Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Approche décisionnelle'
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Boisbunon, Aurélie. "Sélection de modèle : une approche décisionnelle." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793898.
Full textBourcier, Danièle. "Analyse des standards de la police municipale : approche décisionnelle." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010283.
Full textThe municipal reglementation has been often read from a material or organic point of view. We propose there a computational approach of decision by the description of its criteria, concepts, predicates, standards and rules. For this work, two methods of computer science have been used: lexico-statistics (factorial correspondances analysis, multidimensional analysis) and artificial intelligence. The lexical analysis allows intersections beetween vocabulary from cases and a lattice of variables. It lets to initiate a structural reading of the chief standards ("ordre public", rights and liberties. . . ). Artificial intelligence permits to describe and simulate the decisional process of the local authority on the law of "noise" (standard of "tranquillite publique"). The conception of an expert system leads to enlight descriptors, standards (degree of discomfort, urgency) and rules of the field (discretionary power) and to use the results of the first methodology. A critical approach of the role of such tools in the. .
Chakib, Hicham. "Contrôle et diagnostic décentralisés des systèmes à évènements discrets approche multi-décisionnelle." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1958.
Full textMosconi, Elaine Paiva. "L'apport d'une approche multidimensionnelle de gestion des connaissances à la performance décisionnelle des organisations." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25794.
Full textImproving decision performance (DP) is a challenge for all managers, regardless of the industry in which they work. This challenge is even more important in the current business environment where decisions become more complex, less structured, and increasingly based on organizational knowledge. Although KM is underlined for his contribution to the PD, recent research indicates the relationship between these two concepts needs more investigation in order to be better exploited in the management of organizations. To fill this gap, the objective of this thesis was to investigate the contribution of a multidimensional approach of KM to better support DP. Our approach considers factors from organizational, technological and human dimensions, and a culture that recognizes the value of knowledge. These dimensions of KM are mentioned in the literature, and are often investigated separately. However, in this thesis we pay special attention to interaction effects between them, to provide a holistic perspective in a real context. We conducted an action research in a company in the forestry sector; particularly we studied planning and forecasting of forest operations processes. This fieldwork provided rich data and interesting results, as well as highliighting problems that can be found in other sectors. Our results provide a deeper understanding and a holistic view of the KM based on a multidimensional approach to better support DP within organizations. Our results show that organizational, technological and cultural dimensions of the KM are all important and are deeply interrelated. We put in place mechanisms and initiatives that allowed us to validate this empirically. The approach used in the context of our action research can be exploited in other companies that seek to improve the DP, whether the forestry sector or elsewhere. Key words: Knowledge management; Decision performance; Multidimensional approach of KM; Action research; Knowledge mapping; Business process mapping; Forestry operations; Wood supply network.
Bannier, Dorian. "Dynamique des activités évoquées corticales de la phase décisionnelle de la discrimination temporelle : approche comportementale et électrophysiologique." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR124/document.
Full textThe peculiarity of time is that it is not the object of any sensory system, contrary to the stimuli consisting of light or sound. What cognitive operations, apart from the internal clock, are involved in the fact that we are able to say that one duration is shorter than another? What is the dynamic of these processes? To determine it, we have based ourselves on the study of the behavior and the event-related potentials in several tasks of temporal discrimination. Several objectives were adressed. The first objective was to determining the processes and associated ERPs, as well as their dynamics that can be demonstrated in the manipulation of the temporal information. A second aim was to specify the impact of the context on recruitment and the dynamics of these processes. A final objective was to investigate the effect of the duration presented and that of the instruction on the processes involved in the temporal treatment as well as on their dynamics. The main results are as follows. First, frontoparietal event-related components indexed comparison, decision making, orientation of attention and working memory. Secondly, these activities were modulated by the perceptual salience of a duration. Moreover, a particularly salient duration allow the end of the comparison before the end of the stimulus. Third, the impact of the presentation context modulated the evoked activities associated at the time the decision is made. In conclusion, this thesis shows that the processes at work in time perception are not specific to the treatment of durations, such as attention and working memory
Sahraoui, Zoubir. "Approche multi-experts et fiabilisation décisionnelle : application aux procédures d'aide à la réaction aux perturbations dans les systèmes de gestion de production." Bordeaux 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR10614.
Full textRousseau, Lambert. "Comparaison de points de vue pour la formulation de problèmes : participation à l'étude formelle et opérationnelle de l'accompagnement de la formulation de problèmes dans une approche décisionnelle, application à la problématique de gestion des territoires en France." Paris 9, 2003. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2003PA090039.
Full textDahmani, Sarra. "Proposition d’un cadre méthodologique pour la gestion du processus de servicisation en entreprise industrielle : approche basée sur les risques décisionnels." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMSE0789/document.
Full textThe economic context marked by market saturation and constantly changing environment, the sustainability of traditional differentiation business strategies based on product innovation or decreased prices, is increasingly weakened. A new approach to development for industrial companies is to provide a service offering that can be substituted to product supply initially proposed by the company, it consists in offering an integrated product-service system (PSS). The user can thus benefit from the availability of products to meet his needs without owning them. The development of the transition to PSS within the manufacturing industry is a qualified scientific movement known as “servitization of manufacturing”.Servitization represents a major change for the management of industrial enterprises. This is a transition that involves significant challenges that can be: technical, managerial, and cultural. Its deployment in the enterprise carries different risks and confronts decision makers to several issues.This thesis proposes an overall methodological framework for integrating the consideration of decision risks in managing transition to an integrated PSS supply model. We consider servitization as a decision-making process carrying decisional risks that can be characterized and diagnosed with the purpose of improving decision-making capabilities of the business.This methodological framework is structured around the components of modeling servitization decision process (according to a formalism based on GRAI business modeling framework) and risk modeling; it is composed of three phases:Phase A named “explorating servitization process”, its purpose consists of making a formal representation of the industrial enterprise’s servitization decision-making process studied according to a decision-making reference model that we defined previously; Phase B named “evaluation and characterization of decisional risks” comes to characterize the decision risks according to their areas of occurrence and effects, in order to deduce a criticality assessment of potential risks carried by the process; And phase C named “diagnosis and remediation of decisional risks”, its purpose is to make an interpretation of diagnosis results and to propose a remedial plan to assist decision-makers in their decision making process. Two case studies on industrial SMEs are used to illustrate this thesis
Dabbebi, Ines. "Conception et génération dynamique de tableaux de bord d’apprentissage contextuels." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1040/document.
Full textThis work is part of a broader issue of Learning Analytics (LA). It is particularly carried out within the context of the HUBBLE project, a national observatory for the design and sharing of data analysis processes. We are interested in communicating data analysis results to users by providing LA dashboards (LAD). Our main issue is the identification of generic LAD structures in order to generate dynamically tailored LAD. These structures must be generic to ensure their reuse, and adaptable to users’ needs. Existing works proposed LAD which remains too general or developed in an adhoc way. According to the HUBBLE project, we want to use identified decisions of end-users to generate dynamically our LAD. We were interested in the business intelligence area because of the place of dashboards in the decision-making process. Decision-making requires an explicit understanding of user needs. That's why we have adopted a user-centered design (UCD) approach to generate adapted LAD. We propose a new process for capturing end-users’ needs, in order to elaborate some models (Indicator, visualization means, user, pattern, …). These models are used by a generation process implemented in a LAD dynamic generator prototype. We conducted an iterative evaluation phase. The objective is to refine our models and validate the efficiency of our generation process. The second iteration demonstrates the impact of the decision on the LAD generation. Thus, we can confirm that the decision is considered as a central element for the generation of LADs
Jabiri, Anass. "Le processus décisionnel de sélection des sous-traitants en approche réseau : une étude exploratoire." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1998. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/3779/1/000650522.pdf.
Full textMondon, Sylvain. "Une approche par la pratique des relations entre action, organisation et décision en contexte extrême : le cas de la course au large à la voile." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAC019.
Full textResearch issue is dedicated to the relationships between action, decision and organization in extreme context during performance seeking. These relationships are approached from the point of view of an ongoing action in order to analyze time lags management in decision-making practices in a time perspective of action. Two offshore racing sample are analyzed using an ethnomethodological approach by decision-making practice of the organized activity based on an immersion within the organization during competition. Time lags between the perception of events at stake and their management within the organization are modeled in the form of decision phenomenon. We conclude that, in extreme context, organization’s performance is linked to its ability to implement a decision-making practice consistent with temporal circumstances of the action. This result contributes to a practice theory of organization
Dallaire, Patrick. "Apprentissage par Renforcement Bayésien de processus décisionnels de Markov partiellement observables: une approche basée sur les processus Gaussiens." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27809/27809.pdf.
Full textPoirier, Nadine. "Analyse des besoins décisionnels des femmes ménopausées présentant une obésité abdominale concernant le choix d’une approche nutritionnelle de perte de poids." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25291.
Full textThe objective of this master’s thesis is to assess the decisional needs of postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity regarding the choice of a nutritional treatment for weight loss between a low-fat diet and a diet rich in fruit and vegetables. Four focus groups led by a moderator using an interview guide based on the Ottawa Decision Support Framework were conducted among 17 postmenopausal women (median age 59 years). A content analysis of focus groups’ verbatim revealed that sufficient levels of nutritional skills and knowledge, consideration of physiological impacts and sensory aspect of each approach, food availability, social support, finances and motivation are the main decisional needs identified for each nutritional approaches. Our findings could inform the design of decision support interventions that address the decisional needs of postmenopausal women for making and implementing informed decisions about a nutritional approach for weight loss.
Gharbi, Hassen. "Planification réactive et robuste au sein d'une chaîne logistique." Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782594.
Full textTurlais, Amélie. "Pratiques psychothérapeutiques et protection de l’enfant : la décision difficile d’engager un processus de séparation : approches plurielles du processus décisionnel au sein d’une unité de psychothérapie infantile." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100071/document.
Full textIn the last few decade, in the field of child welfare, the debate on assessment to determine both needs and aims of a social intervention has been developing. This research focuses on a mental health care intervention designed for children with behavioral disorders. The children come to the intervention site once school is finished. The intervention team offers care services, but in some situations the question of a possible intervention of child protection services may emerge. The team of mental health clinicians becomes then actor of the assessment process. A comprehensive methodology based on a participant observation enables us to get a better understanding of the clinicians’ practice and address the question of their relationship with child protection services. To underline the different factors which interact with the decision process of the clinicians we use the decision making ecology. We first define theoretical frameworks which structure the team practice. Then we identify constraints such as the French rules of child protection services and strategies used by clinicians such as their expertise position and by child protection workers such as their intermediate position to understand how their relationship is built. We also highlight that the clinician team rather than stressing out the risk of danger for the child may decide to contact child protection services when parents are not able to elaborate on their difficulties. These results lead to a new understanding of social workers’ intervention. Aims are not anymore to conform individuals to the social rules but to help them to elaborate on their difficulties to anticipate and deal with them with a demand of self-realization in mind
Ali, Ahmad. "L' approche multi-agents pour le pilotage des systèmes complexes appliquée aux systèmes du trafic urbain." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00725327.
Full textBolduc, Brandon. "Montréal parmi les grands de l’organisation C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group : analyse du processus de mise à l’agenda décisionnel de son adhésion." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39852.
Full textZhang, Feng. "Intégration des considérations environnementales en entreprise : une approche systémique pour la mise en place de feuilles de routes." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI026/document.
Full textTo answer environmental challenge and create new competitive advantages, the companies needto consider and integrate environmental considerations into all its processes. Numerous environmentalmethods exist as well as solutions to integrate them into companies. But, the literature review realisedindicates that a systemic approach combining strategic and practical needs from eco-design couldfacilitate this integration.This thesis, which represents the "tactic" module of the national research project ANR- Convergence,aims to provide a new framework to identify a suitable operational trajectory for a better integration ofenvironmental consideration in companies. Thus, a clear analysis about the identification of theseexisting methods and their interrelationships was realised. Our work was to identify the operativecorrelation between methods via a cartography, then the relationship between those methods and thedynamic needs/contexts of companies to finally propose ” environmental roadmaps. So, we finallypropose a systematic approach to define environmental roadmaps in companies.Those roadmapsconcern the strategis, tactic and operational levels in companies.The results of three academic/industrial experiments demonstrate that all proposals of this thesis couldensure effectively the identification of a suitable systemic trajectories’ group based on actual corporateneeds and its dynamic context. The pre-defined chain of action and the list of available tools providedsupport the company to identify the working process and to organize the workflow between differentcorporate functions
Brédy, Jhemson, and Jhemson Brédy. "Prévision de la profondeur de la nappe phréatique d'un champ de canneberges à l'aide de deux approches de modélisation des arbres de décision." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37875.
Full textLa gestion intégrée de l’eau souterraine constitue un défi majeur pour les activités industrielles, agricoles et domestiques. Dans certains systèmes agricoles, une gestion optimisée de la nappe phréatique représente un facteur important pour améliorer les rendements des cultures et l’utilisation de l'eau. La prévision de la profondeur de la nappe phréatique (PNP) devient l’une des stratégies utiles pour planifier et gérer en temps réel l’eau souterraine. Cette étude propose une approche de modélisation basée sur les arbres de décision pour prédire la PNP en fonction des précipitations, des précédentes PNP et de l'évapotranspiration pour la gestion de l’eau souterraine des champs de canneberges. Premièrement, deux modèles: « Random Forest (RF) » et « Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) » ont été paramétrisés et comparés afin de prédirela PNP jusqu'à 48 heures. Deuxièmement, l’importance des variables prédictives a été déterminée pour analyser leur influence sur la simulation de PNP. Les mesures de PNP de trois puits d'observation dans un champ de canneberges, pour la période de croissance du 8 juillet au 30 août 2017, ont été utilisées pour entraîner et valider les modèles. Des statistiques tels que l’erreur quadratique moyenne, le coefficient de détermination et le coefficient d’efficacité de Nash-Sutcliffe sont utilisés pour mesurer la performance des modèles. Les résultats montrent que l'algorithme XGB est plus performant que le modèle RF pour prédire la PNP et est sélectionné comme le modèle optimal. Parmi les variables prédictives, les valeurs précédentes de PNP étaient les plus importantes pour la simulation de PNP, suivie par la précipitation. L’erreur de prédiction du modèle optimal pour la plage de PNP était de ± 5 cm pour les simulations de 1, 12, 24, 36 et 48 heures. Le modèle XGB fournit des informations utiles sur la dynamique de PNP et une simulation rigoureuse pour la gestion de l’irrigation des canneberges.
Integrated ground water management is a major challenge for industrial, agricultural and domestic activities. In some agricultural production systems, optimized water table management represents a significant factor to improve crop yields and water use. Therefore, predicting water table depth (WTD) becomes an important means to enable real-time planning and management of groundwater resources. This study proposes a decision-tree-based modelling approach for WTD forecasting as a function of precipitation, previous WTD values and evapotranspiration with applications in groundwater resources management for cranberry farming. Firstly, two models-based decision trees, namely Random Forest (RF) and Extrem Gradient Boosting (XGB), were parameterized and compared to predict the WTD up to 48-hours ahead for a cranberry farm located in Québec, Canada. Secondly, the importance of the predictor variables was analyzed to determine their influence on WTD simulation results. WTD measurements at three observation wells within acranberry field, for the growing period from July 8, 2017 to August 30, 2017, were used for training and testing the models. Statistical parameters such as the mean squared error, coefficient of determination and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient were used to measure models performance. The results show that the XGB algorithm outperformed the RF model for predictions of WTD and was selected as the optimal model. Among the predictor variables, the antecedent WTD was the most important for water table depth simulation, followed by the precipitation. Base on the most important variables and optimal model, the prediction error for entire WTD range was within ± 5 cm for 1-, 12-, 24-, 26-and 48-hour prediction. The XGB model can provide useful information on the WTD dynamics and a rigorous simulation for irrigation planning and management in cranberry fields.
Integrated ground water management is a major challenge for industrial, agricultural and domestic activities. In some agricultural production systems, optimized water table management represents a significant factor to improve crop yields and water use. Therefore, predicting water table depth (WTD) becomes an important means to enable real-time planning and management of groundwater resources. This study proposes a decision-tree-based modelling approach for WTD forecasting as a function of precipitation, previous WTD values and evapotranspiration with applications in groundwater resources management for cranberry farming. Firstly, two models-based decision trees, namely Random Forest (RF) and Extrem Gradient Boosting (XGB), were parameterized and compared to predict the WTD up to 48-hours ahead for a cranberry farm located in Québec, Canada. Secondly, the importance of the predictor variables was analyzed to determine their influence on WTD simulation results. WTD measurements at three observation wells within acranberry field, for the growing period from July 8, 2017 to August 30, 2017, were used for training and testing the models. Statistical parameters such as the mean squared error, coefficient of determination and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient were used to measure models performance. The results show that the XGB algorithm outperformed the RF model for predictions of WTD and was selected as the optimal model. Among the predictor variables, the antecedent WTD was the most important for water table depth simulation, followed by the precipitation. Base on the most important variables and optimal model, the prediction error for entire WTD range was within ± 5 cm for 1-, 12-, 24-, 26-and 48-hour prediction. The XGB model can provide useful information on the WTD dynamics and a rigorous simulation for irrigation planning and management in cranberry fields.
Ndjock, Fleur Nadine. "Observatoire dynamique comme outil d’aide à la décision appliqué au système éducatif : cas du Cameroun : approche de l’intelligence économique." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1088/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to apply the concept of observatory in educational system as a tool for decision support based on the visualization of information. For this, we have developed the Dynamic Observatory applied to the Education System (ODSE) that we have applied to the Cameroonian educational system. Our descriptive approach is based on fact that to decide, one must understand, and to understand, we must observe and analyze. In one way or another, intelligence is based on the observation process. The decision comes after understanding its environment. Also, the observation is turned into knowledge with the given meaning to things and determining what to do. But the analysis and understanding of the environment differ from one individual to another; the decision is then influenced by external factors such as political pressures, cultural and / or social. This being the information we have for steering the process and the choice of solving a decision problem, we thought it important to have a tool that assists the decision maker in the decision process for making quick and safe decisions or at least minimizing the degree of uncertainty in decision chosen. This tool provides transparency in processing and clarity in the process of information collection. Such an observatory, it serves as an instrument for monitoring and control through which the decision-maker observes, analyzes and orients its decision based on the behavior of one or more indicators. The result returned is in a visual form to generate indicators from the mass of data available to the decision maker. Our work has been guided by the concept of competitive intelligence that provides a methodology for implementing a rational process through the use of information and it is based on the approaches of “satisfactory” choice and rational decision process from the work of Falque and Bougon
Paniah, Crédo. "Approche multi-agents pour la gestion des fermes éoliennes offshore." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112067/document.
Full textRenewable Energy Sources (RES) has grown remarkably in last few decades. Compared to conventional energy sources, renewable generation is more available, sustainable and environment-friendly - for example, there is no greenhouse gases emission during the energy generation. However, while electrical network stability requires production and consumption equality and the electricity market constrains producers to contract future production a priori and respect their furniture commitments or pay substantial penalties, RES are mainly uncontrollable and their behavior is difficult to forecast accurately. De facto, they jeopardize the stability of the physical network and renewable producers competitiveness in the market. The Winpower project aims to design realistic, robust and stable control strategies for offshore networks connecting to the main electricity system renewable sources and controllable storage devices owned by different autonomous actors. Each actor must embed its own local physical device control strategy but a global network management mechanism, jointly decided between connected actors, should be designed as well.We assume a market participation of the actors as an unique entity (the coalition of actors connected by the Winpower network) allowing the coalition to facilitate the network management through resources aggregation, renewable producers to take advantage of controllable sources flexibility to handle market penalties risks, as well as storage devices owners to leverage their resources on the market and/or with the management of renewable imbalances. This work tackles the market participation of the coalition as a Cooperative Virtual Power Plant. For this purpose, we describe a multi-agent architecture trough the definition of intelligent agents managing and operating actors resources and the description of these agents interactions; it allows the alliance of local constraints and objectives and the global network management objective.We formalize the aggregation and planning of resources utilization as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), a formal model suited for sequential decision making in uncertain environments. Its aim is to define the sequence of actions which maximize expected actual incomes of the market participation, while decisions over controllable resources have uncertain outcomes. However, market participation decision is prior to the actual operation when renewable generation still is uncertain. Thus, the Markov Decision Process is intractable as its state in each decision time-slot is not fully observable. To solve such a Partially Observable MDP (POMDP), we decompose it into a classical MDP and an information state (a probability distribution over renewable generation errors). The Information State MDP (IS-MDP) obtained is solved with an adaptation of the Backwards Induction, a classical MDP resolution algorithm.Then, we describe a common simulation framework to compare our proposed methodology to some other strategies, including the state of the art in renewable generation market participation. Simulations results validate the resources aggregation strategy and confirm that cooperation is beneficial to renewable producers and storage devices owners when they participate in electricity market. The proposed architecture is designed to allow the distribution of the decision making between the coalition’s actors, through the implementation of a suitable coordination mechanism. We propose some distribution methodologies, to this end
Laqrichi, Safae. "Approche pour la construction de modèles d'estimation réaliste de l'effort/coût de projet dans un environnement incertain : application au domaine du développement logiciel." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMAC0013/document.
Full textSoftware effort estimation is one of the most important tasks in the management of software projects. It is the basis for planning, control and decision making. Achieving reliable estimates in projects upstream phases is a complex and difficult activity because, among others, of the lack of information about the project and its future, the rapid changes in the methods and technologies related to the software field and the lack of experience with similar projects. Many estimation models exist, but it is difficult to identify a successful model for all types of projects and that is applicable to all companies (different levels of experience, mastered technologies and project management practices). Overall, all of these models form the strong assumption that (1) the data collected are complete and sufficient, (2) laws linking the parameters characterizing the projects are fully identifiable and (3) information on the new project are certain and deterministic. However, in reality on the ground, that is difficult to be ensured.Two problems then emerge from these observations: how to select an estimation model for a specific company ? and how to conduct an estimate for a new project that presents uncertainties ?The work of this thesis interested in answering these questions by proposing a general estimation framework. This framework covers two phases: the construction phase of the estimation system and system usage phase for estimating new projects. The construction phase of the rating system consists of two processes: 1) evaluation and reliable comparison of different estimation models then selection the most suitable estimation model, 2) construction of a realistic estimation system from the selected estimation model and 3) use of the estimation system in estimating effort of new projects that are characterized by uncertainties. This approach acts as an aid to decision making for project managers in supporting the realistic estimate of effort, cost and time of their software projects. The implementation of all processes and practices developed as part of this work has given rise to an open-source computer prototype. The results of this thesis fall in the context of ProjEstimate FUI13 project
Pierson, Ekaterina. "La politique étrangère bélarusse vis-à-vis de l’Union européenne depuis 1994 :les oscillations d’une diplomatie multivectorielle. L’apport des approches néo-institutionnalistes dans l’analyse des facteurs de rapprochement (1999 - 2001, 2007 - 2010, 2013 - …)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/313585.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Yin, Biao. "Contrôle adaptatif des feux de signalisation dans les carrefours : modélisation du système de trafic dynamique et approches de résolution." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BELF0279/document.
Full textAdaptive traffic signal control is a decision making optimization problem. People address this crucial problem constantly in order to solve the traffic congestion at urban intersections. It is very popular to use intelligent algorithms to improve control performances, such as traffic delay. In the thesis, we try to study this problem comprehensively with a microscopic and dynamic model in discrete-time, and investigate the related algorithms both for isolated intersection and distributed network control. At first, we focus on dynamic modeling for adaptive traffic signal control and network loading problems. The proposed adaptive phase sequence (APS) mode is highlighted as one of the signal phase control mechanisms. As for the modeling of signal control at intersections, problems are fundamentally formulated by Markov decision process (MDP), especially the concept of tunable system state is proposed for the traffic network coordination. Moreover, a new vehicle-following model supports for the network loading environment.Based on the model, signal control methods in the thesis are studied by optimal and near-optimal algorithms in turn. Two exact DP algorithms are investigated and results show some limitations of DP solution when large state space appears in complex cases. Because of the computational burden and unknown model information in dynamic programming (DP), it is suggested to use an approximate dynamic programming (ADP). Finally, the online near-optimal algorithm using ADP with RLS-TD(λ) is confirmed. In simulation experiments, especially with the integration of APS, the proposed algorithm indicates a great advantage in performance measures and computation efficiency
Rul, Brigitte. "Approche éthique de l’assistance respiratoire invasive par trachéotomie chez les enfants atteints d’amyotrophie spinale infantile de type 1 : Comment les parents vivent-ils la prise de décision d’y avoir recours ou non ? : Quelles sont les conséquences de la trachéotomie ? Paroles de mères." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T026.
Full textChildhood spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 1 (divided into true type 1 and 1a), are progressively paralyzing neuromuscular diseases that afflict children, affecting their prognosis when respiratory muscles are involved. Invasive ventilatory support by tracheotomy prevents death, but raises ethical issues in view of the severity of motor impairment. SMA type 1 represents the most severe form. These children are completely paralyzed and communicate only with great difficulty; they are not tracheotomized and die in infancy. For Type 1a, being somewhat less severe with the possibility for children to express themselves, French medical teams are generally positioned in favor of tracheotomy, which is not an internationally unanimous approach. This question raises an ethical issue because when professionals assess the life that will result for the child and family, they sometimes fear that it represents unreasonable and excessive care. Whether their views are favorable or unfavorable regarding ventilatory support, they cannot decide alone which approach should be undertaken; it is impossible to exclude parents from decision making. Given these issues, this study pays particular attention to parents of children with two research themes through qualitative research : One focus was on parents’ experience of deciding whether or not to accept tracheotomy, which was examined through two phenomenological studies: one with parents whose child died without a tracheotomy, the other with parents with children living with a tracheotomy. The other focus was on the consequences of a tracheotomy for the child and family, conducted among mothers of children with tracheotomies. The results of these studies highlight the difficulties of being faced with such a decision as a parent, and the journey and events that lead to one point or another on this issue. They also question the place in society of the quadriplegic child with a tracheotomy and ventilator dependence. The child’s condition represents a paroxysmal degree of physical and social vulnerability, significantly increased by the fact that he/she cannot, as adults, take his/her life in hand. This subject is never mentioned in the lay press; these situations often remain in the shadows while there are lives that are in dire need of tolerance and human solidarity (individual and collective) to not be extinguished. This partly determines the future of the child and promotes or, on the contrary, prevents the creation of his/her rightful place in society
Oger, Raphaël. "A decision support system for long-term supply chain capacity planning : a model-driven engineering approach." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EMAC0013.
Full textLong-term Supply Chain Capacity Planning (SCCP) aims to define the plan of all actions to perform that will shape the available and required capacity of supply chains over several years. When performing long-term SCCP, companies are confronted with a multitude of decision options and uncertainty sources as well as a highly dynamic supply chain environment. Each company configures its own Decision Support System (DSS) to perform SCCP, composed of a decision-making process, an information system, and people. Companies can take advantage of existing decision-making processes and information systems to build their own SCCP DSS. However, the literature review on existing decision-making processes and information systems for SCCP revealed the following three major limitations: first, existing solutions are time-consuming. This constrains companies to consider only a small number of alternative scenarios associated with decision options and uncertainty sources. And it makes it difficult to keep SCCP analysis up to date. Second, existing solutions are designed to perform SCCP analysis on predefined supply chains without considering the whole set of potential alternative configurations. Third, decision-makers are reluctant to accept optimization methods because of the lack of visibility of the analysis leading to the recommended solution. Therefore, this thesis describes a new SCCP DSS proposal aiming to overcome these limitations. It is composed of an SCCP decision-making process proposal relying on an SCCP information system proposal. The SCCP decision-making process proposal contains two processes: implementation and routine. The SCCP information system proposal contains two software programs: a computational software program and a business intelligence software program. The SCCP DSS proposal was validated by undertaking two industrial pilot projects with two industrial partners. The following two major benefits have been confirmed: first, SCCP analysis can be performed in encompassing a multitude of decision options and uncertainty sources at a pace allowing updates in accordance with the pace of supply chain changes. Second, it provides decision-makers with the visibility and understanding of the impacts of their respective decisions and uncertainty sources which bolster their confidence in the decisions they can make. Finally, avenues for future research have been identified, including an opportunity for designing a hyperconnected SCCP DSS that automatically gathers information and triggers decision-making meetings when necessary rather than on a predefined frequency
Ruta, Sabrina. "Les facteurs influençant les résultats des plaintes de discrimination et de harcèlement au travail à la Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/1703.
Full textDumais, Véronique. "Les processus décisionnels de l’intervention militaire au Canada (1990-2003) : une approche réaliste néoclassique." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4197.
Full textThe decision to intervene militarily or not in a conflict is certainly one of the most important a government can take. These decisions are extremely significant financially, politically and socially costly. The research presented in this document analyzes decision-making processes in Canada during the Gulf War, the war in Afghanistan and the war in Iraq. Canada is a very interesting case to study because despite its middle power status, it took part in seven armed conflicts since September 1867. This research will therefore try to identify the reasons for Canada to invest financial and human resources in some conflicts, while it chooses not to get involved in others. Some theories of international relations argue that the defence policy of states is guided by the desire to maximize their power on the international stage. Other theories will instead focus on values or norms internalized by states, or their integration into international institutions. These different assumptions raise the importance of internal and external factors, but do not tell which will prevail. Thus, using a neoclassical realism model of decision making synthesizing these two factors, it will be possible to determine which internal (internal policy constraints, perceptions of managers) or external factors (Canada's relative position in the international system) dominate in the decision to go to war.
Perreault, Isabelle. "Rôle de l'infirmière oeuvrant en milieu de soins aigus dans le processus décisionnel menant à une ordonnance de non-réanimation pour un patient apte à consentir aux soins." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17946.
Full textPhan, Philippe. "The use of artificial intelligence algorithms to guide surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11764.
Full textAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine. Management of AIS includes conservative treatment with observation, the use of braces to limit its progression or surgery to correct the deformity and cease its progression. Surgical treatment of AIS remains controversial with respect to not only indications but also surgical strategy. Despite the existence of classifications to guide AIS treatment, intra- and inter-observer variability in surgical strategy has been described in the literature. Technological advances and their integration into the medical field have led to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to assist with AIS classification and three-dimensional evaluation. With the evolution of surgical techniques and instrumentation, it is probable that the intra- and inter-observer variability could increase. However, some AI algorithms have shown the potential to lower variability in classification and guide treatment. The overall objective of this thesis was to develop software using AI tools that has the capacity to integrate AIS patient data and available evidence from the literature to guide AIS surgical treatment. To do so, a literature review on existing computer applications developed with regards to AIS evaluation and management was undertaken to gather all the elements that would lead to usable software in the clinical setting. This review highlighted the fact that many applications use a non-descript “black box” between input and output, which limits clinical integration where management based on evidence is essential. In the first study, we developed a decision tree to classify AIS based on the Lenke scheme. The Lenke scheme was popular in the past, but has recently been criticized for its complexity leading to intra and inter-observer variability. The resultant decision tree demonstrated an ability to increase classification accuracy in proportion to the time spent classifying. Importantly, this increase in accuracy was independently of previous knowledge about AIS. In the second study, a surgical strategy rule-based algorithm was developed using rules extracted from the literature to guide surgeons in the selection of the approach and levels of fusion for AIS. When this rule-based algorithm was tested against a database of 1,556 AIS cases, it was able to output a surgical strategy similar to the one undertaken by an expert surgeon in 70% of cases. This study confirmed the ability of a rule-based algorithm based on the literature to output valid surgical strategies. In the third study, classification of 1,776 AIS patients was undertaken using Kohonen Self-Organizing-Maps (SOM), which is a kind of neural network that demonstrates there are typical AIS curve types (i.e: single curves and double thoracic curves) for which there is little variability in surgical treatment when compared to the recommendations from the Lenke scheme. Other curve types (i.e: multiple curves or in transition zones between typical curves) have much greater variability in surgical strategy. Finally, a software platform integrating all the above studies was developed. The interface of this software platform allows for: 1) the input of AIS patient radiographic measurements; 2) classification of the curve type using the decision tree; 3) output of surgical strategy options based on rules extracted from the literature. A comparison of surgical correction obtained by patients receiving surgical treatment suggested by the software showed a tendency to obtain better balance -though non-statistically significant - than those who were treated differently from the surgical strategies outputted by the software. Overall, studies from this thesis suggest that the use of AI algorithms in the classification and selection of surgical strategies for AIS can be integrated in a software platform that could assist the surgeon in the planning of appropriate surgical treatment.
De, Blois Michel. "Le projet organisant : vers une ontologie du projet d'aménagement." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9899.
Full textConstruction projects are often affected by lower levels of performance and significant gaps between what is planned and what is actually realized. This thesis aims to examine the phenomenon that allows the built environment project to organize itself and carry out its objectives. The hypothesis states that: projects influence, transform and create the organizations that conduct them, following a dynamic and iterative process, referred to as «self- organizing » and « structuring ». This « active organizing » process generates transformations – organizational and structural – conditioned by the very nature of the project itself. To validate this hypothesis, an ontological frame, based on four categories of analysis has been devised, including: (a) organization and structures; (b) the project and its processes; (c) the artefact and its design, and; (d) actors’ dynamic. These fields are put in relations using systemic principles and tools within the paradigmatic frame of complexity. The methodology includes three steps, deployed along five articles : article no1 presents the research problem and theoretical framework; articles no2, 3 and 4 use case studies and case surveys for the study of various aspects of the organizational structures; article no5 presents a longitudinal case study, spanning three years, which examined decision processes. The five articles explore the following topics: (no1) the design thinking approach to projects and actors’ dynamic behavior ; (no2) the informality of communications and coordination ; (no3) contingency factors that influence the « structuring » of the temporary multiorganization – TMO; (no4) the typologies of the TMO, and ; (no5) the study of iterative processes and their influence on organizational structures. Seven results validate sub-hypotheses that state that: a process of «self-organization » generates transformations – organizational and processual – linked to the specific nature of the project. Therefore, the project : (1) is conducted by both formalized and often linear management approaches as well as iterative design process, the former being non-linear and self-organizing and responding to systemic principles ; (2) contributes to create its own processes of development, and ; (3) constitutes a contingency factor that influences the structuring of the TMO that is created to conduct the project itself. This analysis reveals the diversity and complexity of organizational processes and structures, producing a multidimensional representation of project behaviour. Three important contributions are drawn from these conclusions : (1) the frame of ontologies of the project and its underlying systemic functioning ; (2) the existence of inter-organizational work constellations and a typology of six TMO configurations, and ; (3) the statement of the « organizing project » that, through the « self-organization » approach, « organizes » itself and the processes and organization that are created to conduct it, through actors’ multiple roles.
Codirection: Dr. Gonzalo Lizarralde