Relevant bibliographies by topics / Appropriatons and expenditures

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Appropriatons and expenditures'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Appropriatons and expenditures"

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Aryani, Putri Retno, and Kurnia Krisna Hari. "Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, PAD, DAU Terhadap Pengalokasian Anggaran Belanja Modal Pada Kabupaten/Kota Sumatera Selatan." Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jak.v24i2.3.

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This research is aimed at determining the influence ofeconomic growth, local revenue and general fund allocation toward appropriation of capital budget In Districts/City in South Sumatera Province. The samples used in this study were 11 districts/cities in South Sumatera Province in line with the source of Realization Report Budget (APBD) which was accessed from www.djpk.depkeu.go.id and Economic Growth which was obtained from the Central Statistics Agency of South Sumatera Province. The data used in this research was secondary data. The technique of analyzing the data was using multiple regression test. Simulataneously, the results showed that Economic Growth, Local Revenue and General Fund Allocation had positive significant influence toward capital expenditures. While, partially, the results showed that Economic Growth had no positive significant influence toward toward Capital Expenditure, regional revenue had no positive significant influence toward Capital Expenditure, General Fund Allocation had positive significant toward Capital Expenditure.
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Mayer-Sommer, Alan P. "So many controls; so little control: The case of Isaac Henderson, Navy Agent at New York, 1861-4." Accounting History 15, no. 2 (May 2010): 173–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373209359324.

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The experience of one man, Isaac Henderson, provides the lens through which this study examines the operation during the Civil War of the federal expenditure control system of the USA. This system’s requisitioning, disbursing and auditing activities cannot be disentangled from the patronage system and profiteering that inevitably accompany war. Surging activity levels brought on by the war only aggravated the existing weaknesses. Rigidities, redundancies and formalities within the Treasury Department delayed disbursement processing and the subsequent auditing of those disbursements. Clerks who approved disbursements also audited the same disbursements. The focus on appropriation accounting — rather than on information for planning and control purposes — reflected the view that controls existed primarily to assure Congress and the public that money was spent in conformity with laws and regulations. Improper charges were sometimes intentionally placed against appropriations with available balances. Thus the most significant contribution of the federal expenditure control system may well have been to help legitimize wartime spending to Congress and the American people.
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Nguyen, Quynh, and Van Thinh Pham. "Of financial autonomy at Lao Cai General Hospital, period 2015 – 2019." Journal of Health and Development Studies 05, no. 03 (May 30, 2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.38148/jhds.0503skpt20-124.

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Objective: The study was conducted to understand the financial autonomy situation at the Lao Cai General Hospital for the period 2015-2019. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study design using retrospective quantitative research methodology of secondary data from financial statements of Lao Cai General Hospital in the 5 years 2015-2019. Results: The hospital's total revenue tended to increase (in 2019, it increased by 97,445 million VND compared to 2015), of which, non-business revenues accounted for more than 80% of the total revenue each year. Revenue from hospital fees and health insurance accounts for a high proportion in the total non-business revenues of the hospital, accounting for about 66-79%. Total hospital spending tends to decrease from 2015 to 2018 (down 3%) and increase in 2019. Professional spending is at the top of the recurrent expenditure structure, accounting for about 38-40%. The personal payment group accounts for 25-29% of the total recurrent expenditure in the hospital and tends to increase each year. The hospital's revenue and expenditure difference tends to increase with the total difference of VND 15,322 million, VND 18,875 million, VND 10,578 million, VND 16,950 million and VND 16,950 million respectively for the years 2015-2019. In general, the total revenue and expenditure realized were in excess of the estimate. Conclusion: In the period 2015 - 2019, total hospital revenues tend to increase, total hospital expenditures tend to decrease, leading to an increasing trend in hospital revenues and expenditures over the years. The appropriation of funds is in accordance with the current regulations, so the salary reform fund accounts for a large proportion and tends to increase sharply, making the bonus fund, the welfare fund, the salary fund increase and decrease. gradually. Keywords: Financial revenue and expenditure activities, Lao Cai Province General Hospital
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GORDON, SANFORD C., and HANNAH K. SIMPSON. "The Birth of Pork: Local Appropriations in America’s First Century." American Political Science Review 112, no. 3 (March 28, 2018): 564–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305541800014x.

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After describing a newly assembled dataset consisting of almost 9,000 local appropriations made by the U.S. Congress between 1789 and 1882, we test competing accounts of the politics surrounding them before offering a more nuanced, historically contingent view of the emergence of the pork barrel. We demonstrate that for most of this historical period—despite contemporary accusations of crass electoral motives—the pattern of appropriations is largely inconsistent with accounts of distributive politics grounded in a logic of legislative credit-claiming. Instead, support for appropriations in the House mapped cleanly onto the partisan/ideological structure of Congress for most of this period, and only in the 1870s produced the universalistic coalitions commonly associated with pork-barrel spending. We trace this shift to two historical factors: the emergence of a solid Democratic South, and growth in the fraction of appropriations funding recurrent expenditures on extant projects rather than new starts.
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Ezeilo, Joy Ngozi, Uchechukwu Nwoke, and Sylvester Ndubuisi Anya. "The (Un)Constitutional Appropriation and Expenditure of Public Funds in Nigeria: Analysing the “Security Vote” Paradigm through the Law." Journal of African Law 62, no. 2 (May 29, 2018): 225–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855318000141.

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AbstractSecurity challenges have continued to trouble governments internationally. From the Islamic State terrorists in the Gulf region, to the murderous activities of Boko Haram and “herdsmen” in Nigeria in recent times, it has become imperative for those entrusted with maintaining security to redefine the conditions of national security. In this context, it is now conventional for various governments in Nigeria to appropriate enormous amounts of money in their budgets for “national security” (“tagged security vote”). This article explores the emergence, configuration, constitutionality and abuses of security votes in Nigeria. It also explores the appropriation and expenditure of security funds in the USA and attempts to draw lessons from this jurisdiction. It argues that there is a robust connection between security votes and corruption and, thus, attempts to identify legal structures for preventing the misspending and embezzlement of public funds (security votes) in the country's monetary appropriation and expenditure.
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Han, Kyuhong, Vikas Mittal, and Yan Zhang. "Relative Strategic Emphasis and Firm-Idiosyncratic Risk: The Moderating Role of Relative Performance and Demand Instability." Journal of Marketing 81, no. 4 (July 2017): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jm.15.0509.

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Firms may allocate scarce resources to two fundamental strategic processes: value creation and value appropriation. The relative investment in these processes (i.e., a firm's relative strategic emphasis) may be associated with firm-idiosyncratic risk. Empirically, a firm's relative strategic emphasis is represented by the difference between its advertising expenditure and its research-and-development expenditure. Using data from 2,403 firms over the period of 2000–2014, the authors find that firms’ relative strategic emphasis on value appropriation versus value creation reduces firm risk, though in a contingent manner. This association is weaker when firms have larger positive or negative relative performance. Furthermore, these contingent associations are stronger when demand instability in an industry is higher. Overall, the results demonstrate that a firm's strategic emphasis should be examined in light of its relative performance, as well as in the context of current market conditions, when making judicious resource allocation decisions.
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Stančík, Juraj. "Targeting the Digital Agenda for Europe: a new approach for estimating ICT R&D expenditures." info 16, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-09-2013-0048.

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Purpose – The main goal of this paper is to create a methodology for estimating public research and development (R&D) expenditures on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the European Union (EU). The study further applies this methodology on business expenditures on R&D (BERD) data across all sectors and estimate ICT BERD within each of them. Then the study assesses the evolution of these expenditures in the context of the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) and its specific target to double them by 2020. Design/methodology/approach – The study assumes that the share of public ICT R&D expenditures in total public R&D expenditures is similar to the share of ICT R&D labour costs. The study bases its estimation on government budget appropriations or outlays on R&D (GBAORD). Findings – EU public ICT R&D expenditures grew steadily over the period 2004-2010 and in 2010 reached 5.9 billion. The study also estimates that the total EU ICT BERD in 2010 amounted to 15.8 billion. Regarding the DAE target about ICT R&D expenditures, the study shows that, in both public and private, the EU drops behind. Research limitations/implications – The study estimates that substantial ICT BERD can be found also in non-ICT sectors. Practical implications – The methodology allows for monitoring one of the DAE targets. Originality/value – The methodology currently represents the only way for measuring public ICT R&D expenditures in the EU.
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Juan Kornblihtt. "Oil Rent Appropriation, Capital Accumulation, and Social Expenditure in Venezuela during Chavism." World Review of Political Economy 6, no. 1 (2015): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.6.1.0058.

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Skačkauskienė, Ilona. "RESEARCH ON THE DYNAMICS OF LITHUANIAN STATE REVENUE AND PREFERENCES FOR EXPENDITURE ALLOCATION." Journal of Business Economics and Management 14, no. 4 (August 28, 2013): 806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2013.789451.

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The article analyses revenue and expenditure on the national budget of Lithuania and looks at their dynamics and structure. First, the paper is aimed at naming the main sources of revenue as well as the preferential areas of financing. Second, it is also sought to disclose the objective principles of allocating budget appropriation. To achieve the goal, the correlation between preferences in government activity and expenditure allocation was investigated. The conducted research employs ranging and correlational analysis. Since the formation of a bigger budget leads to an increased appropriation of all functional areas, structural data were analysed thus enabling to more soundly determine whether the distinction of a functional area, as the preferential one, has an influence on its greater significance in the overall system of the national budget. After making the study, no possibility of asserting that a distinction of the preferential functional area is related to its preferential financing exists. In order to summarize the obtained results, it could be claimed that the allocation of resources accumulated by the state would be more substantiated if we related it more with activity priorities of the Government. This would lead to higher objectivity when taking decisions on public administration.
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Middlekauff, Wm Bradford. "Twisting the President's Arm: The Impoundment Control Act as a Tool for Enforcing the Principle of Appropriation Expenditure." Yale Law Journal 100, no. 1 (October 1990): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/796769.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Appropriatons and expenditures"

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Miller, David Elston. "The fiscal blank check policy and its impact on Operation Iraqi Freedom." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/06Dec%5FMiller%5FDavid.pdf.

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Berlin, Peter. "The budget, the President and the 97th Congress." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26783.

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This thesis looks at House budgetary actions in the 97th Congress in 1981 and 1982. In 1981, despite the opposition of the economic committees and the Democratic majority leadership, the House voted through a budget drawn up by the White House. In 1982, however, they refused to pass a budget drawn to President Reagan's blueprint. The first chapter is a narrative of the events of those two years. The second chapter is an account of the theoretical literature on the subject which pose several questions about those events and also suggest some answers. The third chapter is a statistical analysis of nine House roll calls over the two years. It attempts, first, to identify those Representatives who made the difference between Presidential victory in 1981 and frustration in 1982. Second, it tries to explain what these marginal presidential supporters had in common and what made them switch sides.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Mileshko, Roman. "The evolution of the Defense Budget process in Ukraine, 1991-2006." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FMileshko.pdf.

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Kirby, Jeffrey L. "Transformational budget considerations in pursuit of the total fleet concept." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FKirby%5FJeff.pdf.

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Suchomel, Bruce Richard. "A strategic analysis of budgeting for integrated logistical support of defense systems." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/578.

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Kalashe, Mzukisi Harrington. "An evaluation of the implementation of budgetary control measures by the provincial treasury with specific reference to the province of the Eastern Cape Department of Education." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/530.

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Budget control is a process of financial monitoring to ensure effective allocation, collection and efficient utilizing of public funds. It is a process that is aimed at ensuring the accomplishment of public policy objectives. Budget control is regulated by financial legislation as well as regulations and procedures which guide public financial administrators. Continuous monitoring is needed once appropriation is allowed by parliament or provincial legislatures to ensure effective service rendering as well as tax and user charges collection. This study investigates the reported ineffective budget control measures implemented by the provincial treasury in the Province of the Eastern Cape particularly in the Eastern Cape Department of Education (George, 2004). Ineffective budget control may be associated with the implementation of unstable fiscal policy by the provincial treasury that led to deficit spending in the Department of Education during the 2004/5 financial year. The purpose of this study is to show that the implementation of stable fiscal policy instruments by the provincial treasury would lead to effective budget control in provincial departments such as the Eastern Cape Department of Education. Governments in many instances encounter various challenges in controlling their expenditures on an annual basis as well as in the medium term. This is due to the notion that once the government exceeds the current year’s budget, it consumes the forthcoming budget. Borrowing is by nature an implicit consumption of future unplanned revenue. This makes the Medium Term Revenue Framework in the province immaterial as the provincial own revenue is insignificant. The relative uncontrollability of government expenditure stems from the notion that the provision of, for instance, primary education and social welfare is intertwined with legal entitlement within prescribed parameters. Allocative efficiency embodies recognition of legal entitlement that is reflected in the distribution imperatives if the provincial treasury is to be effective in the budget control function. The National Norms and Standards for School Funding of 2006 state explicitly that public spending in public schools is targeted at increasing the literacy levels of the poor. Intergovernmental fiscal relations play a pivotal role in modelling the fiscal policy of the province. This stems from the fact that expected national collected revenue is distributed as an equitable share to national, provincial and local spheres of government. The criteria for revenue sharing are based on economic disparities and demographics in each sphere of government. It is imperative to note in intergovernmental relations that there are functional areas of concurrent national and provincial competencies. The budget control function of the provincial treasury is implemented within the framework of various administrative processes which are aimed at ensuring effective transactional activities. The disbursement of funds and various other financial processes are subject to the delegation of powers as prescribed in the Public Finance Management Act, 1999 (Act 1 of 1999), as amended by Act 29 of 1999. The provincial governments’ fiscal policies are modelled to be consistent with the macro-economic objectives of the national government. It is for the purpose of macro-economic stability that only national government is eligible to borrow to finance a budget deficit. Provinces are legally prohibited from overspending their budgets. If the fiscal policies of the provinces materially and unreasonably prejudice the national economic policies, the relevant provincial treasury is responsible for taking appropriate steps to place the financial administration on a sound footing.
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Fleming, Glen A. "An Analysis of Oregon Department of Transportation Planned Highway Construction Projects for Selected /years from 1978 to 1992." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5071.

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Construction of highway projects is one of the most important and expensive state government functions. Highway construction projects bring revenue and jobs to the locales in which they are built, in addition to providing a better transportation infrastructure within or between communities, states or nations. In the state of Oregon, its Department of Transportation (ODOT) publishes a document forecasting planned highway construction expenditures for the next six years. This document was called, until recently the six-year highway program; it is the Department's primary programming document for planned highway construction expenditures in the next six years, with updates every two years. More recently the document has been renamed the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP). The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution of planned highway construction projects within the state of Oregon from 1978 to 1992 by analyzing five selected ODOT six-year programs. Planned highway project expenditures were analyzed statistically, by county, to explain patterns of expenditure by project location, work type, highway level of importance, and changes in these over time. To analyze the significance of proposed highway expenditures by county, the cost of highway projects was compared and statistically measured against county factors such as population, area, total state highway mileage, and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Data was collected from ODOT, the Oregon Secretary of State and the Center for Population Research and Census. Analysis consisted of simple grouping and sorting by program year, work type, etc., bivariate linear regression, and multiple linear regression. These analyses were performed on individual project data, and project data aggregated to the county level, for each of the five selected ODOT programs. The analyses determined that there was a positive correlation between relatively high programmed highway expenditures, large county populations (and population densities) and high total highway mileages per county in Oregon; in other words, the highway funds went where the people and state highways were. Furthermore, the analysis confirmed relative ranking hypotheses between highway expenditures work types, and the type of highway (LOI) the projects were to be performed on. These two secondary "ranking by type" hypotheses were: 1.) project work type, from most to least expensive: modernization, bridge, preservation, safety, and miscellaneous; 2.) LOI, from highest to least importance: interstate, statewide, regional, and statewide. Observations on the trends of expenditures over time showed that 1.) modernization expenditures in Oregon increased from 1978 to 1988, then declined in 1992 when preservation projects increased; and that 2.) interstate highways in Oregon received the highest funding overall from 1978 to 1988, but that from 1986 onward, statewide highways received more and more funding, and by 1992 were receiving more funding than the interstates.
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Bessemer, William G. "Transitioning to Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2666.

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The Air Force is currently developing Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAV). The UCAV is projected for initial testing by 2010. However, after reviewing the Office of Secretary of Defense's Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap for 2005 2030
obtaining squadrons of UCAVs will cost billions of dollars and require decades to produce. The United States cannot afford to wait decades for unmanned weapons. Technology is spreading fast. Third world countries without stable economies and non-state actors are able to obtain/develop sophisticated weapons that are capable of destroying tactical aircraft. With sophisticated weapons easily obtainable, the risk of losing people in air combat is increasing significantly and that in turn is creating a level playing field for potential U.S. adversaries. Unmanned weapons technology can help America retain its military edge. However, since unmanned warfare capability is still decades away and is a multi-billion dollar project, America needs a quick fix. This study will argue that the most effective way to decrease risk-of-life and budget costs is to introduce F-16 Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) aircraft for combat. This thesis will answer the question: How can the government seize the unmanned aircraft advantages and decrease defense spending until the UCAV is operational? The answer to this question will illustrate how an effective F-16 UAS force can synchronize resources to properly complete UCAV development while instantly reducing risk of life.
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Chiabrishvili, Maia. "Economic Security Environment and Implementation of planning programming, budgeting, execution (PPBE) system in Georgia /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FChiabrishvili.pdf.

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Yakutiel, Marc M. ""Treasury control" and the South African War, 1899-c.1905." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:72996f72-53d5-4c91-aafb-943ed406f9c3.

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This thesis gives an account of the Treasury's role in preparing for, and conducting, the South African War, at a time when the orthodox Gladstonian principles of public finance were being challenged. It is a case study, in an exceptional instance, of the nature and effectiveness of Treasury control over expenditure on imperial expansion; of the Treasury's view of how a colonial war should be financed and who was to pay for it, of what cost-benefit analysis the Treasury applied to a colonial war, and of why it relied on recouping a substantial part of the war cost from an indemnity levied on a defeated Transvaal. The thesis is an attempt to define the vague concept of "Treasury control", not in constitutional theory, but as it worked in practice. It is argued that Treasury control and the rigidity of the annual peace time budget obstructed before the war the taking of any serious military precautions, left no reserve fund for war contingencies, and made any long-term strategic planning almost impossible. Rather than run the risk of asking money from Parliament for reinforcements to South Africa, which would be unpopular, as it might require increased taxation, and which might prove unnecessary, the Cabinet waited till the need to spend taxpayers' money had been demonstrated, although it could result in initial setbacks and in a longer and more expensive campaign. This, in conjunction with Milner's and Chamberlain's political strategy, dictated a military solution to the crisis. It is further argued that at first the Treasury estimated the cost of the war at £10 million, while assuring Parliament that a substantial part of it would be recouped by way of indemnity from the Transvaal. But the colonial expedition turned into a war on a European scale, the final charge to the British Exchequer was £217 million, and not a penny of indemnity was exacted from the Transvaal. The Treasury's view was restricted largely to the current year's budget and the following year's estimates, and how to secure their approval in Parliament. In this case, Treasury control was as ineffective during the war, as its estimates of the cost of the war and who would pay for it, were unrealistic.
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Books on the topic "Appropriatons and expenditures"

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United States. President (1989-1993 : Bush). Veto of H.R. 1487: Message from the President of the United States transmitting his veto of H.R. 1487, a bill to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 1990 and 1991 for the Department of State, and for other purposes. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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United States. President (1989-1993 : Bush). Veto of H.R. 1487: Message from the President of the United States transmitting his veto of H.R. 1487, a bill to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 1990 and 1991 for the Department of State, and for other purposes. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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United States. President (1989-1993 : Bush). Veto of H.R. 1487: Message from the President of the United States transmitting his veto of H.R. 1487, a bill to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 1990 and 1991 for the Department of State, and for other purposes. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Godbole, Madhav. Public expenditures in Maharashtra: A case for expenditure strategy. Bombay: Himalaya Pub. House, 1989.

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Board, Canada Treasury. Managing government expenditures: The record, management iniatives, the expenditure control plan. [Ottawa]: Treasury Board, 1990.

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Lloyd, Roger. Proposed supplemental appropriations: A report on requests for supplemental appropriation transfers. [Helena, Mont.]: Legislative Fiscal Analyst, 1994.

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Bush), United States President (1989-1993 :. Veto of H.R. 2939: Message from the President of the United States transmitting his veto of H.R. 2939, a bill making appropriations for foreign operations, export financing, and related programs for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990, and for other purposes. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Tridimas, George. Total expenditure endogeneity in a system of demand for public consumption expenditures in the UK. Reading: University of Reading, 1996.

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Tridimas, George. Total expenditure endogeneity in a system of demand for public consumption expenditures in the UK. Reading, England: University of Reading, Dept. of Economics, 1996.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment. To amend Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation Act of 1972 to authorize appropriatons: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, on H.R. 3387 ... hearing held in Washington, DC, October 22, 1991. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Appropriatons and expenditures"

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Florio, Massimo. "Large-Scale Investment in Science: Economic Impact and Social Justice." In The Economics of Big Science, 105–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52391-6_15.

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Abstract Science is not a free lunch. Worldwide, R&D expenditures per year, from basic research to product development by firms, are about USD1.7 trillion (according to UNESCO estimates for 2017). There are perhaps 7.8 million professional researchers globally, around one researcher out of one thousand inhabitants of the planet. In the OECD area, which includes the most developed economies, government R&D spending is worth about USD 315 billion per year and the share of government of the total R&D expenditures is 28%. Hence, citizens support research in two ways: firstly, as consumers by paying a price for goods and services which in turn include in their production costs such expenditures; secondly, by paying taxes which support government R&D expenditures, mostly for basic science. In this short essay, I discuss two questions: What is the economic impact of basic research? What are the implications for social justice of the interplay between -on one side- government funded science and -on the other side- R&D supported by business? I will argue that the ultimate economic impact of large-scale investment in basic research is often (but not always) positive (i.e. benefits are greater than costs). There is, however, a potential concern for social justice arising from the private appropriation by business of rents arising from knowledge as a public good.
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Tochtermann, Peter. "Appropriations for unforeseeable expenditure." In Unified Patent Protection in Europe: A Commentary. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755463.003.0176.

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Art 28 is an exception to the general rule that all appropriations have to be set out under different headings according to type and purpose (Art 27(3) UPC Statute). This is to ensure that the Court has financial resources if unexpected expenditure occurs so that the Court can fulfil its obligations in order to guarantee the functioning of the Court.
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Killmann, Bernd-Roland. "Article 316 TFEU." In The EU Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759393.003.469.

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Article 271 EC In accordance with conditions to be laid down pursuant to Article 322, any appropriations, other than those relating to staff expenditure, that are unexpended at the end of the financial year may be carried forward to the next financial year only.
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Mullen, Edward James. "Regimes, Party, and Federal Budgeting: Presidential Estimates, Appropriations, and Expenditures." In The Changing Racial Regime, 75–89. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351305129-5.

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Grimmer, Justin, Sean J. Westwood, and Solomon Messing. "How Legislators Create an Impression of Influence." In The Impression of Influence. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691162614.003.0003.

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This chapter characterizes legislators' credit-claiming efforts, demonstrating how often legislators claim credit for spending, what legislators claim credit for securing, and the amount legislators publicize. It develops accurate measures of legislators' credit-claiming rates and then shows how legislators' credit-claiming strategies reflect the types of districts they represent. Legislators with the greatest incentive to cultivate a personal vote claim credit more often than colleagues who can win reelection with appeals to their partisan base. The chapter also illuminates how members of Congress claim credit broadly and not just for money that is earmarked during the appropriations process. This behavior includes claiming credit for requests made during the appropriations process even if the expenditures only have a small chance of actually reaching the district. What is more, legislators claim credit for more than funds earmarked during the appropriations process. They also claim credit for grants that executive agencies allocate.
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Lu, Yaotai, and Khi V. Thai. "Information Management for Public Budget Decision Making." In Inter-Organizational Information Systems and Business Management, 169–91. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-768-5.ch011.

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Information is very important throughout the government budgetary process which consists of budget preparation, budget appropriations, budget execution, and auditing and evaluation. When their budgets are prepared, agencies need various sources of data including those related to all types of government revenues and expenditures, economic conditions, agency needs, and services to provide. In each phase of the budgetary process, data are needed for decision making concerning the amount of money to allocate, the programs to establish, outputs to measure, performance to evaluate, and goals and objectives to accomplish. In the United States, these data have been provided via various types of budgetary techniques, including line-item budgeting, program budgeting, planning-program budgeting systems, performance budgeting and zero-based budgeting.
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Posner, Richard A. "Why so little is being done about the catastrophic risks." In Catastrophe. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195178135.003.0005.

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I have said that the dangers of catastrophe are growing. One reason is the rise of apocalyptic terrorism. Another, however—because many of the catastrophic risks are either created or amplified by science and technology—is the breakneck pace of scientific and technological advance. A clue to that pace is that between 1980 and 2000 the average annual growth rate of scientific and engineering employment in the United States was 4.9 percent, more than four times the overall employment growth rate. Growth in the number of scientific personnel of the other countries appears to have been slower, but still significant, though statistics are incomplete. Of particular significance is the fact that the cost of dangerous technologies, such as those of nuclear and biological warfare, and the level of skill required to employ them are falling, which is placing more of the technologies within reach of small nations, terrorist gangs, and even individual psychopaths. Yet, great as it is, the challenge of managing the catastrophic risks is receiving less attention than is lavished on social issues of far less intrinsic significance, such as race relations, whether homosexual marriage should be permitted, the size of the federal deficit, drug addiction, and child pornography. Not that these are trivial issues. But they do not involve potential extinction events or the modestly less cataclysmic variants of those events. So limited is systematic analysis of the catastrophic risks that there are no estimates of what percentage either of the federal government’s total annual research and development (R & D) expenditures (currently running at about $120 billion), or of its science and technology expenditures (that is, R & D minus the D), which are about half the total R & D budget, are devoted to protection against them. Not that R & D is the only expenditure category relevant to the catastrophic risks. But it is a very important one. We do know that federal spending on defense against the danger of terrorism involving chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons rose from $368 million in 2002 (plus $203 million in a supplemental appropriation) to more than $2 billion in 2003.
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Grimmer, Justin, Sean J. Westwood, and Solomon Messing. "Solving the Representative’s Problem and Creating the Representative’s Opportunity." In The Impression of Influence. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691162614.003.0002.

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This chapter explains when strategic legislators will associate themselves with spending and how constituents are likely to allocate credit in response to legislators' credit claiming messages. The complicated appropriations process makes it nearly impossible for constituents, on their own, to track their legislators' activities. This complexity creates a need for legislators to explain their work to constituents. Reelection-oriented legislators face a trade-off between adopting a nonpartisan reputation as an effective advocate for the district or cultivating an image as a partisan who effectively advocates for their party. As a result, who legislators represent affects how legislators balance these considerations in their public messages. Constituents are responsive to legislators' credit claiming efforts, but lack both the context and the information necessary to be responsive to the amount legislators claim credit for securing. Instead, constituents will seize on information they are better equipped to evaluate: the action legislators report, the recipient of the expenditure, and the purported benefits.
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Torry, Malcolm. "Objections." In Why we need a Citizen's Basic Income, 145–80. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447343158.003.0010.

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This chapter examines various objections to a Citizen's Basic Income, such as: people should not be paid for doing nothing; immigration would go up; people would not work; we cannot afford it; it would cause a hike in public expenditure; the money could be better used on other things. Another objection is that if means-tested benefits are abolished, then we would not know to whom we should give passported benefits such as free school meals. The chapter responds to each of these objections, focusing in particular on funding schemes for the Citizen's Basic Incomes such as making changes to the existing tax and benefits structure, taxing appropriation of the commons, or by means of consumption taxes or a Financial Transaction Tax. It also considers some of the problems that a Citizen's Basic Income cannot solve, including disability, housing costs, fuel poverty and climate change.
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"Peacekeeping operations funded by the regular budget: Status of appropriations by major object of expenditure for the six-month period of the biennium 2006-2007 ended 30 June 2006." In Financial Report and Audited Financial Statements for the 12-month Period from 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006 and Report of the Board of Auditors, 212. UN, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/23ef5b34-en.

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Conference papers on the topic "Appropriatons and expenditures"

1

Chen, Qianqin, and Jiayu Wen. "Appropriation Cost, Government Expenditure and Income Disparity." In 2016 International Conference on Modern Management, Education Technology, and Social Science (MMETSS 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mmetss-16.2017.69.

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XU, Guang-Yi, and Xiao-Dan Qiu. "Triple Public Financial Appropriation - A Legal Corruption Hotbed in Chinese Public Expenditure." In 2013 International Conference on Advances in Social Science, Humanities, and Management. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/asshm-13.2013.18.

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