Academic literature on the topic 'Aqua Regia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Aqua Regia"
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Dari Jaafar, Ayad. "Extraction of Platinum From Spent Catalyst as pt/Al2O3 in aqua regia." DJES 12, no. 3 (2019): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2019.12302.
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Spent catalyst from Biji Refining contained valuable metals such as platin. This study focus on platinum extraction in aqua regia solution. Three factors effecting on the process were study including dissolution temperature, normality of aqua regia and agitation speed. The ideal conditions for process give 0.22 gm platinum extraction in dissolution temperature 80 C0, normality for aqua regia was 6 and 120 rpm mixing speed for solution
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Gao, Bingyu, Wenjun Li, Lianchang Zhang, and Jun Gao. "The Implications of HClO4 for Dissolving Large Masses of Low Level Os in Metal Sulfides and Factors that Influence Re-Os Dating." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (2020): 6218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186218.
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In general, no more than 1 g of metal sulfide can be completely digested in 20 mL of inverse aqua regia using the Carius tube technique. In this study, the sample weight increased after adding HClO4 to inverse aqua regia while the volume of acid concurrently decreased significantly. Three grams of metal sulfide were digested in 12 mL of acid (3 mL of HClO4 and 9 mL of inverse aqua regia) via the HClO4-inverse aqua regia method. The results using molybdenite reference materials JDC and HLP mixed with 3 g of pyrite were consistent with certified values. Compared to the traditional method, the HClO4-inverse aqua regia method could dissolve a larger sample mass (3 g) with a smaller volume of acids (12 mL). We simultaneously found that the oxidation of digestion acids greatly affected the Os signal but had no influence on the equilibrium of isotope exchange between 185Re and 190Os spikes in Re and Os samples. Remarkably, the heating temperature was the most significant factor influencing the equilibrium of isotope exchange, and the Os in a sample was not equilibrated with the spike until the heating temperature reached 190 °C.
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Alassali, Ayah, Caterina Picuno, Hanin Samara, Sascha Diedler, Silvia Fiore, and Kerstin Kuchta. "Antimony Mining from PET Bottles and E-Waste Plastic Fractions." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (2019): 4021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154021.
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In this study antimony concentration was analyzed in 30 plastic items (from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and e-waste) directly by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) spectroscopy. PET samples were digested in a microwave oven with aqua regia. The plastic components deriving from e-waste followed three parallel routes: 1. microwave digestion using different acids (aqua regia, 18 M H2SO4, 12 M HCl and 6 M HCl); 2. conversion into ash (at 600 °C) and then microwave digestion with aqua regia, and 3. extraction with 12 M HCl at room temperature for different durations (2 h and 24 h). Results showed that antimony extraction yields from PET were between 57% and 92%. Antimony extraction from e-waste plastics was more challenging: aqua regia was inefficient for poly (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) (ABS) samples (extraction yield was about 20% only), while on a mixture of ABS and polycarbonate (PC), aqua regia, H2SO4 and HCl exhibited equivalent performances (~21%). Ashed samples returned yields ranging from 20% to over 50%. Room temperature extraction on e-waste plastics obtained lower extraction efficiencies, yet longer incubation durations lead to higher yields. In conclusion, the main challenge associated with antimony mining from plastic waste could be its heterogeneous composition; therefore, the development of reference analytical procedures is highly needed.
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Yoshimura, Akihiro, Shunta Tochigi, and Yasunari Matsuno. "Fundamental Study of Palladium Recycling Using “Dry Aqua Regia” Considering the Recovery from Spent Auto-catalyst." Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 7, no. 1 (2021): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40831-020-00335-x.
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AbstractIn this research, a recycling process for palladium using “dry aqua regia,” which consists of iron(III) chloride–potassium chloride, was proposed. Palladium was dissolved in “dry aqua regia,” and the dissolved palladium was recovered by leaching with potassium chloride solution with added ammonium chloride and nitric acid. Palladium was almost completely dissolved in 3 h at 600 K, and the recovery ratio of dissolved palladium was up to 80%. In addition, the dissolution of palladium in coexistence with platinum and the dissolution of platinum-palladium alloy by “dry aqua regia” were also tested. The dissolved palladium and platinum were separated and recovered by solid–liquid separation technique using the difference in solubility of their compounds in potassium chloride and sodium chloride solutions. As a result, pure compounds of each element were recovered. This result suggested the possibility of using “dry aqua regia” for the separation of platinum-group metals. Graphical Abstract
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Putri, Raden Rara Dewi Artanti, Dimas Pangestu, and Diva Candra Khairunnisa. "Pengaruh Variabel Solvent dan Waktu Leaching terhadap Konsentrasi Emas Terlarut pada PCB Handphone." Fluida 15, no. 1 (2022): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/fluida.v15i1.3458.
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ABSTRAK
 Perkembangan industri elektronik di Indonesia meningkat, maka begitu juga dengan limbah elektronik yang dihasilkannya. Salah satu bentuk limbah elektronik adalah lempengan PCB (Printed Circuit Board). Logam seperti Au, Ag, dan Cu dapat ditemukan pada PCB, dan logam-logam tersebut dapat dilakukan pemisahan dengan metode leaching. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh volume larutan HNO3 sebagai tahapan pre-leaching, perbandingan HCl:HNO3 (aqua regia) dan waktu leaching terhadap konsentrasi emas terlarut. Variasi volume larutan HNO3 (20, 40, 45, 60) mL, variasi perbandingan HCl:HNO3 (3:1, 1:3, 10:1, 1:10) (v/v) dan variasi waktu leaching dengan aqua regia (30, 60, 90, 120) menit. Proses leaching dilakukan pada suhu 70℃. Filtrat hasil leaching dengan aqua regia kemudian dianalisis menggunakan AAS. Hasil penelitian ini memperoleh kondisi optimum leaching logam Au pada volume HNO3 60 mL dengan konsentrasi hasil pelarutan sebesar 26,11 mg/L, perbandingan HCl:HNO3 1:3 (v/v) dengan konsentrasi emas terlarut sebesar 23,77 mg/L dan waktu leaching dengan aqua regia 90 menit dengan konsentrasi logam Au sebesar 26,38 mg/L.
 
 ABSTRACT
 The development of the electronics industry in Indonesia is increasing, and so is the electronic waste it produces. One form of electronic waste is PCB (Printed Circuit Board) slabs. Metals such as Au, Ag, and Cu can be found on PCBs, and these metals can be separated by the leaching method.. This study aims to determine the effect of the volume of HNO3 solution as a pre-leaching step, the ratio of HCl: HNO3 (aqua regia), and the leaching time to the dissolved gold concentration. Variations in the volume of HNO3 solution (20, 40, 45, 60) mL, variations in the ratio of HCl:HNO3 (3:1, 1:3, 10:1, 1:10) (v/v) and variations in leaching time with aqua regia ( 30, 60, 90, 120) minutes. The leaching process is carried out at a temperature of 70℃. The filtrate from leaching with aqua regia was then analyzed using AAS. The results of this study obtained the optimum conditions for leaching Au metal at a volume of 60 mL HNO3 with a concentration of 26.11 mg/L, a ratio of HCl: HNO3 1:3 (v/v) with a dissolved gold concentration of 23.77 mg/L and Leaching time with aqua regia was 90 minutes with a concentration of Au metal of 26.38 mg/L.
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Emmanuel, U. Dan, and J. Inam Edu. "Effect of Acid Digestion Methods on Total Metals Recovery from Sludge from Water Treatment Plants (WTPS) in Nigeria." Chemistry Research Journal 2, no. 2 (2017): 13–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13956193.
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Effect of acid digestion methods on total metal recovery from sludge from water treatment plants in Nigeria was conducted. Sludge samples from four (4) different water treatment plants namely Lower Usuma Dam Water Treatment Plant, Bwari (LUDWTP), Le-Meridien Ibom Hotel and Golf Resort Water Treatment Plant, Uyo (LMWTP), Akwa Ibom State Water Company Water Treatment Plant (AKWTP) and Champion Brewery Water Treatment Plant (CBWTP) were collected and analysed for total metal recovery using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer after digestion using two different acid combinations (aqua regia and HNO<sub>3</sub>/ HClO<sub>4 </sub>2:1). The results reveal that HNO<sub>3</sub>/HClO<sub>4</sub> extract recorded the highest mean total 16.58 mgkg<sup>-1</sup> Zn, 0.40 mgkg<sup>-1 </sup>Cu and 0.47 mgkg<sup>-1</sup> Cd than aqua regia extract in all the fifteen metals analysed. Aqua regia extracts had the highest mean total 61.99 mgkg<sup>-1 </sup>Ca, 3.60 mgkg<sup>-1 </sup>K, 29.57 mgkg<sup>-1 </sup>Mg, 52.19 mgkg<sup>-1 </sup>Fe, while Co, Cr, Pb, Mn and Na were 0.07, 0.27, 1.47, 19.37 and 12.69 respectively. Aluminium and arsenic levels were not detected in all the four samples extracted with aqua regia and HNO<sub>3</sub>/HClO<sub>4</sub>. From the results of this work, aqua regia digestion method is very effective for use in routine monitoring of metals in sludge from water treatment plants in Nigeria.
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RITTER, STEVE. "A NEW TWIST ON AQUA REGIA." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 89, no. 14 (2011): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v089n014.p011.
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Tsai, L. J., S. T. Ho, and K. C. Yu. "Correlations of extractable heavy metals with organic matters in contaminated river sediments." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 9 (2003): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0502.
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In southern Taiwan, almost all the main rivers have been contaminated by anthropogenic heavy metals and organic matters. The main pollution sources include agricultural, industrial, and domestic activities. River sediments potentially have large capacities to accumulate heavy metals and organic matters when the river water flows through it. The sediments sampled from high contaminated river (the Yenshui River) and moderately contaminated rivers (the Tsengwen, Chishui, Potzu, and Peikang Rivers) were used to realize correlations between each kind of aqua regia extractable heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Mn, and Fe) and organic matters in vertical sediment cores. Organic matters and aqua regia extractable heavy metal concentrations, analyzed by strong acid-digested extraction, were determined in vertical profile segments from downstream sediments of the five rivers. Sum of six aqua regia extractable heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb) were below 3,000 mg/kg in sediments of the Yenshui River, and below 500 mg/kg in the other four rivers' sediments. Strongly positive correlations (r = 0.83-0.95) between each kind of aqua regia extractable heavy metals and organic matters (concentration range between 0.6 to 3.8%) were observed in sediments of the Yenshui River. The slopes of the linear regressive lines approximated the average metal complexation ratios with organic matters in the sediments. In sediments of the other four rivers, smaller positive correlation coefficients between aqua regia extractable heavy metals and organic matters (below 2.6%) were observed. The complexation ratios derived from the four moderately polluted river sediments were smaller than those derived from the highly contaminated river sediments, indicating that the importance of organic matters in the accumulation of heavy metals in river sediments.
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Arifiyana, Djamilah, and Ermayulis . "Analisis Kandungan Logam Timbal pada Sediaan Kosmetik Bedak yang Beredar di Pasar Pengampon Surabaya." Journal of Pharmacy and Science 4, no. 2 (2019): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53342/pharmasci.v4i2.149.
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ABSTRAKBedak merupakan salah satu sediaan kosmetik yang banyak dimiliki masyarakat dan merupakan kosmetik dasaratau lumrah dimiliki oleh wanita. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kandungan logam berat timbal dalam produk kosmetik bedak yang beredar di pasar Pengampon Surabaya. Sampel yang digunakan dipreparasi dengan destruksi basah menggunakan aqua regia. Dari kelima sampel bedak, secara keseluruhan sampel mengandung logam timbal, dan tiga diantara melebihi batas yang telah ditetapkan oleh BPOM RI (20 mg/kg). Sampel dengan kode BD1, BD2 dan BD5 dengan nilai cemaran timbal masing-masing sebesar 27,2746 mg/kg; 21,0297 mg/kg; dan 24,2015 mg/kg.Kata kunci: Logam berat, Timbal, Bedak, Aqua Regia, Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom (SSA)ABSTRACTPowder is one of the many cosmetic preparations and cosmetic standard or commonly owned by women. This study aims to analyze the content of lead heavy metals in powder cosmetic products circulating in Pengampon market Surabaya. The sample used was prepared by wet destruction using aqua regia. From five powder samples, the overall sample contained lead metal, of which three outweighed the limits set by the BPOM RI (20 mg/kg). Samples coded BD1, BD2 and BD5 had lead contamination values of 27,2746 mg/kg; 21,0297 mg/kg; and 24,2015 mg/kg, respectively.Key Words: Trace metal, Lead, Powder, Aqua Regia, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)
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Okabe, Toru H., Sachiko Yamamoto, Yoshihiro Kayanuma, and Masafumi Maedaaff. "Recovery of platinum using magnesium vapor." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 8 (2003): 1960–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0272.
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To develop an effective process for the recovery of precious metals from scrap, we investigated a new platinum extraction process using alloy formation by magnesium vapor and successive leaching with an aqueous solution. Pure platinum plates were reacted with magnesium vapor at constant temperatures ranging between 873 and 1173 K for 3 h, and Mg–Pt alloy samples were synthesized. The obtained Mg–Pt alloy was then dissolved in aqua regia or in an aqueous HCl solution at room temperature. Platinum was recovered from the leaching solution by conventional precipitation technique, and the platinum obtained by each process was analyzed chemically. It was found that 94% of the platinum was recovered by this process. After Mg vapor treatment, 100% of the platinum was dissolved when kept in aqua regia for 1 h, whereas only 25% of untreated pure platinum was dissolved when kept in aqua regia for 4 h.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aqua Regia"
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Venter, Iwouda. "Mesoporous silica recovery from phlogopite by aqua regia leaching." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/56122.
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Phlogopite is a mineral found in the Phalaborwa complex, which is mined in abundance and has little to no industrial use. Phlogopite in its raw form consists of between 40 50% silicon. Previous studies have yielded various forms of silica through acid leaching of phlogopite. The aim is to leach phlogopite with aqua regia to obtain mesoporous silica with the maximum specific surface area possible. Interest in mesoporous silica utilization has greatly increased in areas such as catalysis, polymer reinforcement, adsorption and medical uses.
Phlogopite is leached in a temperature controlled batch reactor with aqua regia, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid to recover the remaining silicon product. The leaching conditions are varied in order to obtain the silicon oxide with the largest specific surface area. The leaching conditions such as acid concentration, nitrate ratio, leaching time, temperature, solid to liquid ratio, stirring speed and particle size are varied to determine the effects on the surface area.
With aqua regia as leaching agent the maximum specific surface area of 99.41% silica achieved was 515 m²/g at acid concentration of 8.40 M, nitrate ratio of 0.64, leaching time of 12 hrs and leaching temperature at 50 ?C. This experiment provided mesoporous silica with average pore width of 2.62 nm and average pore volume of 0.36 cm³/g. Similar specific surface area values were achieved with 6.33 M nitric acid, leaching time of 6 hrs and leaching temperature at 60 ?C. A regression (R²= 0.90) was developed which can accurately estimate the specific surface area of the recovered silica with the known acid concentration, nitrate ratio, leaching time and temperature.<br>Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2015.<br>tm2016<br>Chemical Engineering<br>MEng<br>Unrestricted
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Rohman, Joshua. "A Novel Trace Elemental Analysis of Potassium Phosphates." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1459243950.
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Olofsson, Jonas. "Base cations in forest soils : A pilot project to evaluate different extraction methods." Thesis, Institutionen för mark och miljö, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-308442.
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The acidification has been a known problem in Sweden for several decades. Sulphurous compounds, spread from the British Isles and the European continent led to a decrease in the pH-value of the rain that fell over Sweden. Since the acidification was discovered in the 1960s, active measures against the sulphurous deposition have been undertaken. The sulphurous deposition has decreased by 90 %, and the problem was for some time considered under control, until recently when a new era of the acidification may have started. Due to the increased demand of renewable energy, and Sweden’s potential to use biomass instead of fossil fuels, whole tree harvesting has been more utilized. Studies indicate that the forest soils are depleted in base cations in a faster rate when whole tree harvesting is performed compared to regular stem harvesting. Mass balance calculations and simulations indicate that an increased bio uptake of base cations due to whole tree harvesting leads to an increased biological acidification. However, although many studies agree that the impact of the whole tree harvest on the base cation supply of the soils is significant, long running Swedish experiments indicate that the difference between whole tree harvesting and regular stem harvesting diminishes over time. After a 40 year period, the difference in base cation supply between whole tree harvested soils and stem harvested soils are small. The reason for this could be different processes that reallocate base cations from different pools, which are not usually studied. The aim has been to investigate and evaluate different chemical extraction methods (Aqua Regia, HCl, EDTA, BaCl2, NH4OAc and water) capability to extract the base cations calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium from four different Swedish forest soils and what this means for our understanding of how much base cations a soil contains. The extractions indicated that there is a statistical significant difference between the methods ability to extract base cations. Generally Aqua Regia was the most potent method, followed by HCl, EDTA, BaCl2, NH4OAc and water in decreasing order of effectiveness to extract the base cations. Linear correlations were found between EDTA, BaCl2 and NH4OAc. The internationally widely used method NH4OAc was considered to be at risk of underestimating the amount of base cations in the soil.<br>Försurningsproblematiken har länge varit ett känt problem i Sverige. Svavelhaltiga föroreningar som spreds från de brittiska öarna och den europeiska kontinenten ledde till att pH-värdet i regnet som föll över Sverige sjönk. Sedan upptäckten på 60-talet har aktiva åtgärder vidtagits mot utsläppen vilket har lett till en minskning av de försurande föroreningarna med 90 %. På grund av den stora utsläppsreduktionen som skett ansågs försurningsproblematiken vara under kontroll, tills nyligen då en ny etapp av för- surningen kan ha påbörjats. På grund av den ökande efterfrågan av förnyelsebar energi, i kombination med Sveriges stora skogstillgångar, har helträdsskörd av träd blivit alltmer nyttjad. Studier visar att markens baskatjonförråd utarmas i större utsträckning av helträdsskörd, då även grenar, rötter och toppar tas om hand jämfört med vanlig stamskörd då endast stammen tas med från skogen. Massbalanssimuleringar antyder att ett ökat bioupptag av baskatjoner på grund av helträdsskörd leder till en ökad biologisk försurning. Trots att många studier är överens om helträdsskördens inverkan på markens innehåll av baskatjoner visar lång- liggande försök i Sverige att skillnaderna mellan uttag av hela träd och stamved minskar med tiden. Efter en period på 40 år återstår endast små skillnader mellan avverknings- metoderna. Orsakerna till varför mätningarna och massbalansberäkningarna och simuleringarna inte stämmer överens kan vara många, t.ex. att det finns processer som kan omfördela baskatjoner från de som vanligtvis studeras. Syftet har varit att undersöka och utvärdera olika kemiska extraktionsmetoders (Aqua Regia, HCl, EDTA, BaCl2, NH4OAc och vatten) förmåga att extrahera baskatjonerna kalcium, kalium, magnesium och natrium från fyra olika skogsjordar i Sverige och vad resultaten betyder för vår uppfattning av mängden baskatjoner i marken. Extraktionerna visade att en statistiskt signifikant skillnad fanns mellan metodernas förmåga att extrahera de olika baskatjonerna. Generellt var Aqua Regia den metod som extraherade den största mängden baskatjoner, HCl, EDTA, BaCl2, NH4OAc och vatten följde i fallande ordning efter förmåga att extrahera baskatjonerna. Linjära korrelationer mellan EDTA, BaCl2 och NH4OAc upptäcktes. Den internationellt ofta använda metodiken för att extrahera baskatjoner, NH4OAc, ansågs riskera att underskatta mängden baskatjoner i marken.
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Lin, Wei. "Carbon nanotubes for thermal interface materials in microelectronic packaging." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45929.
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As the integration scale of transistors/devices in a chip/system keeps increasing, effective cooling has become more and more important in microelectronics. To address the thermal dissipation issue, one important solution is to develop thermal interface materials with higher performance. Carbon nanotubes, given their high intrinsic thermal and mechanical properties, and their high thermal and chemical stabilities, have received extensive attention from both academia and industry as a candidate for high-performance thermal interface materials.
The thesis is devoted to addressing some challenges related to the potential application of carbon nanotubes as thermal interface materials in microelectronics. These challenges include: 1) controlled synthesis of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on various bulk substrates via chemical vapor deposition and the fundamental understanding involved; 2) development of a scalable annealing process to improve the intrinsic properties of synthesized carbon nanotubes; 3) development of a state-of-art assembling process to effectively implement high-quality vertically aligned carbon nanotubes into a flip-chip assembly; 4) a reliable thermal measurement of intrinsic thermal transport property of vertically aligned carbon nanotube films; 5) improvement of interfacial thermal transport between carbon nanotubes and other materials.
The major achievements are summarized.
1. Based on the fundamental understanding of catalytic chemical vapor deposition processes and the growth mechanism of carbon nanotube, fast synthesis of high-quality vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on various bulk substrates (e.g., copper, quartz, silicon, aluminum oxide, etc.) has been successfully achieved. The synthesis of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on the bulk copper substrate by the thermal chemical vapor deposition process has set a world record. In order to functionalize the synthesized carbon nanotubes while maintaining their good vertical alignment, an in situ functionalization process has for the first time been demonstrated. The in situ functionalization renders the vertically aligned carbon nanotubes a proper chemical reactivity for forming chemical bonding with other substrate materials such as gold and silicon.
2. An ultrafast microwave annealing process has been developed to reduce the defect density in vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. Raman and thermogravimetric analyses have shown a distinct defect reduction in the CNTs annealed in microwave for 3 min. Fibers spun from the as-annealed CNTs, in comparison with those from the pristine CNTs, show increases of ~35% and ~65%, respectively, in tensile strength (~0.8 GPa) and modulus (~90 GPa) during tensile testing; an ~20% improvement in electrical conductivity (~80000 S m⁻¹) was also reported. The mechanism of the microwave response of CNTs was discussed. Such an microwave annealing process has been extended to the preparation of reduced graphene oxide.
3. Based on the fundamental understanding of interfacial thermal transport and surface chemistry of metals and carbon nanotubes, two major transfer/assembling processes have been developed: molecular bonding and metal bonding. Effective improvement of the interfacial thermal transport has been achieved by the interfacial bonding.
4. The thermal diffusivity of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT, multi-walled) films was measured by a laser flash technique, and shown to be ~30 mm² s⁻¹ along the tube-alignment direction. The calculated thermal conductivities of the VACNT film and the individual CNTs are ~27 and ~540 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively. The technique was verified to be reliable although a proper sampling procedure is critical. A systematic parametric study of the effects of defects, buckling, tip-to-tip contacts, packing density, and tube-tube interaction on the thermal diffusivity was carried out. Defects and buckling decreased the thermal diffusivity dramatically. An increased packing density was beneficial in increasing the collective thermal conductivity of the VACNT film; however, the increased tube-tube interaction in dense VACNT films decreased the thermal conductivity of the individual CNTs. The tip-to-tip contact resistance was shown to be ~1×10⁻⁷ m² K W⁻¹. The study will shed light on the potential application of VACNTs as thermal interface materials in microelectronic packaging.
5. A combined process of in situ functionalization and microwave curing has been developed to effective enhance the interface between carbon nanotubes and the epoxy matrix. Effective medium theory has been used to analyze the interfacial thermal resistance between carbon nanotubes and polymer matrix, and that between graphite nanoplatlets and polymer matrix.
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Mafra, Aline Helena. ""Aqui a gente tem regra pra tudo": formas regulatórias na educação das crianças pequenas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2015. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/158786.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Florianópolis, 2015.<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-09T03:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2015<br>A presente pesquisa, em nível de mestrado, teve como problemática investigar os processos regulatórios inerentes ao funcionamento de uma instituição de educação infantil e por outro lado evidenciar o ponto de vista das crianças, ou seja, como as formas regulatórias, materializadas por regras e normas, são postas na unidade educativa e de que maneira as crianças as percebem, compreendem e operam com elas. Para tanto, utilizou-se procedimentos metodológicos provenientes da etnografia: registros escritos, fotográficos e fílmicos, tomando como locus de investigação uma instituição de educação infantil da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Florianópolis localizada na zona urbana da cidade. A investigação empírica se deu com um grupo de crianças de 3 a 5 anos de idade que frequentavam a unidade educativa durante o período de maio a novembro de 2014. Com base nos objetivos da pesquisa, foi possível utilizar a Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, em que, por meio do método indutivo (Vala, 1999), as categorias pudessem emergir do campo. Do agrupamento das unidades de sentido, a partir dos dados empíricos, foi possível reuni-los em duas categorias: Formas regulatórias da instituição de educação infantil e Como as crianças vivem as regras no grupo/4/5. Os dados gerados indicaram que há regras elaboradas para as crianças de todos os grupos da instituição de educação infantil que visam organizar o cotidiano educativo, nas quais, as crianças são submetidas de forma hierárquica. Do mesmo modo, na instituição de educação infantil investigada há uma hierarquia nas relações estabelecidas entre as categorias geracionais, a qual é expressa no poder dos adultos e consolidada sob a forma de regras institucionais e de combinados do Grupo 4/5. A partir de um diálogo estabelecido entre os dados gerados no campo e o referencial teórico de Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Erving Goffman, Michel Foucault, Hannah Arendt numa interface com os estudos do campo da Sociologia da Infância e de uma Pedagogia da Infância, constatou-se que, mesmo constrangidas com as imposições de regras e normas criadas pelos sujeitos de mais idade, as crianças subvertem a lógica dos adultos e afirmam seus interesses, explicitando seus universos culturais. As crianças lançam mão de estratégias, as mais variadas, elaboradas com base em seus repertórios imaginativos, suas vivências, suas brincadeiras, para ir além da ordem imposta pela racionalidade moderna.<br><br>Abstract : This study, at Masters level, was to investigate the problematic regulatory processes inherent in the operation of an early childhood institution and secondly to highlight the point of view of children, that is, as the regulatory forms, materialized by rules and regulations , are put in the educational unit and how children perceive, understand and operate with them. Therefore, we used methodological procedures from ethnography: written records, photographic and filmic, taking as research locus a children's educational institution of Florianópolis Teaching Municipal Network located in the urban area. The empirical research took place with a group of children 3-5 years old who attended the educational unit during the period from May to November 2014. Based on the research objectives, it was possible to use the content analysis technique, in that by means of inductive (Moat, 1999), the categories could emerge from the field. The grouping of units of meaning, from the empirical data, it was possible to assemble them into two categories: regulatory forms of the early childhood institution and How children live rules in the group / 4/5. The data generated indicated that there are rules developed for children of all early childhood institution groups aimed at organizing the educational routine, in which children are subjected hierarchically. Similarly, in the early childhood institution investigated there is a hierarchy in the relations established between the generational categories, which is expressed in the power of adults and consolidated in the form of institutional rules and the combined Group 4/5. From an established dialogue between the data generated in the field and the theoretical framework of Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Erving Goffman, Michel Foucault, Hannah Arendt an interface with the studies of the field of sociology of childhood and a Pedagogy of Childhood, constatou- that even embarrassed by the imposition of rules and standards developed by the subjects older, children subvert the logic of adults and assert its interests, expressing their cultural universes. Children use strategies, the most varied, prepared based on its imaginative repertoires, their experiences, their play, to go beyond the order imposed by modern rationality.
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Alves, Rafaela da Silva. "O sistema aqu?fero Barreiras na regi?o de Parnamirim, RN: uso das ?guas e potencialidades." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/21061.
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Previous issue date: 2015-08-21<br>A ?rea de estudo est? inserida na Bacia Hidrogr?fica do Rio Pirangi, litoral Oriental do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, onde est? situada a cidade de Parnamirim. Abrange uma superf?cie de 370 Km?. A expans?o urbana do munic?pio de Parnamirim tem se desenvolvido de forma muito acelerada sem uma estrutura adequada, notadamente pela aus?ncia de rede esgotos, com riscos de contamina??o das ?guas subterr?neas podendo causar s?rios danos ? sa?de p?blica. As ?guas subterr?neas do Sistema Aqu?fero Barreiras na ?rea de interesse constituem a principal fonte de suprimento h?drico das popula??es urbanas e rurais. O uso da ?gua subterr?nea ? feito sem planejamento adequado e assim, importantes ?reas de recarga est?o sendo ocupadas. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para a quantifica??o do uso e avalia??o das potencialidades das ?guas subterr?neas, tendo em vista o aumento da oferta de ?gua de boa qualidade e com menores riscos de serem afetadas por atividades contaminantes. Com estes objetivos, foram desenvolvidas as seguintes atividades: cadastro de 268 pontos d??gua; caracteriza??o da litologia, espessuras e estrutura hidrogeol?gica do aqu?fero Barreiras, com base na correla??o de perfis de po?os; e, avalia??o de par?metros hidrodin?micos do aqu?fero, a partir da interpreta??o de resultados de testes de bombeamento de po?os. Verificou-se que a espessura saturada cresce de oeste para leste em dire??o ao mar, com valores que variam de 15,47 a 56,5 m, com m?dia de 32,45 m. Os par?metros hidrodin?micos, obtidos com aplica??o do m?todo de Cooper-Jacob foram: transmissividade m?dia de 5,9x10-3 m?/s e a condutividade hidr?ulica m?dia de 2,82x10-4 m/s. A porosidade espec?fica ? de 15%, obtida com aplica??o da equa??o Biecinski. O mapa potenciom?trico mostra a dire??o principal do fluxo subterr?neo, de oeste para leste, e permite identificar as zonas de recarga correspondentes a regi?o dos tabuleiros do ?Barreiras?. Os vales dos rios referem-se ?s zonas de descarga do sistema aqu?fero. A Recarga foi estimada em 253 mm/ano, que corresponde ? taxa de infiltra??o de 16,4%.<br>The study area is within the Pirangi River Basin, eastern sector of Rio Grande do Norte state,
where is located of the Parnamirim city. It has an area of approximately 370 km?.
Urbanization has developed much fast without an appropriate infrastructure, mainly by the
lack of sewage systems, with risks of contamination of groundwater that may cause serious
damage to the health of the population. The Barreiras Aquifer System groundwater in the area
represents the main source of water supply for urban and rural populations. The use of
groundwater occurs without adequate planning and therefore, important recharge areas are
being occupied. This study was conducted to quantify the use and evaluation of the potential
of groundwater, in order to increase good water quality supply and lower risks of being
affected by polluting activities. With these objectives, the following activities were carried
out: 268 points of water have been registered; characterization of the lithological, thickness
and hydrogeological structure of the Barreiras aquifer, based on the correlation of well logs;
and evaluation of hydrodynamic parameters of the aquifer, from the interpretation of results
well pumping tests. It was found that the saturated thickness increases from west to east
towards the sea, with values ranging from 15,47-56,5 m with an average of 32,45 m. The
hydrodynamic parameters using Cooper-Jacob method were: average transmissivity of
5,9x10-3 m?/s and average hydraulic conductivity 2,82x10-4 m/s. The effective porosity is of
15%, obtained by applying Biecinski equation. The potentiometric map shows the main
direction of groundwater flow, from west to east, and identifies the recharge areas
corresponding to the region of the tablelands of the "Barreiras". The river valleys refer to the
discharge areas of the aquifer system. The Recharge was estimated at 253 mm/year, which
corresponds to the 16.4% rate of infiltration.
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Oliveira, Renan da Costa. "Avalia??o do aqu?fero c?rstico Janda?ra na regi?o de Bara?na, Rio Grande do Norte." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM GEODIN?MICA E GEOF?SICA, 2016. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/22584.
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Previous issue date: 2016-08-29<br>A ?rea de estudo localiza-se na regi?o do munic?pio de Bara?na-RN, extremo oeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Abrange uma superf?cie de 675 Km?, incluindo o Munic?pio de Bara?na, e parte dos munic?pios de Quixer?-CE e Mossor?-RN. O aqu?fero Janda?ra constitui a unidade hidrogeol?gica objeto deste trabalho. Trata-se de um aqu?fero de rochas carbon?ticas utilizado no suprimento h?drico da popula??o urbana (Bara?na) e rural, principalmente da fruticultura irrigada. O objetivo do trabalho ? avaliar o comportamento hidrogeol?gico do aq??fero c?rstico Janda?ra, verificar suas condi??es de utiliza??o, avaliar o car?ter de fluxo subterr?neo, propor o modelo conceitual, al?m de responder a questionamentos sobre o rebaixamento dos n?veis de ?gua. Para isso, foi realizado o levantamento dos dados existentes para a ?rea, a elabora??o de mapas e interpreta??o de imagens, a elabora??o de perfis de po?os, o levantamento de par?metros hidrodin?micos, a avalia??o do fluxo subterr?neo, a avalia??o de recarga e gera??o do modelo conceitual esquem?tico. Com base em dados existentes, a ?rea foi subdividida em tr?s zoneamentos quanto a carstifica??o e identificados por m?todos geof?sicos e esquematizado no modelo conceitual com o auxilio de mapas de estruturas, perfis de po?os e identifica??o de carstes na regi?o. A ?rea possui forte explota??o das ?guas do aqu?fero Janda?ra com utiliza??o principalmente na fruticultura irrigada como mostrou o estudo de utiliza??o das ?guas na regi?o. Tamb?m foram elaboradas as estimativas de reservas com base na varia??o de n?vel da ?gua em po?os selecionados. Os estudos referentes ao fluxo subterr?neo mostraram uma tend?ncia natural de fluxo na dire??o SW-NE, por?m a forte influ?ncia da explota??o das ?guas provocou uma converg?ncia para o setor central da ?rea. A constru??o do modelo conceitual esquem?tico visou identificar as diferentes estruturas apresentadas pelo aqu?fero na regi?o, mostrando a varia??o no desenvolvimento c?rstico. O c?lculo de recarga mostrou o alto potencial do aqu?fero Janda?ra, com rendimento m?dio de 45%, a an?lise dos registros de chuvas e n?veis est?ticos mostrou que a causa para o rebaixamento das ?guas subterr?neas possui dois fatores importantes: a forte explota??o das ?guas aliada as secas prolongadas.<br>The study area is located in the region of Bara?na-RN city, extreme West of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. It covers an area of 675 square kilometers, including the Municipality of Bara?na, and part of the municipalities of Quixer?-CE and Mossoro-RN. The Janda?ra aquifer constitutes the hydrogeological unit and it is the object of this work. It is an aquifer of carbonate rocks used in the water supply of urban and rural population, mainly of the irrigated fruit-growing. The objective of this work is to evaluate the hydrogeological behavior of the Janda?ra karst aquifer, to verify its conditions of use, to evaluate the underground flow character, to propose the conceptual model, and to answer questions about the lowering of water levels. For this, was performed the survey of the existing data for the area, the elaboration of maps and interpretation of images, the elaboration of well profiles, the hydrodynamic parameters survey, the underground flow evaluation, the recharge evaluation and generation of the model conceptual schematic. Based on existing data, the area was subdivided into three zoning for karstfication and identified by geophysical methods and schematized in the conceptual model with the aid of structure maps, well profiles and identification of karst in the region. The area has strong exploitation of the water of the Janda?ra aquifer with use mainly in irrigated fruit-growing as shown by the study of water use in the region. Also were prepared the reserves estimates based on the water level variation in selected wells. The related studies to underground flow showed a natural flow tendency in the SW-NE direction, but the strong influence of the water exploitation caused a convergence for the central sector of the area. The construction of the conceptual schematic model aimed to identify the different structures presented by the aquifer in the region, showing the variation in karstic development. The recharge calculation showed the high potential of the Janda?ra aquifer, with an average yield of 45%, the analysis of rainfall records and static levels showed that the cause for groundwater retraction has two important factors: The strong exploitation of the waters combined with the prolonged droughts.
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Assun??o, Aryane Leon?dio do Carmo. "Hidroqu?mica e qualidade das ?guas subterr?neas do Sistema Aqu?fero Dunas-Barreiras na regi?o de Parnamirim, RN." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM GEODIN?MICA E GEOF?SICA, 2016. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/22092.
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Previous issue date: 2016-08-29<br>A ?rea de estudo est? inserida na bacia hidrogr?fica do rio Pirangi, localizada no litoral Oriental do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, e abrangendo 370 km? na regi?o do munic?pio de Parnamirim. Essa ?rea apresenta um alto potencial hidrogeol?gico, cujos recursos h?dricos j? vem sendo bastante explotados no decorrer dos anos. O objetivo principal do trabalho, tendo em vista a import?ncia e crescente utiliza??o desse recurso, ? caracterizar a qualidade dessas ?guas subterr?neas e diagnosticar modifica??es hidroqu?micas ocorridas a partir do desenvolvimento de atividades urbanas e agr?colas na regi?o. Nesse sentido, foi desenvolvida inicialmente uma avalia??o de uso e ocupa??o do solo em toda a ?rea, identificando as atividades existentes e que possam influenciar na contamina??o das ?guas. A partir dessas caracter?sticas dividiu-se a ?rea de estudo em tr?s sub?reas, de modo a comparar a situa??o hidroqu?micas das ?guas entre elas. Para o reconhecimento hidrogeoqu?mico, a partir de rede de monitoramento definida, foram realizadas visitas de campo para coleta de amostras para an?lise qu?mica, a fim de interpretar a situa??o do Sistema Aqu?fero Dunas-Barreiras. Com isso, obtiveram-se dados de condutividade el?trica, STD, c?tions principais (s?dio, c?lcio, magn?sio e pot?ssio), ?nions principais (cloreto, sulfato e bicarbonato), ferro, pot?ssio, carbonato, nitrato, am?nia, boro, pH, e dureza total; interpretou-se os resultados das an?lises atrav?s de m?todos estat?sticos, mapas hidroqu?micos e diagramas de Piper e Durov Expandido; e foi realizado um estudo de qualidade das ?guas subterr?neas para determinados usos. A f?cies hidroqu?mica que predomina na ?rea de estudo foi reconhecida como cloretada s?dica. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as ?guas subterr?neas apresentam, em geral, uma boa qualidade, com baixa salinidade. Contudo, identifica-se uma tend?ncia ? contamina??o oriunda da por??o norte da ?rea, mais pr?xima ao centro do munic?pio de Parnamirim, e que vem passando por processos de expans?o urbana nos ?ltimos anos. Ocorre tamb?m essa tend?ncia nas por??es em que h? cultivo de lavouras e pecu?ria, a oeste da ?rea. A por??o leste da ?rea, sub?rea que engloba sistemas de lagoas e dunas, ? a que possui as ?guas subterr?neas com menores salinidades e, consequentemente, qualidade mais preservada. Essas constata??es indicam que a dire??o de diminui??o de salinidade das ?guas (em dire??o a leste) segue a dire??o do fluxo subterr?neo.<br>The study area is inserted in the hydrographic basin of Pirangi river, located in the west coast of Rio Grande do Norte state, covering 370 km? in the Parnamirim region. The area presents a high hydrogeological potential, whose water resources has been widely exploited over the years. The main objective of this dissertation, considering the importance and increasing use of this resource, is characterize the groundwater quality and diagnose hydrochemical changes due the urban development and agriculture in the region. In this sense, it was initially made an assessment of use and land occupation in the whole area, identifying existing activities and the might influence water contamination. Based on these characteristics, the study area was divided in three subareas, to compare the hydrochemical situation between them. For the hydrogeochemical recognition in the defined monitoring network, it was performed field work to collect samples for chemical analysis, in order to interpret the situation of the Dunas-Barreiras Aquifer System. Therewith, many measurements were obtained such as electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, major cations (sodium, calcium and magnesium), major anions (chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate), iron, potassium, carbonate, nitrate, ammonia, boron, pH, and total hardness; the analysis results were interpreted using statistical methods, hydrochemical maps and Piper and Expanded Durov diagrams; and a study of groundwater quality was conducted for certain uses. The hydrochemical facies that prevails in the study area is sodium chlorinated. The results indicate that the groundwater have generally good quality with low salinity. However, there is a tendency to contamination originating from the northern part of the area, closer to the center of Parnamirim city, which has been undergoing urban expansion processes in the last years. The same tendency is seen in the portions which are agricultural crops and livestock, in the western area. The east portion of the area, subarea which comprises ponds and dunes systems, is the one with lower salinity levels and, therefore, more preserved quality. These findings indicate that the direction in the decreasing of water salinity (towards east) follows the direction of the groundwater flow.
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Petrovich, Ana Carla Iorio. "Usos e qualidade da ?gua em regi?o semi-?rida do nordeste brasileiro: percep??o ambiental de professores e alunos." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18209.
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Previous issue date: 2009-04-24<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico<br>Density and biomass of bacterioplankton in parts of the Marechal Dutra
reservoir were studied in periods of dry and rainy season. The averages of the total bacterial
densities oscillated in the order of 107 organisms/ mL of sample. The cocci cells were
numerically predominant, influencing considerably the total abundance of the
bacterioplankton. The total bacterial biomass, was considered raised and varied from 2.431,82
to 2.739,01 ?gC.L-1, in function of the high values of biovolume of the filaments forms, and
showed no marked spacial fluctuation. These high values of density and biomass alert for the
necessity of a frequent monitoring of aquatic ecosystems of semi-arid region, where the
quality of the water is affected by the occurrence of extensive dry periods, influencing
considerably the quality of life of its population<br>Foram estudadas a densidade e a biomassa do bacteriopl?ncton nos per?odos seco
e chuvoso em dois pontos do A?ude Marechal Dutra. As m?dias das densidades bacterianas
totais oscilaram na ordem de 107 organismos por mL de amostra. As c?lulas em forma de
cocos foram numericamente predominantes, influenciando consideravelmente a abund?ncia
total do bacteriopl?ncton. A biomassa bacteriana total foi considerada elevada, variando de
2.431,82 a 2.739,01 ?gC.L-1 , em fun??o dos altos valores de biovolume dos filamentos. N?o
foram encontradas varia??es espaciais nem sazonais marcantes. Os altos valores de densidade
e biomassa encontrados alertam para a necessidade de um freq?ente monitoramento dos
ecossistemas aqu?ticos de regi?o semi-?rida onde a qualidade da ?gua ? afetada pela
ocorr?ncia de extensos per?odos de estiagem que influenciam a qualidade de vida de sua
popula??o
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Braga, J?nior Maurilo Gon?alves. "Comportamento hidrodin?mico e hidroqu?mico dos aqu?feros Barreiras-Janda?ra e A?u na regi?o de Fazenda Bel?m, setor oeste da Bacia Potiguar, Estado do Cear?" PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM GEODIN?MICA E GEOF?SICA, 2016. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/22582.
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Previous issue date: 2016-12-16<br>A avalia??o do comportamento hidrodin?mico e hidroqu?mico de aqu?feros em ?reas sob a influ?ncia da atividade petrol?fera s?o essenciais para a prote??o e gest?o do recurso h?drico subterr?neo.
Neste sentido, s?o analisadas neste trabalho as rela??es entre as cargas hidr?ulicas dos aqu?feros Barreiras-Janda?ra e A?u na ?rea de Fazenda Bel?m, setor oeste da Bacia Potiguar, Estado do Cear?, e suas implica??es na qualidade das ?guas subterr?neas. Foram definidas as superf?cies potenciom?tricas das unidades aqu?feras Barreiras-Jandaira e A?u em diferentes per?odos desde seu estado original, antes da influ?ncia da atividade petrol?fera, at? os dias atuais, bem como identificadas as modifica??es hidroqu?micas nessas unidades ao longo desse per?odo. Foi poss?vel concluir que os aqu?feros A?u e Barreiras-Janda?ra correspondem a sistemas aqu?feros individualizados e sem comunica??o hidr?ulica entre si. Os tipos hidroqu?micos distintos definidos para as ?guas dos dois sistemas aqu?feros ratificam o isolamento hidr?ulico caracterizado, sugerindo a inexist?ncia de mistura de ?guas entre os mesmos, desde seu estado original at? o presente. O estudo constatou ainda um rebaixamento localizado da superf?cie potenciom?trica do Aqu?fero A?u, o que aponta para a necessidade de se propor medidas de controle, mediante o monitoramento cont?nuo dos n?veis d??gua desse aqu?fero e da qualidade de suas ?guas<br>The evaluation of the hydrodynamic and hydrochemistry behavior of the aquifers
in areas under the influence of the oil exploration activity is essential to the protection
and management of the groundwater resource. In this sense, were analyzed in this work the relationship between hydraulic loads of aquifers Barreiras-Janda?ra and A?u, in the oil production concession area of
Fazenda Bel?m, West sector of the Potiguar Basin, State of Cear?, and its implications
on the quality of groundwater. The A?u Aquifer is composed by Units 2 and 3 of A?u Formation, composed
predominantly of thick sandstones at the base, with decreasing grain size to the top,
with metrics and decimetrics beds of mudstone and silt. On top of the A?u Aquifer
occurs a 70 meters thick package of mudstone and silt of Unit 4 of A?u Formation,
which covers and seals the Units 2 and 3 of A?u Aquifer, giving a confined character to
it. The Aquifer system Barreiras-Janda?ra is represented by sandstones and
conglomerates of the Barreiras Formation and Quaternary Sediments, which cover the
carbonates of Janda?ra Formation (packstones and wackstones) and expose the
groundwater of this Aquifer at atmospheric pressure. The potentiometric surfaces of the two aquifers systems for different periods, since its original state, before the influence of the oil exploration activity, until the
present day were set, as well the variations in hydrochemistry of these units, throughout
this period and the saturated thickness of the two Aquifer units. With this amount of information is possible to presume that the A?u and Barreiras?Janda?ra aquifers correspond to individual aquifers systems without hydraulic communication with each other. The distinct water chemical classes of the two aquifers
confirm the isolation between them indicating the absence of water mix between the two
systems, since its original state until the present. The study has identified a local fall in the potentiometric surface of the A?u aquifer, which points to the need to propose measures of control, through the
continuous monitoring of water levels of the aquifer and the quality of its waters.
Books on the topic "Aqua Regia"
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M, Motooka J., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Analytical data and sample locality map for aqua-regia leachates of stream sediments analyzed by ICP from the Iditarod quadrangle, Alaska. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.
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M, Motooka J., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Analytical data and sample locality map for aqua-regia leachates of stream sediments analyzed by ICP from the Iditarod quadrangle, Alaska. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.
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M, Motooka J., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Analytical data and sample locality map for aqua-regia leachates of stream sediments analyzed by ICP from the Iditarod quadrangle, Alaska. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.
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G, VanTrump, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Analytical data and sample locality map for aqua-regia leachates of stream sediments analyzed by ICP from the Chignik and Sutwik Island quadrangles, Alaska. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.
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G, VanTrump, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Analytical data and sample locality map for aqua-regia leachates of stream sediments analyzed by ICP from the Chignik and Sutwik Island quadrangles, Alaska. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.
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M, Motooka J., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Analytical data and sample locality map for aqua-regia leachates of stream sediments analyzed by ICP from the Bristol Bay, Ugashik, and western Karluk quadrangles, Alaska. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.
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M, Motooka J., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Analytical data and sample locality map for aqua-regia leachates of stream sediments analyzed by ICP from the Bristol Bay, Ugashik, and western Karluk quadrangles, Alaska. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.
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E, Church S., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Analytical data and sample locality map for aqua-regia leachates of stream sediments analyzed by ICP from the Port Moller, Stepovak Bay, and Simeonof Island quadrangles, Alaska. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.
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E, Church S., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Analytical data and sample locality map for aqua-regia leachates of stream sediments analyzed by ICP from the Port Moller, Stepovak Bay, and Simeonof Island quadrangles, Alaska. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.
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E, Church S., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Analytical data and sample locality map for aqua-regia leachates of stream sediments analyzed by ICP from the Port Moller, Stepovak Bay, and Simeonof Island quadrangles, Alaska. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Aqua Regia"
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Gooch, Jan W. "Aqua Regia." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_756.
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Ugajin, Hajime, Hayato Iwamoto, and Kei Kinoshita. "Direct Mixing Cleaning Method of Aqua Regia on Wafer." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-06-x.245.
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"Aqua regia." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30160-0_745.
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"aqua regia, n." In Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/8251807808.
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Lin, Wei. "Organic Aqua Regia: Discovery, Fundamentals, and Potential Applications." In Noble Metals. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/33661.
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"Sample Preparation Methods." In Atomic Spectrometric Methods of Analysis. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781837672769-00012.
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This chapter discusses sample preparation methods. The preparation of many samples involves a drying stage using either freeze-drying or an oven. The relative merits and potential pitfalls of both are given. Acid dissolution methods are common methods of sample preparation. Not all samples are soluble in all acids. If nitric acid is used to “digest” a soil a significant residue remains. The “digestion” is therefore more of an aggressive leach. The importance of noting the requirements of the analysis is emphasised. This aggressive leach would give a good indication of “biologically available” rather than the total content of an analyte. Methods are given for nitric acid, aqua regia and sulfuric/nitric digestions on hotplates or hotblocks or using microwave assistance. Potential errors associated with each are provided. Alternative sample preparation methods such as fusions, sintering, dry ashing and alkaline extraction are also presented. The preparation of slurries is also discussed. If speciation analysis is to be undertaken, more gentle extraction methods are required and some of these are discussed. Preconcentration methods for analytes that are present at concentrations below that capable of being measured using the instrumentation available are discussed. This includes coprecipitation, some solid phase extractions and some liquid phase extraction methods.
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Manikkampatti Palanisamy, Murugesan, Akilamudhan Palaniappan, VenkataRatnam Myneni, Padmapriya Veerappan, and Minar Mohamed Lebba. "Leaching Technology for Precious Heavy Metal Recapture through (HCI + HNO3) and (HCI + H2SO4) from E-Waste." In Heavy Metals - New Insights [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102347.
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The rapid growth of information technology and industrialization are the key components for the development of electronic equipment, and their inevitable role in human day-to-day life has an important stint in the generation of electronic waste (e-waste). This waste has far-reaching environmental and health consequences. One such e-waste printed circuit board (PCB) contains significant amounts of valuable heavy metals such as copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and others that can be extracted through various metallurgical routes. Recovery and recycle of heavy metal ions is a major challenge to prevent environmental contamination. The present study discusses the current e-waste scenario, health impacts and treatment methods in detail, and also presents experimental results of recovery of heavy metals from printed circuit boards (PCBs) by leaching using aqua regia (HCI + HNO3 and HCI + H2SO4). Under varying conditions such as specified conditions of 80°C, 0.05 mm of thickness, 3 hrs of contacttime, 80rpm shaking speed, and concentration of PCB sample of 0.5 g ml−1, it results in the composition of extracted heavy metal ions in such a way that 97.59% of copper, 96.59% of lead, 94.66% of tin, and 96.64% of zinc, respectively. The recovery of heavy metal ions from PCBs has an important leading contribution in electronic waste management and the result shows a higher rate.
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Kaufman, Dan. "Locks, Schlocks, and Poisoned Peas: Boyle on Actual and Dispositive Qualities." In Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199203949.003.0006.
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Abstract A piece of gold dissolves when it is immersed in aqua regis: gold is dissolvable in aqua regis; dissolvability in aqua regis is one of the qualities of gold. Now, imagine a world with the same natural laws as the actual world. In that world, a piece of gold exists, but aqua regis does not. In that world, does gold actually have the quality dissolvability in aqua regis? According to Robert Boyle, the answer to this question is ‘no’. In that world, is it true that if there were some aqua regis and a piece of gold were immersed in it, the gold would dissolve? According to Boyle, the answer is ‘yes’. This seems like a strange thing to say, given Boyle’s answer to the first question and his common-sense view that qualities (e.g. dissolvability) are not to be confused with their manifestations (e.g. dissolving). In this chapter, I hope to show why Boyle gives these answers. More importantly, I hope to show how Boyle can consistently give these answers.
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Arrocha G., Ruperto. "La actualidad del pensamiento de J. J. Rousseau en nuestra epoca." In El trabajo filosófico de hoy en el Continente. Sociedad Colombiana de Filosofía, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5840/icp13199582.
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El estudio de la ley natural, del hombre natural o del estado de naturaleza ha acompañado al quehacer filosófico desde su mismo origen. Rousseau hará de este tema el objetivo principal de sus estudios. Pensador controversial, difícil de encasillar dentro de las escuelas de su época, se erigió tempranamente en contra del “espíritu de su tiempo”. Su exaltación y veneración por la naturaleza, a veces tan mal comprendida, y su conexión con las leyes de la sociedad, o más bien del Estado, todavía hoy mantienen actualidad y vigencia. Cualesquiera sean las reflexiones que pretendan clarificar su pensamiento, deben comenzar por desentrañar dentro del contexto de su obra, la difícil madeja que entrelaza la fundamental relación entre naturaleza y sociedad. Es sabido que la idea de naturaleza presenta matices que en muchas oportunidades hacen difícil su justa y correcta comprensión dentro del planteamiento del filósofo ginebrino. Ideal nostálgico, h ipótesis metodológica, ordenamiento previo que debe regir normativamente las leyes de la sociedad futura. ¿Cómo entenderla con claridad y objetividad"? La empresa que aquí nos proponemos tiene como finalidad la de desentrañar las dificultades que impone el análisis del concepto de naturaleza en Jean Jacques Rousseau.
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Forest, Vianney. "Le IIIe s. ap. J.-C. en Narbonnaise languedocienne d’après quelques indices archéozoologiques." In The countryside in the 3rd century. From Septimus Severus to the Tetrarchy. Documenta Universitaria, 2008. https://doi.org/10.33115/b/9788484582823_7.
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Els estudis arqueozoològics registren dades directes de diversa índole, com ara el nombre de restes per taxó, l'estat de desgast dentari i les dimensions òssies. Aquests valors s'analitzen aquí en funció de la seva variabilitat bruta per comprendre, des d'una perspectiva tan diacrònica com sigui possible, si el segle III dC va representar un punt d’inflexió. Es pren en consideració l'evolució de diversos criteris: la composició de la tríada domèstica durant el període gal·lo-romà al Baix Llenguadoc, l'edat a la mort dels ovicaprins a la vall mitjana de l'Hérault durant el període gal·lo-romà i l'Edat Mitjana, les dimensions del metatars dels bovins a la França romana i medieval, i les dimensions de diversos ossos d'ovins i caprins al Baix Llenguadoc durant el mateix període. La secció dedicada a aquestes dues espècies és la més important, ja que presenta la primera sèrie de resultats osteomètrics inèdits. Tots aquests indicis mostren que probablement a partir de la segona meitat del segle III dC i principis del segle IV, la ramaderia al Llenguadoc-Rosselló va començar a centrar-se en el bestiar oví i caprí. Aquesta tendència es va accentuar progressivament al llarg dels segles, manifestant-se en èpoques successives en un canvi de constitució dels animals, que variava segons les espècies, i en un lleuger envelliment en l’edat de mort de les ovelles. El segle III dC va ser, doncs, l'inici del moviment que donaria lloc a la imatge "mediterrània" del Llenguadoc-Rosselló com a regió dedicada als ovicaprins des de finals de l'Edat Mitjana fins al segle XX.
Conference papers on the topic "Aqua Regia"
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Marin, Nicoleta Mirela, Gabriela Geanina Vasile, Jana Petre, and Liliana Valeria Cruceru. "IMPROVED AQUA REGIA METAL EXTRACTION USING A LOAM SOIL CRM ERC-CC141 AND A PERFORMANT MICROWAVE OVEN." In International Symposium "The Environment and the Industry". National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/simi.2015.0024.
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Huan, Y. S., Y. L. Kuo, Y. T. Lin, Jeff Chen, and K. Y. Lee. "Sample Preparation Technique for Bond Pad IMD (Inter-Metal Dielectric) Damage Observation." In ISTFA 2008. ASM International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2008p0328.
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Abstract Wire bonding is the most highly used interconnection technology in the packaging of integrated circuits. One of the potential risks of wire bonding is the damage on the oxide layers underneath the bond pad. Oxide damage monitoring is necessary to ensure bonding has no impact on the oxide layers under the bond pad. Since the oxide layer is not seen by visual inspection, bond pad stripping is necessary. Three bond pad stripping chemicals KOH, Aqua regia, and phosphoric acid were investigated in this study. Results obtained by dipping the chemicals at different temperatures, and time scales will be given. An optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are used to observe the oxide conditions from the top view. To understand the mechanism of the oxide damage caused by wire bonding, a focused ion beam was used to observe the cross-section of the defect.
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Song, Z. G., T. Tun, C. K. Oh, et al. "Investigation of Bond-Pad Related Inter-Metal Dielectric Crack." In ISTFA 2003. ASM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2003p0082.
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Abstract Bond-pad is an important structure of a microelectronic device because it plays the role of enabling the device to communicate with other external devices. Its integrity directly affects the performance of the microelectronic device. This paper presents our investigation on bond-pad Inter-Metal Dielectric (IMD) crack issue. Our investigation has considered the following factors: top via pattern (sea of vias/without vias) for bond-pad, top metal thickness (8 kÅ /9 kÅ /10 kÅ) and probe overdrive force (30 um/50 um/70 um). The bond-pad IMD cracks were exposed and decorated by chemicals (Aqua Regia and Hydrochloric acid), and inspected by an optical microscope. A scoring system was designed to assess the dependence of the bond-pad IMD crack severity on the above-mentioned factors. The investigation results showed that the IMD crack severity is strongly dependent on the probe overdrive force, top via pattern, and only slightly on top metal thickness.
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Wong, Sharizal M. A. S., and Sawan A. Salam. "Enhancing Mercury Removal in Hydrocarbon Fluids: Efficacy of Aqueous Sulfides Extraction in Natural Gas Condensate and Produced Water." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-24982-ms.
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Abstract This study demonstrates the effectiveness of aqueous sulfides (Na2S, (NH4)2S, and K2S) for mercury removal from matrices of stabilized condensate (from onshore and offshore sources) and produced water (synthetic and offshore). Aqueous sulfides successfully extract various mercury species, including Hg(NO3)2 in produced water and Hg° and HgCl2 in condensates, likely through an oxidative-complexation reaction that results in the formation of β-HgS (metacinnabar). An optimal sulfide-to-mercury(II) concentration ratio of 1:1 was identified, with sulfides in molar excess relative to mercury for efficient complexation. In single-matrix samples, mercury extraction efficiencies varied by species and matrix, achieving up to 50% for HgCl2 in onshore condensate, 52% for Hg° in offshore condensate, and 95% for Hg(NO3)2 in synthetic produced water. Higher extraction in aqueous matrices was attributed to the greater miscibility of sulfides in water, enabling intimate contact with mercury species. The addition of a strong oxidant (i.e. Aqua Regia) to condensate containing Hg° and HgCl2 before sulfide treatment further enhanced extraction. In mixed-matrix samples, mercury removal efficiencies of ≤47%and ≥50% were observed for biphasic samples containing Hg° + Hg(NO3)2 and HgCl2 + Hg(NO3)2, respectively. The application of aqueous sulfides for mercury treatment in condensate and produced water presents a feasible approach for bulk mercury removal, affording up to approximately 50% mercury removal.
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Trizoli, Talita. "O evento nós: conceitualismo, politica e alteridade em Regina Vater." In Encontro de História da Arte. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/eha.8.2012.4358.
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A artista carioca Regina Vater, nascida em 1943, e que tem parte de sua trajetória artística aqui discutida, fora figura conhecida do circuito artístico carioca na década de 60, frequentadora assídua de salões, galerias e participante ativa das praticas de vanguarda pictórica em voga. Seu período de formação se deu no final da década de 50, transitando como aluna primeiramente no ateliê de Frank Schaffer, e no de Iberê Camargo logo em seguida. Desenvolveu com esses artistas uma linguagem pictórica de influência expressionista, principalmente por conta de exposições nacionais de representantes da Otra Figuracion argentina, ocorridas na época.
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Trizoli, Talita. "Teorias, estratégias e lugares do discurso feminista na arte brasileira dos anos 60 e 70." In Encontro da História da Arte. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/eha.7.2011.4170.
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Estabelecer aqui uma linha de fuga Deleuze-Guattariana entre o movimento feminista do século XX, e a arte contemporânea brasileira das décadas de 60 e 70, é preencher uma lacuna teórica de quase quatro décadas, e que apenas recentemente vem sendo sanada por iniciativas acadêmicas de pesquisa histórica. Além do mais, é uma das diversas possibilidades de abordar parte da produção de artistas como Regina Vater, Wanda Pimental e Anna Maria Maiolino, que tiveram seu período de formação e fomentação artística justamente nessa época turbulenta e confusa, não apenas na área das relações subjetivas, mas também (principalmente) política.
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Fernandes, Anderson M., Edicleia Muniz, Rold Junior, and Eduardo Filgueiras Damasceno. "Proposta de Simulador de Coordenação de Cursos de Graduação utilizando Indústria e Educação 4.0." In Workshops do Congresso Brasileiro de Informática na Educação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wcbie.2020.211.
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O sucesso de um Curso Superior não está atrelado de forma geral apenas a direção e gestão de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES), mas também da coordenação do curso. O coordenador deve possuir diversas competências, pois deverá responder pelas funções pedagógicas, políticas, gerenciais, institucionais e administrativas. Algumas IES não possuem uma regra, concurso ou base para definir um coordenador, sendo este na maioria das vezes indicado ou selecionado por diversos outros motivos, não priorizando as competências profissionais, já citadas aqui, para atuar nesta área, o que muitas vezes leva ao insucesso do curso. Com o advento da Indústria e da Educação 4.0, propõe-se o estudo sobre a criação de um Simulador de Coordenação 4.0, que servirá de base para treinar e coletar informações, com a ajuda das TICs, sobre as competências de docentes candidatos ao cargo, realizando a análise de dados qualitativos para uma melhor seleção de um coordenador de curso.
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De Almeida, Eneida, and Myrna De Arruda Nascimento. "Narrativas errantes entre espacios reales e imaginarios: obras, imágenes y los lugares de los discursos." In IV Congreso Internacional de Investigación en Artes Visuales. ANIAV 2019. Imagen [N] Visible. Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/aniav.2019.9375.
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Si el museo, al separar la obra de arte del mundo ‘profano’ inauguraba una nueva relación con el público, consagrando su condición autónoma, las recientes diversificaciones de las formas de reproducción – digitales o analógicas –, amplían infinitamente la posibilidad de confronto entre museos reales e imaginarios, como indica Malraux (1994), estimulando prácticas culturales en permanente elaboración y circulación. Este trabajo explora la discusión provocada por la profusión de imágenes en el ambiente cultural contemporáneo, aproximando visiones polisémicas formuladas en narrativas provenientes de distintos lugares de discurso: el relato del escritor que lee imágenes e cuenta lo que ve se entrelaza con la comprensión de los críticos de arte y con el discurso del artista que usa la palabra y la escritura como instrumentos de reflexión y de dirección del propio proceso creativo. Alberto Manguel (2000) establece un paralelo entre imágenes y palabras como medio de reconocimiento de la experiencia del mundo denominado “real”. George Kluber (2002) sobrepone el dominio de las cosas hechas por el hombre al de la historia del arte, investigando la producción artística en Europa occidental por medio de las relaciones establecidas entre “objetos primos” y réplicas, o sea, un complejo encadenamiento desarrollado en el transcurso del tiempo, entre entidades originales y sus derivaciones, réplicas, transposiciones. Luigi Pareyson (2002) contrapone tal noción, substituyendo la idea de origen y derivación de la imagen por la concepción de un proceso endógeno resultante de motes y estímulos impulsados por el propio quehacer artístico, movido por la dinámica de alternancia entre consciencia y espontaneidad, entre sistema e libertad. La producción contemporánea de Esther Ferrer, al lidiar con la regla y el acaso, transitando por diferentes lenguajes, reaproximando arte y vida, memoria e invención, permite un análisis empírico en el cual las diferentes comprensiones aquí referenciadas pueden ser discutidas y confrontadas.
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REIS, MEILLYNE ALVES DOS, GEOVANA ALVES DA SILVA, NATALIA SILVA DE ANDRADE, et al. "VIOLÊNCIA OBSTÉTRICA: UM OLHAR PARA O CONTEXTO DA PANDEMIA DO COVID-19, SIL?NCIO, BRAMIDO E MEDO." In Brazilian Congress. brazco, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51162/brc.health2020-00022.
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Nos ultimos anos, a emergencia e reemergencia de doencas infecciosas como a COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) tem sido alvo de grande preocupacao social em todo o mundo, nao apenas pela letalidade, mas pelo impacto social e economico. Em media, 30.055.710 da populacao mundial apresentou confirmacao para COVID-19. Segundo dados do Sistema Unico de Saude, o indice de casos no Brasil foi de 4.558.068, sendo 5% representados por gestantes e lactentes. Somente a regiao Centro-Oeste notificou 26,4%, dos casos detectados de COVID-19, e Goias 26,8% em gestantes e lactentes. A OMS preconiza que a assistencia ao nascimento deva ocorrer com o minimo possivel de intervencao. Assim, espera-se que a equipe de saude no momento do parto seja capaz de resgatar a fisiologia do parto, incentivar a relacao de harmonia entre os avancos tecnologicos e a qualidade das relacoes humanas, bem como destacar o respeito aos direitos de cidadania. Objetivo: revisar a literatura acerca da producao de conhecimento sobre violencia obstetrica em tempos de pandemia de COVID-19 e elucidar as contribuicoes para o enfrentamento dessa problematica. Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo de revisao da literatura entre novembro de 2019 e 2020, nas bases de dados eletronicas da Biblioteca Virtual de Saude (BVS): Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciencias da Saude (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), e Base de Dados em Enfermagem (BDENF) e na SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online). Resultado: Para a redacao final utilizou-se 07 artigos cientificos, que apos analise deram origem a 02 categorias tematicas a saber: COVID-19 e violencia obstetrica: silencio, bramido e medo, e COVID-19 e violencia obstetrica: um olhar para alem da pandemia. Consideracoes Finais: Observou-se que a producao cientifica relacionada a violencia obstetrica tem emergido gradativamente, e tomando proporcoes sombrias nesse periodo de pandemia de COVID-19. Assim, tornam-se prementes intervencoes assertivas que contribuam para garantia dos direitos humanos dessas vulneraveis, com foco na recuperacao da autonomia, prevencao de danos obstetricos, emocionais e fisicos. Almeja-se que os nossos achados contribuam para a universalizacao do cuidado a essas mulheres e sua familia de modo a fornecer condicoes capazes de oferecer os condicionantes para a construcao da possibilidade de superacao das vulnerabilidades que vao alem da COVID-19. Por fim, espera-se que os dados aqui suscitados possam contribuir para que o silencio, bramido e medo gerado pela violencia obstetrica e suas interfaces com a saude sexual e reprodutiva dessas mulheres nao sejam mais relatados.,
Reports on the topic "Aqua Regia"
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ไตรตียะประเสริฐ, กวีร์. การวิเคราะห์ผลของตัวกลางต่อสัญญาณของปรอท และการตกค้างของปรอทที่ความเข้มข้นสูงระหว่างการตรวจวัดด้วยเครื่อง ICP-OES. สถาบันวิจัยสภาวะแวดล้อม จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 2016. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2016.64.
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ปรอท (Mercury (Hg)) เป็นธาตุที่มีอยู่ตามธรรมชาติ สามารถถูกปลดปล่อยออกมาสู่สิ่งแวดล้อมผ่านการกระทำของมนุษย์ ปรอทเป็นธาตุที่มีความเป็นพิษสูงทั้งต่อสิ่งมีชีวิตและสิ่งแวดล้อม ด้วยเหตุนี้ การวิเคราะห์เพื่อหาความเข้มข้นของปรอทในตัวอย่างสิ่งแวดล้อมจึงมีความสำคัญเป็นอย่างยิ่ง โดยทั่วไปแล้วการวิเคราะห์ปริมาณของปรอทในตัวอย่างนั้น จะต้องเริ่มด้วยการดำเนินการย่อยตัวอย่างด้วยกรดความเข้มข้นสูงเพื่อให้ได้ตัวอย่างที่พร้อมสำหรับการวิเคราะห์ด้วยเครื่องมือต่าง ๆ ขั้นตอนการเตรียมตัวอย่างนั้นมีผลทำให้ตัวกลาง หรือ Matrix ของตัวอย่างเปลี่ยนไป และส่งผลต่อเนื่องให้สัญญาณของปรอทจากการตรวจวัดเปลี่ยนไป ผลการทดลองพบว่าสัญญาณของปรอทที่ความเข้มข้น 1000 ug/L ในตัวกลางกรดที่ความเข้มข้น 1% และ 5% HNO₃ เป็นตัวกลางนั้นให้ความเข้มข้นของสัญญาณสูงสุดเมื่อเทียบกับกรด 3% HCI และ DI ซึ่งให้สัญญาณที่ใกล้เคียงกัน และเมื่อความเข้มข้นของ HCI เพิ่มขึ้นจาก 3% เป็น 10% พบว่าสัญญาณของปรอทนั้นลดลง เนื่องจากผลกระทบของการเกิด Polyatomic Interference เมื่อนำผลการทดลองไปสร้างกราฟมาตรฐานปรอทในตัวกลางที่ต่างกัน 3 ชนิด ได้แก่ 3% HCI 1% HNO₃ และสารละลาย Aqua Regia เจือจาง 10 เท่า พบว่าตัวกลางแต่ละชนิดให้ผลของสัญญาณที่แตกต่างกัน ซึ่งสามารถสังเกตได้จากความชันของกราฟ เมื่อพิจารณาผลของสัญญาณของปรอทในกลางชนิดต่าง ๆ พบว่า กราฟของปรอทที่อยู่ในตัวกลางชนิดเดียวกันจะมีความเป็นเส้นตรง (linear) สูง จึงสามารถสรุปได้ว่าการเตรียมตัวอย่างเพื่อวิเคราะห์ปรอทนั้นจะต้องดำเนินการให้ตัวอย่างและกราฟมาตรฐานอยู่ในตัวกลางชนิดเดียวกัน นอกเหนือไปจากนั้นแล้วยังพบว่าการตรวจวัดความเข้มข้นของปรอทด้วยเครื่องมือ ICP-OES นั้นมักพบปัญหา Memory Effect กล่าวคือ การทำการตรวจวัดปรอทที่มีความเข้มข้นสูง อาจส่งผลให้ผลการตรวจวัดตัวอย่างในลำดับถัดไปผิดพลาดไปจากความเป็นจริง จึงได้ทำการทดลองหาสารเคมีที่ใช้ล้างระบบเพื่อลดปัญหา Memory Effect และพบว่าสารละลาย Aqua Regia เจือจาง 10 เท่า นั้นสามารถล้างปรอดทออกจากระบบของเครื่องมือ ICP-OES ได้อย่างสมบูรณ์อีกทั้งยังใช้เวลาน้อยที่สุดในการทำให้เกิดปฏิกิริยา Oxidation ของปรอทให้กลายเป็น Hg(II) จนเกิดปฏิกิริยารวมกับ Cl เกิดเป็น Tetrachloromercurate ([HgCl] ²) แล้วจึงถูกชะล้างออกจากระบบของเครื่องมือ ICP-OES ในที่สุด
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Knight, R. D., L. M. Coffin, L. J. Valiquette, and H. A. J. Russell. Portable XRF spectrometry, fusion, multi acid, and aqua regia results from the Warden borehole, southern Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/297841.
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Knight, R. D., D. R. Sharpe, and L. J. Valiquette. Portable XRF spectrometry, fusion, multi acid, and aqua regia results from the Aurora borehole, Yonge Street Aquifer, southern Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/297418.
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Knight, R. D., L. J. Valiquette, and H. A. J. Russell. Portable XRF spectrometry, fusion, multi acid, and aqua regia results from the Queensville borehole, Yonge Street Aquifer, southern Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/297721.
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Gowing, C. J. B., and P. J. Potts. Evaluation of a rapid technique for the determination of precious metals in geological materials based on an aqua regia leach. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/193248.
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Main, P. T., E. N. Bastrakov, A. Wygralak, K. Czarnota, and M. Khan. Northern Australia Geochemical Survey: data release 2 - Total (coarse fraction), Aqua Regia (coarse and fine fraction), and Fire Assay (Coarse and fine fraction) elements contents. Geoscience Australia, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2019.002.
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Bourdeau, J. E., S. J. A. Day, and S E Zhang. Regional lake sediment geochemical data from northeastern Saskatchewan (NTS 064-E, 074-A and H): re-analysis data and QA/QC evaluation. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329875.
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This report presents the geochemical data, quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) results of the re-analysis of lake sediment samples collected from northeastern Saskatchewan (NTS 064-E, 074-A and H). The original lake survey was conducted in 1984 and the re-analysis in 2021. Original survey results are presented in OF 1643. A total of 1,179 lake sediment samples were re-analyzed, covering an area of 18,000 km2, averaging a density of 1 sample per 13 km2. Samples were measured for 65 elements via modified aqua-regia - ICP-MS. To ensure high quality data, the geochemical data was evaluated for contamination, accuracy, precision and fitness-for-purpose. QA/QC results have identified a number of elements to be monitored carefully for future analyses. Overall, the data is of good quality.
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Bourdeau, J. E. Regional lake-sediment geochemical data from northwestern Manitoba (NTS 064-F): re-analysis data and QA/QC evaluation. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332376.
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This report presents the geochemical data, quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) results of the re-analysis of lake sediment samples collected from north-western Manitoba (NTS 064-F). The original survey was conducted in 1984 and the re-analysis in 2021. Original survey results are presented in OF 1104. A total of 1,024 lake sediment samples were re-analyzed, covering an area of 13,400 km2, averaging a density of 1 sample per 13 km2. Samples were analyzed for 65 elements via modified aqua-regia - ICP-MS and 35 elements via INA. To ensure high quality data, the geochemical data was evaluated for contamination, accuracy, precision and fitness-for-purpose (ANOVA). QA/QC results have identified a number of elements to be monitored carefully for future analyses. Overall, the dataset is of good quality.
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Bourdeau, J. E., M. W. McCurdy, S. J A Day, and R. G. Garrett. Regional lake sediment geochemical data from north-central Saskatchewan (NTS 074-A, B, G, and H): reanalysis data and QA/QC evaluation. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329204.
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This report presents the geochemical data, quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) results of the re-analysis of lake sediment samples collected from north-central Saskatchewan (NTS 074-A, B, G and H). The original lake survey was conducted in 1986 and the re-analysis in 2021. Original survey results are presented in OF1359. A total of 1,290 lake sediment samples were re-analyzed, covering an area of 17,000 km2, averaging a density of 1 sample per 13 km2. Samples were measured for 65 elements via modified aqua-regia - ICP-MS and 35 elements via INA analysis. To ensure high quality data, the geochemical data was evaluated for contamination, accuracy, precision and fitness-for-purpose. QA/QC results have identified a number of elements to be monitored carefully for future analyses. Overall, the data are of good quality.
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Bourdeau, J. E., M. W. McCurdy, and S. J A Day. Regional lake sediment geochemical data from north-central Saskatchewan (NTS 074-A, B, G, and H): reanalysis data and QA/QC evaluation. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331711.
Full textAbstract:
This report presents the geochemical data, quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) results of the re-analysis of lake sediment samples collected from north-central Saskatchewan (NTS 074-A, B, G and H). The original lake survey was conducted in 1986 and the re-analysis in 2021. Original survey results are presented in OF1359. A total of 1,290 lake sediment samples were re-analyzed, covering an area of 17,000 km2, averaging a density of 1 sample per 13 km2. Samples were measured for 65 elements via modified aqua-regia - ICP-MS and 35 elements via INA analysis. To ensure high quality data, the geochemical data was evaluated for contamination, accuracy, precision and fitness-for-purpose. QA/QC results have identified a number of elements to be monitored carefully for future analyses. Overall, the data are of good quality.