Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Approche géochimique'
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Bulourde, Marc. "Processus d'altération des basaltes du Mont Cameroun : approche géochimique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00619383.
Full textEinaudi, Florence. "Analyse de séquences magmatiques océaniques continues : approche pétrophysique et géochimique." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30044.
Full textThis thesis presents the results of the investigations realized on two continuous magmatic sections. The first section is a basaltic sequence which has been sampled at high-resolution in the Oman Ophiolite. This section has been investigated in terms of physical properties, petrology and geochemistry to study the structure of the volcanics emplaced at the axis of a fast spreading ridge. The Wadi Shaffan section is composed of five magmatic cycles. The temporal variations enhanced by this study allowed the integration of magmatic processes from magma extraction to volcanic cycles. The second section was drilled into gabbroic basement in the Atlantis Bank (South West Indian Ridge). Downhole logging and minicore petrophysical measurements have been investigated. Electrical conduction via electronic processes in oxide-rich gabbros has been taken into account in our analysis of the electrical properties. High-resolution images have been interpreted in terms of deformation orientation
Barbecot, Florent. "Approche géochimique des mécanismes de salinisation des aquifères côtiers : chronologies 14C-226Ra." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112319.
Full textPhrommavanh, Vannapha. "Etude de la migration de l'uranium en milieu naturel : approche expérimentale et modélisation géochimique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00356619.
Full textPhilippot, Anne-Céline. "Approche géochimique et isotopique du fonctionnement actuel et passé des aquifères profonds de Belgique septentrionale." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA112375.
Full textThe hydrogeological and geochemical study of the Mol site (Belgium) was undertaken within the framework of the EC Project "PHYMOL" (palaeohydrology of the Mol Site). More specifically, the objectives of that study are to understand the hydrogeological behaviour of two deep aquifers, the Ruisbroek-Berg and the Lede-Brussel, confined by the Boom clay formation, in response to palaeoclimatic variations occuring during the last glacial cycle. Regional groundwater flow is from South (outcropping zone) to North. Ionic contents (particularly Cl and Br/Cl ratio) show a contribution of a marine component to groundwaters. That contribution increases from South to North. Both stable isotope (18O, 2H) and dissolved noble gages contents (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) in groundwaters probably indicate a "palaeoclimatic effect" in deep aquifers. Palaeotemperature reconstructions show variations in recharge temperature for the last 40 ka. Furthermore, a gap seems to appear in the 14C data, that could correspond to a period with very low recharge rate. That gap is recorded between 21 and 25 ka by the 14C contents of TDIC. However, 14C analyses on fulvic acids situate the gap between 21 and 15 ka, period which corresponds to the Last Glacial Maximum. It is possible that no recharge occured during this time, due to the climate aridity and the probable existence of a permafrost in the recharge area
Schiano, Pierre. "Origine des basaltes des archipels de la Société et des Tuamotu : approche géochimique et pétrologique." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066328.
Full textClarisse, Olivier. "Approche géochimique du fonctionnement et de la dynamique des vasières de l'estuaire de la Seine." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-105.pdf.
Full textPadel, Maxime. "Influence cadomienne dans les séries pré-sardes des Pyrénées Orientales : approche géochimique, stratigraphique et géochronologique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10185/document.
Full textThe Ediacaran-Lower Ordovician stratigraphy of the Eastern Pyrenees is updated and revised. A similar stratigraphic framework is compared with neighbouring outcrops from the Montagne Noire (France) and Sardinia (Italy), which take into account: (i) the absence of Cadomian deformation close to the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary interval, (ii) the presence, like in the northern Montagne Noire, of acidic-dominated volcanosedimentary complexes punctuating the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition, (iii) the lack of the Guzhangian (mid Cambrian) regression, also absent in SW Sardinia. The geochemical analysis of the uppermost Ediacaran volcanism in the Eastern Pyrenees suggest two distinct affinities linked to extensional conditions (metabasites of the Nyer and Olette formations) followed by the influence the Cadomian orogeny (acidic and calk-alkaline magmatism recorded at the top of the Olette Formation and in the overlying Pic de la Clape Formation). Detrital zircons from Terreneuvian siliciclastic sediments of West Gondwana (Morocco, Iberian Massif, Montagne Noire, Pyrenees and Sardinia) reflect a distinct SW-NE trend in the relative influence of major sediment sources: the Panafrican-Atlasian sources predominate throughout the southwesternmost successions, whereas the influence of the Arabian-Nubian Shield and the Sahara Metacraton sources increases northeastward. This trend tends to disappear afterwards, possibly reflecting a common geodynamic evolution throughout this margin
Laggoun-Défarge, Fatima. "Etude de la diagenèse organique des séries paleozoiques du bassin de Sbaa (Algérie). Approche géochimique et pétrologique." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00322456.
Full textCe bassin s'individualise au sein de cette région particulièrement riche en gisements d'hydrocarbures gazeux, par des accumulations d'huile, notamment au niveau de la formation des « Grès de Sbaa » (âge : Tournaisien profondeur : 500 m ; réserves prouvées : 22 millions de tonnes).
Dans le but de comprendre les raisons de cette anomalie et de guider l'exploration pétrolière dans la région, 160 échantillons provenant de 9 sondages effectués dans le bassin ont été étudiés par les méthodes de la pétrologie et de la géochimie organiques modernes.
L'approche pétrologique a été essentiellement menée par le biais de la microspectrofluorimétrie et de la palynologie. Du point de vue géochimique, ont été notamment mis en œuvre : pyrolyse Rock-Eval, chromatographie en phase gazeuse (CPG) et couplage pyrolyse-CPG.
Par ailleurs, un concentré d'Algues Tasmanacés isolées du Silurien du sondage OTAL-1 a été soumis à une simulation de génération d'hydrocarbures (pyrolyse en milieu confiné) afin d'étudier le comportement diagénétique de ce matériel organique « pur ».
Concernant la diagénèse organique dans le bassin de Sbaa, les principaux résultats obtenus sont :
1. la roche mère effective est le Silurien de la partie nord du bassin. La génération des hydrocarbures n'a probablement pas eu lieu avant la fin du Paléozoïque. Leur expulsion a dü suivre de peu leur formation. La phase paroxysmique du cycle Hercynien est vraisemblablement responsable de la mise en place des pièges structuraux permettant leur accumulation.
2. les roches mères potentielles sont le Givétien dans la partie nord du bassin et le Silurien en général.
Par ailleurs, l'étude microspectrofluorimétrique a permis de confirmer les résultats suivants : (1) l'existence d'une corrélation entre la diminution du QF-535 des Tasmanacées et l'augmentation des teneurs en extrait chloroformique des sédiments correspondants ; (2) l'existence d'une corrélation entre la diminution du QF-535 des Tasmacées et l'enrichissement des extraits des sédiments correspondants en hydrocarbure aliphatiques saturés.
Enfin, la similitude de composition des hydrocarbures issus de la pyrolyse en milieu confiné du concentré de Tasmanacées du Silurien et de l'huile accumulée au niveau des « Grès de Sbaa » a permis de mettre en évidence la participation notable de ces Algues à la formation du pétrole du bassin de Sbaa et de confirmer l'identité de la roche mère.
Marjoua, Ahmed. "Approche géochimique et modélisation hydrodynamqiue de l'aquifère de la Chaouia côtière (Maroc) : origines de la salinisation des eaux." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066387.
Full textManciati, Carla J. "Modélisation de l'interaction surface – souterrain du système aquifère Tumbaco - Cumbayá en Equateur, avec une approche hydrodynamique et géochimique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20086/document.
Full textThe Tumbaco – Cumbayá aquifer is found in the context of volcano-sedimentary aquifers. This aquifer is located in the Interandean Valley, 15 km to the east of Quito. The principal aquifer is the volcano-sedimentary formation Chiche. It is limited by the Chiche and San Pedro rivers, the Quito fault and the Pasochoa volcano. The Ilaló volcano is in the middle of the study zone and constitutes a second essentially volcanic aquifer, and is therefore subject to geothermal influences. This volcanic formation appears to be below the Chiche formation. The geologic layer on the surface is called Cangahua, it covers the entire zone and is impermeable. The exploitation of the Chiche and Ilaló aquifers was theoretically suspended in 2006, when arsenic concentrations > the WHO standard of 10 microg/l were found. Our objective is to improve the knowledge of the functioning of this aquifer system using three main research methods: i) hydrodynamics, ii) geochemistry and iii) stable isotopes, 18O - 2H, and radioactive isotopes, 3H - 14C.Hydrodynamics showed that the aquifer system has a low seasonality. We revealed that the aquifers are currently exploited for industrial and domestic uses, contrary to what was known at the beginning. The Ilaló volcano divides the south and north parts of the Chiche aquifer, with the volcano apparently acting as a hydraulic barrier for flows. The Chiche and San Pedro rivers are the drainage axes of the Chiche aquifer in the north and south.The analyses of the waters' physical parameters differentiated the two aquifers, Chiche aquifer having lower EC and temperature than the Ilaló aquifer. Major ions analysis revealed waters that vary between Mg-HCO3 pole and a Na-HCO3 pole in both the Chiche and Ilaló aquifers. As concentrations are higher in the Ilaló aquifer than in the Chiche aquifer. In the Chiche aquifer, As concentrations also decrease as the distance from the volcano increases. Arsenic is of natural origin, but no significant correlations were found for the Chiche aquifer. In the Ilaló aquifer a 57% correlation with Fe was found, which suggests an interaction between As and Fe oxides present in the geologic formation.Radioactive isotope 3H was not detected in groundwater from either aquifer, except in one spring in the north of the study area in the Chiche formation. The likely infiltration from recent waters was confirmed by 14C analysis this spring, which showed concentrations > 100 pmc. Other sampling points in the Chiche aquifer have 14C activities between 45.4 - 87.4 pmc. The Ilaló aquifer has 14C activities < 20 pmc. Water ages were calculated and corrected using 13C, which reveal a contamination from geogenic CO2, making water seem older than it is in reality. Despite the age correction, groundwater ages remain very old: Chiche groundwaters are between 400 - 4,000 years old and Ilaló groundwaters are between 11,000 - 44,000 years old. Stable isotopes were used to identify recharge areas. Groundwaters from Chiche aquifer show an isotopic 18O and 2H signature below the Local Meteoric Water Line (slope=3.5). This was interpreted as isotopic fractionation from hot rock and water interactions, which was not observed in the Ilaló aquifer. Recharge altitude calculations show that the Chiche aquifer is fed on the Ilaló and Pasochoa volcano piedmonts, if we consider that climatic conditions over the recharge period are close to current conditions. However, for the Ilaló aquifer, recharge areas appear to be located on the flanks of the volcano, assuming colder recharge climatic conditions than today. This recharge area should no longer be functional because of the Cangahua deposits during the last volcanic events.Results suggest that Ilaló groundwaters are being mixed with Chiche groundwaters. This research is the first to have been done with this level of detail in Ecuador on this type of aquifer and will provide new opportunities for projects in others volcano-sedimentary aquifers in the country
Verhulst, Anne. "Pétrognèse du massif ultrabasique-cabonatitique de Kovdor (péninsule de Kola, Russie) :approche minéralogique et géochimique (trace et isotopes)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211628.
Full textBressy, Céline. "CARACTERISATION ET GESTION DU SILEX DES SITESMESOLITHIQUES ET NEOLITHIQUES DU NORD-OUEST DE L'ARC ALPIN.Une approche pétrographique et géochimique." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012083.
Full textDans les sites des Préalpes françaises (depuis le massif des Bornes jusqu'au Dévoluy), le matériau privilégié par les préhistoriques est le silex. Des prospections réalisées dans le cadre de ce travail et antérieurement ont permis de cartographier les ressources en silex régionales et de regrouper plusieurs centaines d'échantillons de référence. Classiquement, ce matériau fait l'objet de caractérisations macroscopiques et pétrographiques. Cependant, ces méthodes ne sont pas toujours discriminantes et certaines sources ou types de silex demeurent difficiles à identifier dans un paysage lithique complexe. C'est pourquoi nous avons tenté d'apporter un nouvel éclairage à la question de la caractérisation du silex au moyen de la géochimie. Nous avons analysé les silex de 30 sources (138 échantillons) et de deux sites archéologiques (27 artefacts) par ICP-AES et ICP-MS, en mode destructif. Les caractérisations élémentaires permettent de distinguer les silex d'étages géologiques différents. Par contre, l'hétérogénéité intra-source constatée limite les possibilités de discrimination univoque des sources appartenant à un même étage géologique, à moins qu'elles ne soient suffisamment éloignées géographiquement. Toutefois, parmi les 22 sources sénoniennes analysées, celle de la Grande-Rivoire, située sur une des voies possibles de pénétration du massif du Vercors et exploitée dès le Mésolithique moyen, présente une signature géochimique spécifique. Plusieurs artefacts lui ont été attribués. Les analyses d'un autre matériau employé durant la Préhistoire, l'obsidienne, mettent en évidence les particularités de la signature géochimique du silex.
Les approches pétrographiques nous ont permis d'établir le schéma d'approvisionnement et l'origine des artefacts en silex de huit sites archéologiques par comparaison avec les échantillons géologiques à notre disposition.
Le matériel archéologique étudié au moyen de la géochimie et par les approches non-destructives a révélé des comportements vis à vis de l'acquisition et de la gestion des silex différents en fonction de la nature des sites, de leur positionnement géographique et de la période considérée. Des zones de contact et des voies de circulation privilégiées ont ainsi été mises en évidence.
Didier, Amélie. "Comportement géochimique du chronomètre U-Th-Pb dans la monazite : approche par analyses in-situ au LA-ICP-MS." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00966588.
Full textHaddam, Naoufel Abdeldjalyl. "Rôle de l’Océan Austral dans les variations climatiques rapides de la dernière transition Glaciaire-Holocène : approche géochimique et micropaléontologique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS555/document.
Full textThe last 22 kyr are marked by abrupt climatic events, non-synchronous between the southern and northern hemispheres. A see-saw mechanism of the polar temperatures, amplified by the deep oceanability to store and release a portion of atmospheric CO₂, depending on the intensity of the thermohaline circulation and the large upwellings along the southern divergence, has been proposed to explain these observations. The main aim of this thesis was to assess the role of the southern ocean during these millennial events, by studying 3 marine cores, retrieved along the Chilean margin, under the influence of oceanic fronts and the westerly winds. The reconstruction of the sea surface temperatures (SST) allowed tracing the evolution of the SST latitudinal gradient during the last 22 kyr, highlighting southward migrations of the Subtropical Front, especially during the deglaciation, marked by benthic and planktonic foraminifera faunal changes which can be interpreted as surface nutrients inputs increase, accompanied by an enrichment of the bottom water [O₂] in the bottom water. These events could be related to stronger upwellings at the southern divergence leading to an increase of the Antarctic intermediate waters ventilation. These changes occur during atmospheric CO₂ increases recorded in Antarctic ice cores, marking the deglaciation, and suggesting an intimate link between upwellings, the intensity of the intermediate waters ventilation, and deep ocean-atmosphere CO₂ transfers
Jégo, Sébastien. "Comportement de l'or dans les magmas calco-alcalins – Approche expérimentale et géochimique sur le magmatisme adakitique de Nord-Luzon (Philippines)." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00207524.
Full textDouez, Olivier. "Réponse d'un système aquifère multicouche aux variations paléoclimatiques et aux sollicitations anthropiques - Approche par modélisation couplée hydrodynamique, thermique et géochimique." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00198733.
Full textL'interprétation des données isotopiques et géochimiques a montré que seuls des transferts verticaux en complément ou non à un écoulement horizontal étaient à même d'expliquer les résultats des analyses et a permis d'exposer l'idée d'une phase de recharge importante à la fin du Pléistocène. La reconstitution du paléoclimat local a été entreprise afin de proposer un scénario des périodes potentielles de recharge du système aquifère sud-aquitain sur les 40000 dernières années. L'ensemble de ces résultats a révélé l'instabilité des conditions d'alimentation de ce multicouche et donc son état transitoire.
Une analyse majeure des caractéristiques géologiques, hydrogéologiques et géothermiques a été engagée et les données mises en cohérence afin de proposer un modèle couplé hydrodynamique et thermique 3D permettant d'étudier l'évolution récente mais également de longue durée. Comportant onze couches, l'extension du modèle est d'environ 32000 km². L'ajustement dans le modèle des données de température a été réalisé. Le calage en transitoire court d'exploitation avec les prélèvements et l'activité de deux stockages de gaz a été effectué. La simulation des variations eustatiques sur les derniers 100000 ans a montré la faible influence de celles-ci sur la nappe des Sables Infra-Molassiques. La simulation des variations de recharge liées aux fluctuations paléoclimatiques sur 40000 ans, objectif final de ce travail, a été exécutée et a permis d'établir trois principaux axes d'écoulement en cohérence avec les contraintes géochimiques. L'importance des transferts verticaux et horizontaux a pu être approchée à l'aide de bilans de flux. Enfin, la baisse piézométrique actuellement observée serait la conséquence des prélèvements de ces trente dernières années et, dans une moindre mesure, de la vidange naturelle du système amorcé il y a 150 ans, suite à une recharge importante au cours du Petit Âge Glaciaire.
Ce travail a mis en exergue l'existence d'échanges entre les différentes couches (aquifères et formations peu perméables), la recharge par drainance verticale importante dans certains secteurs ainsi que le régime transitoire sur plusieurs centaines voire milliers d'années avec un caractère continu. Au final, la compréhension de ce type de multicouche d'extension régionale nécessite de se détacher de la vision commune d'un fonctionnement qui n'aurait débuté qu'avec l'exploitation anthropique sur un système hydrodynamiquement stabilisé.
Jego, Sébastien. "Comportement de l’or dans les magmas calco-alcalins : approche expérimentale et géochimique sur le magmatisme adakitique de Nord-Luzon (Philippines)." Orléans, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00207524.
Full textAnongba, Braphond. "Identification du système hydrogéologique des formations quaternaires et callovo-oxfordiennes du Marais poitevin par approche couplée minéralogique, hydrodynamique et géochimique." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2320.
Full textPoitevin marsh is an example of human influence on wetlands. Before getting solutions to safeguard this territory, we had to study hydrological interactions between Poitevin marsh and its underlying aquifers. In this outlook, multivariate approaches are used. On the one hand, sediments of two aquifers are analysed by granulometry and mineralogy, and on the other hand water is analysed by classical and isotopic geochemistry. The granulometrical and mineralogical characteristics show that sedimentary textures of the Poitevin marsh are very heterogeneous. The presence of clays, silts and sands are evidenced in various proportions with permeability range from 10-6 m/s in silty-clay deposits to 10-4 m/s in sand deposits. The isotopic characteristics suggest that Poitevin marsh groundwaters are current at the East of the basin and sub-current and sometimes old (> 2500 years BP) at the West. The confined Oxfordian groundwaters are old (> 7000 years BP). This study shows that exchanges exist in the marsh between the Quaternary and the Jurassic carbonated aquifer. However, these exchanges are limited and preferentially occur on the edge of the marsh. Indeed, the geochemical signature of the confined Oxfordian groundwaters is more chemically marked by the seawater than those of the Quaternary
Proffit, Sylvain. "Etude de la répartition géochimique du cuivre dans les sols du vignoble champenois : approche par modèles synthétiques de complexité croissante." Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIMS026/document.
Full textThis work is a part of the AQUAL research program which aims to strive against diffuse pollution in rural environment. It deals with the understanding of copper retention mechanisms in vineyard soils.To overcome the soil complexity, seven constituents were selected (quartz, calcite, kaolinite,organic matter, goethite, ferrihydrite and birnessite). The copper behavior was firstly studied on the single constituents, then on increasing complexity constituents mixtures in order to assess their implication as a function of pH and copper concentration. The influence of aging time and copper concentration was evaluated on the copper geochemical partitioning in synthetic and natural soils.Conclusion could be drawn by combination of several techniques providing complementary information at macroscopic, microscopic (STEM-EDX, μ-XRF) and molecular (XANES) scales.The results showed on the one hand, that organic matter and iron and manganese oxides are the main constituents involved in copper retention and on the other hand, that the presence of organo-mineral interactions also significantly influences the copper retention. Sorption experiments combined with sequential extractions emphasized that copper retention processes occurring in a natural soil can be mimicked in a synthetic soil which could then be used as a model
Grand'homme, Alexis. "Etude de la monazite comme chronomètre et traceur géochimique des minéralisations hydrothermales : Approche expérimentale et analyses de monazites de veines alpines." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU004/document.
Full textMonazite is commonly found in most of geological environments. Monazite can be rich in uranium and thorium, does not incorporate lead, and its isotopic (U-Th-Pb) system is very robust to diffusion in most of crustal conditions, which makes it a very attractive chronometer. In addition, it represents the main source of thorium and a major source of rare earth elements (REE), in the crust. During fluid-monazite interaction, monazite can recrystallize by a coupled dissolution-precipitation process, with a chemical/isotopic composition different from the initial monazite. These recrystallizations involve a redistribution of the elements contained in monazite (REE, Th, U, Pb) and understanding of the mobility of these strategic elements is crucial for their economic (lanthanides resources and actinides) and environmental (storage of radioactive waste) aspects.The aim of this thesis is to investigate the behaviour of monazite during fluid-monazite interactions and its potential as chronometer and geochemical tracer of fluid mineralization, via a multi-disciplinary approach including mineralogy, experimental petrology, geochronology and tectonic. The work presented here is organized in two parts: one on Alpine hydrothermal monazite dating and the other on the results of hydrothermal alteration experiments in laboratory.About forty monazite and ten xenotime crystals were collected in Alpine clefts (hydrothermal veins formed during exhumation) of the external (Argentera, Belledonne, Mont-Blanc) and the internal (Briançonnais Zone) domains. The LA-ICP-MS in-situ U-Th-Pb dating allowed to better constrain the age and duration of hydrothermal circulation during the late deformation stages related to the exhumation of the western Alps. The fluid inclusion analysis of monazite crystals coupled with zircon fission-track dating have brought new constrains on the geothermal gradient induced by fluid circulations in the hydrothermal veins. Systematic analysis of experimental products (monazite and fluid) of 18 experiments confirmed the mobility of elements such as uranium or heavy REE during hydrothermal reactions. The nanoscale study of monazite recrystallized domains showed a new replacement mechanism characterized by the propagation of the reaction front through nano-pores and nano-fractures. This mechanism leads to anisotropic replacement and a mixture of nano-domains of primary and recrystallized monazite. These observations have major implications for the storage of radioactive waste or in geochronology to explain the disturbances of monazite ages that have reacted with fluid in hydrothermal or metamorphic environments
Bressy, Céline. "Caractérisation et gestion du silex des sites mésolithiques et néolithiques du nord-ouest de l'arc alpin : une approche pétroraphique et géochimique." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX10025.
Full textMunara, Askar. "Formation des gisements d'uranium de type roll : approche minéralogique et géochimique du gisement uranifère de Muyunkum (Bassin de Chu-Sarysu, Kazakhstan)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0070.
Full textRoll front ore U-ore deposits in the Chu-Sarysu basin (Kazakhstan) occur in paleogene, continental silicoclastic formations. Sedimentary sequences include unconsolidated arkosic sands and clay lenses, formed by detrital minerals issued from granites and calkalcaline volcanites but also from paleozoïc series from Karatau. All formations are characterized by a fine grain clay fraction dominated by smectites, associated with palygorskite which could be the result of alternated humid and dry periods. All series underwent a rather shallow burial which is indicated by the immature feature of the organic matter, the presence of newly formed unaltered smectites, and the presence of pyrite framboïds which are formed by bacterial sulphate reduction, indicated by the wide range of delta34S of pyrites. Sands are locally cemented by calcite which precipitated from meteoric fluids at low temperature. U-ores are spatially and genetically related to sulphides and organic matter, especially in levee facies at the top of the sedimentary sequence and in association with organic macro-clasts disseminated within the sand channels. Phospho-coffinites occur latter on. These deposits show similarities with those of Wyoming but differ by the size of the roll fronts front redox, the heterogeneity of the U-ores at small scale, and a probable significant pre-concentration associated with organic matter
Odorowski, Mélina. "Etude de l'altération de la matrice (U,Pu)O2 du combustible irradiéen conditions de stockage géologique : Approche expérimentale et modélisation géochimique." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0057/document.
Full textTo assess the performance of direct disposal of spent fuel in a nuclear waste repository, researches are performed on the long-term behavior of spent fuel (UOx and MOx) under environmental conditions close to those of the French disposal site. The objective of this study is to determine whether the geochemistry of the Callovian-Oxfordian (COx) clay geological formation and the steel overpack corrosion (producing iron and hydrogen) have an impact on the oxidative dissolution of the (U,Pu)O2 matrix under alpha radiolysis of water.Leaching experiments have been performed with UO2 pellets doped with alpha emitters (Pu) and MIMAS MOx fuel (un-irradiated or spent fuel) to study the effect of the COx groundwater and of the presence of metallic iron upon the oxidative dissolution of these materials induced by the radiolysis of water. Results indicate an inhibiting effect of the COx water on the oxidative dissolution. In the presence of iron, two different behaviors are observed. Under alpha irradiation as the one expected in the geological disposal, the alteration of UO2 matrix and MOx fuel is very strongly inhibited because of the consumption of radiolytic oxidative species by iron in solution leading to the precipitation of Fe(III)-hydroxides on the pellets surface. On the contrary, under a strong beta/gamma irradiation field, alteration tracers indicate that the oxidative dissolution goes on and that uranium concentration in solution is controlled by the solubility of UO2(am,hyd). This is explained by the shifting of the redox front from the fuel surface to the bulk solution not protecting the fuel anymore. The developed geochemical (CHESS) and reactive transport (HYTEC) models correctly represent the main results and occurring mechanisms
Granet, Mathieu. "Constantes de temps des processus d'érosion et d'altération dans le système himalayen : Approche géochimique élémentaire et isotopique par les séries de l'Uranium." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/GRANET_Mathieu_2007.pdf.
Full textThe time-scales of erosion and weathering processes are key parameters which need to be determined to understand the response of the reliefs to external forcings like tectonics, climate and human activities. They were recovered by using U-series nuclides analyzed in sediments and suspended materials carried by the Himalayan rivers of the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins. In the Ganges basin, the time-scales of weathering determined from the study of coarse sediments carried by the Kali Gandaki range from several ky, where the surrection is located, to 350 ky. Such values indicate that the bedrocks are in situ weathered for a long period before the weathering residual products get transported in the rivers as coarse sediments. At the outlet of the high range, these sediments are carried by the tributaries of the Ganges, the Gandak and Ghaghara, during a transfer period of about 100 ka. The study of the sediments at the outlet of the Brahmaputra tributaries allows to propose time-scales of weathering ranging from 110 to 270 ky. Such long periods confirm that during their transfer in the plains, the sediments are temporarily trapped at several places in the basins. In the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, the time-scales of sedimentary transfer are 575 and 160 ky, respectively. These values, which are of the same order as their response times, are much longer than the time-scales of the Quaternary climate oscillations. It confirms the buffering action of the asiatic alluvial plains for the high-frequency sediment flux variations in response to external forcings in the chain. The study of suspended materials suggests that their chemical compositions result from the mixing of coarse river sediments with fine particles from various locations in the basin which are affected by vegetation recycling. By contrast to coarse sediments, the time-scales of transfer for the suspended materials are fast, e. G. A few ky, pointing the potential of U-series nuclides to assess particle transport laws as a function of their size
Dakoure, Denis. "Etude hydrogéologique et géochimique de la bordure sud-est du bassin sédimentaire de Taoudeni (Burkina Faso - Mali) : essai de modélisation." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066521.
Full textTombozafy, Mamy. "Méthodologie d'analyse de l'enfoncement du lit mineur d'un fleuve : approche combinée modélisation hydraulique-géochimie. Application à la Loire Forézienne (France)." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2010EMSE0596/document.
Full textCurrently, the Loire river, sees its geodynamic increasingly deteriorated. The deficit of sediment transport causes erosion of the bed on several areas of the basin. This results in a gradual destabilization of structures (dams, bridges), erosion or clogging of banks or a decline in piezometric level alluvial.Treating these problems requires a better understanding of the processes of erosion and river incision, the second succeeding the first, once the alluvial material of the bottom was completely removed, revealing a bed outcrop.This complex phenomenon is currently found in various parts of the Loire river, in the plain of Forez.We propose three approaches for this analysis.The first approach is based on numerical modeling using the equations of Barre-de-Saint-Venant, for flow, coupled with the equations of Exner and Meyer-Peter Müller for sediment transport. This monodimensional model allows the simulation of riverbed changement and sediment discharge, right each calculation point of grid mesh.The second approach is mechanistic and consists of determining the rate of marly bedrock incision by a semi-empirical method by the use of two major variables: the total hydraulic power and an abrasion coefficient. The hydraulic power is calculated using a hydraulic model, while the abrasion coefficient is a mechanical property of the marl which is determined from laboratory tests.The third approach is the geochemistry. It consists in determining the provenance of the materials from tributaries and in the main chanel by analyzing their geochemical signatures. This has been the subject of laboratory tests on samples taken across the linear from Grangent to Balbigny.The results obtained show that these independent approaches are complementary and provide both a qualitative and quantitative description of the incision of the Loire river in the study area
Ballini, Marine. "Etude des variations millénaires de la dynamique des eaux profondes dans l'Atlantique Nord pendant la dernière période glaciaire : approche magnétique, minéralogique et géochimique." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112110.
Full textGrundman, Gaëlle. "Evaluation des potentiels en huile et gaz du Nord-Est de la Gaspésie (Québec, Canada) : approche géochimique et modélisation 2D du système pétrolier." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066043.
Full textGaspé Peninsula (Québec, Canada) is made up of three distinct tectonostratigraphic domains: Cambro-Ordovician rocks, Siluro-Devonian rocks and Carboniferous. The objective of this study is to improve understanding of this petroleum system, through a geochemical approach coupled with a 2D modeling. Study of Rock-Eval 6 profiles of Siluro-Devonian bulk rocks suggests the presence of a significant amount of generated but not free petroleum products. To avoid overestimation of the oil potential, it appears necessary to analyze the kerogens. The study of kerogens extracts thus indicates that the Siluro-Devonian rocks have generated hydrocarbons without possibility to expel them. In addition, the kinetics parameters of thermal cracking of kerogens allowed the establishment of a decreasing curve of the HI, which can be compared to the curve measured in this study and enables to estimate the minimum height of eroded sediments during the last erosions that affected the northeastern Gaspé (4500 m). This estimated amount of erosion proved to be an important parameter during the numerical modeling. Thus, three scenarios were defined according to the thickness of eroded formations and assumptions of maximum burial, but also taking into account results on previous fission track analysis. If it is difficult to determine the best burial scenario that prevailed in the geological history of northeastern Gaspé, the convergence of results enable the establishment of the Cambro-Ordovician origin of the hydrocarbon, the provision of a reliable chronology of generation-expulsion-migration events, the estimation of the mass of hydrocarbons in play, and the location of accumulations over time
Zrelli, Radhouan El. "Modalités des transferts des éléments traces métalliques dans la partie centrale du Golfe de Gabès, Tunisie : une approche géochimique, minéralogique, sédimentologique et biologique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30232.
Full textThe Gulf of Gabes, located in the oriental Mediterranean basin, has many particular properties making it very sensitive to anthropogenic contaminations. One of the distinguishing features of Gabes Gulf is low water flush-activity related mainly to its orientation and morphology marked by its largely-extended shallow plateau as well as to the limited influence of Atlantic water currents. For more than 50 years, than 200 million tons of phosphogypsum (by-product of phosphoric acid production) have been continuously dumped in this vulnerable environment leading to an accentuated degradation of the local benthic habitat represented mainly by the seagrass meadows of Posidonia oceanica. Within this context, knowing the characterization of phosphogypsum will certainly help to identify the different transfer modalities of the metals (composing the initial phosphate ore) within the marine environment. The pollutants load of phosphogypsum is mainly associated to the organic matter which aggregates during the transfer process via the evacuation channel leading to the formation of floating foam. These latter foams are passively transported by winds and local currents to distant areas and are found to be rich in organic matter with an amphipathic character that makes them act as a surfactant in contact with seawater. The skeleton of phosphogypsum foam was also found to be composed of synthetic gypsum as well as halite, sphalerite and francolite. The degradation of the phosphogypsum foam is accentuated by the degree of agitation/hydrodynamics of the marine environment through the dissolution of gypsum, leading to the release of its polluting components following the swell amplitude. It is worth noting that a limited metal fraction passes directly into solution. These latter metals are hence transported by the coastal currents. As for the phosphate grains, they are trained towards the south either by rolling-saltation or in suspension, and end by accumulating mainly in Chat Essalam beach due to the hydrodynamics effects exerted by the ports structures leading to modify the coastline. In addition, the toxic metals affect also the surface sediments as well as the benthic organisms and hence these latter can inform about the health status and the contamination history of the local marine environment. Within this context, the mats of Posidonia oceanica meadows can be used as an archiving tool of the contamination history in the Gulf of Gabes and allow hence retracing the evolution of metallic contamination of sea waters since the set-up of the coastal industrial complex in Gabes city (i.e. 1972). Finally, a first assessment of the financial losses linked to the ecosystemic services provided by Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds to coastal fisheries activity was conducted allowing to evaluate the cost of a part of the negative consequences linked to the industrial chronic pollution at the central part of Gabes Gulf
Tombozafy, Mamy Anjara Herisolo. "Méthodologie d'analyse de l'enfoncement du lit mineur d'un fleuve : approche combinée modélisation hydraulique-géochimie. Application à la Loire Forézienne (France)." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00666996.
Full textGiguet-Covex, Charline. "Contribution des sédiments laminés lacustres à l'étude des changements environnementaux Holocène : approche couplée sédimentologique/géochimique à haute résolution : application à deux lacs nord-alpins." Chambéry, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553247.
Full textThe high resolution study of laminated sediments from Lake Anterne (2063 m asl) and Lake Bourget (231. 5 m asl), both located in northern French Alps, led us to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes induced both by climate changes and human activities. Sedimentological and geochemical analyses of Lake Anterne sediments allowed highlighting the past evolution of soil cover. During the early Holocene (9950-5450 cal. BP), a gradual evolution was recorded: establishment of vegetation and soil with pedogenesis processes (decarbonation and acidification), and then stabilization of the catchment linked to a well-developed vegetation cover. We evidenced anoxic conditions at the bottom of the lake during this period of stabilization. We interpret it as a consequence of slope stabilisation by a dense vegetation cover. A regressive story of soils, accompanied by a significant enhancement of erosion processes , began at ca. 5450 cal. B P. Due to a climate reversal towards colder conditions. This regressive story was reinforced by anthropogenic impacts (deforestation, pastoral activity) during the Bronze Age (around 3400 cal. BP), the end of Iron Age-beginning of the Roman period (2400 cal. BP-150 AD) and the lower middle age (1000-1200 AD). The record from Lake Le Bourget covering 120 years was used to reconstruct the evolution of the trophic level and the oxygenation at the bottom of the lake, in relation with human activities (sewer waters, agricultural activities) and the hydroclimatic variability. The comparison between trophic level indicators and River Rhône detrital inputs highlighted the opposed effects of Rhône floods on lake water quality (nutrient but also oxygen supply)
Chevalier, Nicolas. "Processus biogéochimiques du cycle du méthane dans les environnements de sources de fluides froids (mer de Norvège et mer de Marmara) : approche géochimique organique." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066155.
Full textToro, Villegas Gloria Elena. "Tephrochronologie de la Colombie centrale (département d'Antioquia et abanico de Pereira) : une approche stratigraphique, géochimique, minéralogique et géochronologique (par C14 et traces de fission)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10036.
Full textLecoanet, Hélène. "Retombées métalliques sur les sols de la région Fos-Berre (Sud de la France) : Approche magnétique et géochimique appliquée à la discrimination des sources dé́mission." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX30061.
Full textThe purpose of this study is to determine the relationships between magnetic particles and chemical elements for the Fos - Berre region (southern France) in order to valid an indirect approach for heavy metal contamination. The investigated zones are the Sollac-Fos steelworks, the Lafarge-Fos cement factory, and the Crau plain. Magnetic and chemical measurements were performed on various samples (aerosols, soils, water, and steel dusts). Pb and Sr isotope analyses as well as EXAFS spectroscopy were carried out in order to determine the source signature and the mineral phase carrying the heavy metals. The impact of the different emission sources on the magnetic and chemical characteristics of soils is demonstrated. For atmospheric fallout, the relalionships between magnetic parameters and heavy metals could be explained by the presence of non-totally crystallised melallic oxides and/or hydroxides. Zinc silicates are identified as well. .
El, Mouraouah Az El Arab. "Palingenèse du granite du Velay autour de la diorite du Peyron (Burzet, Ardèche, M. C. F. ) : approche pétrographique et géochimique de la genèse des granites tardimigmatitiques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986CLF21030.
Full textPalafox-Reyes, Juan-José. "Du Craton au Rhéïque : le nord et le centre de l'état du Sonora (Mexique) au Paléozoïque supérieur (Dévonien-Pennsylvanien), lithostratigraphie, biostratigraphie, approche géochimique et implications géologiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10102/document.
Full textThe outcrops, located in the northeast and central region of the State of Sonora, NW Mexico, reveal a predominately carbonate series that ranges from Upper Devonian to the base of the Permian. Five detailed sections were studied : (1) the Cerros of Tule ; (2-3) the Cerro Los Abajeños and the Cerro El Palmar; in the Sierra Agua Verde ; (4) the Cerro El Yugo (Arivechi) and (5) the Cerro Las Moritas. Results on lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy, based on foraminifers and calcareous algae, are proposed. The identified biozones are successively: (a) Nanicella gallowayi; (b) Eogeinitzina devonica ; (c) Moravamminides indéterminés ; (d) Granuliferella ; (e) Laxoendothyra parakosvensis et Granuliferelloides sp., (f) Tuberendothyra sp. et Inflatoendothyra sp. ; (g) Endothyra prisca et Stacheoides tenuis, followed by the fusulinid zones of Wilde: M2, A2, A4, DS1, DS2, MC1/2, VC2/3 and PW1/2. Geochemical data were investigated; they permit a preliminary interpretation of the major oxydes. It is added a reflection on the genetic relationships and climatic with the cyclothems of Midcontinent of USA and the LPIA (Late Paleozoic Ice Age) of Gondwana. As the palaeoclimate is presented with similar characteristics to that of the rest of the North American Craton ìcountry of the cyclothems, a synsedimentary and local tectonic could dominate in Sonora. Finally, the studied part of Sonora appears as a large platform (maybe a foreland unit) between the North American Craton and the Rheic Ocean
Kerber, Schütz Marta. "Le rôle des bactéries hydrogénotrophes et ferri-réductrices sur le processus de corrosion en contexte de stockage géologique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4332/document.
Full textThe main objective of this study is to evaluate the role of hydrogenotrophic and IRB activities on anoxic corrosion process by using geochemical indicators. It is assumed that the redox couple H2/Fe(III) is an important driver for bacterial activities potentially affecting the corrosion rate by destabilization of passive layers (i.e. magnetite, Fe3O4). Our results indicate that synthetized Fe3O4 is destabilized in the presence of hydrogenotrophic IRB due to structural Fe(III) reduction coupled to H2 oxidation. The extent of Fe(III) bioreduction is notably enhanced with the increase in the H2 concentration in the system: 4% H2 < 10% H2 < 60% H2. Moreover, the results indicate that corrosion extent changes according to the solution composition and the surface of metallic sample (iron powder and carbon steel coupon). The solid corrosion products are different for each sample: vivianite, siderite and chukanovite are the main mineral phases identified in the experiments with iron powder, while vivianite and magnetite are identified with carbon steel coupons. Our results demonstrate that corrosion rate is increased almost two-fold in the presence of bacteria after 5 months of reaction. This study gives new insights regarding the understanding of biocorrosion phenomena, identification of physicochemical mechanisms, and determination of key parameters controlling the corrosion rate
Poulin, Chloé. "Bilans hydrologiques et étude de la recharge de 3 systèmes lac-acquifère du bassin du lac Tchad par une approche géochimique multi-traceurs (18O,2H, 36Cl, 14C)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/190125_POULIN_14fps318qs354zjyd983vik_TH.pdf.
Full textSurface water and groundwater are threatened all over the Sahel and the Sahara, because of ove- rexploitation, population growth and climate change that are limiting groundwater sustainable access. Lake Chad Basin, located in the middle of the Sahel zone, cannot avoid these problems.The aim of this work is to understand the hydrological functioning of three lake systems within the basin and the hydrogeological functioning of the associated aquifers with particular emphasis on the modern and past recharge. We have coupled information obtained from the stable isotopes of water, 36Cl and 14C.A first water budget has been calculated for the lakes Iro by coupling stables isotopes data with satellite imagery. We have calculated the influx and outflux and shown that these lakes are « open » i.e. with a surface or an underground outflux. The aquifer recharge is modern, since we observed thermonuclear 36Cl in the groundwater.The Ounianga Lakes are located in the Saharan part of the Lake Chad basin, where they form oasis systems fed by the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer. They are split into two distinct systems : Ounianga Kebir and Ounianga Serir with two different hydrologic functioning. The Serir part is a chain of lakes with an increasing salinity towards the central lake, while the lakes of the Kebir system are independent from each other. By contrast with Iro and Fitri, we did not observe thermonuclear 36Cl in these lakes and groundwaters. On the other hand, these samples do not show any evidence of radioactive decay of 36Cl as observed by previous studies in the Egyptian part of the aquifer. 14C data enabled us to estimate an age of recharge around 10 000 years ago
Khaska, Mahmoud. "Vulnérabilité des ressources en eau souterraine : origines de la salinité en domaine karstique côtier et de la contamination après-mine en métaux lourds. Approche par multitracage géochimique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4381.
Full textThe first theme has for objectives: 1) to trace the origin of the salinity of the waters of the karst aquifers in coastal environment mediterraneen,2) to quantify the mixing proportions between salt waters and the waters karstiques,3) to discriminate the geochemical tracers to identify and model the process of salinization of aquifers coastal karst. The second theme has for objectives:1) to establish the [hast] of natural origin of surface waters and groundwater, 2) to quantify the level of contamination by arsenic in these waters and its spatial and temporal variability 3) to trace the natural or anthropogenic origin of pollution in hast to the aid of isotopic tools adapted. the origins of the salinity identified include i) of came from deep waters salted ii) of come deep water salted dating back toward the surface by a major flaw normal. The 36Cl/Cl has allowed us to identify the origin of deep saline waters and a recharge of meteoric water infiltrated during the period of thermonuclear tests. The PHREEQC modeling used to differentiate between the mixture with a deep water of salt that one with a sea water current. The 87SR/ 86Sr shows a conservative behavior for tracing the origin of saline waters in karst aquifers. The plotters Cs, Rb, Li and B allows to differentiate the three origins identified of salinity. The data acquired on the contamination in hast underline a net increase and perennial of [hast] from the ancient sites of mining processing rehabilitated. The reports 87SR/ 86Sr and δ18O and δ2H will reveal in this case a chartplotter very discriminant of natural or anthropogenic origin of arsenic
Husson, Angélique. "Impact de la composition minéralogique des sédiments sur la biodisponibilité de l’Uranium ˸ Une approche intégrant laboratoire-terrain-bioindicateur-calcul de spéciation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM020.
Full textThe European Water Framework Directive introduced in 2000 has allowed to establish numerous quality environment standards for the last 18 years for compounds stemming from anthropic activity. However, the natural presence of uranium in the environment as well as itsreactivity complicates the construction of standards. The transfer of uranium betweensediment, water and the biological compartment is complex. Indeed, the passage of uranium through the cellular membrane can depend on the mineralogical composition as well as on the physico-chemical parameters. The objective of this study is to bring scientific foundationsaround these various parameters and hence to determine their impact on the accumulation.This way, the future definition of these new standards (NQE) takes into account the notion of bioavailability of contaminants. The strong impact of mineralogical phases such as ferrihydrite is both demonstrated in a post-mining context as well as within experiments in laboratory, as opposed to the quartz whose sorption capacity is low. A correlation is noted between the accumulation obtained by bioindicator “Chironomus riparius” and the one measured by a system of integrative passive sensors called DGT. This correlation is linked to the presence of potentially bioavailable species such as UO2OH2(aq), whose abundance is obtained by speciation calculations. These first conclusions give scientific foundations to feed the debate around the construction of the environment quality standards
Grenier, Mélanie. "Le rôle du pacifique tropical sud-ouest dans la fertilisation du pacifique équatorial : couplage dynamique et multi-traceur." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2070/.
Full textIn my thesis, I study the sources of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). The EUC is composed of water masses that feed the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, an area of prime importance due to its biological productivity and its impact on climate. First, I used an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) to describe the EUC in terms of its source trajectories, transports and mean hydrological characteristics. Then, I characterized the geochemical enrichment of the water masses that feed the equatorial Pacific, the EUC waters being the main contributors to the High Nutrients - Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) area. For this purpose, I used geochemical tracers : the neodymium (Nd) isotopes and the Rare Earth Element (REE) concentrations. Finally, I coupled both approaches to quantify the geochemical evolution of the thermocline waters of the southwest Pacific
Zonou, Siaka. "Les formations leptyno-amphibolitiques et le complexe volcanique et volcano-sédimentaire du proterozoïque inférieur de Bouroum-Nord (Burkina Faso, Afrique de l'Ouest) : Étude pétrographique, géochimique, approche pétrogénétique et évolution géodynamique." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10325.
Full textBouchez, Camille. "Bilan et dynamique des intéractions rivières-lac(s)-aquifères dans le bassin hydrologique du lac Tchad : approche couplée géochimie et modélisation des transferts." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4332/document.
Full textLake Chad Basin (LCB) is a 2.5 billion km2 closed drainage basin, in the center of Africa. Lake Chad enhances the climatic variations over the LCB while the multi-layers aquifer system contains large water resources. The hydro(geo)logical response of the LCB to climatic variability is studied by combining geochemical and modeling approaches. The lake Chad levels modeling, calibrated from hydrological, chemical and isotopic data, allows to disentangle evaporation from transpiration and from infiltration. Transpiration, neglected in previous studies, accounts for 15% of the total ET. From the chlorine dynamic in the LCB, a transit time of 10 yr in the upper basin, a short renewal rate of lake waters and their infiltration toward the aquifer are estimated. GCM paleoclimatic simulations over the last millennium were introduced into a rainfall-runoff model (GR2M) and the lake level model. It shows the difficulty to reconcile lake level records from paleohydrological modeling. The detection of thermonuclear 36Cl together with stable isotopic composition of groundwaters allow to draw the present-day recharge distribution in the Quaternary aquifer. Present-day recharge occurs close to surface waters in 60% of the groundwater sampled and an evaporation between 85 and 98% of waters in the surrounding of Lake Chad is estimated. Groundwaters with a contrasted geochemical signature are stored in the center of the piezometric depressions, suggesting no present-day recharge. The deep waters of the CT, with water ages of 300 000 yr, show geochemical patterns indicative of an old and humid recharge period. These original data give new insights into paleorecharge in the Sahelian band
Venchiarutti, Célia. "Approche de la dynamique des particules dans le sillage des Kerguelen, à l'aide des traceurs géochimiques : 230Th et 231Pa." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204680.
Full textNotre étude utilise deux radionucléides le 230Th et le 231Pa - tous deux produits de désintégration de l'uranium et très réactifs vis-à-vis des particules - comme traceurs de la dynamique des particules.
L'étude des vitesses de chute des particules, estimées à partir des distributions de 230Th a montré que, paradoxalement à son fort export de C, le plateau avait des vitesses de chute des particules plus faibles (S= 500 m.an-1) que les stations du large dans les eaux HNLC (S=800 m.an-1). Ce résultat, assez surprenant, soulève une question quant à la limitation du modèle de scavenging 1D dans le cadre de l'étude de la dynamique des particules des systèmes côte-large et suggère l'utilisation d'un modèle 2D pour reproduire le scavenging de ces régions.
Sur le plateau, les fortes concentrations de 231Pa dissous suggèrent que du 231Pa a été relâché lors de la dégradation bactérienne d'agrégats, riches en opale (phase pour laquelle le Pa a une forte affinité).
Sur l'escarpement à l'Est du plateau, la diminution des concentrations de 230Th et de 231Pa dissous, concomitante à l'augmentation de leur concentration dans les particules, a montré un intense boundary scavenging le long de la pente du plateau, sous l'effet de couches néphéloïdes ou de re-suspension depuis les sédiments, riches en opale.
Boulay, Sébastien. "Enregistrements sédimentaires des variations de la mousson sud-est asiatique au cours des deux derniers millions d'années : approche sédimentologique, minéralogique et géochimique de sédiments profonds de mer de Chine du sud." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112294.
Full textThe aim of this work was the study of the impact of the South-East Asian monsoon on the South China Sea (SCS) sedimentary record along the last 2 Ma. The terrigenous fraction of 3 ODP Sites (Leg 184 - Sites 1144, 1145 and 1146) located in the northern part of the SCS, was investigated in terms of sedimentology, mineralogy and geochemistry. X-ray diffraction (XRD) associated with isotopic geochemistry (Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd) allows us to identify the sources of the sediment. The fine fraction (<2[mu]m) comes mainly from the Pearl River with, however, some important inputs (3 to 15% of the <2[mu]m fraction) of smectite from the Luzon volcanic arc when the summer monsoon strengthens (23ka cycles). The grain-size analyses allows us to characterize the sedimentary dynamic by identifying 3 granulometric populations, varying separately along the record et showing grain-size increases during the glacial stages. These variations are attributed to the shelf reworking during the sea level variations. These results are in contradictions with the previous hypothesis, which linked the grain-size increases to eolian inputs associated with enhanced winter monsoon winds. During the last 2 Ma, the summer monsoon intensity shows 3 major periods of variations : 2-1,2 Ma : low amplitude oscillations linked with the high latitude insolation (41ka). 1,2-0,9 Ma : intensification associated with the decrease of the global oceanic circulation strength and the closing of the indonesian thresholds. 0,9-0 Ma : gradual decrease linked with the global cooling of the climate
Perrette, Yves. "Etude de la structure interne des stalagmites : contribution à la connaissance géographique des évolutions environnementales du Vercors (France) : développement et application d'une approche multiparamètre des archives stalagmitiques." Chambéry, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CHAML008.
Full textBegou, Patrick. "Distribution des éléments du groupe du platine et de l'or dans les roches basiques et ultrabasiques : approche de leur comportement géochimique orthomagmatique pendant les phénomènes de fusion partielle et de cristallisation fractionnée." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00682743.
Full textGueddari, Khalid. "Approche géochimique et physico-chimique de la différenciation des éléments du groupe du platine (PGE) et de l'or dans le manteau supèrieur bético-rifain et dans les xénolites de péridotites sous continentales." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10031.
Full textBesseyrias, Claire. "Identification des domaines aquifères sur socle cristallophyllien et volcanique hétérogène : approche hydrochimique (Socle oriental du Cézallier, Massif central français)." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20275.
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