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Journal articles on the topic 'Apraxia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Mutha, Pratik K., Lee H. Stapp, Robert L. Sainburg, and Kathleen Y. Haaland. "Motor Adaptation Deficits in Ideomotor Apraxia." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 23, no. 2 (2017): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561771600120x.

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AbstractObjectives: The cardinal motor deficits seen in ideomotor limb apraxia are thought to arise from damage to internal representations for actions developed through learning and experience. However, whether apraxic patients learn to develop new representations with training is not well understood. We studied the capacity of apraxic patients for motor adaptation, a process associated with the development of a new internal representation of the relationship between movements and their sensory effects. Methods: Thirteen healthy adults and 23 patients with left hemisphere stroke (12 apraxic,

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2

Presotto, Monia, Maira Rozenfeld Olchik, Artur Francisco Shumacher Shuh, and Carlos R. M. Rieder. "Assessment of Nonverbal and Verbal Apraxia in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease." Parkinson's Disease 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/840327.

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Objective. To assess the presence of nonverbal and verbal apraxia in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and analyze the correlation between these conditions and patient age, education, duration of disease, and PD stage, as well as evaluate the correlation between the two types of apraxia and the frequency and types of verbal apraxic errors made by patients in the sample.Method. This was an observational prevalence study. The sample comprised 45 patients with PD seen at the Movement Disorders Clinic of the Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Patients were evaluated using the Speech A

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3

Martins, Fernanda Chapchap, and Karin Zazo Ortiz. "The relationship between working memory and apraxia of speech." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 67, no. 3b (2009): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2009000500012.

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The present study aimed to verify the relationship between working memory (WM) and apraxia of speech and explored which WM components were involved in the motor planning of speech. A total of 22 patients and 22 healthy adults were studied. These patients were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: a single brain lesion in the left hemisphere, presence of apraxia of speech and sufficient oral comprehension. This study involved assessment of apraxia of speech and evaluation of working memory capacity. The performance of apraxic patients was significantly poorer than that of cont

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Motomura, Naoyasu, Wolfgang Hartje, Andrea Redbrake, and Klaus Willmes. "Sensorimotor Learning in Ideomotor Apraxia." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 3_suppl (1995): 1123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1123.

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Sensorimotor learning ability in patients with ideomotor apraxia was investigated, using as subjects, eight patients with ideomotor apraxia, 8 with aphasia without ideomotor apraxia, and 8 normal controls. The aphasia, apraxia, and normal control groups were matched for age, sex, and education. The aphasia and apraxia groups were chosen to control for lesion size and scores on Kimura's recurring figure test, the Token test, and intelligence. The mirror-aiming test was performed and the learning effect in terms of decreases in total time, the number of errors, and the times for errors were exam

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Motomura, Naoyasu. "Motor Performance in Aphasia and Ideomotor Apraxia." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 2 (1994): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.2.719.

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Motor performance in 11 patients with ideomotor apraxia, 11 with aphasia without such apraxia, and 11 normal controls was compared. These three groups were matched on age, sex, education, severity of aphasia, intelligence, and size of lesion. Measures of aiming, tapping, line-following, and steadiness developed by Schoppe in 1974 were used. Both apraxic and aphasic groups showed difficulties with motor performance, and the data of the apraxic group were poorer than those of the aphasic group. These results were consistent with Liepmann's theory.

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Foundas, Anne L., Beth L. Macauley, Anastasia M. Raymer, Lynn M. Maher, Kenneth M. Heilman, and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. "Ecological implications of limb apraxia: Evidence from mealtime behavior." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1, no. 1 (1995): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700000114.

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AbstractHumans learn skilled acts in order to effectively interact with their environment. A loss of the ability to perform skilled acts is termed apraxia. Apraxia has been thought to be of theoretical interest, but the ecological implications of apraxia are controversial and have not been fully studied. We examined ten patients with unilateral left hemisphere cerebral infarctions (eight of whom were apraxic) and compared their mealtime eating behavior to a group of neurologically normal, age-matched controls. The stroke patients were less efficient in completing the meal. They made more actio

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7

Rounis, Elisabeth, and Ferdinand Binkofski. "Limb Apraxias: The Influence of Higher Order Perceptual and Semantic Deficits in Motor Recovery After Stroke." Stroke 54, no. 1 (2023): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.122.037948.

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Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Limb apraxia is a group of higher order motor disorders associated with greater disability and dependence after stroke. Original neuropsychology studies distinguished separate brain pathways involved in perception and action, known as the dual stream hypothesis. This framework has allowed a better understanding of the deficits identified in Limb Apraxia. In this review, we propose a hierarchical organization of this disorder, in which a distinction can be made between several visuomotor pathways that lead to purposeful actions. Based on this,

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8

Ortiz, Karin Zazo, and Fernanda Chapchap Martins. "The relationship between severity of apraxia of speech and working memory." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 4, no. 1 (2010): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642010dn40100011.

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Abstract Based on previously observed relationships between working memory (WM) and speech, the current study investigated the relationship between degree of oral apraxia (AOS) and WM capacity. Methods: This study involved assessment and classification of degree of apraxia of speech in 22 apraxic participants and evaluation of WM capacity using digit span and word-list repetition tests. Both tests were able to assess the phonoarticulatory loop, while the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test investigated the phonoarticulatory loop and the episodic buffer. Results: Independently from the degree of

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9

Cera, Maysa Luchesi, Karin Zazo Ortiz, Paulo Henrique Ferreira Bertolucci, and Thaís Soares Cianciarullo Minett. "Speech and orofacial apraxias in Alzheimer's disease." International Psychogeriatrics 25, no. 10 (2013): 1679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610213000781.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects not only memory but also other cognitive functions, such as orientation, language, praxis, attention, visual perception, or executive function. Most studies on oral communication in AD focus on aphasia; however, speech and orofacial apraxias are also present in these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of speech and orofacial apraxias in patients with AD with the hypothesis that apraxia severity is strongly correlated with disease severity.Methods:Ninety participants in different stages of AD (mild, moderate, and s

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10

Hagedorn, Christina, Michael Proctor, Louis Goldstein, et al. "Characterizing Articulation in Apraxic Speech Using Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 4 (2017): 877–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-15-0112.

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Purpose Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and accompanying analytical methods are shown to capture and quantify salient aspects of apraxic speech, substantiating and expanding upon evidence provided by clinical observation and acoustic and kinematic data. Analysis of apraxic speech errors within a dynamic systems framework is provided and the nature of pathomechanisms of apraxic speech discussed. Method One adult male speaker with apraxia of speech was imaged using real-time MRI while producing spontaneous speech, repeated naming tasks, and self-paced repetition of word pairs designed

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Tyshchenko, Vladyslav. "SPEECH PRAXIS DISORDERS: DISORDERS QUALIFICATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF REVISION OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY CLASSIFICATIONS REVISION." Scientific Journal of Khortytsia National Academy, no. 2023-9 (December 20, 2023): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51706/2707-3076-2023-9-18.

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The article covers the issue of qualifications relevant for modern speech-language therapy science and praxis of the disorder: apraxia and dyspraxia of speech in persons with sound disorders. Concepts: praxis, apraxia and dyspraxia of speech, – are considered. The types of praxis and their participation in the acts of creation and implementation of the motor program of speech are determined. The typology of apraxia and dyspraxia of speech was determined and their differential features were identified both within the group of speech praxis disorders and in the group of phonological disorders as

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Marquardt, Thomas P., Georgia Duffy, and Michael P. Cannito. "Acoustic Analysis of Accurate Word Stress Patterning in Patients With Apraxia of Speech and Broca's Aphasia." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 4, no. 4 (1995): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0404.180.

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Stress-marking strategies employed by subjects with apraxia of speech were compared to those of matched normal controls, for real disyllabic words produced in isolation and in sentences, across acoustic variables of fundamental frequency, syllable duration, and vocal intensity. Heterogeneity of stress marking in terms of acoustic trading relationships was observed in both the apraxic and normal subjects. Strategies varied depending on whether words were produced in isolation or in sentences, and whether the first or second syllable was stressed. Allowing for marked durational increases in apra

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13

Groenen, Paul, Ben Maassen, Thom Crul, and Geert Thoonen. "The Specific Relation Between Perception and Production Errors for Place of Articulation in Developmental Apraxia of Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 39, no. 3 (1996): 468–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3903.468.

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Developmental apraxia of speech is a disorder of phonological and articulatory output processes. However, it has been suggested that perceptual deficits may contribute to the disorder. Identification and discrimination tasks offer a fine-grained assessment of central auditory and phonetic functions. Seventeen children with developmental apraxia (mean age 8:9, years:months) and 16 control children (mean age 8:0) were administered tests of identification and discrimination of resynthesized and synthesized monosyllabic words differing in place-of-articulation of the initial voiced stop consonants

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14

McNeil, Malcolm R., Gary Weismer, Scott Adams, and Moira Mulligan. "Oral Structure Nonspeech Motor Control in Normal, Dysarthric, Aphasic and Apraxic Speakers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 33, no. 2 (1990): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3302.255.

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This study investigated the isometric force and static position control of the upper lip, lower lip, tongue, jaw, and finger in four subject groups (normal control, apraxia of speech, conduction aphasia, and ataxic dysarthria) at two force and displacement levels. Results from both the force and position tasks suggested that the apraxic and dysarthric groups tended to produce significantly greater instability than the normal group, although the pattern of instability across articulators was not systematic within or across the force and position experiments for subjects within or between groups

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Aboras, Yehia Amin, Ghada Abdelhady Ashmawy, Reham Mohamed Elmaghraby, and Sabah Saeed Gommaa. "Assessment protocol for patients with acquired apraxia of speech." Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology 33, no. 2 (2017): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1012-5574.206018.

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Abstract Background Apraxia of speech can be defined as an articulation disorder that results from impairment of the capacity to order the positioning of speech musculature and the sequencing of muscle movements for volitional production of phonemes and sequences of phonemes. Objective The aim of this study was to adapt the Apraxia Battery for Adults II (ABA II) test to suit the Egyptian culture in order to apply this test for assessing Egyptian apraxic patients for proper management of this ailment. Subjects and methods This study was conducted on two groups: the first group consisted of 56 a

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Capone, Jay Guido, Sergio Della Sala, Hans Spinnler, and Annalena Venneri. "Upper and Lower Face and Ideomotor Apraxia in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease." Behavioural Neurology 14, no. 1-2 (2003): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/518959.

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Introduction:Apraxia of face movement in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been rarely investigated. This study aimed at investigating the frequency of lower (mouth, tongue and throat) and upper (eyes and eyebrows) face apraxia, in AD and its relationship with limb apraxia and severity of dementia.Methods:Fifty seven patients with AD were tested with a new standardised test of face apraxia including upper and lower face movements, which uses an item-difficulty weigthed scoring procedure, the IMA test, a test of ideomotor apraxia and the M.O.D.A., a means to assess dementia severity.Results:Thirteen

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Lee, Hee-Ryoung, and Hee-Soon Woo. "Occupational Therapy for Apraxia." Korean Society of Occupational Therapy 32, no. 1 (2024): 15–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14519/kjot.2024.32.1.02.

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Purpose: Apraxia is a target of occupational therapy because it negatively affects a person ability and independence in performing basic and instrumental activities of daily living and the person’s social participation. We aimed to provide comprehensive information related to apraxia to effectively provide occupational therapy for patients with apraxia. Subjects: Diagnosis of apraxia involves evaluation through clinical observation, such as the ability to pantomime, imitate, and complete multi-step tasks, and standardized evaluation tools, such as the Test of Upper Limb Apraxia (TULIA) and the

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Futamura, Akinori. "Apraxia." Higher Brain Function Research 40, no. 2 (2020): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2496/hbfr.40.199.

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19

Heilman, Kenneth M. "APRAXIA." CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 16 (August 2010): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.con.0000368262.53662.08.

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Warren, Jason D. "Apraxia." Canadian Medical Association Journal 190, no. 2 (2018): E55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.171084.

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McClain, Maryellen, and Anne Foundas. "Apraxia." Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 4, no. 6 (2004): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11910-004-0071-z.

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Goldenberg, Georg. "Apraxia." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 4, no. 5 (2013): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1241.

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23

BODEA-HAȚEGAN, Carolina. "Apraxia and autism spectrum disorder ASD." Revista Română de Terapia Tulburărilor de Limbaj şi Comunicare VIII, no. 2 (2022): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.26744/rrttlc.2022.8.2.10.

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This article, Apraxia and autism spectrum disorder focuses on detailing apraxia symptomatology with the main elements of this pathology. In the first part of the article terminology is approached, distinguishing between apraxia and dyspraxia. In the second part of the article the main symptomatology apraxia features are discussed and afterward they are put in relation with the ASD. In order to be able to identify the best way to approach apraxia in ASD context three research questions are raised: In what degree does the combination between ASD and apraxia slow down speech and language developm

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Catrini, Melissa, Francisca Lier-DeVitto, and Lúcia Maria Guimarães Arantes. "Apraxias: considerações sobre o corpo e suas manifestações motoras inesperadas." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 57, no. 2 (2015): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v57i2.8642396.

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O termo apraxia faz referência a uma perturbação do gesto, que envolve a dificuldade, ou até mesmo a impossibilidade, de realizar movimentos de maneira voluntária sem a presença de prejuízos musculares que justificassem o sintoma apresentado. Quando o gesto em questão é o articulatório, diz-se de uma Apraxia de Fala. O caráter eminentemente funcional do problema leva ao questionamento, então, do que causaria tais sintomas. Apraxias têm manifestação no corpo e “corpo” é, por tradição e direito, objeto (exclusivo) do campo da Fisiologia e da Patologia – justifica-se, sem dúvida, a força da discu

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Hyuga, Reiko. "Apraxia of Speech and Apraxia of Phonation." Japan Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics 45, no. 4 (2004): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5112/jjlp.45.304.

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Toğram, Bülent. "How Do Families of Children with Down Syndrome Perceive Speech Intelligibility in Turkey?" BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/707134.

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Childhood verbal apraxia has not been identified or treated sufficiently in children with Down syndrome but recent research has documented that symptoms of childhood verbal apraxia can be found in children with Down syndrome. But, it is not routinely diagnosed in this population. There is neither an assessment tool in Turkish nor any research on childhood verbal apraxia although there is a demand not only for children with Down syndrome but also for normally developing children. The study examined if it was possible to determine oral-motor difficulties and childhood verbal apraxia features in

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Mantovani-Nagaoka, Joana, and Karin Zazo Ortiz. "Reviewing the limb apraxia concept: From definition to cognitive neuropsychological models." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 4, no. 3 (2010): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642010dn40300004.

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Abstract Apraxia is a disorder of learned skilled movements, in the absence of elementary motor or sensory deficits and general cognitive impairment such as inattention to commands, object-recognition deficits or poor oral comprehension. The first studies on apraxia were performed between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, however controversy remains in praxis literature concerning apraxia types, neuroanatomical and functional correlates, as well as assessment and treatment of apraxia. Thus, a critical review of the literature was conducted searching the literature for evidence contributi

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Kobayakawa, Mutsutaka, and Yoshitaka Ohigashi. "Retrieval by a Patient with Apraxia of Sensorimotor Information from Visually Presented Objects." Perceptual and Motor Skills 104, no. 3 (2007): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.104.3.739-748.

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Motor representations are reported to be implicitly evoked when one observes manipulatable objects (action potentiation). The relationship was examined between action potentiation and pantomime deficit in apraxia. Participants responded to line drawings of manipulatable objects with either the left or right hand, according to the color of the stimulus. In normal participants ( N = 10, four women, six men, M age = 28.5 yr., SD=5.6), responses were faster when the orientation of the stimulus was compatible with the response-hand grasp. However, the apraxic patient did not exhibit this compatibil

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Ghedina, Roberta, Patricia Martín-Casas, José Félix-Mozo, and Rocío Polanco-Fernández. "Actualización y aproximación clínica a los modelos teóricos de la apraxia de extremidades." Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurologia 30, no. 3 (2022): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46997/revecuatneurol30300059.

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La apraxia es una alteración frecuente en las personas que han sufrido un ictus en el hemisferio izquierdo, con importantes repercusiones sobre su calidad de vida. Aunque se han propuesto varios modelos para su interpretación y abordaje, algunos aspectos están aún en estudio. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los modelos actuales sobre la apraxia de extremidades, analizar las pruebas de evaluación disponibles y realizar recomendaciones para la práctica clínica. En la revisión se pone de manifiesto que en la literatura existe un mayor interés en el sistema conceptual de la ruta léxico-semá

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Neiman, Michael R., Robert J. Duffy, Steven A. Belanger, and Carl A. Coelho. "Concurrent Validity of the Kaufman Hand Movement Test as a Measure of Limb Apraxia." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 3 (1994): 1279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.3.1279.

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The concurrent validity of the Kaufman Hand Movement Test as a measure of limb apraxia was investigated. For 23 adult aphasic subjects, a Pearson r of 0.84 was obtained between scores on this test and on the Limb Apraxia Test, a battery of tasks often used in the assessment of limb apraxia. The Kaufman test is a shorter and simpler test to administer than the Limb Apraxia Test. The concurrent validity of the Kaufman test encourages its use in the assessment of limb apraxia.

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Dogil, Grzegorz, and Jörg Mayer. "Selective phonological impairment: a case of apraxia of speech." Phonology 15, no. 2 (1998): 143–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095267579800356x.

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The present study proposes a new interpretation of the underlying distortion in APRAXIA OF SPEECH. Apraxia of speech, in its pure form, is the only neurolinguistic syndrome for which it can be argued that phonological structure is selectively distorted.Apraxia of speech is a nosological entity in its own right which co-occurs with aphasia only occasionally. This…conviction rests on detailed descriptions of patients who have a severe and lasting disorder of speech production in the absence of any significant impairment of speech comprehension, reading or writing as well as of any significant pa

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Raymer, Anastasia M., Beth McHose, and Kimberly Graham. "Gestural Facilitation in Treatment of Apraxia of Speech." Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders 20, no. 3 (2010): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/nnsld20.3.94.

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Purpose: Luria (1970) proposed the use of intersystemic reorganization to use an intact system to facilitate improvements in a damaged cognitive system. In this article, we review literature examining the effects of gesture as a modality to promote reorganization to improve verbal production in apraxia of speech and anomia. Methods: A gestural facilitation training paradigm is described and results of a recent systematic review of apraxia of speech treatment are reviewed. The interplay between apraxia of speech and anomia are considered in response to gestural facilitation training. Results &a

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Abou Zeid, Nuhad E., Brian G. Weinshenker, and B. Mark Keegan. "Gait Apraxia in Multiple Sclerosis." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 36, no. 5 (2009): 562–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100008040.

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Background:Gait apraxia is a gait disorder not attributable to motor, cerebellar, or sensory dysfunction. Gait impairment is common in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), but is mostly attributed to spasticity and ataxia. Impairment ratings scales are designed accordingly and do not separately evaluate apraxia.Objective:To describe 15 patients with gait apraxia resulting from MS as their major functional impairment.Methods:The Mayo Clinic database (1994-2007) was searched for the terms MS and gait apraxia. Inclusion criteria: Definite MS, significant gait apraxia. Exclusion criteria: alternative disorder

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Ballard, R. Scott, and Alan Stoudemire. "Factitious Apraxia." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 22, no. 3 (1992): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/9hk8-c888-5a6n-qufk.

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A case is described in which a patient had pseudoneurological symptoms that were present only upon direct observation or when the patient was in clinical test situations. The differential diagnosis of apraxia is discussed as well as clinical suggestions for evaluating patients with suspected factitious apraxia.

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Ochipa, C., L. J. Rothi, and K. M. Heilman. "Conduction apraxia." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 57, no. 10 (1994): 1241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.57.10.1241.

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Strand, Edythe. "Appraising Apraxia." ASHA Leader 22, no. 3 (2017): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.ftr2.22032017.50.

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DeRenzi, E. "Ideational apraxia." Neurocase 1, no. 1 (1995): 19a—24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neucas/1.1.19-a.

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Watson, R. T. "Callosal apraxia." Neurocase 1, no. 1 (1995): 19g—24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neucas/1.1.19-g.

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Graff-Radford, M. R. "Callosal apraxia." Neurocase 1, no. 1 (1995): 19i—24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neucas/1.1.19-i.

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40

DE RENZI, E., and F. LUCCHELLI. "IDEATIONAL APRAXIA." Brain 111, no. 5 (1988): 1173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/111.5.1173.

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Binkofski, F., E. Kunesch, J. Classen, R. J. Seitz, and H. J. Freund. "Tactile apraxia." Brain 124, no. 1 (2001): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/124.1.132.

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Ochipa, Cynthia, and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. "Limb Apraxia." Seminars in Neurology 20, no. 04 (2000): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-13180.

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Etcharry-Bouyx, F., D. Le Gall, C. Jarry, and F. Osiurak. "Gestural apraxia." Revue Neurologique 173, no. 7-8 (2017): 430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2017.07.005.

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Cubelli, Roberto. "Definition: Apraxia." Cortex 93 (August 2017): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.03.012.

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Cubelli, Roberto, and Sergio Della Sala. "Constructional Apraxia." Cortex 104 (July 2018): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.02.015.

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Graff-Radford, N. R., K. Welsh, and J. Godersky. "Callosal apraxia." Neurology 37, no. 1 (1987): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.37.1.100.

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Hollingsworth, Amber L., Ann Marie Cimino-Knight, and Leslie J. Gonzalez-Rothi. "Limb Apraxia." Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders 12, no. 1 (2002): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/nnsld12.1.20.

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Dale, Marian L., Carolin Curtze, and John G. Nutt. "Apraxia of gait- or apraxia of postural transitions?" Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 50 (May 2018): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.02.024.

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Beber, Bárbara Costa, Monalise Costa Batista Berbert, Ruth Siqueira Grawer, and Maria Cristina de Almeida Freitas Cardoso. "Rate and rhythm control strategies for apraxia of speech in nonfluent primary progressive aphasia." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 12, no. 1 (2018): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-010012.

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ABSTRACT The nonfluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia is characterized by apraxia of speech and agrammatism. Apraxia of speech limits patients' communication due to slow speaking rate, sound substitutions, articulatory groping, false starts and restarts, segmentation of syllables, and increased difficulty with increasing utterance length. Speech and language therapy is known to benefit individuals with apraxia of speech due to stroke, but little is known about its effects in primary progressive aphasia. This is a case report of a 72-year-old, illiterate housewife, who was di

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Robin, Donald A., Carolyn Bean, and John W. Folkins. "Lip Movement in Apraxia of Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 32, no. 3 (1989): 512–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3203.512.

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Peak articulatory velocity of the lower lip and temporal coordination between the upper and lower lips were studied in 5 neurologically impaired subjects with speech behaviors consistent with a diagnosis of apraxia of speech. Differences in velocity and the timing between the movement onset of the two lips were compared for accurate and inaccurate productions of words. Peak articulatory velocity also was measured during the production of the syllable [pæ] and during a nonverbal movement. There were no systematic differences across accurate and inaccurate productions of words in peak articulato

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