full textThe present study investigates the causative constructions from a developmental and cross-linguistic perspective. On the one hand, it aims to show the important role of the morphosyntactic complexity of causative mechanisms during language acquisition. On the other hand, it aims to examine different language skills (production, comprehension, imitation) in order to explore various levels of mastery of the causative constructions in two languages, French and Bulgarian. The two languages under investigation, French and Bulgarian, do not use the same mechanisms to express causativity. French uses the faire + Vinf complex predicate and some lexical causatives (nourrir X – feed X). In Bulgarian, the causativity is expressed using three mechanisms: lexical (xranja X – feed X), morphological (prefix ‘raz-': razsmivam X - make X laugh) and periphrastic construction (karam X da V pres – make that X + V pres). A total of 113 L1 French speakers (71 children and 42 adults) and 96 L1 Bulgarian speakers (56 children and 40 adults) took part in this cross-linguistic study. The children were divided into three age groups: 3-4, 4-5 and 5-6 years of age; they all participated in three experimental tasks (production, comprehension and imitation). The adults took part in one experimental task (production). Our cross-linguistic study provided some interesting results. Firstly, the conceptualization of causativity is equally understood in both languages, each child group globally understands the causative mechanisms available in their own language. Secondly, the order of acquisition of the causative mechanisms is tightly linked to its degree of morphosyntactic complexity. In both languages, lexical causatives are already mastered by all the children groups. Surprisingly enough, in Bulgarian, the morphological causative appears to be a late language development, as children as old as 5 to 6 years produce overgeneralizations of this mechanism, that means it is not yet mastered. In the Bulgarian data, we found that the periphrastic construction is acquired between the ages of 4 to 5 years; the children of this age group already show an adult-like ability in producing this analytical causative mechanism. In the French data, we found that the production of the faire + Vinf complex predicate begins to stabilize; however, children have to adjust both the integrity of the faire + Vinf structure and the usage of the causee argument (its syntactic function and its presence in the utterance). Thirdly, in instances when the structure of causative mechanisms is present during the imitation task, the children's production is improved. In conclusion, by including various language skills (production, comprehension and imitation), this study brings a new perspective in investigating the causative constructions. Our research is also consistent with both the Competition model and the usage-based approaches; it validates the relevance of three major factors determining the order of acquisition of the linguistic structures: 1/ input frequency (or ‘cue availability'); 2/ cue reliability; 3/ formal and semantic complexity (or ‘cue cost')
Laurens, Olivier. "La traduction vers le francais des expressions resultatives anglaises - etude contrastive et traitement dans une approche lexicaliste de la traduction automatique : la methode "shake and bake"." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA070115.
Full textEnglish resultatives are sentences with two predicates the second of which (an adjec tive or a prepositional phrase) denotes the result of the process the first one (a verb) states. Translating such sentences into french may involve important structu ral changes. Various types of translations are studied as well as the linguistic pro perties of the english sentence that allow proper selection of the type of translation. The most common and complex type of translation is a case of head switching with category changes : the english result predicate translates into a main verb and the english verb into a modality manner adjunct clause. In order to allow automatic processing, the mecanisms of such category changes are studied. Shake and bake is a lexical approach to machine translation. Its mecanisms are explained in detail and a treatmentof the translation of resultatives is proposed. To allow increased compositionality, we propose an extension to the formalism since plain shake and bake puts restrictions on compositionality. As a result, translation of resultatives can be implemented in a very economical fashion that doesn't require new bilingual lexical entries. Furthermore, the proposed treatment can apply to other types of translations that involve important changes in structure and or category
Lessan-Pezechki, Homa. "Système verbal et deixis en persan et en français : approche contrastive à partir d'un corpus littéraire constitué de trois oeuvres d'Albert Camus et de leurs traductions persanes." Grenoble 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE39005.
Full textMy thesis comprises two main sections. In the first chapter of the first section, i describe the outlines of persian verb system, and set out the particularities of each tense form separately. In the second chapter, i adopt a contrastive approach, staring from french and comparing with the situation in persian. After examining the verb system, which has obvious links with the notion of dexis, i examine the concept of deixis more closely. Dealing successively with spatial, temporal and finally personal deixis in the first chapter of the second section. In the second chapter, i make a detailed study of french deictics and of their translation into persian
Cristinoi-Bursuc, Antonia. "Analyse contrastive des indices morphosyntaxiques nominaux de genre et de nombre en vue d'une approche typologique de la traduction automatique - Applications sur le français, l'anglais et le roumain." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE1087.
Full textThe evolution of Machine Translation involves not only a greater variety of documents but also an increasing number of languages, entailing a bigger linguistic diversity and thus a significant rise of translation difficulties. In this thesis, translation problems are considered a priori, mainly as a result of interlinguistic differences. Having taken as a starting point the idea that not all interlinguistic differences are problematic in translation, we have retained as the basic criterion for distinguishing them the notions of marking (redefined according to MT standards) and behavioural classes. The object of this study has been restricted to two linguistic categories : gender and number, and three languages : French, English and Romanian. The model we propose, inspired by contrastive morphology and typology, aims at identifying the types of MT difficulties that can appear, for a given language couple, when translating gender and number. This identification will be based on assigning each noun to a behavioural class in each language, and on studying behavioural classes'interactions. The approach will eventually permit the creation of MT difficulties that can appear, for a given language couple, when translating gender and number. This idenfication will be based on assigning each noun to a behavioural class in each language, and on studying behavioural classes' interactions. The approach will eventually permit the creation of MT specifications involving two complementary procedures : identification of the main questions a linguist has to answer when dealing with a specific MT issue and a complete inventory of the problems that may appear once the answers are found, an inventory corroborated by requests treated by a MT system
Almeida, Maria Elisete. "Approche contrastive de la Deixis en portugais et en français à travers la traduction des oeuvres d'Albert Camus : suivie d'un essai de validation des conclusions sur le terrain de l'oral à partir d'un corpus enregistré à Madère." Université Stendhal (Grenoble ; 1970-2015), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE39042.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the study of the different deictic systems that govern french and portuguese languages. These systems are analysed from a comparative point of view, and the approach is based on the principles of contrastive linguistics, as they were exposed by h. Adamczewski and c. Delmas in their english grammar. The analysis is chiefly based on a written corpus composed of 3 of camus'works : 2 novels ( "the pest" , "the fall" ) and a drama ( "caligula" ). The thesis begins with a historical introduction to the notion of deixis. The first part is a contrastive study of basic deictics - i. E. Spatial, temporal, personal ones - in french and portuguese. The second part is an approach of secondary deictics which work implicitely, such as verbal tenses and prepositions deprived of their nominal head. The aim of the third part is to valid the results of the preceeding parts by testing them on the tokens of an oral corpus, and to point out the chief translation difficulties raised by the discrepancies that exist between the two deictic systems
Català, Guitart Dolors. "Les adverbes composés. Approches contrastives en linguistique appliquée." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4924.
Full textCette recherche s'inscrit dans le cadre du lexique-grammaire, basé sur les théories transformationnelles de Harris, mis en αuvre par Maurice Gross. Il s'inspire des propositions faites par Gaston Gross pour les questions relatives à la sémantique. Il est aussi tributaire de certaines propositions faites par I. Mel'ĉuk dans le cade de la théorie senstexte surtout en ce qui concerne la description du figement.
Sous ces bases théoriques et méthodologiques, nous avons procédé d'une manière systématique au recensement de ces unités qui ont été incorporées dans le DELACs (Dictionnaire des Mots Composés de l'espagnol).
La forme de base de ces adverbes ou adverbes généralisés, Prep det N Modif, nous a permis de définir les classes formelles au nombre de seize, en suivant le classement syntaxique proposé par Maurice Gross (1990). Leurs propriétés syntactico-sémantiques ont été établies et décrites dans des matrices binaires.
Au delà de ce classement axé sur les structures, nous avons proposé différents types de regroupements sémantico-fonctionnel que nous avons présenté sous formes d'automates à états finis.
Puis, une description des caractéristiques fondamentales de ces adverbes nous a permis de faire une comparaison des adverbes des deux langues. Cette étude contrastive s'est élargie à l'appui des adverbes d'autres langues comme le catalan, le portugais, l'italien, l'allemand et l'anglais qui disposent de dictionnaires semblables.
Pour finir, nous avons envisagé plusieurs applications possibles des outils élaborés comme l'utilisation des tables dans des procédures automatiques de reconnaissance des adverbes, le recensement et la description des adverbes dans différents domaines spécialisés et quelques applications pédagogiques.
Les tables présentant les propriétés spécifiques de chaque classe et l'index des adverbes constitue l'annexe qui termine le travail.
The purpose of this research is a contrastive study of mainly Spanish and French compound adverbs, as well as adverbs in other European languages.
The theoretic and methodological framework is the Lexicon-Grammar, based on the principles of the transformational grammar of Zellig. S. Harris, developed by Maurice Gross. It is inspired by Gaston Gross'propositions for questions concerning semantics and by some propositions made by Mel'cuk within the SENSETEXT theory, especially for frozen description.
Under this theoretic and methodological basis, we have undertaken the construction of an electronic dictionary of compound adverbs; this dictionary completes the DELACs (dictionary for compound words of Spanish).
The basis form of these adverbs or generalised adverbs Prep det N Modif, has allowed us to define 16 formal classes, following the syntactic classification offered by Maurice Gross for French adverbs. Their syntactic and semantic properties have been established and described in binary matrixes.
Further to this classification based on their internal structure, we have proposed different types of semantic-functional groups presented in terms of Finite State Transducers.
Furthermore, the adverbs have been minutely described in order to compare their properties with those of French. This contrastive study has been enhanced with adverbs of other languages such as Catalan, Portuguese, Italian, German and English that have similar dictionaries.
Finally, we have overviewed some possible applications of these instruments in lexicography (description of specific adverbs in specific fields), didactic and in natural language processing.
The tables presenting the specific properties of each class and the index of the adverb studied may be found in the annex at the end of the study.
Tubino, Blanco Mercedes. "Contrasting Causatives: A Minimalist Approach." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194986.
Full textWilliams, A. Lynn. "Contrastive Intervention Approaches for Children with Severe Phonological Disorders." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2022.
Full textWilliams, A. Lynn. "Multiple Oppositions: Theoretical Foundations for an Alternative Contrastive Intervention Approach." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2000. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2007.
Full textGomez, Lucia. "Conceptualisation et expression linguistique de l'évènement émotionnel en espagnol (L1/L2) et en français : une approche cognitive : analyse linguistique et proposition didactique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENL022/document.
Full textThe aim of this Ph.D. Thesis, which is based on the theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics, is to identify and characterize (in a descriptive and contrastive manner) the resources related to the expression of the change of emotion event in Spanish (L1 and L2) and French (L1). Thanks to our findings, but also to other data sources, we were also able to make some pedagogical propositions for the teaching of the notions of change and emotion in a second language
Este trabajo de investigación, que se inscribe en el marco teórico de la lingüísticacognitiva, responde al objetivo de repertoriar y caracterizar los recursos necesariospara la expresión del evento de cambio emocional en español (L1 y L2) y en francés(L1), bajo un enfoque tanto descriptivo como contrastivo. Los resultados obtenidos,junto con otras fuentes, han permitido formular algunas recomendaciones didácticaspara la enseñanza de las nociones de cambio y emoción en lengua extranjera
Beaulieu, Mathilde. "Imagerie optique à très haut contraste : une approche instrumentale optimale." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4040/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to optimize high-contrast imaging performance in visible and near infrared for exoplanet detection. The main study focuses on high-contrast at small separation, to image exoplanets in their habitable zone. This direct detection is achievable with the next Extremely Large Telescopes and with the development of coronagraph providing high performance at small separation. The approach adopted for this study creates a high-contrast region (a dark hole) with the combination of coronagraphy and wavefront shaping (wavefront control of both phase and amplitude with 2 deformable mirrors) but is limited by the Fresnel propagation of phase aberrations. The goal of this work is to define the wavefront shaping limitation in optical configuration (deformable mirrors location, component optical quality, beam diameter). A semi-analytic approach followed by a Monte-Carlo analysis of numerical end-to-end simulations is studied, resulting in the definition of the optimal configuration. Results are then applied to SPEED, a test bench to optimize and test high-contrast imaging at small separation with a segmented pupil. Another aspect of this thesis is a contribution to a stability study to treat the temporal stability as a crucial parameter in high-contrast imaging instrumentation, at the conception level. A preliminary work is initiated during the thesis to analyse the stability of the measuring instrument itself. A metrology tool and its thermal behaviour are thus studied. Finally, the last part of this thesis is a performance analysis of a new differential imaging technique, developed to improve high contrast with observations with different diaphragm sizes
Alharbi, Rezan Mohammed S. "Acquisition of lexical collocations : a corpus-assisted contrastive analysis and translation approach." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3660.
Full textLiu, Xingua. "Contrastive rhetoric research of English and Chinese : an expanded and ecological approach." Thesis, University of Reading, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707161.
Full textCabassut, Erika. "De la linguistique des fautes à une didactique multilingue." Phd thesis, Université Marc Bloch - Strasbourg II, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00067764.
Full textBanks, Amy Camille Connelly. "Shakespeare's Leading Franciscan Friars: Contrasting Approaches to Pastoral Power." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8931.
Full textTuniyan, Elina. "Second language acquisition of definiteness : a feature-based contrastive approach to second language learnability." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2018. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/421841/.
Full textFloweday, Gareth. "Two contrasting approaches to auto-ignition modelling for HCCI engines." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14611.
Full textOng, Shirley Chee Siew. "The effect of incorporating a contrastive teaching approach on the learning of English in Brunei." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708530.
Full textGerfault, Laurent. "Imagerie des produits de contraste ultrasonore : simulation et approche de la perfusion myocardique." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0041.
Full textLike other imaging modalities (MRI or X-Ray), ultrasound scanning has become a contrast imaging modality. It consists in the enhancement of standard ultrasound imaging using an intra-veinously injected ultrasound contrast agent (USCA). Video intensity and Doppler signals of perfused region, reached by the contrast agent, are enhanced. Then, contrast imaging allows a better visualization of perfusion of different organs, and the approach of functional imaging like myocardial perfusion study. In vitro efficiency of USCA has been demonstrated, but its in vivo use has shown a decrease of efficiency. This work studies the interactions between contrast agent and intra-corporal medium, and the influence of measurement method in the aims of understanding this lack of efficiency. The influences of intra-corporal medium actions (pulmonary filtering, dilution of USCA bolus, diffusion of internal gas of USCA micro particles cardiac pressure) and ultrasound waves are inspected to evaluate physical modifications of USCA in in-vivo conditions. The impact of these physical changes on acoustical responses of USCA is then studied. As clinical evaluation is performed on echographic images, simulations of echographic signals are computed. Finally, the feasibility of absolute measurement of blood flow rate is evaluated. A comparison between a newly developed fluid dynamics based model of bolus dilution and acoustical measurements made on a circulating tubular phantom is made. Our conclusions are applied to the study of myocardial perfusion using an isolated pig heart model
McCracken, John A. "How children perceive themselves as readers within contrasting approaches to reading /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486398528556946.
Full textTatsumi, T. "Children's acquisition of verb inflection in Japanese : contrasting generativist and constructivist approaches." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3009435/.
Full textAxelsson, Victor. "Collaborative Recommendations for Music Session Instrumentation : Contrasting Graph to ML Based Approaches." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232065.
Full textVid digitalt musikskapande behöver kompositören lära sig relevanta verktyg för musik i den specifika domänen. Inlärningskurvan för anskaffningen av färdigheter för kreativt musikskapande, med avseende på tillgängliga verktyg, kan vara brant. Rekommendationssystem syftar till att hjälpa användaren komma över inlärningströskeln genom att filtrera ut relevant material. Ett gemensamt problem för de vanligare rekommendationsmetoderna är att dessa fokuserar på enkelmätt utvärderingsmetrik. Detta står i kontrast till sådan metrik vilken återspeglar ett naturligt nästa steg vid konsumtion och skapande av musik. Det finns ett överdrivet fokus på en liten grupp mätvärden, speciellt träffsäkerhet (eng. accuracy), och hur dessa kan optimeras. Samtidigt finns det också ett stort stöd för behovet av kompletterande metrik, såsom nyheter (eng. novelty) och katalogtäckning (eng. catalogue coverage), för en bättre mångfald i rekommendationerna. Detta tyder på att även om behovet av kompletterande metrik är känt, förbises det ofta. Majoriteten av de tillgängliga systemen använder rekommendationer vilka baseras antingen på grafer eller maskinlärda modeller. Vanligt förekommande är att diskussionen rörande valet av utvärderingsmetrik och metod samt dessas ömsesidiga influens bortses ifrån. De verktyg som används för experimentet i denna uppsats består av sessioner med digitala instrument, där rekommendationen syftar till att visa vilket instrument som kan väljas i nästa steg i sessionen. Denna uppsatts bidrar med en diskussion om hur datadrivna rekommendationsarkitekturer och tillvägagångssätt kan konstrueras för att erhålla en mer detaljerad kontroll över vilka mätvärden som optimeras. Genom att använda en linjär kombination av likhet, självexciterade händelser (eng. self-exciting events) och en viktad graf kan olika rekommendationsmetoder, och så till vida utvärderingsmetrik, dynamiskt ges mer utrymme i den slutgiltiga bedömningen. Genom att jämföra detta grafbaserade tillvägagångssätt med en maskinlärd modell visar denna uppsats hur metrik påverkas av metodval. Detta medför att rekommendationssystem kan konstrueras för bättre transparens för musikskaparen och mer användarkontroll över metrikoptimeringen.