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1
Board, Ontario Environmental Assessment. In the matter of an application by the Corporation of the Town of Cobourg for amendment of its Certificate of Approval to permit the continued use of the existing landfill site located in Haldimand Township, for a period of approximately four years: Reasons for decision and decision of the Board dated October 16, 1989. S.l: s.n, 1989.
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1944-, Sanchez Elie, and Zadeh Lotfi Asker, eds. Approximate reasoning in intelligent systems, decision and control. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987.
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Approximate Reasoning in Intelligent Systems, Decision and Control. Elsevier, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2009-0-06816-0.
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Bouffard, Jeffrey A., and Nicole Niebuhr. Experimental Designs in the Study of Offender Decision Making. Edited by Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder, and Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.22.
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Research on offender decision making has utilized experimental designs and has often coupled these strong designs with the use of hypothetical vignettes that describe specific offending circumstances for the would-be offender to consider. In some cases, these studies have experimentally manipulated situational elements of the imagined setting. In others, researchers have experimentally manipulated the context in which the participants make the decision. Other researchers have utilized randomized designs with behavioral analogues within the research setting. This research has found that various situational and individual-level factors influence the content and process of offender decision making in important ways. Future research should further explore how offenders form risk perceptions and how these influences may interact with one another, and it should continue to refine these methods to more closely approximate real-world settings.
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Güth, Werner, and Hartmut Kliemt. Experimental Economics—A Philosophical Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935314.013.16.
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The originally Hobbesian ideal of twentieth-century neoclassical economics as a discipline that studies human interaction “more geometrico” as a scenery of interactive rational decision making is rejected. “Explaining” overt behavior as (if it were) the equilibrium outcome of opportunity seeking rational choices is impossible if the requirement of approximate truth of the explanans is upheld. Stylized accounts of some central experiments (prisoner’s dilemma, ultimatum, dictator, impunity games, double oral auctions) show why this is so and illustrate basic contributions of experimental economics in an exemplary manner. A somewhat detailed account of an experiment concerning “equity” shows the explanatory potential and “workings” of experimental economics and how its findings can contribute to traditional philosophical and psychological discussions. Why the Humean “attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects” must remain incomplete until experimental economics and experimental psychology become fully complementary research strategies is indicated as well.
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Lee, Christoph I. Decision Rules for Imaging Acute Ankle Injuries. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0031.
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This chapter, found in the bone, joint, and extremity pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of the Ottawa ankle rules for imaging acute ankle injuries. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study showed that the refined and validated Ottawa Ankle Rules have the potential to reduce approximately 30% to 34% of all foot and ankle radiographs for acute injuries, with 100% sensitivity for reliably detecting foot and ankle fractures. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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Beal, Jules C., and Emilio Perucca. Medical Management of Epilepsy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0044.
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Epilepsy affects approximately 65 million people worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality including injuries, psychiatric comorbidities, social stress, and the risk of sudden death. The best indicator of quality of life in patients with epilepsy is seizure freedom. The chapter discusses the medical management of epilepsy, focusing on decision making, when to initiate treatment, how to choose an appropriate medication, and how to proceed when a medication fails. The treatment of epilepsy is a highly individualized process that must take into account an individual’s seizure type, risk of seizure recurrence, age, sex, medical comorbidities, and personal goals and preferences.
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Shah, Ashish H., and Jacques J. Morcos. Dermoid/Epidermoid Tumors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0018.
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Epidermoid tumors of the central nervous system are typically found in the cerebellopontine angle or parasellar space and comprise approximately 1% of all intracranial tumors. Dermoid cysts tend to occur in midline locations. Both are derived from embryonal tissue and have classic imaging findings on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Epidermoid tumors and dermoid cysts are benign and grow slowly, although epidermoid cysts can undergo malignant transformation. Surgical decisions and approaches are based on the presenting symptoms and anatomic location of the tumor. Mollaret meningitis is a unique complication of these cysts and may occur if the cyst ruptures preoperatively or during surgery.
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Selden, Nathan, and Lissa Baird, eds. Pediatric Neurosurgery. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617073.001.0001.
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Part of the Neurosurgery by Example series, this volume on pediatric neurosurgery presents exemplary cases in which renowned authors guide readers through the assessment and planning, decision making, surgical procedure, aftercare, and complication management of common and uncommon disorders. As pediatric neurosurgery approximates the anatomical and pathophysiological breadth of all specialty areas of adult neurosurgery, the cases provided are particularly relevant to and more frequently encountered in pediatric practice. They also reflect aspects of clinical presentation and management that are notably distinct in pediatric compared to adult neurosurgery. Each chapter also contains “pivot points” that illuminate changes required to manage patients in alternate or atypical situations, and “pearls” for accurate diagnosis, successful treatment, and effective complication management. Containing a focused review of medical evidence and expected outcomes, Pediatric Neurosurgery is appropriate for neurosurgeons who wish to learn more about this subspecialty and those preparing for the American Board of Neurological Surgery oral examination.
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Plotkin, Mark J. The Amazon. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190668297.001.0001.
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The Amazon is a land of superlatives. The complex ecosystem covers an area about the size of the continental U.S. The Amazon River discharges 57 million gallons of water per second--in two hours, this would be enough to supply all of New York City’s 7.5 million residents with water for a year. Its flora and fauna are abundant. Approximately one of every four flowering plant species on earth resides in the Amazon. A single Amazonian river may contain more fish species than all the rivers in Europe combined. It is home to the world's largest anteater, armadillo, freshwater turtle, and spider, as well as the largest rodent (which weighs over 200 lbs.), catfish (250 lbs.), and alligator (more than half a ton). The rainforest, which contains approximately 390 billion trees, plays a vital role in stabilizing the global climate by absorbing massive amounts of carbon dioxide--or releasing it into the atmosphere if the trees are destroyed. Severe droughts in both Brazil and Southeast Asia have been linked to Amazonian deforestation, as have changing rainfall patterns in the U.S., Europe, and China. The Amazon also serves as home to millions of people. Approximately seventy tribes of isolated and uncontacted people are concentrated in the western Amazon, completely dependent on the land and river. These isolated groups have been described as the most marginalized peoples in the western hemisphere, with no voice in the decisions made about their futures and the fate of their forests. In this addition to the What Everyone Needs to Know® series, ecologist and conservation expert, Mark J. Plotkin, who has spent 40 years studying Amazonia, its peoples, flora, and fauna. The Amazon offers an engaging overview of this irreplaceable ecosystem and the challenges it faces.
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Siklos, Pierre L. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228835.003.0008.
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The manuscript for this book was largely written during 2015 and 2016. It was completed approximately two months before the last U.S. elections, but shortly after the referendum in the United Kingdom to exit the EU ended with a decision in favor of Brexit. As this is written, early in 2017, monetary policy conditions have changed little, with the Fed the only major central bank that has raised interest rates and only the third time since the end of 2008. Many other central banks, especially in small open economies (e.g., Canada, New Zealand, Australia), are either leaving monetary policy conditions unchanged or show a bias toward further easing if this in their best interests. At the more systemically important central banks, the talk has also shifted away from the necessity of additional loosening and in the direction of standing pat, with the hope that the future will perhaps bring about a long-awaited, but very gradual, raising of policy rates....
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Keltner, John R., Cherine Akkari, and Ronald J. Ellis. Neurological Complications of HIV in The Peripheral Nervous System. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0027.
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HIV sensory neuropathy affects approximately 50% of persons diagnosed with HIV and, in 40%, results in disabling symptoms including paresthesia and/or pain. This chapter focuses on providing guidance to psychiatrists in the clinical management of pain in persons with HIV and sensory neuropathy. The differential diagnostic evaluation of HIV sensory neuropathy, other peripheral neuropathies, and spinal cord mimics and management of HIV sensory neuropathy are reviewed, as well as management of HIV distal neuropathic pain. The differential diagnostic evaluation of peripheral neuropathies is simplified using a graphical decision tree. The chapter also reviews the pathophysiology of HIV sensory neuropathy and warning signs of advanced disease. Procedures to diagnose HIV sensory neuropathy, including nerve conduction studies and electromyography, quantitative sensory testing, skin biopsy, and the autonomic sweat test are discussed, as are clinical aspects of HIV distal neuropathic pain. The chapter addresses the impact of HIV distal neuropathic pain on quality of life and depression and concludes with a discussion of treatments for HIV distal neuropathic pain.
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Nava, Stefano, and Luca Fasano. Ventilator Liberation Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0039.
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The weaning process should ideally begin as soon as the patient is intubated and continue through the treatment of the cause inducing acute respiratory failure. Weaning includes the assessment of readiness to extubate, extubation, and post-extubation monitoring; it also includes consideration of non-invasive ventilation which has been shown to reduce the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in selected patients. Weaning accounts for approximately 40% of the total time spent on mechanical ventilation and should be achieved rapidly, since prolonged mechanical ventilation is associated with increased risk of complications and mortality and with increased costs. During mechanical ventilation, medical management should seek to correct the imbalance between respiratory load and ventilatory capacity (reducing the respiratory and cardiac workload, improving gas exchange and the ventilatory pump power). Ventilator settings delivering partial ventilatory pump support may help prevent ventilator-induced respiratory muscles dysfunction. Daily interruption of sedation has been associated with earlier extubation. Critically ill patients should be repeatedly and carefully screened for readiness to wean and readiness to extubate, and objective screening variables should be fully integrated in clinical decision making.
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Ibegbu, Chinazom, and Nimish A. Mohile. Brain Tumors in Pregnancy. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0018.
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Approximately 79,000 people are diagnosed with a central nervous system (CNS) tumor each year, but only a few of these patients are pregnant women. There is no evidence that pregnancy confers an increased risk of developing a brain tumor and incidence during child-bearing years is estimated to be 12.24 per 100,000 women. The care and management of all patients with primary brain tumors can be challenging and requires a multidisciplinary team that includes neurologists, medical neuro-oncologists, neurosurgeons, radiation-oncologists, and palliative care physicians. In a pregnant patient, this multidisciplinary team should also include a high-risk obstetrician. This chapter provides a detailed care map for pregnant patients with brain tumors. All management decisions regarding the neoplasm must consider the health of the expectant mother, the health of the fetus, the neurological and medical complications due to the brain tumor, and the potential effect that the brain tumor has on the patient’s survival.
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J, Knight Vernon, ed. The search for Mabila: The decisive battle between Hernando de Soto and Chief Tascalusa. Tuscaloosa, Ala: The University of Alabama Press, 2009.
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17
James, Edward. The Science Fiction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039324.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the science fiction of Lois McMaster Bujold. Bujold has written about fourteen science fiction books and a number of short stories: approximately six thousand pages of text. Almost all of her science fiction stories have been set in the universe sometimes known by her fans as the Vorkosiverse after its central character, Miles Vorkosigan. Although her writing as a whole has expanded beyond that universe, her science-fictional universe has remained unusually restricted. One explanation for her decision to restrict herself in this way is that Bujold is interested above all in character. While some science fiction writers are interested in developing different “what-if” scenarios and focusing on how that “what-if” changes a society, Bujold has shown herself to be concerned primarily in how her characters and the society they live in develop over time. She has built up a large and devoted fan base not because they want to see her develop numerous new universes and explore all the boundaries of her genre, but because they share the author's own fascination with her characters and want to see how they change and grow.
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Noutsias, Michel, and Bernhard Maisch. Myocarditis and pericarditis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0058.
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Transition of acute myocarditis to dilated cardiomyopathy occurs in approximately 20% of patients within a follow-up period of 33 months. Recent research has revealed the adverse prognostic impact of several clinical parameters for this scenario. Acute myocarditis and its sequelae dilated cardiomyopathy and inflammatory cardiomyopathy are often caused by viral infections. Histological evaluation of endomyocardial biopsies is critical for the diagnosis of the cardiomyopathy entity and for the clinical management of around 20% of the patients. Additionally, contemporary diagnostic procedures of endomyocardial biopsies are indispensable for the selection of inflammatory cardiomyopathy patients who will likely benefit from immunosuppression or antiviral (interferon) treatment. Immunoadsorption, with subsequent immunoglobulin substitution, is a further promising immunomodulatory treatment option for dilated cardiomyopathy patients, targeting primarily the anticardiac autoantibodies. Cardiac magnetic resonance has emerged as a valuable diagnostic approach for myocarditis and pericarditis. Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement has been associated with adverse outcome and sudden cardiac death. Bridging of the first 3–6 months with a wearable cardioverter–defibrillator, until a definitive decision on the implantation of an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator, is a growingly recognized cornerstone in the clinical management of patients with acute myocarditis with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction of <40% and new-onset dilated cardiomyopathy, respectively. Acute pericarditis is labelled idiopathic or suspected viral without adequate proof of the respective aetiology. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine are proven and safe therapeutic mainstays for pericarditis, including the first attack. Pericardiocentesis is a lifesaving treatment of cardiac tamponade. Pericardioscopy and epicardial biopsies can contribute to the aetiological differentiation of pericardial effusions.
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Noutsias, Michel, and Bernhard Maisch. Myocarditis and pericarditis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0058_update_001.
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Transition of acute myocarditis to dilated cardiomyopathy occurs in approximately 20% of patients within a follow-up period of 33 months. Recent research has revealed the adverse prognostic impact of several clinical parameters for this scenario. Acute myocarditis and its sequelae dilated cardiomyopathy and inflammatory cardiomyopathy are often caused by viral infections. Histological evaluation of endomyocardial biopsies is critical for the diagnosis of the cardiomyopathy entity and for the clinical management of around 20% of the patients. Additionally, contemporary diagnostic procedures of endomyocardial biopsies are indispensable for the selection of inflammatory cardiomyopathy patients who will likely benefit from immunosuppression or antiviral (interferon) treatment. Immunoadsorption, with subsequent immunoglobulin substitution, is a further promising immunomodulatory treatment option for dilated cardiomyopathy patients, targeting primarily the anticardiac autoantibodies. Cardiac magnetic resonance has emerged as a valuable diagnostic approach for myocarditis and pericarditis. Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement has been associated with adverse outcome and sudden cardiac death. Bridging of the first 3 months with a wearable cardioverter–defibrillator, until a definitive decision on the implantation of an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator, is a growingly recognized cornerstone in the clinical management of patients with acute myocarditis with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction of <40% and new-onset dilated cardiomyopathy, respectively. Acute pericarditis is labelled idiopathic or suspected viral without adequate proof of the respective aetiology. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine are proven and safe therapeutic mainstays for pericarditis, including the first attack. Pericardiocentesis is a lifesaving treatment of cardiac tamponade. Pericardioscopy and epicardial biopsies can contribute to the aetiological differentiation of pericardial effusions.