Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Approche sémantique'
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Álvarez-Ejzenberg, Fabiana. "Le verbe espagnol dar : approche sémantique." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993946.
Full textMassoussi, Taoufik. "Mécanisme de la métonymie : approche syntaxico-sémantique." Paris 13, 2008. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/secure/ederasme_th_2008_massoussi.pdf.
Full textWe adopt the formalism of the classes of objects to describe metonymy in French. The objective of this description is twofold: to provide a description of the regularities in the way this mechanism works and to constitute lexical bases dedicated to the automatic treatment of languages. It is postulated that the minimal frame of analysis of the lexical items is the simple sentence defined in terms of predicates and arguments. According to this principle, the metonymy is analyzed as a semantic mechanism indicated by a transfer of predicates between classes of words correlated to appropriate predicates. When it concerns elementary nouns, the transfer operates a semantic re-categorization and creates new uses. The categorization of the words into arguments and predicates allows us to propose a tripartite classification of metonymy. The metonymy of the meronymic type and those who are of the argumental type, put in relation elementary nouns, whereas the metonymy of the predicative type operates a structural re-categorization. In this last instance, we distinguish at first a double actualization (predicative and argumental) of polysemous lexical items, before witnessing a transfer of predicates which corresponds to the structural re-categorization. Transfer and actualization are both organizing principles which bring to light the systematic character of metonymy
Reutenauer, Coralie. "Vers un traitement automatique de la néosémie : approche textuelle et statistique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0038/document.
Full textThe issue at stake is the automated meaning allocation.In a first time, a theoretical scheme is elaborated to describe meaning change for a lexical unit already defined in a lexical resource. We focus on semantic neology, considered as a significant repeted change. Our model relies on quantitative evidence and it is inspired from text semantics. The preexisting meaning is represented as a structured set of semantic features. The context modifies it dueto salient semantic featuresin texts. These dynamic change is comprehended through description strata ranging from coarse-grained to fine-grained semantic units. In a second time, we dwell on relevant resources and tools from corpus linguistics. The resources are dictionaries and text corpus. Concretely, we use the Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé as a dictionary. Its entries are automatically converted into bags of semantic features. The textual dataconsists in three recent journalistic corpus. The resources are considered are mathematic spaces and statistical tools are used to extract significant units and to structure information.In a last time, we give an outline of a process to allocate automatically a new meaning. Experiments illustrate each step. This process relies on multiple levels of description, getting finer and finer.Through this approach, it is possible to qualify the new meaning in a precise and structured way
Messaoudi, El-Haouès. "L'interrogation dans le Coran (approche syntaxique et sémantique)." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05H074.
Full textInterrogation in Coran presents singular particularities for : speaker and hearer (animate and inanimate) ; monemes of interrogation (determinations, morphology, functions and values) and structure of the question, whether a real question or a rhetorical question. This latter is characterized by particular nouns and verbs, by position (opening and closing the narrative) and by repetition as refrain)
Jmai͏̈el, Fekri. "Les verbes de mouvement anglais : une approche sémantique." Grenoble 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE39025.
Full textThe present study is an attempt to explore the possibility of analysing the meaning of motion verbs in contemporary english, and to illustrate one approach to the realization of this possibility. Specifically, its purpose is threefold. First, it is an attempt to demonstrate that an analysis of meaning, such as the one that has successfully been applied to kinship terminology, is also possible for other types of vocabulary. Second, it is meant to show some methodological implications of such an approach for the treatment of certain linguistic problems such as 'synonymy', 'hyponymy', 'metaphor' and 'phonaesthesia'. Third, the study is also an attempt to characterize, in the light of recent developments on the subject, the nature of difficulties, theoretical and methodological, raised by such an analysis. The thesis is made up of two main part. Part one is concerned with theoretical problems and is divited into two chapters. The first chapter is a survey of various approaches to the study of meaning. The secon chapter is an attempt to evaluate those approaches through a discussion of some descriptive problems in the light of recent developments on the subject. Part two deals with a practical problem of analysing some verbs of motion in contemporary english. In the first chapter, other studies on ensligh motion verbs are examined. The second chapter is concerned with methodological considerations. First, verbs of motion are defined and the corpus is delimited. Then, explanations about the method adopted in this study are given. This is followed, in chapter three, by a detailed analysis of the motion verbs included in the corpus. In chapter four, the
Sol, Puig Francisca. "Le morphème spatial "y" en espagnol ancien : approche sémantique." Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030082/document.
Full textThe adverbial pronoun y vanished from Old Spanish at the end of the XVth century. It survived, however, in the signs hay, soy, estoy, doy et voy. The purpose of the present doctoral dissertation is to explain why the pronoun as such disappeared , in the first place, and why, on the other hand, it did survive in the five above-mentioned verbal forms. The present work is comprised of two sections. The first one analyses the stematic morpheme y, a task which implies studying the system of spatial representations. The second one deals with the verbal forms containing this same morpheme in astematic form and this in turn implies a semantic approach of existential verbs. Every language generates its own system of spatial representation, depending on how its users perceive the world. In Spanish, two different systems were available to the medieval speakers: one represented by the anaphoric elements y and ende, the other one represented by the deictic words aquí, acá, ahí, allí, allá, acullá, aquende and allende. These two systems were harbouring two different conceptualizations of space. In the first system, y signifies space as a whole. The second one, on the contrary, splits the space in relation to the EGO as SPEAKER and to the locus of that EGO. The semiology of the five verbal forms delineates a specific set of elements, the signifiers of which are marked by -y and whose general consistency is based on the semantesis of existential verbs. The hypothesis presented in the present work runs contrary to the subduction theory, advocated in particular by Maurice Molho, which explains the coalescence in the first four verbal forms through an analogy with hay
Fery, Patrick. "Catégories et modalités en mémoire sémantique: une approche neuropsychologique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212101.
Full textChevriaux, Yann. "Une approche qualitative spatiale pour une description sémantique des reliefs." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00315651.
Full textNous cherchons à décrire une silhouette - i.e., une coupe de terrain ou la séparation terre/ciel à l'horizon - selon la perception que peut en avoir un observateur. Nous introduisons un modèle, fondé sur une approche qualitative, qui consiste à décrire une silhouette par une séquence de symboles signifiants. L'utilisateur ayant la possibilité de définir ses propres catégories, le modèle possède la capacité de s'adapter à différents contextes.
L'originalité de notre modèle repose dans la méthode de détection des formes significatives. Nous nous ecartons volontairement des méthodes numériques généralement utilisées dans les systèmes de détection ou de reconnaissance de forme. Nous considérons que la perception d'une forme particulière de relief est contingente de la perception de saillances, définies ici comme des points qualitativement remarquables. La description d'une silhouette inclut les relations topologiques qui relient les formes de relief détectées. Afin de tenir compte de l'imprécision des frontières des formes de relief, nous proposons une extension de la méthode 9-intersection. Les relations méréologiques, quant à elles, nous sont utiles pour dériver des représentations à différents niveaux d'abstraction.
Nous avons implanté le modèle en Java. Le prototype réealisé permet de définir des catégories, d'analyser des silhouettes, de déterminer les relations topologiques qui lient les formes détectées et d'obtenir une description à différents niveaux d'abstraction.
Cette thèse a bénéficié du soutien financier de la Région Bretagne.
Tanasescu, Adrian. "Vers un accès sémantique aux données : approche basée sur RDF." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10069.
Full textThe thesis mainly focuses on information retrival through RDF documents querying. Therefore, we propose an approach able to provide complete and pertinent answers to a user formulated SPARQL query. The approach mainly consists of (1) determining, through a similarity measure, whether two RDF graphs are contradictory, by using the associated ontological knowledge, and (2) building pertinent answers through the combination of statements belonging to non contradicting RDF graphs that partially answer a given query. We also present an RDF storage and querying platform, named SyRQuS, whose query answering plan is entirely based on the former proposed querying approach. SyRQuS is a Web based plateform that mainly provides users with a querying interface where queries can be formulated using SPARQL
Gayral, Françoise. "Sémantique du langage naturel et profondeur variable : Une première approche." Paris 13, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA132004.
Full textGaillard, Raphaël. "Représentation sémantique inconsciente et valence émotionnelle : approche neurophysiologique et comportementale." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066433.
Full textGarcia, Jean-François. "L'école unique en France ( 1918-1975 ) : approche historique et sémantique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992STR10007.
Full textCombination of social division of labour demands, scientific and technical advances, and middle-classes development, leads, the whole second half of nineteenth century long, to a growing complexity of the French system of education. Upon the primary schools network, on the one hand, and the one of colleges and lycees on the other hand, new structures are progressively superposed. The gradual emergence of the desire for an unified educational system appears at the beginning of the twentieth century. This thesis will endeavour to trace and understand that seems the main theme of the reforms of the french educational system : the "ecole unique". In an historical and semantic approach, we try to clear up educational policies managed to that end, during the period from 1918 to 1975. Our semantic analysis, with regard to this question, concerns a corpus composed of the followings texts : -"l'Universite Nouvelle" of "les Compagnons" (1918) - the pedagogical reform project of Paul Lapie (1922)- the Jean Delvolvé's project (1928)- the Official Directives of 1938 - the Langevin-Wallon's plan - the "Haby's reform"
Bilasco, Ioan Marius. "Une approche sémantique pour la réutilisation et l’adaptation de données 3D." Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10262.
Full textThe number of applications and access devices 30 enabled increases steadily. This trend is encouraging the development of tools for the retrieval, the reuse and the adaptation of 30 data. Usually, such tools are developed in the narrow context of a specifie application. This is partly because the 30 data are usually defined only by their geometry and by their appearance and are difficult to be considered in contexts independent from a specifie application domain. We consider these issues by proposing a solution that enhances 30 data description by semantic annotations and organizes them into a model (30SEAM) according to the dimension described: geometry, appearance, topology, semantics and media profile. To accommodate the variability of the model in terms of semantic descriptions, we propose an extension of the OQL using 30SEAM specifie constructs. A platform (30AF) federates the instantiation and the interrogation of such descriptions. Above this platform, we build a platform focusing on the reuse of 30 data and their semantics (30S0L). Ln addition, we are adopting an approach of adapting 30 data based on semantic rules interpreted and executed by an adaptation platform (Adapt30). The reuse and the adaptation processes employ an XML standard for 30 data: X30. The transformations applied to data are implemented using XSL T. An application that concerns the management of 30 urban scenes is proposed in order to validate the various formalisms introduced by our approach. The application is based on the instantiation of the description model usin MPEG-7. The query process is supported by XQuery
Vrignaud, Pierre. "Approche différentielle de la typicalité." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05H027.
Full textTypicality - defined as a preferential order between categories to represent their surordinate category - may be supported in the cognitive system by different kinds of processes that allow intra- and interindivual variability. We present and discuss this hypothesis from four theoretical approaches, distinguished according to whether the subject's environment or the subject itself is stressed upon as what organizes long term memory knowledge (association, and computation models) or to intuitive theories (independent, and domain specific). The experimental part deals with four experiments based in succession, upon : exemplar production paradigm, property production paradigm, property production paradigm for two exemplars proposed simultaneously and the property attribution paradigm. According to our differential approach, we have analyzed the data at the individual level not at the group level, contrarily to what most authors who studied typicality, have done. The main result of this research is to de-construct typicality as an unitary concept. We operate this de-construction by showing that the processes and/or strategies, activated by the subject into one paradigm or between different paradigms, are different. Reconstructing typicality as a pluralistic concept give way to the possible demonstration of intra- and interindividual variability
Midouni, Sid Ahmed Djallal. "Une approche orientée service pour la recherche sémantique de contenus multimédias." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI056/document.
Full textMultimedia data sources from various fields (medical, tourism, trade, art and culture, etc.) became essential on the web. Accessing to multimedia data in distributed systems poses new challenges due to many system parameters: volume, diversity of interfaces, representation format, location, etc. In addition, the growing needs of users and applications to incorporate semantics in the information retrieval pose new issues. To take into account this new complexity, we are interested in our research of data integration solutions based on web services. In this thesis, we propose an approach-oriented service for the semantic search of multimedia content. We called this approach SeSaM (Semantic Search of Multimedia content). SeSaM is based on the definition of a new pattern of services to access multimedia content, which is the MaaS services (Multimedia as a Services). It is based on a two-phase process: description and discovery of MaaS services. As for the MaaS services description, we have defined the SA4MaaS language (Semantic Annotation for MaaS services), which is an extension of SAWSDL (W3C recommendation). The main idea of this language is the integration, in addition to business domain semantic, of multimedia information semantics in the MaaS services description. As for the MaaS service discovery, we have proposed a new matchmaker MaaS-MX (MaaS services Matchmaker) adapted to the MaaS services description model. MaaS-MX is composed of two essential steps: domain matching and multimedia matching. Domain matching consists in comparing the business domain description of MaaS services and the query, whereas multimedia matching compares the multimedia description of MaaS services and the query. The approach has been implemented and evaluated in two different domains: medical and tourism. The results indicate that using both domain and multimedia matching considerably improves the performance of multimedia data retrieving systems
Karam, Naouel. "Recherche sémantique d'informations : une approche basée sur les logiques de description." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CLF21617.
Full textGoudal, Frédéric. "Une approche sémantique de la mise au point des programmes applicatifs." Bordeaux 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR10547.
Full textKhammari, Ichraf. "De l'identité de la préposition en : approche lexicale, sémantique et syntaxique." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100081.
Full textThis work aims at improving the understanding of the identity of the en preposition within the verbal complementation framework. We come in the continuity of the theoretical approach of Saussure and Harris, for whom language is an autonomous system whose semantic structure can't be defined through referential or conceptual intuition. Our empirical approach consists in observing the preposition distributions in order to build its “signifié”. We studied the structures N1 V en N2 and N0 V N1 en N2 through a large corpus, thanks to a software facilitating the sorting and classifying of the data. Syntactic tests allowed to list verbs admitting the prepositional group en N as a complement, and to enrich the list of light verb constructions. The property of the en preposition is to allow the speaker to present N2 as constituting and classifying for N1 during the utterance act
Bordignon, Frédérique. "Une approche cognitive du potentiel sémantique et constructionnel du verbe "casser"." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/66/01/56/PDF/2003CLF20013.pdf.
Full textThis work deals with the semantic and constructional potential of "casser". It fits into the Cognitive Grammar framework (Langacker, 1987) and ore particularly the Network model that provides two types of categorisation relationship and the concepts of schema and prototype that helps giving account of the various usages of a lexical item. These usages have been identified thanks to a corpus of literary and journalistic texts. Moreover, experiments have been made with French speakers (sentences classification) and french-slovak bilingual speakers in order to better define the semantic of the French verbs "casser" and "briser" and the relationship that unites one with the other. For the description of the constructional potential, "casser" is compared to "couper. They share the same syntactic behaviour as far as abstracts uses of "casser" and all the uses of "couper" are concerned. This phenomenon is described in terms of transitivity and ergativity as they have been described by Davidse (1998)
Dupuis, France. "Une approche linguistique et phénoménologique de la sémantique du mot amour." Thesis, Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE1141.
Full textConstruction of the semantic form “amour”. The core of this work is a phenomenological endeavourtargeting the emergence of meaning considered as the result of a conceptualizing process rooted inaffective and perceptual experience. Three intertwined strata of meaning can be observed in thesemantics of the word. These take an active part in the global construction of the form via each ofthese strata, namely the germ-motif stratum, the profiling-unfolding process stratum and the thematicdiscursiveone. The latter notions make it possible to open the creative space of meaning in a trulyoriginal fashion. This creative space results from the intertwining of perception, language and thevarious modalities of self-appropriation of the phenomenon arising in /and through a discourse on loveand the amorous discourse. The word amour polarizes a movement dynamics within the amorousdiscourse. This word is anchored to the heterogeneous “motif” of a dynamic power liable to surpassthe process per se such as linked to its object. It is a vehicle for aesthesic, axiological andpraxeological properties. The phenomenology of the word amour mostly expands in the domain ofqualitative and poetic figures as well as metaphorizing constructions. In the latter domain, figures andconstructions aim at uniting the perceptive and thematic fields, thus enabling the speaker, thoughpartially only, to grasp his amorous experience as well as to express his own impressions andfeelings
Mestiri, Mohamed Amine. "Vers une approche web sémantique dans les applications de gestion de conférences." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24629/24629.pdf.
Full textIbrahim, Mohamed Ahmed Khalaf. "Poétique du descriptif : approche sémantique du "Chant du monde" de Jean Giono." Bordeaux 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR30008.
Full textThis thesis aims at defending the literary status of description and bringing out its importance in the readability of a work of fiction. We start by highlighting the moments which saw the shattering of this linguistic practice within the classical rhetorical institution that granted it the full status of a figure of thought by exposition, then those which saw its underrating and eclipse within the critical discourse, before coming to the lively controversies raised about it during the last century between writers, critics, linguists and semioticians. To illustrate our attitude, we have examined, using a linguistic, semantic, textual and semiotic approach, this mode of textual organisation within a literary text considered as eminently descriptive : Jean Giono's Le chant du monde. Our study has yielded the following conclusions: - every use of language supposes, one way or another, a descriptive dimension (Genette); - descriptive enunciation position and brings into play a certain number of skills on the part of the speaker/writer as well as on that of the reader/hearer; - description ensures a great number of functions within literary representation; - the greatest part of the poetic, as well as the aesthetic aspects of writing reveals itself through descriptive "pauses" which are particularly rich in evocative representations (Dominicy and Gouvard); - description represents a textual opportunity for the writer who takes advantage of it to display his rhetorical and stylistic skills, hence original and fanciful images as well as the most staggering pictures
Tetchueng, Foping Jean-Louis. "Une approche de conception d'EIAH adaptifs fondée sur la co-conception de scénario." Télécom Bretagne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2008TELB0080.
Full textAllani, Atig Olfa. "Une approche de recherche d'images basée sur la sémantique et les descripteurs visuels." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080032.
Full textImage retrieval is a very active search area. Several image retrieval approaches that allow mapping between low-level features and high-level semantics have been proposed. Among these, one can cite object recognition, ontologies, and relevance feedback. However, their main limitation concern their high dependence on reliable external resources and lack of capacity to combine semantic and visual information.This thesis proposes a system based on a pattern graph combining semantic and visual features, relevant visual feature selection for image retrieval and improvement of results visualization. The idea is (1) build a pattern graph composed of a modular ontology and a graph-based model, (2) to build visual feature collections to guide feature selection during online retrieval phase and (3) improve the retrieval results visualization with the integration of semantic relations.During the pattern graph building, ontology modules associated to each domain are automatically built using textual corpuses and external resources. The region's graphs summarize the visual information in a condensed form and classify it given its semantics. The pattern graph is obtained using modules composition. In visual features collections building, association rules are used to deduce the best practices on visual features use for image retrieval. Finally, results visualization uses the rich information on images to improve the results presentation.Our system has been tested on three image databases. The results show an improvement in the research process, a better adaptation of the visual features to the domains and a richer visualization of the results
Aboudrar, Aballa. "Étude comparative de l'emploi des prépositions en français et en berbère (approche sémantique)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCF021.
Full textThis work deals with the semantic study of the use of some prepositions in Berber (tachelhit) and in French namely f "sur", ddu "sous", ġ "dans" and n "de". In a first point, we made an overview of the research on prepositions in general in both languages, and then we made a general overview of the notion of space and of time in relation to the preposition. Next, we made a presentation of Berber followed by an inventory of research on Berber prepositions. Moreover, we have presented the research method, namely the so-called non-instrumental one, which states that the value (spatial, temporal, functional) of each preposition is only the result of the interaction of this preposition with its cotext, it means that there is no primacy of the spatial sense of the prepositions, afterwards we presented our corpus which is taken from two works by Arsène Roux. In addition, we have studied each of the Berber prepositions (tachelhit) mentioned above in a quasi-uniform plan, namely firstly the state of the art of the research on each preposition as well as that of its counterpart in French. This preposition is based on the non-instrumental approach and thirdly the contrastive study of the use of the preposition in question in French and Tachelhit. At the end of this thesis we drew up a table of some results of the contrastive study of these prepositions in both languages
Meneses, Lerin Luis. "Dictionnaire électronique monolingue coordonné du verbe Donner FR-ES-MEX : approche syntactico-sémantique." Paris 13, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA131035.
Full textSoumaya, Boussraoui. "Analyse lexico-sémantique du parler arabe marocain de Rabat et Casablanca : approche sociolinguistique." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05H005.
Full textAullen, Boitel Sylvie. "Étude de la préfixation verbale en latin : approche sémantique dans une perspective synchronique." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040228.
Full textStudy of verbal prefixion has been conceived according to a synchronic view, with an empirical method. The examples have been drawn out from three texts (Plautus’s plays, Cicero’s letters, Augustine’s sermons). The preverbs used in a context have been selected: it allowed us to point out that the meaning of the prefix must be conceived according to a double level of linguistic understanding. The first one concerns the morpheme: the absence of syntaxic function of classification separates the prefix from the suffix. Many examples where the composite verb is a doublet synonymous of the simple one reveal that signification does not, according to a synchronic view, define the prefix. Neither structuralism that postulates a strong connexion between form and sense, nor generativism which supposes a phrase as the origin of the words containing a prefix, can define the prefixion. The second one concerns the whole word: the hierarchy of significations between the verbal basis, the prefix and the word brings about some modifications in the structure of the word; it explains how the senses of the prefix and the productive lexical series of words have been constituted
Sakellariou, Angélique. "Description sémantique du paratatikos ("passé imperfectif") en grec moderne : approche argumentative/ Angélique Sakellariou." Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHESA021.
Full textVinzerich, Aude. "La sémantique du possible : approche linguistique, logique et traitement informatique dans les textes." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040157.
Full textThis work deals with the semantics of the modality SRVVLEOH in French. The linguistic study is conducted in an enunciative and formal theoretic framework that is clearly to be distinguished from the framework proposed by the philosophy of language or the modal logic. Our study is based on a sample of attested examples extracted from two electronic corpora. We show that SRVVLEOH appears in two different modal paradigms: the word SRVVLEOH presents an alethic as well as an epistemic nuance in French. We redefine all the modalities of these two paradigms and organize them as two distinct signification networks that we propose to visualize as abstract places constructed by quasi-topologic operations (these organizations are substantially different from the quadrangular organizations generally proposed in a logical framework). We propose then to study the modality SRVVLEOH in the larger linguistic context of aspectuality and temporality: we add new referentials to the aspecto-temporal model proposed by J. -P. Desclés and Z. Guentchéva in order to take into consideration the modal component. The last part of our work is more operational. First we calculate, in the context of the combinatory logic, a complex predicate for each modality. Then we integrate the modal component into actual works on information retrieval. We propose to implement some informatic rules into the EXCOM system based on the Contextual Exploration Method, with the aim to recognize automatically sentences presented as SRVVLEOH (in the epistemic sense) or true (asserted) by the enunciator
Tran, Ba-Huy. "Une approche sémantique pour l’exploitation de données environnementales : application aux données d’un observatoire." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS025.
Full textThe need to collect long-term observations for research on environmental issues led to the establishment of "Zones Ateliers" by the CNRS. Thus, for several years, many databases of a spatio-temporal nature are collected by different teams of researchers. To facilitate transversal analysis of different observations, it is desirable to cross-reference information from these data sources. Nevertheless, these sources are constructed independently of each other, which raise problems of data heterogeneity in the analysis.Therefore, this thesis proposes to study the potentialities of ontologies as both objects of modeling, inference, and interoperability. The aim is to provide experts in the field with a suitable method for exploiting heterogeneous data. Being applied in the environmental domain, ontologies must take into account the spatio-temporal characteristics of these data. As the need for modeling concepts and spatial and temporal operators, we rely on the solution of reusing the ontologies of time and space. Then, a spatial-temporal data integration approach with a reasoning mechanism on the relations of these data has been introduced. Finally, data mining methods have been adapted to spatio-temporal RDF data to discover new knowledge from the knowledge-base. The approach was then applied within the Geminat prototype, which aims to help understand farming practices and their relationships with the biodiversity in the "zone atelier Plaine and Val de Sèvre". From data integration to knowledge analysis, it provides the necessary elements to exploit heterogeneous spatio-temporal data as well as to discover new knowledge
Elfakharany, Cherine. "L'harmonisation sémantique entre le verbe et sa préposition : l'exemple de "sur" : approche synchronique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2142.
Full textThe most common definition of the preposition on, including among linguists, is that it indicates the position of a subject superior to an object, as, spatially, in La lampe est sur la table, and on the metaphorical plan, in Les politiques influent sur le sort du peuple. However, this approach encounters many difficulties : among other things, it can’t be applied spatially to : La petite fille leva les yeux sur son père or, temporally, at : Elle va sur ses vingt ans, or, on a metaphorical level, to : Amr compte sur ses amis. The existing definitions of the preposition on are therefore not satisfactory. Our thesis proposes, in its first part, a semantic identity for this preposition, after a critical evaluation of what the dictionaries, the reference of grammars and various scientific works dedicated to it offer. The hypothesis is that the verb selects the preposition which introduces its complement according to a semantic affinity between the two - for example, if influence builds its complement with on in French, it is that there would be an agreement, a semantic harmony, between to influence and on. The second part of the thesis develops the reliable and exhaustive corpus that will test the advanced hypothesis in the most rigorous conditions possible, namely verbs that build their complement with the preposition on - which assumes the prior characterization of the concept of "complement". The third chapter contains a first part verifying in the corpus that the preposition on has the identity conferred by our hypothesis, which is the case for 100% of the statements tested. The second part shows 92% that the verb is constructed with a preposition with which it has an affinity of meaning. The hypothesis that there is semantic harmonization between the verb and its preposition - in this case of the complement introduced by on with the identity that we attributed to it - is therefore verified
Laskri, Mohamed Tayeb. "Approche de l'automatisation de thésaurus : étude de la sémantique adaptée du langage naturel." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22076.
Full textNoel, David. "Une approche basée sur le web sémantique pour l'étude de trajectoires de vie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAM022/document.
Full textThe notion of trajectory is the subject of many works in computer science. The life trajectory has several peculiarities which distinguish it from the trajectories usually considered in these works. It is first of all its temporal hold, which is the life, the existence of the observed subject. It is then its thematic hold, this one potentially concerning multiple aspects of the life of an object or an individual. Finally, it is the metaphorical use of the term trajectory, which refers more to the meaning of the trajectory than to the description of a simple evolution in time and space. The life trajectory is used by the expert (sociologist, urban planner ...) who wishes to put in perspective the information on individuals to better understand their choices. The motivations for studying the life trajectory are depending on the application and themes considered: the relation to work and employment, family life, social life, health, residential trajectory ...We propose a Semantic Web based approach to study life trajectories, which allows their modeling, collection and analysis. This approach is embodied by a software architecture whose components are configurable for each application case. This architecture is based on a life trajectory ontology design pattern, as well as a model of explanatory factors for life events. To operationalize the proposed modeling, we designed algorithms that allow the creation of a life trajectory ontology by exploiting the previous pattern and model. For data collection, we developed APIs to facilitate i) the construction of a model-compliant data collection interface; and ii) the insertion of the collected data into a Triple Store. Our approach allows the representation, and hence the collection and exploitation of multi-granular information, whether spatial, temporal or thematic. Finally, to allow the analysis of the trajectories, we propose generic functions, which are implemented by extending the SPARQL language.The methodological approach and the proposed tools are validated on a case study on residential choices of individuals in the Grenoble metropolitan area by highlighting the characteristics of their residential trajectory and the explanatory elements of it, including from their personal and professional trajectories
Essayeh, Aroua. "Une approche de personnalisation de la recherche d'information basée sur le Web sémantique." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0003.
Full textThis PhD thesis reports on a recent study in the field of information retrieval (IR), more specifically personalized IR. Traditional IR uses various methods and approaches. However, given the proliferation of data from different sources, traditional IR is no longer considered to be an effective means of meeting users’ requirements. (‘Users’ here refers to the main actor in an IR system.) In this thesis, we address two main problems related to personalized IR: (1) the development and implementation of a user model; and (2) the formulation of a search query to improve the results returned to users according to their perceptions and preferences. To achieve these goals, we propose a semantic information search approach, based on the use of semantic information and guided by ontologies. The contribution of our work is threefold. First, it models and constructs user profiles following a modular ontological approach; this model allows the capture of information related to the user, and models the data according to the semantic approach so that the data can be re-used for reasoning and inference tasks. Second, it provides evidence for reformulating a query by exploiting concepts, hierarchical and non-hierarchical relationships between concepts and properties. Third, based on our findings, we recommend search results that are informed by the user’s communities, built by the improved unsupervised classification approach called the ‘Fuzzy K-mode’. These communities are also semantically modeled with modular profile ontology. To validate our proposed approach, we implemented a system for searching the itineraries for public transport. Finally, this thesis proposes research perspectives based on the limitations we encountered
Tatibouët, Jérémie. "Approche systématique basée sur fUML pour formaliser la sémantique d’exécution des profils UML." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112247.
Full textUML profiles enable the UML to be tailored to a particular domain. To do so, a profile adds domain specific concepts (i.e., stereotypes) and constraints to UML and disambiguates specific semantic variation points. The design process for abstract syntax of profiles is well documented in the literature. However, specification of the semantics is neglected. According to our researches, there are no proposals in the state-of-the-art that define a systematic approach to solve this problem.Semantic formalization is a key point of language design. It enables to formally define the meaning of syntactic elements. In order to be efficient, the formalization activity must be realized in parallel with a standardization activity. The interest to have a language with a formal standardized semantic is to enable models defined using this latter to be interpreted (analysis, execution, simulation) in equivalent way between tools implementing the semantics. This equivalence enables users to observe similar interpretations of the same model between different tools and therefore to have a shared understanding of this model and the associated semantic.In the context of UML profiles, normalization activities leaded by the OMG are focused on the syntax. The semantic formalization aspect is neglected. We propose to address this problem by relying on fUML and PSCS OMG (Object Management Group) specifications. These standards formalize execution semantics for a subset of UML (classes, composite structures, and activities).Firstly, we define two methodologies relying on these standards to formalize execution semantics of UML profiles execution semantics. The first methodology defines the execution semantics for the domain model underlying the profile. The executable form of an applicative model defined using the profile is obtained by model transformation. In the second methodology, semantics are defined directly for the profile by extending the semantic model of fUML/PSCS using fUML. By being conform to fUML, the semantic model is by construction executable and can be directly used in any tools implementing the UML and fUML standards.Secondly, we compare our approaches against the following criteria: the modelling effort required to build the semantic model, the capability of the methodology to preserve the UML semantics (i.e., the one defined by fUML/PSCS) and the capability to identify clearly the relationships between the stereotypes and their semantics. This comparison enables us to demonstrate the capacity of the second methodology to define key extensions of the UML semantics in the context of a profile. These latter are: the control delegation, the instantiation, and the communications. The contributions have been implemented in our model execution framework Moka which is integrated in the open-source UML/SysML modeling tool Papyrus
Aloushkova, Svetlana. "Les phrases existentielles initiales: une approche sémantique et cognitive des textes narratifs russes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212951.
Full textBoutet, Dominique. "Approche morpho-dynamique du sens dans la gestuelle conversationnelle." Paris 8, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA081966.
Full textBourmayan, Anouch. "Les objets implicites en français : une approche pragmatique." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0080.
Full textMy thesis bears on implicit object arguments in French, i. E. On meaning constituents that can be paraphrased with direct objects and thus bear the semantic role of object argument, but are not phonologically realized. More specifically, I focus on two types of implicit objects in French, namely on one side implicit objects paraphrasable with indefinite expressions, or indefinite implicit objects (IIOs), and on the other side implicit objects paraphrasable with definite expressions, or definite implicit objects (DIOs). I argue that the ability of a verb to admit IIOs or DIOs is not determined lexically, but following communicational constraints. Thus, I challenge the widespread assumption that so-called 'transitive' verbs lexically require a semantic object argument and a syntactic direct object, and I redefine the notion of transitivity as a property of verb tokens rather than of verb types. In this perspective, verbs are lexically avalent -or at most monovalent, if one takes into account the event argument -and they may or not involve an object argument and a direct object depending on their context of use. I distinguish between default IIOs and specialized IIOs: I describe default 1I0s as resulting from a mechanism of unfolding of the conceptual content of the verb, while specialized IIOs appear via a phenomenon of pragmatic enrichment of default 1I0s. Finally, I put forward a situation-theoretic mechanism to account for the arising of DIOs
Bazantay, Jean. "La chose pour le dire : mono en japonais contemporain : approche sémantique, syntaxique et énonciative." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00994605.
Full textLeprovost, Damien. "Découverte et analyse des communautés implicites par une approche sémantique en ligne : l'outil WebTribe." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00866489.
Full textChraibi, Souad. "Deca : une approche sémantique et à base d'agents pour la coopération de systèmes d'informations." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS055.
Full textLeclercq, Eric. "Interoperabilité sémantique des systèmes d'information géographique : une approche basée sur la médiation de contexte." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS005.
Full textNguyen, Thi Dieu Thu. "Une approche basée sur LD pour l'interrogation de données relationnelles dans le Web sémantique." Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE4007.
Full textThe Semantic Web is a new Web paradigm that provides a common framework for data to be shared and reused across applications, enterprises and community boundaries. The biggest problem we face right now is a way to ``link'' information coming from different sources that are often heterogeneous syntactically as well as semantically. Today much information is stored in relational databases. Thus data integration from relational sources into the Semantic Web is in high demand. The objective of this thesis is to provide methods and techniques to address this problem. It proposes an approach based on a combination of ontology-based schema representation and description logics. Database schemas in the approach are designed using ORM methodology. The stability and flexibility of ORM facilitate the maintenance and evolution of integration systems. A new web ontology language and its logic foundation are proposed in order to capture the semantics of relational data sources while still assuring a decidable and automated reasoning over information from the sources. An automatic translation of ORM models into ontologies is introduced to allow capturing the data semantics without laboriousness and fallibility. This mechanism foresees the coexistence of others sources, such as hypertext, integrated into the Semantic Web environment. This thesis constitutes the advances in many fields, namely data integration, ontology engineering, description logics, and conceptual modeling. It is hoped to provide a foundation for further investigations of data integration from relational sources into the Semantic Web
Lécué, Freddy. "Composition de Services Web: Une Approche basée Liens Sémantiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782557.
Full textLucquiaud-Pilière, Catherine. "Une approche contrôlée du traitement d'exceptions en programmation fonctionnelle." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10211.
Full textBy analysing the way ML exceptions can escape their scope of declaration, Philippe de Groote proposed in TLCA'95 a simply typed lambda-calculus of "static" exception handling ensuring that a well typed term cannot lead to a uncaught exception. The underlying idea was to keep the handlers active during the entire execution of the program. We propose a study of this concept in a realistic programming context authorizing general recursion by means of a fixed-point operator. The resulting calculus is described using three semantical forms: reduction rules, operational semantics and CPS semantics. We establish that these three interpretations are equivalent for a particular class of terms (the programs), thus showing that static exception handling can sometimes be considered as an acceptable alternative to classical, "dynamic" exception handling
Lemoine, Chloé. "La distinction en droit, une approche épistémologique." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2009_out_lemoine_c.pdf.
Full textUsually conceived as based on opposition and emanating directly from data, distinction is often confused with classification, thus confining law to a process of systemic thinking and exacerbating the distinction – opposition conceptualisation. Such a confusion prevents from apprehending legal facts differently than by considering exceptions, fictions and sui generis situations, all of them conceived as legal abnormalities that should be overrun. Legal reasoning is currently thus a research of statutes subsumed under a summa divisio, even when lawers are conscious of their imperfections. However, all distinctions are socially constructed since law is based on a constructed sociocultural reality. In fact, indexation corresponds to procedures frequently used to integrate notions used in law discourse. While classification is sometimes used in indexation, its importance is relativised by opening the reasoning to procedures commonly used in law, the importance and diversity of which are often poorly understood. Law is then conceived as a series of open indexes aiming at standards that acquire meaning due to interpretation. In parallel, distinction partly calls qualification into question by imposing limits upon it or even supplanting it. Distinction allows the use of knowledge that integrates antinomies as a form of interpretation and stresses hermeneutics as the very center of legal sciences
Chadli, El Mostafa. "Le conte merveilleux marocain : approche sémiotique du texte folklorique : univers sémantique et contraintes sémio-narratives." Toulouse 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU20067.
Full textThis study has focused on the critical scrutiny of epistemological and theoretical foundations of greima's semiotics and on the understanding of its scientific contex (i-e its relationship with the different theories of narrative discourse, text grammars and pragmatics). The study has also focused on a close analysis of moroccan marvellous tales in their semantic. Narrative and discursive dimensions
Poulain, Thibault. "Une approche orientée sémantique pour l'interrogation d'une coopération de systèmes d'information basée sur des ontologies." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS037.
Full textThis research task fits in the field of the interoperability of information systems. A cooperation system based on ontologies called OWSCIS (Ontology and Web Service based Cooperation of Information Sources) is proposed. It allows the cooperation of a group of information systems using ontologies to express the semantics of shared information, to allow a transparent access to the data managed by the cooperation. The architecture of cooperation relies on the use of a domain ontology and of local ontologies mapped together. A study of existing cooperation systems and of tools and methods of ontology mapping is done to identify their limits. The work developped focuses on the three main elements of the cooperation: 1) the cooperation architecture definition, especially the description of a knowledge base describing the reference ontology used as a pivot inside the cooperation, 2) the definition of a mapping methodology between the local ontologies and the reference ontology, 3) the methodlogy of querying the cooperation. The mapping methodology combines complementary comparative méthods to discover matches between a local and the reference ontology relying on structural and individual information from those ontologies. The methodology is implemented and experimental results are described. This thesis provides a solution to the problem of interoperation of information systems based on the exploitation of semantic information described by ontologies
Pruski, Cédric. "Une approche adaptative pour la recherche d'information sur le Web." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00433071.
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