Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Approvisionnement alimentaire'
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Sow, Fatimata. "Du concept d'insécurité alimentaire à la notion de vulnérabilité : les chemins de l'adaptation du système de sécurité alimentaire à l'évolution du risque." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA111005.
Full textMboumba, Boussougou Léa. "L’approvisionnement alimentaire de la ville de Libreville au Gabon." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUEL045.
Full textFood supply in Gabon, particularly in Libreville the capital, totally depends on foreign supply networks. In facts, 80% of food needs in this West African equatorial country are essentially covered by imported products. Consequently, local products cover less than twenty percent of food needs. The predominance of foreign supply chains led the government to create policies that encourage the expansion of a local agriculture in order to counterbalance the current distribution. But most of those policies failed to reduce the dependence on imported products. Considering the importance of promoting a local agriculture as the solution the reach a sustainable supply chain, the present work aims to provide an inventory of food supply chains in Libreville. The study focuses on nine products distributed in three groups: food crops, market gardening and fruit crops. It appears that Libreville is strongly dependent to some products coming from Cameroon (plantain, taro, onion, atanga, and avocado) and well as the Nederland (onion) and some Asian countries for rice. The study also identifies the main barriers to the growth of a local agriculture, from the upstream to the downstream of the supply chain. The obstacles concern the farmers, the carriers and the market’s internal organization. This work also provides some solutions to revitalize local networks in order to actively respond to the food demand of the populations in Libreville. After a brief review of past and current government policies, the study look to private initiatives, one of the solutions envisaged for the development of agriculture in Gabon
Djoi, Louis Sedogbo Emmanuel. "Sécurité alimentaire au Bénin." Bordeaux 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR30022.
Full textSouka, Jean-François Sylvestre. "Urbanisation, approvisionnement vivrier et consommation alimentaire en Afrique noire : le cas de Brazzaville." Bordeaux 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR30025.
Full textA long time after having declared agriculture as "the priority of priorities", the congolese governement in 1984, set itself the goal of reaching food self-sufficiency by the year 2000. For them, he travels all over the world. There appears however to be a double contradiction between this slogan, which is legitimate and even commendable as an objective, and the reality of the situation, which comes from the degree of urbanisation in the congo, where two-thirds of the population lives in urban or semi-urban centres: there are fewer and fewer rural producers, and for various reasons, diets in urban environments are very different from the traditional model. Through this study of brazzaville, we can look into food stuffs, sources of supply, distribution networks and the evolution of dietary behavior, in a country which, although it hasn't encountered famine as such, has nevertheless serious difficulties in feeding its population
Maimon, Dália. "Politiques d'approvisionnement alimentaire au Brésil : 1967-1986." Paris, EHESS, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989EHES0020.
Full textMouawad, Hanane. "La consommation alimentaire urbaine entre l'uniformisation et les particularismes : Application au cas libanais." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON10003.
Full textSchmitt, Franck. "Equilibre alimentaire en Méditerranée : les enjeux pour le XXIe siècle." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON10016.
Full textAamoum, Ali. "Agriculture et équilibre alimentaire : le cas du Maroc." Montpellier 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON10051.
Full textBecquey, Elodie. "Sécurité alimentaire des ménages urbains au Burkina Faso : caractéristiques et mesure." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066557.
Full textLandry, Élise. "Approvisionnement et accès alimentaire de mères de famille monoparentale à faible revenu d'un quartier urbain de Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26191.
Full textThis collaborative and qualitative study aims to better understand food supply and food access of low-income single mothers in an urban neighborhood of Quebec City. Eight (8) women have been met in one-on-one, semi-directed interviews, structured around a participative cartography exercise. The results have then been validated and deepened by holding a focus group meeting with 4 participants. The results show us that the participant's food supply follows a complex and ordered routine. The analysis of the factors influencing the participants food access, built around the multidimensional conceptual frame of Freedman and al. (2013), highlights many components that have had little attention until now: the absence of alimony for children, the difficulty to join the labor market, inadequacy of food assistance, traveling long distances and the lack of motorization, the resort to the social network, violence by a partner, transitions like perinatality or immigration.
Provost, Caroline. "Impact d'un insecticide sur la relation intraguilde et approvisionnement optimal de trois prédateurs en vergers de pommiers /." Montréal : Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005. http://accesbib.uqam.ca/cgi-bin/bduqam/transit.pl?&noMan=24065736.
Full textMeurier, Virginie. "Autosuffisance céréalière et sécurité alimentaire en Inde : une mise ne perspective historique." Grenoble 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE21006.
Full textJari, Mostafa. "La question de la sécurité alimentaire dans le monde arabe." Bordeaux 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR40028.
Full textThis thesis explores the question of arab food gap from different perspectives, and examines the distabilizing effects of systematic food import on both agricultural rural development and decision making process in the arab world. It gives a general account of the basic factors affecting agriculture and food in most arab countries and of the application of existing knowledge of the principles of food security planning to its improvement. In general the study deals with principles rather than with specific detail. It does not set out to give a comprehensive treatment of any arab food policies. Nor does it cover in detail those aspects of food security such as, poverty and malnutrition, where acces to information is very difficult. However the reader is referred in the text to be guided by books and documents dealing with these later subjects, all giving specialized accounts of particular aspects or facets of food security. The author set tree focal points for the research, summurized as follows : 1. To identify the major constraints hindering or inhibiting the progress, the development, and the implementation of agricultural and food policies in the arab world ; ii. To review the latest developments concerning the concept of food security ; iii. To discuss the mesures needed to initiate global cooperation between arab states, in strategic fields such as food security. Given the complexity of those focal points, and given the varied obstacles which block the course of scientific research in the arab world, the issue of arab food gap is rather questionned than totally answered ; in others words, the problematic of arab food security remainds open for furthers empiricals investigations
Requier-Desjardins, Denis. "La consommation alimentaire en Côte d'Ivoire : portée et limites de l'éclairage économique." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100031.
Full textThis work refutes for Ivory Coast a wide spread assumption in the bulk of the analytical frameworks of the food crisis in sub-Saharan Africa: i. E. "food mimetism", namely the continuous and irreversible growth of consumption of imported food products which generates, especially in the urban areas, a standardization of the food consumption patterns. This assumption is built up in different schemes which see food consumption as a dependent variable from items such as food productions or market conditions. On the reverse, this work discusses the ability of the economic theory to propose an analysis of the autonomous dynamics of food consumption within a set of interrelations with other levels of food system. Given the weakness of the actual economic approach on that point, the eventual integration of some results of the anthropological approach is emphasized
Ajanohoun, Guy-Amédée. "Le développement du vivrier comme réponse à la dépendance alimentaire : cas d'étude : Côte d'Ivoire." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100268.
Full textLafages-Gaveau, Dynah. "Les problèmes de ravitaillement alimentaire de l'agglomération pointoise (Guadeloupe)." Bordeaux 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR30008.
Full textThe fodd supply of ponte-a-pitre is a matter of quantity and quality. With the westernalization of tastes, the urban growth and the improvement of the standared of life, the inhabitants of pointe-a-pitre have grown demanding as far as the food needs are concerned. Production and importations contribute to the supply of the town people by the means of varied and original commercial circuls. Thus we sway from a traditional type of commerce to a modern one. There is an oringinal type of business lelonging to the traditional tendancy and called "lolo" whose first supplier is the wholesale business. But the modern commercial circuit represented by the supermarket is in stiff competition with the traditional market. In front of this evolution faced by pointe-apitre food business, does the local production still play an important role? despite an improvement since 1980, it is diffi cult to talk about independance of food supply
Khouri-Dagher, Nadia. "Approvisionnement alimentaire et ordre social en Égypte dans les années 80 : l'État, le peuple des villes et la gestion du quotidien." Paris, EHESS, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996EHES0135.
Full textThis thesis aims at analyzing the survival strategies of the poor in cairo, and the political risk associated with the hardships of daily life and with the retreat of the welfarestate, through an analysis of access to food, which represents the major part of an egyptian household budget. The research is based notably on an anthropological survey carried out in the popular neighborhood of mansheyet nasser in cairo, in the 80's. In egypt the state presents itself to it citizen as a "feeder-state", notably through heavy subsidies to basic food items, and in particular to bread. Being poor is costly in cairo: the poor often pay more for the basic goods and services; have lesser access to those resources subsidized by the govenment; and are marginalized vis-a-vis the parallel but essential networks of non-monetary exchanges and black market. Their survival strategies heavily rely on the households social networks, which extend from the village to the neighborhood mosque. The self-representations that the poor develop also constitute a major help. Faced with popular discontent, the egyptian state answers through the media and press, which have become the place of a dialogue with the citizen that has an important political function. But foremost, the state, through a heavy subsidy to bread, with represents 40% of the daily caloric intake, succeeds in presenting itself as warrant of the food security, i. E. Of the material security, of its eitizen. But because food subsidies are the only left piece of nasserian heritage
Abad, Reynald. "L'approvisionnement alimentaire de Paris aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles." Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040217.
Full textLoignon, Jeanne. "Les critères de la qualité de l'offre alimentaire : un examen de la portée." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33445.
Full textImpacts of some changes that occurred in the food environment after industrialization and globalization led researchers to look further into how food environment (or food supply) influences individuals’ food habits. However, there is no consensual and multidisciplinary definition of food supply quality or of the criteria to be taken into account to assess or improve it. In order to pursue its mission to improve the quality and accessibility of the food supply, the Food Quality Observatory (FQO), which is supported by the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), needs to address these issues. This manuscript presents a scoping review that aimed to synthesize the scientific and grey literature about the food supply quality concept and its underlying criteria. Results show that some criteria are more studied such as availability (i.e. availability of healthy, acceptable, eco-friendly and fresh food), affordability, quantity, variety and promotion. Other criteria more related to sociocultural or individual aspects of food supply like ambience, convenience or availability of tasty and attractive food were less studied. There are very few explicit definitions of food supply quality identified in the literature. The results of this thesis allow a global comprehension of the literature about food supply quality, which aims to identify gaps in the literature and to line up FQO’s future work.
Madeleine, Emily. "La sécurité alimentaire à l'épreuve du droit international des investissements." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR0031.
Full textWhile international investments contribute to achieving food security, they can also be a threat and a path to aggravation. The study of the interactions between food security and international investments reveals the existence of norm conflicts carrying food risks and highlights normative imbalances in international investment law. Thus, the implementation of investor rights is likely to lead to the exclusion of food security. Conversely, the assertion of the latter may lead to an alteration or denial of investors' rights. In this situation of conflict, the food obligations of the State can not be met simultaneously with the obligations set out in the international investment agreements. These norm conflicts intervene as alarms and inform on the one hand, on the imbalances of the power of regulation of the States and the exclusive rights of the investors, and on the other hand, on the asymmetry of the rights of the victims of food insecurity and the investor rights. The lack of prevention reinforces the contradictions of decisions and maintains the subjection of States to contradictory obligations. Once analyzed the conflicts of norms and the food risks that they generate, it turns out that the attempts of resolution of these, by means of the traditional techniques, remain often inoperative, accounting for the limits of the current system. For their part, the risks, the norm and the food responsibility sometimes remain unidentified and are not apprehended as a whole. These circumstances complicate the resolution of norm conflicts. Therefore, the thesis seeks to demonstrate that these conflicts are sometimes likely to be avoided, or reduced, then, consider a treatment in the resolution of the latter in order to achieve a link between the rights of foreign investors and the protection of the food public interest of the host state of the investment
Ouedraogo, François de Charles. "Géographie de la vulnérabilité alimentaire dans l'Est du Burkina Faso : des potentialités aux ressources." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010521.
Full textMateos, Monica. "L'investissement direct étranger et les formes de coordination du sytème alimentaire : le cas de l'Argentine." École nationale supérieure agronomique (Montpellier), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0014.
Full textRoulon-Doko, Paulette. "Une société d'autosubsistance et d'abondance alimentaire dans la savane centrafricaine : les Gbaya 'Bodoe." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05H027.
Full textThis research focuses on the global phenomenon of food production among the gbaya 'bodoe a people of the western central African Republic. It is an ethnolinguistic study which associates native speech (both everyday speech and cultural speech (tales and proverbs) and direct ethnographic observation. In so doing it aims to capture the cultural realities underlying the linguistic organization of meaning, and seeks to reveal cognitive and symbolic values beyond the language itself. A short presentation of the gbaya 'bodoe language brings out the phonological and syntactical elements necessary to understand the text of the examples. The reste of the study is divided into four sections: - knowledge and organization of the natural environment (time and space) ; - food production (hunting, gathering and farming) ; - cooking and food preparation ; - consumption of food ; each of these sections associates linguistic expression, conceptual organization and symbolic values. Analysis reveals extensive knowledge which is not explicitly expressed by speakers, but constitutes an immense body of common knowledge of which everyone possesses all the pieces, like a puzzle, but which is never completely assembled at one time. This study seeks to put the pieces of the puzzle together. Cooking is here seen as a true art practiced by all, and a social means of communication. A gbaya-french vocabulary covering the 3500 items mentioned completes the study
Fournier, Anne. "Localisation des productions agricoles et durabilité des systèmes d’approvisionnement alimentaire en milieu urbain." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100140/document.
Full textOver the past sixty years, the world population has experienced a dramatic surge from 2.5 billion people by the end of World War II, to 7 billion in 2011. This population growth differs from previous episodes not only in importance, but also because of the joint emergence of a new and ongoing trend of rising urbanization. Expected to strengthen worldwide, this trend is a real challenge for the international community in terms of sustainability, especially for food supply. This thesis provides a theoretical treatment of food supply chain sustainability in a context of rapid and unrelenting urbanization. Halfway between economic geography and environmental economics, its primary goal is to allow for a theoretical formalization of ecological and social trade-offs in a spatially explicit framework. Besides, we argue that this issue cannot satisfactorily resolved without paying specific attention to urban-rural interactions. Our work discloses the following major element : because of the tight and inextricable interconnection between urban and rural areas, the ecological assessment of any food supply chain can only be achieved by taking into account both the demographic and physical features of cities
Tremblay, Lucie. "Les interventions à caractère participatif en sécurité alimentaire : relation entre les intentions et les actions." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25135/25135.pdf.
Full textBriand, Anne. "Politiques tarifaires de l'eau, sécurité alimentaire et vulnérabilité climatique au Sénégal : un modèle d'équilibre général calculable éclairé par une enquête ménages." Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUED004.
Full textBertelli, Olivia. "Trois essais sur la sécurité alimentaire en Afrique Sub-Saharienne." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0072.
Full textDespite the emphasis put by the international community on the need to achieve food security, still today 795 million of people suffer from hunger, two thirds of whom live in rural areas. This thesis aims at shedding light on the determinants that cause households food insecurity in the Sub-Saharan context. The first part of this work illustrates the shortcomings of existing measures of food security and assesses the statistical validity of a multidimensional food security scale. Based on such statistical analysis, I, then, turn to a micro-econometric approach for investigating the role played by the number of children in granting household food security. Lastly, I explore whether household welfare related priorities, among which achieving food security, might explain the puzzling existence of negative profits in agricultural activities
Hunter, Elizabeth. "Food security in rural Lebanon : links with diet and agriculture." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25163/25163.pdf.
Full textAs part of a larger interdisciplinary project at the American University of Beirut, this research is based on a survey of 798 individuals in three rural areas of Lebanon, a market survey and analysis of government policy. It asks if a trade-off is being made between food quantity and food quality in the attempt to achieve food security. More dietary diversity, measured by food groups, is found to be associated with greater food security; wild plant collection is associated with food insecurity due to problems of endogeneity; and self-production of food was not significantly correlated with food security. Analysis of normal and ‘healthy’ food baskets show that healthier, diverse diets are indeed within the economic reach of people in these communities, however the choice of better quality diets may be undercut by current government policies which unwittingly promote unhealthy foods.
Hartingh, Ghislaine de. "Fragilité et dépendance du secteur agro-alimentaire breton en temps de crise politique." Rennes 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986REN20003.
Full textThe author wrote this thesis as she was working for a regional public administration (at state level), so the result is closer to a report to be red by the regional authority (especially the "prefet de region") than to a typical university work. The author met problems and some of them remained unsolved: statistics available today in France don't really cope with economic defence. Moreover it's certainly due to the position of the author that she could get interesting information. Though couldn't she publish all of them in order to respect the military rule "confidential defence»! Among the conclusions, we note : - the fact that a few business executives become to be sensitized to economic defence; - the knowledge of the interregional and international exchanges of Brittany; - the weaknesses of agri-business due to needs in energy, raw materials and stocks - the existence of solutions for more autonomy; - the conviction of the importance of work still to be done. . . And the part that the public authority (the government) could take by financial incitements
Lefebvre, Diane. "Approvisionnement en pollen et en nectar des colonies de bourdons Bombus terrestris. Ecologie comportementale et modélisation. Implications pour la pollinisation des fleurs de tomate en serre." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10068.
Full textBognon, Sabine. "Les transformations de l'approvisionnement alimentaire dans la métropole parisienne : trajectoire socio-écologique et construction de proximités." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010578.
Full textCities are not meant to produce their own livelihood, and so, they are an interesting starting point to the study of the food system. Based on a threefold theoretical framework – territorial ecology, socio-ecological paths and transitions, and proximity strategies – this thesis aims at a multidisciplinary analysis attesting how the food system has been evolving inside the Paris metropolis. The thesis gives a detailed account of the food supply’s socio-ecological trajectory, from the end of the Ancien Régime to the present day. The 2010-2011 turning point settles new initiatives aiming at proximity foodsheds – which had hitherto been ignored altogether or considered marginal and minor. Reterritorialization of the supply is the result of social constructions of geographical and organized proximities. This work also investigates the policies of three food-system stakeholders (public, community and private) regarding an impending transition in the socio-ecological pathway that would imply a merger between production and consumption foodsheds
Diagne, Rokhaya. "Sécurité alimentaire et libéralisation agricole." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998276.
Full textJacquot, Catherine. "Compétition et approvisionnement alimentaire chez 2 souches de souris domestique, Mus m. Domesticus (DDO) et Mus m. Musculus (MDH) : inteactions entre mâles et effet des odeurs sociales." Paris 13, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA132016.
Full textEssers, Julien. "Approvisionnements et mobilités alimentaires des périurbains de l’Ouest francilien : étude d’une ruralité métropolitaine." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100013.
Full textAt the time of globalization and agriculture deterritorialization, the food issue remains a main item for consumers. It helps to create a certain social and spatial phenomena, the potential anchors for resident populations. It also makes it possible to understand the varied and relative links to the different forms of distribution, which are inherent to the complexity of a globalized society. In this particular context, exurban areas represent, by their immediate spatial proximity to dense urban centers and because they remain areas dominated by agriculture, new forms of space capable of questioning/asking the farmer-consumer link and the anchors relating to various forms of spatialization. Our thesis will be focused more specifically on the exurban area of western Paris, an old exurban area that offers major observations for the evolution of forms of ex-urbanization (peri-urbanization) in France. Through the question of food, this thesis aims to study the relationships of ex-urban eaters to their supply territories. These learnings help to understand agricultural connections, representations of rurality. This question of food mobilities is perceived as forms of spatial and social change in the context of the domestic eater’s food systems. Thanks to more than 40 semi-structured interviews and a hundred quizzes, this thesis sheds new light on the question of ex-urban rural areas and their different dimensions. It offers an in-depth look at the plural forms of anchoring and investments in the "local". This thesis allows us a better understanding of the inner ex-urban dynamics and a kind of grasp of the socio-spatial complexity in order to go beyond the "captive" and "closed" space which was the usual characteristics of ex-urban areas
Maldonado, Arzeta Narcedalia. "L'impact de l'ALENA sur l'agriculture et la situation alimentaire au Mexique : mondialisation, politiques publiques et insertion sur les marchés agricoles et agro-alimentaires internationaux : le cas de la filière des oléoprotéagineux." Paris 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA030095.
Full textNAFTA partnership between the United States of America, Canada and Mexico marks a significant progress of “open realism” according to John Bailey, in relation to the multilateral trade agreements. NAFTA creates the regional commercial block most significant in the world, with a cumulated GDP of 8. 8 billions dollars and a trade volume of 486 billions dollars in 1997. This new situation has pushed the three economies and the three societies towards a commercial and social transformation of their relations, as well as important regional and global consequences. In the context of global integration and regional trade blocks, competitiveness becomes very important. Mexican policies have tried to adapt to the NAFTA rules by economic liberalization, ejido's privatisation and macro-economic stabilization. Consequences are not favourable for the Mexican agriculture and food state, notably for the basic food products (corn, rice, beans, and oilseeds). Exports of vegetables and fruits do not compensate the food imports (corn, soybean). Agricultural and food deficit, notably with the United State, is growing very fast as the food dependence of Mexico
Tsamoye, Pacôme. "La mondialisation des échanges agricoles : quels impacts sur la sécurité alimentaire au Gabon et au Cameroun ?" Nantes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NANT3031.
Full textRodriguez, Rojas Roberto. "Mouvements paysans, alternatives de développement et sécurité alimentaire en Amérique centrale entre 1975 et 1995 : les scénarios d'une transition." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010671.
Full textOur work aims to know and understand the rol plays by the different organizations and peasant movements in transformations of both agriculture and central america society between 1975 and 1995, since the "green revolution " until the worldwide present setting of transformation of the agriculture. The approach looks put in evidence the stake of food security as a key point of convergence between the interest of impoverished peasantries of the region and the sustainable development of central american societies. The developed central hypothesis proposes that the depending capitalistic development having oriented the both investment and technological transfers toward the capitalistic sector of l'agriculture, did not permit to peasants producers to constitute themselves in an accumulation axis and to play a dynamic role in the development of societies of the region, knowing that the weight of the agriculture remains very important in this societies. Also the study analise the architecture of the agrarian conflict and the main actors involved in the evolution of the economics, politics and social situation of the region, by putting in evidence the main concentration of the land property, the excluding character of the developpment model and the unequal growing of agricultures of the region, as many factors that explains the agrarian origin of the crisis that will clear to Guatemala, el Salvador and the Nicaragaua, on scripts of civil war. The final part of work shows the new deals of the peasant's organization process and the potential and limits of their alternative proposals to the structural adjustement policies in central America, and adresses several scenarios in a shortcoming of studies of case based in the asocode commercialisation experience- in order to weigh options and possible outcomes for peasant production, food security and sustainable developmement in central America
Collet, Julien. "Facteurs influençant les stratégies de recherche alimentaire des oiseaux marins : une approche comportementale." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS025/document.
Full textIt is essential to understand how animals make foraging decisions to acquire food in order to better anticipate their responses to environmental changes. Breeding seabirds make central-place foraging trips at sea, from their colony. The deployment of small GPS devices on them reveals that they travel for tens to thousands of kilometers, in search of prey for which very little information is known. The behavioural strategies they use to increase their chances to encounter prey, and the implications of these strategies with regards to human fishing activities remain open questions. This thesis offers to examine these questions in three chapters, through theoretical simulations, empirical analyses of foraging trips of various species and populations of seabirds, and the spatiotemporal matching of seabirds and fishing vessels movements. First, our random walk simulations indicate that straight-line phases within path are not sufficient to conclude that seabirds anticipate where to find their prey, contrary to previous conclusions proposed in the literature. However it is possible and easy to analyze biases in the directions individuals follow when they forage, to infer which sources of information they use to decide where to forage. Second, we compare individual fidelity strategies between species, populations and/or ecological contexts through the use of multivariate statistical models (GLMM). Many seabirds display individual fidelity in the direction they forage from the colony, suggesting they rely on memory. Our results show that this is also the case in different species and populations of tropical seabirds, where individuals can remain faithful to a foraging direction for several consecutive days. These results are surprising and difficult to explain as the species we studied are targeting prey whose distribution is supposedly very stochastic and ephemeral. It suggests that the use of memory might be much more widespread in foraging seabirds than anticipated, at least for decisions at large spatial scales. Finally, our analyses on the responses of albatrosses to fishing boats suggest that their responses can be modulated according to species and energetic constraints, and that encounters of fishing boats during a foraging trip have little influence on the strategy used by individuals on their next foraging trip. The attraction of albatrosses to boats might be mainly a local process (at the scale of the perception range) and may be largely opportunistic. Overall, our empirical results anchored in a solid theoretical framework suggest that seabird’s foraging cannot be summarized as encountering rare and unpredictable resources, but might imply resource selection processes after resources are encountered, and/or a decision as to rely either on memory or public information. With that regard, anthropic resources may only be one type of resources among others for seabirds. Many of the analytical tools used here could be transferred to other seabirds and other central place foragers. Indeed, a wider comparative approach is necessary to understand the complex variations in behavioural plasticity observed here, and their consequences regarding future environmental changes
Ouedraogo, Marthe. "Émergence de l’agriculture de contre saison dans la région du Centre du Burkina Faso : une alternative pour la sécurité alimentaire ?" Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MON30032.
Full textAgriculture is the main sector in the economy of Burkina Faso. However, this sector is vulnerable due to high climate variability, high reliance on rain-fed agriculture. Hence, low and irregular rainfall have been recorded the last four decades with a shortening of the rainy season. In order to increase the production and assure food security an additional growing season has been promoted during the dry season (Dry-season agriculture) and enable to lower the impact of climate variability.The present thesis discussed the role played by the dry-season agriculture to assure food security in the Centre region of Burkina Faso. Our goal is to show the impact of dry-season agriculture on the farming households food provision and income the contribution of dry-season agriculture to satisfy non-farming household high demand on agriculture products.Our approach was both theoretical with literature revue (food security, dry-season agriculture) and experimental (field study) through data collection, processing and analysis; qualitative (bibliography) and quantitative methodologies (sampling for statistical impact measurement processing).A literature review on agriculture and food security and on climate change and dry-season agriculture in Burkina Faso has been discussed respectively in the first and second part.The third part presents the main results of the experimental results: the principal characteristics and production typology; the principal causes of food insecurity in farming households; the impact of agricultural production self-consumption and agricultural income; the dry-season agriculture production sales network. Our results show that the agriculture production is dominated by vegetable crops and characterized by small scale farming production. Nevertheless, some variability occurs between the localities of the same region. In addition, agricultural household leaving in urban area are less exposed to food insecurity than agricultural households in the rural area. Furthermore, dry-season agriculture contributes to food security in agricultural household with self-consumption and income from sales. Finally, we found that the central region of Burkina Faso is characterized by an important sector of dry-season agriculture and local distribution of agriculture production.This present thesis is concluded by a discussion on the role of dry-season agriculture on food security, the main causes of food insecurity of agricultural households and the the constraints -challenges and perspectives of the practice (dry-season agriculture).Keywords: dry-season agriculture; security / food insecurity; climate change; market gardening; production typology; causes; self-consumption; agricultural practice; sales network; short circuits; agricultural households; constraints; challenges; perspectives
Morency, Sandra. "Une exploration du continuum sécurité-insécurité alimentaire de ménages à faible revenu de la Ville de Québec et des facteurs qui y sont associés." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24710/24710.pdf.
Full textMorneau, Jérôme. "Le Québec rural entre tradition et modernité : la consommation alimentaire à Saint-Pamphile, 1881-1911." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24004/24004.pdf.
Full textChatzimpiros, Petros. "Les empreintes environnementales de l'approvisionnement alimentaire : Paris, ses viandes et lait, XIXe-XXIe siècles." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1135/document.
Full textFor the sake of the sustainable development as a measure against global environmental change, urban consumption needs to be studied through the processes that underlie production and assessed in terms of resource use and pollutant emissions into the environment. This PhD thesis devotes to understand the mechanisms in supplying meat and milk to Paris over two hundred years and measure the land requirements, water withdrawals and nitrogen flows between agrosystems and the environment to supply each product in the early 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. We used agricultural and transport statistics from French and international data sources to locate the Paris hinterland at each date, quantify the urban food supply as a proportion of the regional potential food production, precisely model the diets of the livestock according to the animal productivity and the feed availability in the regional and global markets at the dawn of each century, compute the nitrogen, energy and feed conversion efficiencies in the meat and milk production and, finally, assess both the size and the geographic pattern of the Paris acreage (spatial imprint) and of the nitrogen and water flows in support of the production. The water imprint is used to account for the water withdrawals (irrigation and rainwater) in terms of volume and use intensity. The N imprint measures on the one hand the total amount of reactive nitrogen entering the agrosystems and the partitioning of these inputs between the food production and the environmental losses. The latter are referred to as “the depth” of the urban imprint which provides a measurement of the indirect contribution of urban areas to the alteration of the N cycle. When expressed on a “per capita” basis (kg N/cap) the depth of the imprint shows the emissions of reactive nitrogen to supply the diet of one person as opposed to the direct individual N discharge in urban wastewater. When expressed on a “per hectare” basis, it shows the intensity of the upstream urban N emissions and can be used as a tool for assessing urban sustainability beyond the city limits. Since the early 19th century, the land requirements for the “per capita” meat and milk consumption in Paris (equaling about 2 kg N/cap/year in both the early 19th and the early 21st centuries) reduced six-fold – with about 30 % of the reduction relating to the doubling of the nutrient conversion efficiencies in the secondary production – but the water use intensity and the “per hectare” depth of the imprint respectively doubled and quadrupled. We estimate that currently, about 45 % of the N losses - meaning 5.1 kg N/per/year or 60 kg N/ha – stem from abandoned manure. As the beef, pork and fresh milk imports to Paris currently account for about 25 % of the protein intake of a Parisian and given that animal production is a priori more wasteful that primary production, we estimate that the “per capita” emissions of N for providing the whole diet equal over 7 times the urban N discharges, meaning that a city's wastewater treatment plants handle less than 15 % of the total (direct and indirect) food related N emissions of the citizens
Ben, Nasr Maaouia. "La sécurité alimentaire dans les pays en développement : cas de la Tunisie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E047.
Full textFood security is defined today through four dimensions, namely the food availability, stability, access and safety. These dimensions form an entity and ensure a healthy diet for everyone. It is precisely for this reason that they cannot be dissociated. Developing countries are the most affected by food insecurity. The food security assessment must be connected to the economic development strategies adopted in each country. For the most of developing countries, the implemented agricultural policies are largely responsible for the state of the food security. Tunisia is among the countries that have neglected the construction of an agricultural production structure that totally focuses on achieving food security ensured by prominent local self-sufficiency in food. For a long time, Tunisia has favored the use of the international market to take advantage of the world prices drop tendency. This strategy is now obsolete because of changes in the international context which are expressed by significant unexampled increases in the prices of agricultural products and food. In addition, there is a deterioration in the economic fundamentals especially the import capacity, as well as a deterioration in public accounts while the food bill raises and the pursuit of the subsidy policy reaches its limits. Moreover, the treatment of the food security issue should not be related only to agricultural production but also to the debt situation of the developing country. Food security is usually the focal point of all problems related to real growth strategies and economic development of many countries including Tunisia. It becomes even more problematic than the forced evolution towards globalization which now places agriculture in the world faced to the threat of widespread trade pushing it to a specialization which is not easy grasp
Jung, Kwan-Seon. "Etude comparative du droit de la gestion des risques alimentaires en France et en Corée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1003.
Full textThe food safety concerns are now an important place, both nationally and internationally. This phenomenon is further strengthening under the leadership of successive food crises and the expansion of uncertain risks. The state accordingly shall undertake responsibility for risk management such as risk assessment, risk prevention, and prompt response to crisis at all stages of production, distribution and sales of food. In this context, the precautionary principle provides a mechanism for determining risk management measures or other actions to ensure the higher standard of health protection. This article, through reviewing the cases and studies in France on the precautionary principle and the control over it, aims to help better understand the principle and actively introduce it to Korea. In addition, this article presents suggestive points through a comparative study of the system and food law between France and Korea, possible improvements to implement an effective food risk management
Djinodji, Reoungal. "La culture du manioc en zone soudanienne du Tchad, contribution à la sécurité alimentaire et aux revenus des agriculteurs." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20110.
Full textThe cassava was introduced in Chad in 1930. The agronomic characteristic of this crop and the simplicity of its technical operations were facilitated its adoption and distribution in all of the Sudanian zone of Chad. During the 1990s, the conflicts between farmers and stockbreeders slowed down the cultivated areas. In early 2000s, favorable factors restarted the cultivation of crop. The productivity of the Chadian agriculture and the weakness of the prices of agricultural products do not allow the farmers to cover their food needs and to have satisfactory incomes. That is why the cassava cultivation thus considered by many actors as one of the most credible alternatives to cover the food-shortage, deaden the shocks annually taken by the small farmers and to stimulate an agricultural development process. Our study aimed to appreciate the part played by cassava in the farmer’s system and particularly its contribution in the farmer’s food supply and incomes. Farming system research methods were used to analyze farmer’s practices. The agricultural network analysis methods were used to study the marketing’s practices. Our study highlighted the leading role of the cassava as well as source of income and as a main contributor in the food supply for the farmers. However, some factors may be constraints for the development and durability of the current farmer’s production systems. Firstly, the currently cassava derived products are not very elaborate and cannot make a cassava a truly commercial crop directed towards to the urban markets. Then the current productivity of the cultivation systems cannot be maintained in the medium term if the cultivation methods dot not evolves. At last the conflicts between farmers and stockbreeders appear among the constraints which must be raised to allow harmonious development of cassava cultivation
Barragan-Ochoa, Fernando. "Les petits producteurs, les villes et le lait : défis du ravitaillement alimentaire dans les Andes du nord de l'Equateur." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H049/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the small producers challenges in the food supply to cities in the Northern Andes in Ecuador. It analyses the structure and functioning of the complex of dairy product supply to cities at national level. Production and commercialisation strategies adopted by small producers' are studied at local level with two examples: Machachi and Nono. The supply complex is analysed as a spatial network where the areas of production and points of sale and consumption arc interconnected generating dialectical dynamics of mutual transformation through the interaction of all the different stakeholders. Historically the complex has been structured according to the needs and characteristics of the medium and large-sized producers. In the last decades though, small producers have been using different strategies between the countryside and cities und have become key stakeholders. The incorporation of small producers in this dynamic shows their great ability to adapt to opportunities created by a growing market. However, their interactions with the other stakeholders show inequality in the power relations, which has only marginally been addressed. Different modes of integration for small producers are yet to be created
Esta tesis se interesa por los desafíos de los pequeños productores en el abastecimiento alimentario urbano a través del caso de los Andes norte en Ecuador. Se estudia la estructura y el funcionamiento del complejo de aprovisionamiento urbano de productos lácteos en una escala nacional. Las estrategias productivas y de comercialización de los pequeños productores son observados en una escala local a través de dos ejemplos: Machachi y Nono. El complejo de abastecimiento es analizado como una red espacial, donde las áreas de producción, los puntos de comercialización y de consumo están interelacionados generando dinámicas dialécticas de transformación mutua a través de las interacciones de los diversos actores.Históricamente el complejo ha sido estructurado acorde a las necesidades y características de los productores medianos y grandes. En las últimas décadas, los pequeños productores empleando diversas estrategias productivas y comerciales entre campos y ciudades se han convertido en actores fundamentales.La inclusión de los pequeños productores en esta dinámica muestra su gran capacidad de adaptación frente a las oportunidades generadas por un mercado en crecimiento. A pesar de esto, sus interacciones con a otros actores muestran las inequidades en las relaciones de poder que no han podido ser sino débilmente modificadas. Diferentes modalidades de integración de los pequeños productores lácteos quedan por construirse
Bekale, B' Eyeghe Fidèle. "Politique agricole en Afrique Subsaharienne : le Gabon vers la souveraineté alimentaire?" Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON30011.
Full textHaving a spectacular urban population growth and an overdrawn food-producing agriculture (farming), Sub-Saharan Africa cannot feed the totality of its inhabitants any more. This is the result of development policies set up since independence. To face a continuous increasing food demand, especially in urban zones, sub-saharan countries in general, and Gabon in particular -thanks to its economy of pension- rely on massive import of food products, often from far abroad and incompatible with the food habits and\or habits and customs of the endogenous populations. However, Gabon, unlike most of sub-saharan countries, disposes of important agricultural potentialities susceptible to insure today its food sovereignty (climate, vegetation, grounds, water system, low density of population, etc.). But the recent world economic crisis, which is at the origin of an unprecedented international food crisis, causing riots of hunger in several sub-saharan countries, is once again calling the vigorous attention of not only African authorities, but also of the whole international community regarding a fierce urgency to promote the development local food-producing agriculture in Africa. In fact, the fragility of the global food safety, the geopolitical strategies of Western countries, the international agricultural speculation and the situation of the African savings guided our reflection on the excessive food dependence of sub-saharan countries, as for Gabon, and led us revisit in this thesis what could be a policy of food sovereignty. Considering what precedes, this strategic approach appears as a political, economic, cultural and environmental necessity if we intend to break or limit the most as possible the excessive food dependence and insure a sustainable development in this region in general and Gabon in particular
Qin, Quan. "La sécurité alimentaire en droit international du commerce." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020049/document.
Full textToday’s world food situation is particularly disturbing. To guarantee food security for all remains the primary responsibility of governments and international society. As one of the major instruments to implement international strategy for food security, international law has failed to provide effective solution to mitigate the factors that contribute to food insecurity. This is particularly what happened when food problem was treated within WTO. Having established the terms and conditions of international trade in food and agricultural products, WTO trade regulations have major influence on food security both at international level and at national level. Even if the relevant WTO agreements did offer certain policy approaches to its Members to tackle their food problem, these policy approaches are neither sufficient nor efficient to achieve this goal. By constantly prioritizing commercial considerations over food concerns, WTO rules related to trade in agriculture seriously restrict the exercise of discretionary power of those Members who wish to improve their food situation. Therefore, international trade policies must be reformed, so that WTO Members can take creative measures to meet their people’s basic needs. Even it appears still difficult at present to create new rules that may allow food-deficit Members to generate sufficient income to guarantee their access to food; this reform must at least search for effective solutions to offset the negative impacts of trade policies on food security. Otherwise, the legitimacy and credibility of current global trading system will be at risk
Kinhou, Viwagbo. "La souveraineté alimentaire dans une perspective de sécurité alimentaire durable : illusion ou réalité ? : le cas de la filière riz dans la commune de Malanville au Nord-Est du Bénin." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN20009/document.
Full textRice has become a primary consumed product in Benin. Studies have revealed it will become the most consumed cereal in west Africa within the next decades. Despite the resources Benin possesses favouring rice culture and the government measures to promote it, the household supply remains unsatisfactory when compared to the objective set by the country to reach food sovereignty. The present essay analyses the government policies in order to reach a sustainable food sovereignty through rice culture. In depth, exploratory surveys have been conducted among the rice farmers. Qualitative and quantitative data was collected through structured questionnaires and guided interviews revealing the comparative advantage local rice has over imported one. Efforts have yet to be made in order for Malanville rice famers to reduce their production costs and become more competitive. Education level, access to loans, rice farmers experience as well as their social status are the key factors influencing the implementation of new technologies allowing an increase of productivity. Rice production and food sovereignty should be attained by implementing simultaneously income support policies, funded fertilizers, climate-smart culture and ploughing by oxen
Redjadj, Claire. "Etude inter-et intra-spécifique des variations spatio-temporelles de l'utilisation des ressources alimentaires au sein d'une communauté de grands herbivores de montagne." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENV080.
Full textSince last 30 years, populations oflarge herbivores (such as chamois Rupicapra Rupicapra, mouflon Ovis gmelini, ibex Capra ibex, red deer Cervus elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus) have dramatically increased in number and geographical range. This raises the risk of competition particularly crucial, especially in the context where overlaps between alpine species are increasingly important, including domestic species. This context calls for a better understanding and prediction of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the herbivore populations/communities in relation to the dynamics of their resources. Lt is indeed not clear yet how and when the exponential increase of ungulates will stop¡ and which relative roles hunters, natural predation, and resource limitation will play in the future. To answer such questions, it is important to understand how different species share resources, identify resources that could be limiting fo each species, and assess the role of species interactions that can result in competition phenomena. Ln this study it was show the patterns of diet variation of 4 large herbivores species (roe deer, chamois, mouflon, red deer) during food restriction and annual patterns of variation in diet quality of chamois according to sex and differential use of alpine and forest habitat