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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Appropriations and expenditures, 1792

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Academic literature on the topic 'Appropriations and expenditures, 1792'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Appropriations and expenditures, 1792"

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Hu, Xiaodan, Justin C. Ortagus, Nicholas Voorhees, Kelly Rosinger, and Robert Kelchen. "Disparate Impacts of Performance Funding Research Incentives on Research Expenditures and State Appropriations." AERA Open 8 (January 2022): 233285842110711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23328584211071109.

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Performance-based funding (PBF) policies with research incentives have grown in popularity over the years despite little understanding regarding whether they actually work. This study leverages a novel national data set to examine the impact of PBF research incentives on the research expenditures and total state appropriations among public 4-year institutions, with a particular focus on minority-serving institutions. We find that PBF research incentives had no impact on the total amount or relative share of total research expenditures or the total amount of state appropriations allocated to treated institutions, regardless of minority-serving institution status. PBF policies that allowed institutions to self-select or opt into including research incentives as part of their PBF formula had a positive impact on the relative share of expenditures allocated to research and total state appropriations.

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GORDON, SANFORD C., and HANNAH K. SIMPSON. "The Birth of Pork: Local Appropriations in America’s First Century." American Political Science Review 112, no. 3 (March 28, 2018): 564–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305541800014x.

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After describing a newly assembled dataset consisting of almost 9,000 local appropriations made by the U.S. Congress between 1789 and 1882, we test competing accounts of the politics surrounding them before offering a more nuanced, historically contingent view of the emergence of the pork barrel. We demonstrate that for most of this historical period—despite contemporary accusations of crass electoral motives—the pattern of appropriations is largely inconsistent with accounts of distributive politics grounded in a logic of legislative credit-claiming. Instead, support for appropriations in the House mapped cleanly onto the partisan/ideological structure of Congress for most of this period, and only in the 1870s produced the universalistic coalitions commonly associated with pork-barrel spending. We trace this shift to two historical factors: the emergence of a solid Democratic South, and growth in the fraction of appropriations funding recurrent expenditures on extant projects rather than new starts.

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JONES, RHYS. "BEETHOVEN AND THE SOUND OF REVOLUTION IN VIENNA, 1792–1814." Historical Journal 57, no. 4 (November 12, 2014): 947–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000405.

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ABSTRACTBeethoven the revolutionary is fading from history. Ossified by the Romantic tradition and, under the pressure of recent revision, reconsidered as conservative and prone to power worship, Beethoven's music has been drained of its radical essence. Yet his compositions also evoked the sonic impact of revolution – its aesthetic of natural violence and terrifying sublime – and so created an aural image of revolutionary action. Through stylistic appropriations of Luigi Cherubini and others, Beethoven imported the rhetorical tropes of French revolutionary composition to the more culturally conservative environment of Vienna. But where the music of revolutionary Paris accompanied concerted political action, the Viennese music that echoed its exhortative rhetoric played to audiences that remained politically mute. This inertia was the result of both a Viennese mode of listening that encouraged a solely internalized indulgence in revolution, and a Beethovenian musical rhetoric that both goaded and satisfied latent political radicalism. Far from rallying the public to the figurative barricades, then, the radical content of Beethoven's music actually helped satiate – and thereby stymie – the outward expression of rebellion in Vienna. This article is a bid to reaffirm the revolutionary in Beethoven.

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Stančík, Juraj. "Targeting the Digital Agenda for Europe: a new approach for estimating ICT R&D expenditures." info 16, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-09-2013-0048.

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Purpose – The main goal of this paper is to create a methodology for estimating public research and development (R&D) expenditures on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the European Union (EU). The study further applies this methodology on business expenditures on R&D (BERD) data across all sectors and estimate ICT BERD within each of them. Then the study assesses the evolution of these expenditures in the context of the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) and its specific target to double them by 2020. Design/methodology/approach – The study assumes that the share of public ICT R&D expenditures in total public R&D expenditures is similar to the share of ICT R&D labour costs. The study bases its estimation on government budget appropriations or outlays on R&D (GBAORD). Findings – EU public ICT R&D expenditures grew steadily over the period 2004-2010 and in 2010 reached 5.9 billion. The study also estimates that the total EU ICT BERD in 2010 amounted to 15.8 billion. Regarding the DAE target about ICT R&D expenditures, the study shows that, in both public and private, the EU drops behind. Research limitations/implications – The study estimates that substantial ICT BERD can be found also in non-ICT sectors. Practical implications – The methodology allows for monitoring one of the DAE targets. Originality/value – The methodology currently represents the only way for measuring public ICT R&D expenditures in the EU.

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Rasler, Karen A., and William R. Thompson. "War Making and State Making: Governmental Expenditures, Tax Revenues, and Global Wars." American Political Science Review 79, no. 2 (June 1985): 491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1956662.

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Addressing the disputed relationship between war and the expansion of governmental expenditures and revenues, Box-Tiao intervention models are applied to a number of British (1700-1980), United States (1792-1980), French (1815-1979), and Japanese (1878-1980) spending and taxation series. Distinguishing between global and interstate wars, the more intensive and extensive bouts of warfare (global wars) tend to bring about abrupt, permanent impacts in contrast to the temporary changes associated with most interstate wars. The observed displacements are reflected in both war-related and nonwar-related types of expenditure and are also observed before 1900. Although our findings are not universally applicable and are subject to various other qualifications, they may be interpreted, in general, as reinforcing the need for an appreciation of the persistent centrality of war, especially global war, in the discontinuous growth and expansion of the modern state.

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Aksenov, Pavel. "Biden’s Budget Plans at the First Year of Presidency." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 4 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760017749-0.

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President Biden’s 2022 budget is providing a starting step for increasing non-defense appropriations. Budget plans of the presidential administration, being under the needs of continuing struggle against pandemic, show the necessity of financing social programs after previous budget cuts, wide range measures for meeting climate changing challenges; modernizing infrastructure. Besides medical services, education, job training, assistance for needy families, the budget plans tend to support roads all over the country, traffic control, rural development, protecting environment. The Budget statement puts special attention to the American Rescue Plan, calling it turning the corner on the pandemic, economic recovery, and having in mind the priorities of this Plan. At the same time the proposed expenditures lead to facing fiscal challenges and may worsen budget deficit outlook. The costs of budget proposals may be partly offset by the growing economy; but due to Congressional Budget Office projections the budget deficit and the public debt remain huge.

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Jianu, Marian. "Fundamental Elements Regarding the Organization of Internal Financial Control in Public Entities in Romania." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2021-0044.

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Abstract Financial control, as part of internal managerial control and economic control, is an activity of overwhelming importance for the efficient, effective and economical use of resources economic and financial institutions in public institutions and beyond.The profile literature in this field has outlined the conceptual aspects, the necessary classifications and other defining dimensions of financial control as a highly responsible activity, meant to prevent facts contrary to the good management of wealth elements in public institutions and private entities.Preventive financial control, with its two components (own and delegated), is designed and carried out in public institutions according to a very rigorous methodology, meant to grant a visa only to those public money expenditures that meet all the requirements entered in the checklist. inserts requirements regarding the existence of supporting documents, visas, certifications and approvals regarding the legality of operations, the inclusion of amounts in the allocations of budgetary appropriations and the existence of supporting documents specific tooperations.

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Mustika, Hani Febri, Arida Ferti Syafiandini, Lindung Parningotan Manik, and Yan Rianto. "Evaluating Naïve Bayes Automated Classification for GBAORD." Computer Engineering and Applications Journal 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18495/comengapp.v9i1.320.

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The Indonesian Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for Research and Government (GBAORD) has been analyzed manually every year to measure the government expenditures in research and development. The analysis process involved several experts in making the budget classification. This method, commonly known as manual classification, has its downsides, which are time consumption and inconsistent result. Therefore, a study about implementing the machine learning method in GBAORD budget classification to avoid inconsistency is proposed in the previous research. For further analysis, this paper evaluates the performance of the Naïve Bayes algorithm for the GBAORD budget classification. This paper aims to measure the robustness of the Naïve Bayes to classify GBAORD data taken from 2017 until 2019. This paper uses three models of Naive Bayes with different preprocessing methods and features. This paper concludes that using the Naïve Bayes algorithm in Indonesian GBAORD budget classification is suitable since the robustness of the algorithm is proved to be high with 96.788+-0.185% average accuracy.

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Jones, Jonathan D., and David Joulfaian. "Federal govemment expenditures and revenues in the early years of the American republic: Evidence from 1792 to 1860." Journal of Macroeconomics 13, no. 1 (December 1991): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0164-0704(91)90035-s.

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Daniels, Roger B., Mike Braswell, and Jesse D. Beeler. "Accounting and Financial Reporting by a Late 18th Century American Charity." Accounting Historians Journal 37, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 39–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.37.2.39.

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Empirical research to date has neglected accounting and external financial reporting among 18th century American charitable institutions. Contemporary understanding of 18th century American practices is supported by evidence relating to commercial transactions primarily among colonial merchants. Our study examines the accounting and financial reporting of the Charleston Orphan House, the first municipal orphanage in America, from its inception in 1790 through its first five years of operations. The institution was established by city ordinance in 1790 which required the institution “to keep a book of fair and regular accounts of all receipts and expenditures which will be subject at all times to the inspection of the Commissioners.” The ordinance charged the orphanage's Committee on Accounts to “audit” its accounts. The City Council required the institution's board chairman to countersign the financial statements in 1792 before subjecting them to a second “audit.” The Orphan House employed a system of account books that recorded and facilitated the reporting of expenditures and sources of funds. Accounting and external reporting may have been legitimizing factors to overcome the “liability of newness” by promoting a sense of propriety and transparency among benefactors.“I visited the Orphan House at which there were one hundred and seven boys and girls. This appears to be a charitable organization and under good management.”[President George Washington, diary entry, Saturday, May 7, 1791]

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Appropriations and expenditures, 1792"

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Miller, David Elston. "The fiscal blank check policy and its impact on Operation Iraqi Freedom." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/06Dec%5FMiller%5FDavid.pdf.

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Berlin, Peter. "The budget, the President and the 97th Congress." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26783.

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This thesis looks at House budgetary actions in the 97th Congress in 1981 and 1982. In 1981, despite the opposition of the economic committees and the Democratic majority leadership, the House voted through a budget drawn up by the White House. In 1982, however, they refused to pass a budget drawn to President Reagan's blueprint. The first chapter is a narrative of the events of those two years. The second chapter is an account of the theoretical literature on the subject which pose several questions about those events and also suggest some answers. The third chapter is a statistical analysis of nine House roll calls over the two years. It attempts, first, to identify those Representatives who made the difference between Presidential victory in 1981 and frustration in 1982. Second, it tries to explain what these marginal presidential supporters had in common and what made them switch sides.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

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Mileshko, Roman. "The evolution of the Defense Budget process in Ukraine, 1991-2006." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FMileshko.pdf.

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Kirby, Jeffrey L. "Transformational budget considerations in pursuit of the total fleet concept." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FKirby%5FJeff.pdf.

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Suchomel, Bruce Richard. "A strategic analysis of budgeting for integrated logistical support of defense systems." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/578.

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Bessemer, William G. "Transitioning to Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2666.

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The Air Force is currently developing Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAV). The UCAV is projected for initial testing by 2010. However, after reviewing the Office of Secretary of Defense's Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap for 2005 2030
obtaining squadrons of UCAVs will cost billions of dollars and require decades to produce. The United States cannot afford to wait decades for unmanned weapons. Technology is spreading fast. Third world countries without stable economies and non-state actors are able to obtain/develop sophisticated weapons that are capable of destroying tactical aircraft. With sophisticated weapons easily obtainable, the risk of losing people in air combat is increasing significantly and that in turn is creating a level playing field for potential U.S. adversaries. Unmanned weapons technology can help America retain its military edge. However, since unmanned warfare capability is still decades away and is a multi-billion dollar project, America needs a quick fix. This study will argue that the most effective way to decrease risk-of-life and budget costs is to introduce F-16 Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) aircraft for combat. This thesis will answer the question: How can the government seize the unmanned aircraft advantages and decrease defense spending until the UCAV is operational? The answer to this question will illustrate how an effective F-16 UAS force can synchronize resources to properly complete UCAV development while instantly reducing risk of life.

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Fleming, Glen A. "An Analysis of Oregon Department of Transportation Planned Highway Construction Projects for Selected /years from 1978 to 1992." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5071.

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Construction of highway projects is one of the most important and expensive state government functions. Highway construction projects bring revenue and jobs to the locales in which they are built, in addition to providing a better transportation infrastructure within or between communities, states or nations. In the state of Oregon, its Department of Transportation (ODOT) publishes a document forecasting planned highway construction expenditures for the next six years. This document was called, until recently the six-year highway program; it is the Department's primary programming document for planned highway construction expenditures in the next six years, with updates every two years. More recently the document has been renamed the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP). The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution of planned highway construction projects within the state of Oregon from 1978 to 1992 by analyzing five selected ODOT six-year programs. Planned highway project expenditures were analyzed statistically, by county, to explain patterns of expenditure by project location, work type, highway level of importance, and changes in these over time. To analyze the significance of proposed highway expenditures by county, the cost of highway projects was compared and statistically measured against county factors such as population, area, total state highway mileage, and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Data was collected from ODOT, the Oregon Secretary of State and the Center for Population Research and Census. Analysis consisted of simple grouping and sorting by program year, work type, etc., bivariate linear regression, and multiple linear regression. These analyses were performed on individual project data, and project data aggregated to the county level, for each of the five selected ODOT programs. The analyses determined that there was a positive correlation between relatively high programmed highway expenditures, large county populations (and population densities) and high total highway mileages per county in Oregon; in other words, the highway funds went where the people and state highways were. Furthermore, the analysis confirmed relative ranking hypotheses between highway expenditures work types, and the type of highway (LOI) the projects were to be performed on. These two secondary "ranking by type" hypotheses were: 1.) project work type, from most to least expensive: modernization, bridge, preservation, safety, and miscellaneous; 2.) LOI, from highest to least importance: interstate, statewide, regional, and statewide. Observations on the trends of expenditures over time showed that 1.) modernization expenditures in Oregon increased from 1978 to 1988, then declined in 1992 when preservation projects increased; and that 2.) interstate highways in Oregon received the highest funding overall from 1978 to 1988, but that from 1986 onward, statewide highways received more and more funding, and by 1992 were receiving more funding than the interstates.

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Kalashe, Mzukisi Harrington. "An evaluation of the implementation of budgetary control measures by the provincial treasury with specific reference to the province of the Eastern Cape Department of Education." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/530.

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Budget control is a process of financial monitoring to ensure effective allocation, collection and efficient utilizing of public funds. It is a process that is aimed at ensuring the accomplishment of public policy objectives. Budget control is regulated by financial legislation as well as regulations and procedures which guide public financial administrators. Continuous monitoring is needed once appropriation is allowed by parliament or provincial legislatures to ensure effective service rendering as well as tax and user charges collection. This study investigates the reported ineffective budget control measures implemented by the provincial treasury in the Province of the Eastern Cape particularly in the Eastern Cape Department of Education (George, 2004). Ineffective budget control may be associated with the implementation of unstable fiscal policy by the provincial treasury that led to deficit spending in the Department of Education during the 2004/5 financial year. The purpose of this study is to show that the implementation of stable fiscal policy instruments by the provincial treasury would lead to effective budget control in provincial departments such as the Eastern Cape Department of Education. Governments in many instances encounter various challenges in controlling their expenditures on an annual basis as well as in the medium term. This is due to the notion that once the government exceeds the current year’s budget, it consumes the forthcoming budget. Borrowing is by nature an implicit consumption of future unplanned revenue. This makes the Medium Term Revenue Framework in the province immaterial as the provincial own revenue is insignificant. The relative uncontrollability of government expenditure stems from the notion that the provision of, for instance, primary education and social welfare is intertwined with legal entitlement within prescribed parameters. Allocative efficiency embodies recognition of legal entitlement that is reflected in the distribution imperatives if the provincial treasury is to be effective in the budget control function. The National Norms and Standards for School Funding of 2006 state explicitly that public spending in public schools is targeted at increasing the literacy levels of the poor. Intergovernmental fiscal relations play a pivotal role in modelling the fiscal policy of the province. This stems from the fact that expected national collected revenue is distributed as an equitable share to national, provincial and local spheres of government. The criteria for revenue sharing are based on economic disparities and demographics in each sphere of government. It is imperative to note in intergovernmental relations that there are functional areas of concurrent national and provincial competencies. The budget control function of the provincial treasury is implemented within the framework of various administrative processes which are aimed at ensuring effective transactional activities. The disbursement of funds and various other financial processes are subject to the delegation of powers as prescribed in the Public Finance Management Act, 1999 (Act 1 of 1999), as amended by Act 29 of 1999. The provincial governments’ fiscal policies are modelled to be consistent with the macro-economic objectives of the national government. It is for the purpose of macro-economic stability that only national government is eligible to borrow to finance a budget deficit. Provinces are legally prohibited from overspending their budgets. If the fiscal policies of the provinces materially and unreasonably prejudice the national economic policies, the relevant provincial treasury is responsible for taking appropriate steps to place the financial administration on a sound footing.

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Chiabrishvili, Maia. "Economic Security Environment and Implementation of planning programming, budgeting, execution (PPBE) system in Georgia /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FChiabrishvili.pdf.

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Jackson, Rosemary Y. "Comparison of State Appropriations by Function and by Program to Actual Expenditures for the Two-year Institutions in the Tennessee Board of Regents System." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1999. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2926.

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The purpose of this study was twofold. The first purpose was to determine the extent to which the 14 two-year institutions of the Tennessee Board of Regents system expended funds in functional categories equal to the amount of funds provided by the appropriations funding formula for the same functional categories. The second purpose was to determine the extent to which the 14 two-year institutions expended funds for direct instructional purposes for each academic program equal to the amount of funds provided by the appropriations funding formula for direct teaching purposes for each academic program. Using an archival research design, appropriations funding data and actual expenditure data were collected for the period 1990-91 through 1996-97 relative to the first purpose. Data for only the years 1995-96 and 1996-97 were used for the second purpose. For each of the two purposes studied, the data were adjusted to reflect comparable funding and expenditure data. The final evaluation involved a comparison of the percentage of funding expended by function and by college for the first purpose and the percentage of funding expended by academic program and by college for the second purpose. The evaluation of the percentage of funding expended by function revealed that most colleges and the system as a whole expended approximately 90% or more of the funding for the function for which funds were allocated by the appropriations formula. This level was determined to be positive, because some funding is typically set aside for transfers to plant funds for renewals and replacements. The evaluation of the percentage of funding expended for direct teaching purposes revealed that most colleges and the system as a whole expended approximately 60% or less of the funding for direct teaching purposes. This is permissible according to the policies of the TBR and THEC. The funding formula for direct teaching is based on enrollment and an average full-time faculty salary amount. However, most colleges use part-time faculty to teach a portion of its student-credit-hours; thus, excess funds accrue from this area and are available for use in other areas. Based on the findings of this study, two recommendations are offered. A review of the funding formula with regards to potentially needed modifications is recommended for the specific functions in which either substantially more or less than 100.0% of the funding was expended. Additionally, a formal analysis of the proportion of student-credit-hour enrollment taught by part-time faculty should be made to assist in determining if the funding formula calculation for direct teaching activities should include an element for the proportion of student-credit-hours taught by part-time faculty.

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Books on the topic "Appropriations and expenditures, 1792"

1

Silvano, Giovanni. Padova democratica, 1797: Finanza pubblica e rivoluzione. Venezia: Marsilio, 1996.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules. Providing for consideration of H.R. 1559, Emergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2003: Report (to accompany H. Res. 172). Washington, D.C.]: [U.S. G.P.O.], 2003.

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Limited, CCH Canadian, and Canada. Dept. of Finance., eds. Draft legislation and explanatory notes re: implementation of remaining budget 2006 income tax measures: Canadian tax reports, special report no. 1799, extra edition. North York, Ont: CCH Canadian, 2006.

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Limited, CCH Canadian, and Canada. Dept. of Finance., eds. Draft legislation and explanatory notes re: changes to eliminate the double taxation of large corporation dividends: Canadian tax reports, special report no. 1790, extra edition. North York, Ont: CCH Canadian, 2006.

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Borralheiro, Rogério. O município de Chaves entre o absolutismo e o liberalismo, 1790-1834: Administração, sociedade e economia. Braga: R.C.P. Borralheiro, 1997.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances. Compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and authorization of appropriations for the Office of Environmental Quality: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, first and second sessions on S. 1584 ... and S. 1792 ... November 24, 1987--Washington, DC, January 14, 1988--Sparks, NV. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Department of Energy civilian energy programs authorization act for fiscal years 1986, 1987, and 1988: Report together with additional and dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 1799) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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Guerra y finanzas en los orígenes del Estado argentino (1791-1850). Buenos Aires: Prometeo Libros, 2005.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Tourism Policy and Export Promotion Act of 1990: Report of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on S. 1791. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules. Providing for the consideration of H.R. 1775, the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998: Report (to accompany H. Res. 179). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Appropriations and expenditures, 1792"

1

Mullen, Edward James. "Regimes, Party, and Federal Budgeting: Presidential Estimates, Appropriations, and Expenditures." In The Changing Racial Regime, 75–89. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351305129-5.

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Grimmer, Justin, Sean J. Westwood, and Solomon Messing. "How Legislators Create an Impression of Influence." In The Impression of Influence. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691162614.003.0003.

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This chapter characterizes legislators' credit-claiming efforts, demonstrating how often legislators claim credit for spending, what legislators claim credit for securing, and the amount legislators publicize. It develops accurate measures of legislators' credit-claiming rates and then shows how legislators' credit-claiming strategies reflect the types of districts they represent. Legislators with the greatest incentive to cultivate a personal vote claim credit more often than colleagues who can win reelection with appeals to their partisan base. The chapter also illuminates how members of Congress claim credit broadly and not just for money that is earmarked during the appropriations process. This behavior includes claiming credit for requests made during the appropriations process even if the expenditures only have a small chance of actually reaching the district. What is more, legislators claim credit for more than funds earmarked during the appropriations process. They also claim credit for grants that executive agencies allocate.

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Lu, Yaotai, and Khi V. Thai. "Information Management for Public Budget Decision Making." In Inter-Organizational Information Systems and Business Management, 169–91. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-768-5.ch011.

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Information is very important throughout the government budgetary process which consists of budget preparation, budget appropriations, budget execution, and auditing and evaluation. When their budgets are prepared, agencies need various sources of data including those related to all types of government revenues and expenditures, economic conditions, agency needs, and services to provide. In each phase of the budgetary process, data are needed for decision making concerning the amount of money to allocate, the programs to establish, outputs to measure, performance to evaluate, and goals and objectives to accomplish. In the United States, these data have been provided via various types of budgetary techniques, including line-item budgeting, program budgeting, planning-program budgeting systems, performance budgeting and zero-based budgeting.

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