Dissertations / Theses: 'Aquaculture nutrition'

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Araujo, Lage Luis Paulo. "Programmation nutritionnelle de la crevette du Pacifique à pattes blanches Litopaneus vannamei." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3006/document.

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Ce travail de thèse a eu pour objectif de tester pour la première fois le concept de programmation nutritionnelle chez la crevette Litopaneus vannamei. La première question était de savoir à quel moment le stimulus précoce devait se faire lors du développement de la crevette. Dans ce but, nous avons déterminé deux fenêtres de développement (stades protozoea et post-larvae) pendant lesquelles la plasticité moléculaire pour le métabolisme semblait optimale (publication n°1). La deuxième question portait sur le choix du stimulus environnemental que nous voulions utiliser. Nous avons pris comme stimulus nutritionnel la restriction de la prise alimentaire (restriction énergétique) sachant que ce stimulus pouvait avoir des impacts forts sur le métabolisme de l’adulte chez de nombreuses espèces animales. Nous avons pu démontrer qu’une restriction alimentaire de 40 % (40% de baisse de quantité d’aliment distribuée) dans la phase protozoe (4 jours) et de 70% dans la phase post-larvae (3 jours) était réalisable sans que cela n’induise de baisse de survie et de pertes de performances de croissance des animaux. La restriction alimentaire au stade protozoe n’a pas permis d’observer à long terme des modifications des performances de croissance et du métabolisme (au niveau moléculaire) (publication n°3). Par contre, la restriction alimentaire au stade post-larvae a été un succès concernant la programmation : les performances de croissance, l’utilisation des aliments (avec différents ratios de protéines/glucides) et le métabolisme (au niveau moléculaire) ont été (positivement) affectés par le stimulus précoce chez les animaux juvéniles (publication n°2). Nos travaux originaux et prometteurs nous permettent donc d’envisager dans le futur des expériences de programmation précoce (via la nutrition ou autres facteurs environnementaux) afin de piloter la nutrition des crevettes en aquaculture
This thesis work aimed to test for the first time the concept of nutritional programming in Litopaneus vannamei shrimp. The first question was when early stimulus should be performed during shrimp development. For this purpose, we determined two developmental windows (protozoea and post-larvae stages) during which the molecular plasticity for the metabolism seemed optimal (publication no. 1). The second question was about choosing the environmental stimulus we wanted to use. We took as nutritional stimulus the feed restriction (energy restriction), reported that this stimulus promotes strong impacts on the metabolism in the adulthood of many species of mammals. We were able to demonstrate that a dietary restriction of 40% (40% reduction in quantity feed allowance than normal) at the protozoea phase (4 days) and 70% in the post-larvae phase (3 days) was suitable without deleterious impacts on survival and growth performance of the animals. The feed restriction at protozoea stage did not show long-term changes in growth performance and metabolism (at the molecular level) (publication no. 3). In contrast, post-larvae the feed restriction was successful for the programming: growth performance, food utilization (with different protein/carbohydrate ratios) and metabolism (at the molecular level) were (positively) affected by the early stimulus during the development (publication no. 2). Our original and promising work allows us to envisage in the future early programming experiments (via nutrition or other environmental factors) to pilot shrimp nutrition in aquaculture

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Gamboa-Delgado, Julian. "Application of natural stable isotopes in aquaculture nutrition." Thesis, Bangor University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505985.

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Simon, Cédric Johan. "Advancing the nutrition of juvenile spiny lobster, jasus edwardsii, in aquaculture /." e-Thesis University of Auckland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/5796.

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Simon, Cedric Johan. "Advancing the nutrition of juvenile spiny lobster, jasus edwardsii, in aquaculture." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/5796.

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The development of cost-effective culture systems such as sea-cages and nutritionally adequate formulated diets for juveniles is of major importance to the advance of commercial spiny lobster aquaculture. Formulated diets have the potential to improve production performance, but to date fresh mussels have consistently produced better growth than formulated diets in spiny lobsters. Reduced food consumption due to the poor attractiveness of formulated diets has been suggested as one of the reasons for the slow growth. Whether gut physiology, processing and digestion could also impair consumption on formulated diets remains to be investigated. Diet digestibility, in particular the digestion of carbohydrates included in formulated diets, is one particular area that needs further research. The objective of this thesis was to make some significant advances in addressing two major bottlenecks (i.e., rearing system and nutrition) currently constraining the commercial ongrowing of J. edwardsii juveniles. Key findings were the following: Sea-cage culture systems of the right design can provide significant growth advantages over tank culture systems, especially on formulated diets, by addressing some of the dietary inadequacies via supplemental nutrition from biofouling; food consumption on formulated diets is significantly constrained in J. edwardsii juveniles because gut throughput is reduced due to a small foregut capacity (2.5-3%), expansion of the baseline dry formulated diet after ingestion, and slow rates of foregut filling (1-2 h), foregut evacuation (10 h), faecal throughput (>34 h) and appetite revival on the formulated diet (>18 h); an intensified intracellular digestion of the formulated diet in the digestive gland may be responsible for the lengthy appetite revival; improving the digestibility of formulated diets appears to be essential to maximise the amount of nutrient assimilated per meal in J. edwardsii; diet digestibility can be improved significantly by decreasing the starch inclusion level and selecting particularly digestible carbohydrate sources for energy (i.e., dextrin, cooked starch, glycogen, and native wheat starch) and feed binder (i.e., carboxymethyl cellulose). Among the digestible carbohydrate sources identified, native wheat starch and carboxymethyl cellulose appears to be best utilised by J. edwardsii juveniles.

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Maart, Brenton Ashley. "The biotechnology of effluent-grown Spirulina, and application in aquaculture nutrition." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004111.

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The biotechnology of production and utilisation of the cyanobacterium Spirulina has been well documented. Research has centred mainly on application in human and animal nutrition, and has been motivated by the high protein, vitamin, fatty acid and growth factor contents. The main obstacle in realising the full potential of this feed source has been the high production costs associated with its mass culture in defined media. The observation of blooms of Spirulina in tannery effluent evaporation ponds in Wellington, South Africa, prompted this investigation into the harvesting, and nutritional and toxicological evaluation of this potentially low-cost production system, with the ultimate aim of using the product in aquaculture rations. An investigation of the chemical gradient along the evaporation cascade showed a positive correlation between the prevailing chemical conditions and the dominant species populations. A standing crop of 9.5 tonnes/ha of Spirulina was found to be present in the latter alkaline ponds, characterised by relatively lower organic and sulphur contents. Initial harvesting of the biomass was achieved by the design, construction and implementation of a small-scale screen harvest, which yielded a 25 kg (dry weight) crop. A scale-up model was then designed, and implemented in a technical scale harvest, yielding a crop of 250 kg (dry weight). Both these harvests utilised the bloom of surface-autoflocculated biomass. Concentrated cell slurries were sun-dried on muslin beds, and milled to a coarse powder. An evaluation of the harvest revealed a chemical content similar to other published reports of defined media cultures, with the exception of the protein and amino acid contents. The observed lower levels of the latter two are almost certainly due to the sun-drying method employed, known to reduce the protein content due to thermal denaturation. Legislation demands the strict toxicological evaluation of new protein sources, and because of the effluent-nature of the growth medium of this source of Spirulina, its viability lies only in the application as an animal feed or supplement. A range of toxicological tests were chosen that were targeted to elucidate the possible toxicological constraints of this effluentgrown source of protein in animal nutrition. The nucleic acid and pesticide contents of the harvested biomass were within the prescribed safety ranges. Atomic absorption showed minimal accumulation of minerals and heavy metals from the effluent. A bioassay with the brine shrimp Anemia salina showed that the biomass contained no toxicologically active water-soluble components. A short term feeding trial with new-born chicks showed that supplementation with Spirulina had no effect on the growth rates and feed conversion ratios of the different feeding groups. Pathological analyses showed that the liver was the only target organ to elicit a change in response to supplementation of the diets with Spirulina. A general decrease in liver weight was noted, with Cu, Ca, Fe and Zn being significantly accumulated. A histopathological examination however, showed no cellular and functional aberration from the control animals. The toxicological analyses gave the preliminary safe go-ahead for the evaluation of effluent-grown Spirulina in aquaculture nutrition. The South African abalone Haliotis midae, and the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were chosen as representative species of edible cultured organisms. The technology for the culture of the perlemoen abalone is being established in South Africa, with the main area of research being the development of an artificial diet for high density culture. A 40 day growth trial demonstrated that lower concentrations of Spirulina supplemented to an agar-based fishmeal diet resulted in growth rates and feed conversion ratios similar to the control fishmeal and purified-casein diets, and thus has application potential in the nutrition of this high-cost marine delicacy. The aquaculture technology of freshwater rainbow trout is already well established. An eight week feeding trial with various concentrations of Spirulina showed that this effluent-grown protein source can partially replace fishmeal in semi-purified diets. Fish fed Spirulina did not exhibit decisive manifestations of toxicity, as determined in a histopathological study. In addition, Spirulina supplementation resulted in enhanced colouration of the skin and flesh, which may have implications in the aesthetic marketing of this sought-after table fish. The primary aim of this preliminary investigation thus concerned the determination of the biotechnological potential of this effluent-source of Spirulina. A technology transfer from the economically unfeasible defined-media culture was implemented. This project is ultimately aimed as a contribution towards the treatment of tannery wastewater, by the removal of contaminants from the effluent in the form of organic biomass.

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Briggs, Matthew R. P. "The nursery culture and nutrition of post-larval black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261740.

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Sadiku, Suleiman Omeiza Eku. "Use of soybean flour-poultry meat meal blends in practical diets of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295862.

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Deru, Jacques. "Studies on the development and nutrition of the caridean prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) (Crustacea: Decapoda)." Thesis, Bangor University, 1990. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/studies-on-the-development-and-nutrition-of-the-caridean-prawn-macrobrachium-rosenbergii-de-man-crustacea-decapoda(17213cce-95f8-43f7-96cb-592e6ff8a96b).html.

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It is confirmed that Mac brachium match r ii contains much lower w3 HUFA levels than marine prawns. For larvae which have a low HUFA profile at stage I. survival and growth vary in relation to dietary linolenic acid which is the precursor of these long chain fatty acids. Diets containing different levels of w6 fatty acids produced large differences in survival and slight differences in growth. Recently hatched larvae utilize saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids for their energy requirements, as PUFA's increase from stage I to stage II, suggesting that larvae are able to chain elongate. Heavier M. n2ank ii females have heavier clutches and higher numbers of eggs. However, female weight does not influence weight per egg, nor the volume of each egg. The length of incubation does not significantly influence the larval survival though a negative trend is observed. The ratio between the weight of the parent female and the weight per egg (Wegg/W) is found to be 0.036 which reflects a poor fecundity. Recently hatched larvae consume microencapsulated feed, but do not survive beyond day 13. However, artificial diets can be fed successfully from stages VI-VII, the best growth occurring at a feeding rate of 8-16mg of microcapsules per litre. For the caridean M. ma br; zi and penaeid a=LtUa m2nQdgn larvae, edge index increases from 641 and 223, respectively, at the beginning of their development to 1847 and 750 at the end, reaching 2817 and 5000 at postlarval metamorphosis. These results confirm the herbivorous, omnivorous and raptorial feeder classification given by Itoh (1970). Recently hatched M. rosenbargii larvae show poor ability to crush their food and rely heavily on their embryonic lipid droplet reserves. Later, they feed on live diets, such as Artamin and rotifers, containing their own enzymes which aid larval digestion. Between stages V and VII, the cardiac foregut becomes muscular, the pyloric filter apparatus is functional, and the hepatopancreas increases rapidly in size. Residence time of food becomes longer in the foregut, but remains the same, and later decreases, in the midget. Survival and growth on artificial feed coincide with these changes, suggesting that larval enzyme production is sufficient to digest and assimilate such diets.

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Park, Eric Douglas. "Evaluation of selected antibiotics for potential use in penaeid shrimp aquaculture." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186152.

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Select antibacterials were evaluated for their potential as shrimp aquaculture drugs. Difloxacin and sarafloxacin were evaluated for palatability, toxocity, and residues with respect to shrimp, after 15 days of feeding medicated diets. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailabilities of sulphadimethoxine (SDM) and ormetoprim (OMP) were also established for shrimp. Reductions (p < 0.05) in difloxacin feed palatability were noted as a function of dose. Total survival and mean survival time (p < 0.05) decreased as a function of dose. Signs of animal stress, i.e., lethargic behavior, was also noted in the highest dose group. Shrimp tissue levels of difloxacin were inconclusive and not readily determined with the current analytical methods for the drug in shrimp. However, indications were that elimination may be rapid, i.e., tissue t1/2 of 11.4 h with peak tissue levels following a standard dose response. Feed palatability was reduced (p < 0.05) as a function of sarafloxacin dose. Lower weight gains in the higher dose groups were also noted. Neither the total survival nor the mean survival time (p < 0.05) were affected by sarafloxacin dose. Feed Conversion Ratio's increased with dose, indicating possible subchronic toxicity. Sarafloxacin elimination was rapid, with a tissue t1/2 of 13.4 h and tissue levels decreased to below detectable limits by day 14 of withdrawal in all treatments. Peak tissue levels followed a standard dose response. The hemolymph concentrations versus time data for both SDM and OMP were fitted well by two compartment models. The SDM:OMP parameter estimates of CLs, Vss, and terminal phase t1/2 were 194:2045 ml/kg*h, 1735:25,442 ml/kg, and 6.9:11.5 h, respectively. Plasma protein binding of SDM and OMP was 5.2% and 12.1%, respectively. The bioavailabilities of SDM:OMP were 30:38%. Peak hemolymph concentration (Cmax) and time (Tmax) of SDM post of single oral dose (210 mg/kg) was 14 ug/ml at 4 h, while OMP (42 mg/kg) Cmax and Tmax was 0.45 ug/ml at 0.67 h. The amount of the available oral dose 2 h post administration of SDM:OMP in the hemolymph, muscle, and hepatopancreas were 6.0:0.5%, 9.3:2.8%, and 2.9:20.2%, respectively. Hemolymph and muscle tissue levels were below detectable limits post 48h for SDM and 24 h for OMP.

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Sugiura, Shozo H. "Development of low-pollution feeds for sustainable aquaculture /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5298.

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Roques, Simon. "Métabolomique intégrative de l’adaptation du métabolisme de la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) à de nouveaux aliments à base de matière premières végétales et alternatives." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU3025.

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Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte du développement d’une alimentation durable en aquaculture. Les aliments aquacoles, historiquement à base de ressources marines, sont aujourd’hui principalement à base de ressources végétales. Cependant, l’utilisation d’aliments exclusivement végétaux chez les espèces carnivores est limitée par les faibles performances de croissance résultant notamment d’effets négatifs sur la digestion et le métabolisme. De nouveaux aliments à base de matières premières végétales complétés par des ingrédients alternatifs, extraits protéiques de levures (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), insectes (Hermetia illucens) et microalgues (Spirulina platensis), ont été formulés pour proposer des aliments performants sans ressources marines. L’objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser les composés solubles de ces aliments alternatifs testés pour les performances de croissance de la truite en pisciculture expérimentale, et d’évaluer les effets engendrés sur le métabolisme par une approche métabolomique basée sur la RMN du proton. Ce type d’approche intégrée combinant les métabolomes de l’aliment et de l’animal est original chez les poissons. La caractérisation des composés solubles des aliments alternatifs a permis de mettre en évidence des marqueurs des matières premières alternatives et des composés jusque-là non identifiés par les techniques d’analyses ciblées utilisées en routine pour la caractérisation des aliments : par exemple marqueur de type quinone pour les microalgues, et composé glycérol pour les insectes. Certains de ces composés sont également actifs sur le métabolisme de la truite. Les effets métaboliques ont été étudiés spécifiquement pour les aliments comprenant des taux d’incorporation croissants d’ingrédient levure et insecte ayant des effets significatifs sur la croissance. Les effets métaboliques observés au niveau du métabolome plasmatique, hépatique et musculaire des truites nourries avec ces aliments alternatifs suggèrent que l’amélioration de la croissance résulte de la réduction des matières premières végétales des aliments, et d’effets spécifiques des matières premières alternatives. La réduction de la teneur en farines végétales affecte le métabolisme musculaire notamment par des modifications des teneurs en histidine et taurine. Ces métabolites attestent de la restauration de fonctions importantes dans le muscle : la régulation du pouvoir tampon et de l’osmolarité. Les aliments contenant l’ingrédient levure induisent un effet spécifique sur le métabolisme énergétique et sur le statut de la bétaïne hépatique. Les aliments contenant l’ingrédient insecte induisent un effet sur le métabolisme protéique musculaire grâce à l’apport d’acides aminés libres utilisés pour la protéosynthèse et la fourniture d’énergie. L’intégration des données métabolomiques et zootechniques montre l’histidine comme un marqueur original de la croissance. Afin de proposer une méthode d’analyse non-invasive du métabolome hépatique et musculaire, nous avons testé la prédiction de la variation des métabolites tissulaires à partir du métabolome plasmatique. Cette thèse ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour améliorer l’évaluation (i) de la qualité des aliments aquacoles, et (ii) des effets nutritionnels de nouveaux aliments par l’identification de voies métaboliques et de fonctions utiles en relation avec la croissance chez la truite
This thesis work is in line with the development of sustainable aquaculture feed. Aquaculture feeds that have been historically based on marine resources are now mainly based on plant resources. However, the use of feeds exclusively based on plant ingredients in carnivorous species, is limited by poor growth performance resulting in particular from the negative effects on digestion and metabolism. Alternative feeds based on plant raw materials and containing alternative ingredients, protein extracts from yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), insects (Hermetia illucens) and microalgae (Spirulina platensis), have been formulated to provide efficient feeds without marine resources. The objective of this thesis is to characterize the soluble compounds of these alternative feeds tested for the growth performance of trout in experimental fish farming, and to evaluate dietary-induced effects on metabolism by a metabolomics approach based on proton NMR. This type of integrated metabolomic approach combining feed and animal metabolome remains rare in fish. The characterization of soluble compounds in alternative feeds allowed identifying markers of alternative raw materials and compounds not previously identified by the targeted analytical techniques routinely used for feed characterization: e.g. a quinone marker for microalgae and glycerol compound for insects. Several compounds are also active on trout metabolism. Metabolic effects were studied in particular with feeds containing increasing incorporation levels of yeast and insect ingredients with significant growth effects. The metabolic effects observed in the plasma, liver and muscle metabolome of trout fed these alternative feeds suggested that the improvement in growth results both from the reduction in the plant raw materials in the feed, and from specific effects of the alternative raw materials. The effect of the reduction in plant flour contents was observed on muscle metabolism notably through changes in histidine and taurine contents. These two metabolites suggest the restoration of two crucial functions in the muscle: regulation of buffer capacity and of osmolarity. Feeds containing the yeast ingredient had a specific effect on energy metabolism and on the status of hepatic betaine. Feeds containing the insect ingredient induced an effect on muscle protein metabolism by providing free amino acids used for protein synthesis and energy supply. The integration of metabolomic and zootechnical data highlighted histidine as an original marker of growth. To propose a non-invasive method of analysis of the hepatic and muscle metabolome, we tested the prediction of tissue metabolite variations from the plasma metabolome. This thesis opens new perspectives to improve the assessment of (i) the quality of aquaculture feed, and (ii) the nutritional effects of new feeds by identifying metabolic pathways and useful functions related to trout growth

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Fox, Clive. "Studies on polyunsaturated fatty acid nutrition in the larvae of a marine fish - the herring, Clupea harengus L." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280755.

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D'Silva, Aecio Moura. "Techniques for integrating aquaculture with agriculture on irrigated farms: Pulsed flow culture systems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186245.

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The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the feasibility for integrating aquaculture with agriculture on irrigated farms. I developed a pulsed flow culture procedure for culturing fish in irrigation ditches where water was replaced once daily. Water from the fish culture operation was than used to irrigate ornamental trees (mesquite) for sale to the nursery industry. Twelve and four tenths percent of the channel catfish survived the 90 day experiment whereas 88.5% of the tilapia survived. These differences were statistically (P < 0.05) significant and may indicate that red tilapia are better suited than channel catfish for culture in pulsed flow culture systems. Densities of 10 and 20 tilapia/m³ showed the best performance among the five densities (10, 20, 30, 50, and 70 fish/m³) tested. Water quality limited the density of fish that could be cultured in this type of pulsed flow culture system. Ammonia concentrations and levels were periodically high (5 ppm) and dissolved oxygen levels were periodically low (1.5 ppm). Each 100 meters of ditch could potentially produce between 240 kg and 420 kg of tilapia per growing season. In all treatments, the length and weight of red tilapia predicted by Santos' equation closely followed the empirical data. There was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.001) in the growth (height and stem base area) of mesquite trees irrigated with well water and those irrigated with water that was from the fish culture facility. Trees of the size produced with water from the fish facility could be sold after about six months for prices ranging from $5.50 to $8.50. Trees irrigated with well water would take twice as long to reach a marketable size as those irrigated with water used for fish culture. The integration of aquaculture with agriculture using pulsed flow culture systems seems to have the potential to increase cash flow from irrigated farms. The production of fish and ornamental trees with the same water used to irrigate agronomic crops seems biologically, technically, and economically feasible.

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do, Vale Pereira Gabriella. "Development of probiotics for the sustainable cultivation of pirarucu, Arapaima gigas." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/11629.

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The pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) from Amazon basin is currently the largest farmed fish species and its production is increasing rapidly in Brazil. However, there is a concern about bacterial disease outbreaks and resulting mortalities in pirarucu farms. The use of probiotic bacteria as prophylactic method is recognized as beneficial practice to enhance fish production. The aim of this thesis was to isolate autochthonous probiotic strains from the pirarucu intestine, characterize their potential probiotic characteristics in vitro, and perform in vivo colonization and growth experiments. To this end, the intestinal microbial community of A. gigas was assessed at two different growth stages using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) analysis. Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria and Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla. At genus level Bradyrhizobium and Cetobacterium were the most abundant in adult and juvenile fish, respectively. In a further trial two isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB): Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Enterococcus faecium, showed in vitro suitability as probiotics. Two potential pathogens: Citrobacter freundii and Pseudomonas sp., were also isolated and their pathogenicity assessed. Subsequently, an in vivo experiment was performed to assess the potencial of LAB strains to colonise and modulate the gut microbiome of pirarucu after 21 days of feeding. The results showed a high abundance of Cetobacterium in all treatments. Additionally, both probiotic treatments decreased the levels of Clostridiales in pirarucu intestine and showed adherence to the fish mucosal tissue. Finally, a growth experiment was performed to assess the ability of to the candidate probiotics to improve growth parameters after 42 days of feeding. HTS confirmed that Cetobacterium was the most abundant genus in all treatments. Fish fed with L. lactis subsp. lactis presented higher percentage of increase (%I) of weight, specific growth rate (SGR), and monocytes in blood. The strain E. faecium interacted with the microbial gut community and was able to populate the mucosal tissue. In conclusion, both LAB strains presented probiotic characteristics and should be considered as probiotics in A. gigas farming. These probiotics could contribute to a reduction in antibiotics use in pirarucu farms, thus, adding value to the species as a sustainable aquaculture product.

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Thorpe, Peter Stuart. "An investigation into the dietary requirements of Oreochromis Mossambicus fry and the formulation and preparation of a dry food for use in aquaculture." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001960.

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The need for developing a dry feed which satisfied the nutrient requirements of Oreochromis mossambicus fry was identified. The spawning and grading techniques which resulted in a higher fecundity and ensured uniformity within and between samples of fry are discussed. Preparation techniques were developed which met the physical requirements of fry feeds. An analysis of the flesh and yolk sac fry for amino acid composition was undertaken. The initial test diet was based on these results, as well as on the natural feeding ecology of the species. Feeding trials were undertaken and growth responses monitored to determine the optimum levels of the various dietary components. A feed was developed which gave superior growth to that obtained with natural food organisms. This feed consisted of Torula yeast (47%), Weider Super Protein (44.39%), Vitamin supplement (0.45% - multivitamin), additional vitamin C supplement (0.16%), Spirulina (5%), and methionine supplement (3%). An optimum particle size range for O. mossambicus fry (between 5 & 25mm) was established at 125-200um. The fry should be fed the following feed ratios depending on age: 30.4% body weight/day up to day 5, 30.6% body weight/day up to day 10 and 25.1% body weight/day up to day 15. An optimum feeding frequency of 8/10hr day was recommended. A feed conversion ratio of 1.24:1 and a protein efficiency ratio of 0.682:1 was obtained. Digestable energy of the feed was determined at 16.1 kj/g feed. The established dry feed is suitable for use in commercial hatcheries, and as a formulation for further research on the intensive rearing of O. mossambicus fry.

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Rombenso, Artur Nishioka. "ALTERNATIVE LIPIDS IN NUTRITION OF MARINE FINFISH." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1223.

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Fish oil sparing and replacement is a major focus in the fields of aquaculture and aquaculture nutrition. Most of the commercial fish oil production is consumed by the aquafeed industry due to its highly digestible energy and elevated content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs; ARA – 20:4n-6, EPA – 20:5n-3, and DHA – 22:6n-3), being a valuable ingredient. Given the finite supply and the growing demand for fish oil its price has increased quite drastically, leading to the search for alternative lipid sources. Generally, vegetable- and terrestrial animal-origin alternatives lack LC-PUFAs, which are physiologically important nutrients for all fish, and considered essential fatty acids for carnivorous species. When fish oil is spared or replaced by alternative lipids fish survival, growth performance, and fish health are commonly impaired if adequate levels of essential fatty acids are not provided within feeds. Additionally, fish oil sparing typically distorts fillet fatty acid profile and associated nutritional value compared to a fish oil-based diet reflecting the composition of the alternative lipid used. It is clear that to address the fish oil bottleneck in aquafeed manufacturing, researchers must understand the essential fatty acid requirements of the key commercial fish species. Fatty acid essentiality in fish has been investigated, and there is preliminary evidence that not all LC-PUFAs may be equally required, with DHA being more important, and EPA being more expendable. Whereas ARA has not been investigated in the same extent as n-3 LC-PUFAs. Additionally, certain fatty acids groupings such as saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) may influence LC-PUFAs bioavailability, and in some cases maintain or enhance LC-PUFAs deposition. The current dissertation sought to provide new knowledge regarding LC-PUFA requirements of marine carnivorous fish (White Seabass Atractoscion nobilis, California Yellowtail Seriola lalandi and Florida Pompano Trachinotus carolinus) in the context of C18 PUFA-rich (i.e. polyunsaturated fatty acid with chain length of 18 carbon atoms) and SFA- and MUFA-rich alternative lipids. Determine if all LC-PUFAs (ARA, EPA, DHA) are equally important in meeting fatty acids requirements and also determine the effects of dietary SFA, MUFA, and C18 PUFA content in fish oil sparing and tissue deposition of LC-PUFAs. The overall findings highlighted that DHA and ARA appear to be the primary drivers of fatty acid essentiality, whereas EPA is likely required in minor amounts. It was also demonstrated that DHA/EPA ratio had little-to-no effect on fish performance. Additionally, LC-PUFA requirements seem to be more flexible than previously assumed being influenced by dietary fatty acid profile. LC-PUFAs in marine finfish are more bioavailable in the context of SFA-/MUFA-rich alternative lipids, thus, reducing the requirements for these nutrients and allowing the fish’s physiological demand to be met with dietary levels below the minimum levels recommended. Finally, these findings suggest that although marine fish accept a variety of alternative lipids, those rich in SFAs and/or MUFAs seem advantageous in terms of limiting the effects of fish oil sparing on tissue fatty acid profiles.

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17

Ganeswaran, Kanagasabai N. "Reproductive performance of giant freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii (de man) with special reference to broodstock age, size and nutrition, egg production and larval quality." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292485.

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18

Britz, P. J. (Peter Jacobus) 1959. "The nutritional requirements of Haliotis midae and development of a practical diet for abalone aquaculture." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005152.

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The available literature on abalone nutrition was synthesised and the prospects for developing a complete pelleted dry feed for Haliotis midae evaluated. The similar body compositions, digestive structures, enzyme activity, acceptance of a wide variety of feed ingredients and comparable growth performance on formulated diets of various abalone species suggests that they have similar nutritional requirements. Abalone also appear to be similar to other farmed monogastric animals in that digestion is primarily extracelluar and they possess a large, muscular crop and stomach. Abalone energy metabolism is carbohydrate based. They are capable of digesting high levels of dietary protein but their ability to utilise fat is limited. Abalone have been shown to consume predictable amounts of dry feed which is efficiently converted into body weight. Efficiency indices of utilisation of formulated feeds, such as feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, net protein utilisation and apparent digestibility have been successfully applied to abalone. It was concluded that the prospects for developing complete diets for H. midae using a conventional animal feed science model were good. The ability of H. midae to utilise a range of proteins which had potential for inclusion in practical diets was investigated. Five protein rich ingredients, namely, casein, fishmeal, soya oil cake, Spirulina, and torula yeast, were fed to H. midae in semi-purified diets. Two algal diets, fresh Plocamium corallorhiza and dried Ecklonia maxima were fed as controls. Abalone fed on fishmeal and Spirulina based diets displayed significantly higher growth rates than diets containing soya oil cake, torula yeast, casein and E. maxima. Growth rates of abalone fed with P. corallorhiza were significantly lower than all other diets. All artificial diets yield lower feed conversion ratios (0.7-1.8) and higher protein efficiency ratios (3.3-6.5) ratios than the seaweed control diets (FCR = 2.8-3.4; PER = 2.2-3.0). The results indicated that fishmeal and Spirulina were the most suitable proteins for inclusion in practical diets for H. midae. The effect of protein level on growth rate and nutritional indices was evaluated by feeding starch bound, fishmeal based diets containing 27, 32, 37, 42 and 47% protein to juvenile H. midae. Weight gain was positively related to the level of dietary protein, increasing by 18% between 27% and 47% protein. Protein efficiency ratio declining from 3.2 to 2.3 with an increasing dietary protein content. Feed consumption rate was approximately 1% of body weight per day for all diets. Post-weaning abalone (ca. lOmm shell length, 0.2g) differed from larger juveniles (ca. 35mm, 8g) in their response to varying proportions of dietary protein and energy. The smaller animals appeared to have a lower protein requirement and poorer ability to utilise lipid than the larger juveniles. Proximate analyses revealed that the levels of protein, lipid and carbohydrate in abalone soft tissue increased with increasing dietary levels of these nutrients. Larger juveniles contained significantly higher levels of protein and carbohydrate, but lower levels of lipid, ash and moisture, than the smaller post-weaning abalone. The assimilation efficiency of [U-¹⁴C]-arginine by H. midae fed diets enriched with [U-¹⁴C]-arginine was only 0.45%. Furthennore, supplementation of diets with graded levels of crystalline arginine did not have any effect on growth rates. It was concluded that the prospects for defining the quantitative amino acid requirements of H. midae using crystalline amino acids are not promising. Rates of gastric evacuation and enzyme secretion were monitored in juvenile H. midae fed an extruded, fishmeal based dry feed. Gut fullness peaked 6h after feed was offered and the bulk of feed consumed was digested within 24 h. Enzyme secretion appeared to begin with the onset of feeding and continued for at least 6h after peak gut fullness was attained. Protease activity increased significantly following ingestion but amylase activity was maintained at a more or less constant level. A low level of lipase activity was observed suggesting that the ability of H. midae to digest fat is limited. The growth rate of H. midae fed an extruded, fishmeal based feed increased with increasing temperature between 12°C and 20°C. Between 20°C and 24°C a marked decline in growth rate accompanied by a deterioration in feed conversion and increased mortality was observed. Consumption of a dry pelleted feed was shown to be a function of body size and temperature. Based on these data a model which predicts a daily ration for H. midae was developed. The present study showed that H. midae efficiently utilises extruded dry feeds containing conventional feed ingredients. Although technical difficulties were encountered in measuring apparent digestibility, it was concluded that the prospects for developing practical diets according to established nutritional principles are promising.

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19

Voller, Samuel W. "The impacts of wheat gluten products and short-chain fructooligosaccharides on the health and production of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/9826.

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Through the implementation of in vivo feeding trials, the efficacy of three wheat gluten (WG) products, vital (Amytex®), hydrolysed (Merripro®) and soluble hydrolysed (Solpro®) wheat gluten as replacement of soy protein concentrate, and scFOS prebiotic (Profeed®) supplementation were analysed to assess their impacts on intestinal health and production of juvenile rainbow trout. Microbial community analysis in experiment one revealed a degree of diet based modulation with 7.5% and 15% inclusions of wheat gluten (WG) products. Bacterial species diversity was significantly reduced with 15% hydrolysed wheat gluten (HWG) inclusion compared to the plant protein control and 15% vital wheat gluten (VWG) treatments, with sequenced OTUs dominated by the phylum Firmicutes and possible promotion of probiotic species. No detrimental effects were observed on intestinal morphology. These findings led onto a longer duration feed trial with a more holistic, higher resolution approach. Experiment two revealed modulation of the allochthonous intestinal microbiota, with increased proportions of Enterococcus and Weissella in the 10% and 20% VWG treatments. Bacillus and Leuconostoc relative abundances were significantly increased with 10% HWG and soluble hydrolysed (Sol) wheat gluten inclusions. HSP 70 transcripts were significantly down-regulated in all WG treatments compared to the basal soy protein concentrate treatment (SPC) and increased intraepithelial leukocyte counts were observed with 10% VWG inclusion. Growth performance was unaffected by 10% dietary inclusions of WG, however, FCR’s were significantly improved in the 20% VWG treatment compared to the 10% HWG and Soluble treatments. This led to the investigation of increased inclusion levels of WG products in experiment three. All WG treatments in experiment three yielded significantly improved growth performance. Somatic indices were significantly increased with 30% blended WG inclusion compared to the SPC treatment. Modulation of allochthonous intestinal microbiota was observed to a lower degree than the previous experiments, with a dose response observed with increasing blended WG inclusion. In the final experiment two basal diets (SPC and 20% Blended) and two scFOS supplemented diets (SPC + FOS and 20% Blended + FOS) were investigated for the effect on growth performance, gut health and allochthonous microbial population. Growth performance was unaffected, however, modulation of the allochthonous microbial population was observed with an apparent synergistic effect of scFOS supplementation in WG diets. This synergistic trend was also observed in the transcription level expression of immune relevant genes. 20% WG inclusion with additional scFOS supplementation observed significant down regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, as well as HSP 70, CASP 3 and Glute ST compared to the 20% Blend treatment. The present research demonstrates dietary inclusions of WG products, solely or blended, at the expense of soy protein concentrate to modulate the allochthonous microbial population, potentially promoting probiotic species, whilst reducing the levels of intestinal stress in juvenile rainbow trout. Supplementation of the prebiotic scFOS modulated the microbial populations, enhancing the proportion of potential probiotic species, and combined with WG inclusions, reduce intestinal and oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers, with no observed deleterious effects.

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Galgani, François. "Digestion des protéines chez les crustacés décapodes : aspects biochimiques et physiologiques. Contibution à l'étude de la nutrition des pénéides d'élevage." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22119.

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Une etude des caracteristiques de proteolyse digestive chez 18 especes de crustaces decapodes et l'etude de l'activite proteasique chez des peneides d'elevage apportent des informations sur la nutrition des crustaces d'elevage et permettent la mise au point d'aliments composes

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21

Rodde, Charles. "Individual feed efficiency in fishes : direct measurement methods and indirect predictors to develop selective breeding programs in two major aquaculture species : European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG044.

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L’aliment utilisé en pisciculture est onéreux et impacte l’environnement. Améliorer l’efficacité alimentaire (EA) pour produire la même quantité de poisson en utilisant moins d’aliment est un objectif majeur pour rendre l’aquaculture plus durable. Cet objectif pourrait être atteint grâce à la sélection génétique, mais cela nécessite des méthodes de phénotypage individuel, et mesurer la prise alimentaire individuelle est complexe chez le poisson. Les deux meilleures méthodes, à l’heure actuelle, consistent soit à élever les poissons individuellement, soit à les marquer avec un tag externe pour les identifier visuellement au sein de petits groupes. Je me suis focalisé sur des questions d’importance critique en lien avec l’estimation de l’EA individuelle, chez deux espèces aquacoles majeures, le bar Européen Dicentrarchus labrax et le tilapia du Nile Oreochromis niloticus. J’ai démontré qu’estimer l’EA individuelle au stade juvénile chez le tilapia du Nil permettait de prédire l’EA sur l’ensemble du cycle de production. Ensuite, j’ai comparé les deux méthodes de phénotypage chez le tilapia du Nil, et observé qu’elles ne fournissent pas des estimations équivalentes. Enfin, j’ai aussi constaté que les poissons les plus efficaces à taux de rationnement restreint n’étaient pas les plus efficaces à satiété, chez les deux espèces.Les deux méthodes de phénotypage demeurent, cependant, fastidieuses. J’ai, en conséquence, cherché de potentiels critères de sélection indirecte qui soient plus faciles à mesurer. Chez le bar européen, il n’y avait pas de corrélation entre l’EA individuelle et le taux métabolique individuel (estimé par la consommation d’oxygène). Par ailleurs, j’ai résolu des problèmes d’ordre méthodologique afin d’implémenter l’analyse de la signature isotopique, grâce à l’échantillonnage non létal des écailles, en tant que critère de sélection indirecte.Pour conclure, sélectionner les poissons au stade juvénile semble fiable et permettra de réduire les coûts de sélection. La méthode de phénotypage de l’EA individuelle à utiliser pour faire de la sélection génétique dépend, cependant, de l’espèce. En particulier, la structure sociale de l’espèce doit être prise en compte dans le choix de la méthode la plus appropriée. En outre, les poissons devraient être phénotypés dans des conditions d’élevage et de nourrissage aussi proches que possible de celles en élevage commercial. Le taux métabolique pourrait être utilisable en tant que critère de sélection indirecte si couplé avec des mesures de l’excrétion d’ammoniac ou de la composition corporelle. Quant à l’analyse de la signature isotopique des écailles, elle est techniquement réalisable et nécessite d’être plus amplement étudiée
In finfish aquaculture, feed is expensive and has environmental impacts. Improving feed efficiency (FE) to produce the same amount of fish with less feed is a major objective for sustainable aquaculture. This can be achieved by selective breeding but this requires methods for individual phenotyping, and measuring individual feed intake (FI) is technically challenging for fishes. The two best methods, to date, are either to rear fish individually or to tag them externally so that they can be visually identified while reared in small groups.I investigated some important issues related to estimation of individual FE, on two major aquaculture species, European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. I demonstrated that estimating individual FE at juvenile stage in Nile tilapia was predictive of FE over the whole production cycle. Then, I compared the two phenotyping methods in Nile tilapia, to discover that they did not provide equivalent estimations. Finally, I also found that the most efficient fish at restricted feeding were not the most efficient at satiety, in both species.Both phenotyping methods remain, however, tedious. I therefore investigated potential indirect selection criteria that are easier to measure. In European sea bass, there was no correlation of individual FE with individual metabolic rate (as oxygen consumption). Furthermore, I addressed methodological issues for implementation of stable isotope analyses with non-lethal sampling of fish scales as an indirect selection criterion.To conclude, selecting fish at juvenile stage seems reliable and will cut selection costs. Phenotyping method for individual FE towards selective breeding depends, however, upon the species. In particular, species collective behaviour must be considered when choosing the most suitable method. Furthermore, fish should be phenotyped at holding conditions and feeding levels that are as close as possible to commercial practices. Metabolic rate might be useful as an indirect criterion if coupled with measures of ammonia excretion or body composition. Scale stable isotope analyses are technically feasible and require further investigation

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22

Maciel, Rafael Lustosa. "Zootechnical performance and quality of filet tambaqui Colossoma macropomum fed with a diet supplemented cyanophyceae Spirulina platensis." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12859.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, is one of the most important fishery resources in the Amazon region and is the most cultivated native fish in Brazil due to omnivorous and its rusticity. Alternative ingredients for feed formulation are needed to maximize strength and weight gain of the animals when cultured at high stocking densities. The cyanophyceae Spirulina platensis is a microalgae with high nutritional, value rich in protein and vitamins, which has been used as an additive in diets for various species of fish. The aim of this study was to monitor the livestock development and the quality of the steak fry tambaqui fed diets with high inclusion levels of S. platensis. The study was divided into two phases. In the first phase, which lasted 60 days, we adopted a stocking density of 40 fish.m-2, while in the second phase, lasting 105 days, this value was halved. The feeding of animals was given four times a day with commercial diet with added 20% Spirulina (T1), with feed added Spirulina 40% (T2) and as a control (C) a commercial ration containing 50% was used crude protein (CP). At the end of the first phase, no statistically significant difference in survival or final biomass was observed, while the highest average final weight was observed in the control group (15.18 Â 0.57 g) was significantly higher than obtained in T1 (12 , 00 Â 1.40 g) and T2 (12.09 Â 1.22 g). In the second step also no statistically significant differences between treatments for the survival and final biomass was observed. As for the final average weight the highest value was again observed in the control, with 84.86 Â 8.44 g, significantly higher than those in T1 (75.87 Â 6.00) and T2 (70.68 Â 6.16). Quality analysis of fillet showed that fish which fed the diet containing 20% Spirulina (T2) presented protein level (17.78 Â 0.04%), lipid (1.23 Â 0.04) and energy (82.13 Â 0.18 Kcal/100g), significantly higher than the others treatments. We conclude that feeding tambaqui with Spirulina does not affect survival neither final biomass, in addition to increasing the nutritional value of fillet.
O tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, Ã um dos mais importantes recursos pesqueiros da regiÃo amazÃnica alÃm de ser o peixe nativo mais cultivado no Brasil graÃas ao hÃbito alimentar onÃvoro e sua rusticidade. Ingredientes alternativos para a formulaÃÃo de raÃÃes sÃo necessÃrios para maximizar a resistÃncia e o ganho de peso dos animais quando cultivados em altas densidades de estocagem. A cianofÃcea Spirulina platensis Ã uma microalga com elevado valor nutritivo, rica em proteÃnas e vitaminas, que jÃ foi utilizada como aditivo em raÃÃes para vÃrias espÃcies de peixes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o desenvolvimento zootÃcnico e a qualidade do filÃ de alevinos de tambaqui alimentados com raÃÃes contendo elevados nÃveis de inclusÃo de S. platensis. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases. Na primeira fase, que teve duraÃÃo de 60 dias, adotou-se uma densidade de estocagem de 40 peixes.m-2, enquanto na segunda fase, com duraÃÃo de 105 dias, esse valor foi reduzido pela metade. A alimentaÃÃo dos animais foi feita quatro vezes ao dia com raÃÃo comercial adicionada de 20% de Spirulina (T1), com raÃÃo adicionada de 40% de Spirulina (T2) e, como controle (C) foi utilizada uma raÃÃo comercial contendo 50% de proteÃna bruta (PB). Ao termino da primeira fase, nÃo foi observada diferenÃa estatÃstica significativa na sobrevivÃncia nem na biomassa final, enquanto o maior peso mÃdio final foi observado no grupo controle (15,18Â0,57 g), sendo significativamente superior aos obtidos em T1 (12,00Â1,40g) e T2 (12,09Â1,22g). Na segunda etapa tambÃm nÃo se observou diferenÃas estatÃsticas significativas entre os tratamentos quanto Ã sobrevivÃncia e a biomassa final. Quanto ao peso mÃdio final o maior valor foi, mais uma vez, observado no controle, com 84,86 Â 8,44 g, significativamente superior aos encontrados em T1(75,87Â6,00) e T2(70,68Â6,16). A anÃlise da qualidade do filÃ revelou que os obtidos dos peixes alimentados com a raÃÃo contendo 20% de Spirulina (T2) apresentaram nÃvel proteico (17,78Â 0,04%), lipÃdico (1,23Â 0,04) e energÃtico (82,13Â 0,18 Kcal/100g), significativamente superior aos demais. Conclui-se que a suplementaÃÃo de Spirulina na raÃÃo do tambaqui nÃo afetou a sobrevivÃncia nem a biomassa final e ainda aumentou o valor nutricional do filÃ.

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23

Sussel, Fábio Rosa. "Fontes e níveis de proteína na alimentação do lambari-do-rabo-amarelo: desempenho prdutivo e análise econômica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-18032013-133242/.

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Este trabalho teve como por objetivo desenvolver dietas nutricionalmente adequadas e financeiramente viáveis para o lambari, além de analisar economicamente a viabilidade de produção desta espécie no sistema de tanques-rede como alternativa de renda ao pescador artesanal. Previamente, foram realizados dois ensaios, os quais tiveram por finalidade determinar a densidade de estocagem adequada para lambaris em tanques-rede, bem como ajustar o manejo experimental (sistema de contagem e povoamento, tempo de exposição a anestésicos, dinâmica das biometrias, etc.). Os experimentos foram realizados no verão, entre os meses de janeiro e abril , na UPD de Pirassununga - APTA Polo Centro Leste, em 20 tanques-rede de 1 m3 alocados em tanque escavado de 1,5 m de profundidade, área de 180 m2, renovação de água de 10% ao dia e densidade de povoamento de 450 peixes/m3. No primeiro experimento, que teve início em 16/02/2011 e duração de 63 dias, avaliou-se a substituição da proteína de origem animal por proteína de origem vegetal nas dietas sobre o desempenho produtivo dos lambaris. Embora a substituição de 100% das fontes proteicas de origem animal por vegetal tenha afetado negativamente o ganho em biomassa [Biomassa (g) = 2945g - 2,2 POV], em termos práticos, este resultado é considerado de pouca relevância, já que 220g em 2945g não representam mais que 7% de ganho em peso. O aumento do custo de fórmula em dietas com base proteica de origem animal não justifica a diferença observada. Quanto à composição corporal dos peixes observou-se que houve influência dos tratamentos, sendo que dietas contendo inclusões de 50, 75 e 100% de ingredientes proteicos de origem vegetal proporcionaram maior deposição de extrato etéreo nos peixes. No segundo experimento, com início em 12/01/2012 e término em 12/03/2012, avaliou-se a relação entre níveis de proteína bruta (26 e 36%) e qualidade de ingredientes (basal ou premium) na alimentação e desempenho produtivo do lambari. Não foram observadas diferenças de desempenho produtivo entre os níveis proteicos utilizados, sugerindo que níveis de 26% de proteína bruta podem ser usados para o lambari; no entanto, a escolha de matérias-primas de qualidade é recomendada, já que estas influenciaram no desempenho. Os tratamentos deste experimento não influenciaram na composição corporal dos peixes. As análises bromatológicas de ambas as rações experimentais apresentaram valores condizentes com os propostos na formulação e, portanto, não interferindo no propósito da pesquisa. Complementando os estudos e utilizando os resultados de desempenho produtivo obtidos, realizou-se análise econômica a partir das dietas utilizadas no segundo experimento através do sistema de Partial Budget Analysis in Aquaculture, bem como a projeção de cultivo do lambari em módulos de um a quatro tanques-rede, seguida de análise da viabilidade econômica sob dois cenários de comercialização: R$ 0,30 e 0,20 por unidade. Observou-se que o melhor custo/benefício foi proporcionado pelos peixes alimentados com ração contendo 26% de PB e ingredientes premium, enquanto que a produção de lambaris no sistema de tanques-rede mostrou-se viável, quando comparado com as receitas obtidas por pescadores artesanais, a partir do cultivo em duas unidades de produção (TR), desde que sejam comercializados ao valor de R$ 0,30 por peixe.
This study aimed to develop nutritionally appropriate and financially viable diets for lambari, besides analyze economically the practicability of producing this species in cage system as an alternative f or subsistence fishermen. Previously, two experiments were done, which had the purpose of determin ing the appropriated stocking density for lambaris in cages, as well as adjusting the experimental management (counting and settlement systems, time of exposure to anesthetics, dynamics of biometrics, etc.). The experiments were done on summer, from January to April, in Pirassununga UPD - APTA Polo Centro Leste, in 20 cages of 1m3 allocated in a pond of 180m2, water renovation of 10% a day, and stocking density of 450 fish/m3. The first experiment, which started at 02/16/2011 and lasted 63 days, was about the replacement of animal origin protein by vegetal origin protein in order to evaluate productive performance of lambaris. Although the 100% substitution of protein source from animal by vegetal origin protein had negatively affected the gain in biomass [Biomass (g) = 2945g - 2,2 POV], in practical terms, this result is considered of low relevance, since 220g in 2945g doesn\'t represent more than 7% of weight gain. The increase of cost in diets with animal protein source doesn\'t justify the difference observed. Substitution of more than 50% of POA by POV on diet increased fat deposition on the fish carcass. On the second experiment, which began at 01/12/2011 and was finished at 03/12/2012, it was evaluated the relation between levels of crude protein (26 and 36%) and quality of ingredients (basal or premium) on feeding and productive performance of lambari. Differences of productive performance weren\'t noticed, suggesting that levels of 26% crude protein can be used for lambari, however, the choice of quality raw materials is recommended since it influenced the performance. The treatments in this experiment did not influence body composition of fish. Bromatological analysis of both experimental diets had values consistent with those proposed in the formulation and, therefore, didn\'t interfere on the purpose of this research. Finally, complementing the studies and using the results of productive performance obtained, it was performed an economic analysis was performed from the diets used on the second experiment using the model Partial Budget Analysis in Aquaculture, as well as the projection of lambari cultivation in modules from 1 to 4 cages, followed by an analysis of economic viability in two scenes of commercialization: R$ 0,30 and 0,20 per unit. It was observed that the best cost/benefit was provided by fish fed with diet of 26% crude protein and premium ingredients, whereas the production of lambaris in cage system was viable when compared to incomings obtained by subsistence fishermen, since they are cultivated, at least, in 2 modules of production, and the fish are commercialized for R$ 0,30/unit.

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Adeoye, Ayodeji. "The effects of selected bio-active feed additives on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production and health." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/6561.

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Three investigations were conducted to assess the effects of selected bio-active feed additives on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance, feed utilisation, haemato-immunological status, intestinal morphology and microbiology. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding tilapia semi-practical diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes (phytase, protease or carbohydrase). After six weeks of the dietary supplementation, tilapia fed diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes (phytase and carbohydrase) showed enhanced growth performance and higher microvilli density when compared to the control group. Additionally, the intestinal bacterial community profile of tilapia fed the carbohydrase supplemented diet was significantly altered in contrast to those fed the control diet. In the second experiment, tilapia were fed with practical diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes (phytase, protease or xylanase) for eight weeks. Tilapia fed the xylanase supplemented diet demonstrated significantly higher final body weight (FBW), improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) and better protein efficiency ratio (PER) when compared to the control group. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, ash, energy, phosphorus, calcium and sodium were highest in tilapia fed a diet supplemented with phytase. The third experiment was carried out to assess the combined effects of dietary exogenous enzymes (phytase, protease and xylanase) and probiotics (Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis and B. pumilus) on tilapia growth performance and health. After seven weeks of feeding, tilapia fed the diet supplemented with both exogenous enzymes and probiotics showed significantly higher FBW, specific growth rate, improved FCR and better PER. The serum lysozyme activity was observed to be significantly higher in tilapia fed the probiotic supplemented diet when compared to the control group. The dietary supplementation with combined exogenous enzymes and probiotics increased intestinal perimeter ratio, microvilli count (density), diameter and subsequently resulted in higher enterocyte absorptive area in tilapia. This study demonstrates that feeding tilapia with dietary exogenous enzymes can enhance growth performance and modulate microbial community profile. In addition, supplementation with both exogenous enzymes and probiotics is capable of improving tilapia growth performance, immune parameters and intestinal morphology.

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Marques, Ana Luísa Ribeiro. "Estudo comparativo entre composição nutricional de peixe selvagem e de peixe de aquacultura." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/7369.

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Trabalho Complementar apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Ciências da Nutrição
Entende-se por aquacultura a criação de organismos aquáticos, incluindo peixes, moluscos, crustáceos e plantas aquáticas. O consumo energético, a natureza e disponibilidade da cadeia alimentar, a origem da espécie e as tecnologias de produção contribuem seriamente para as variações entre o peixe selvagem e o de aquacultura. No entanto, considera-se a composição da ração a mais determinante. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo expor as diferenças da composição nutricional entre o peixe selvagem e o de aquacultura das seguintes espécies: a tainha, pregado, linguado, salmão, truta arco-íris, robalo, dourada, enguia e sargo. Geralmente, os peixes de aquacultura apresentaram valores superiores de lípidos totais, de ácidos gordos polinsaturados ω-6 e da relação ω-6/ω-3, decorrentes, maioritariamente, das rações fornecidas. Os teores de cinzas e de proteína não diferiram significativamente e podem oscilar consoante a fortificação das rações. Os peixes selvagens revelaram-se mais ricos em água e ácidos gordos polinsaturados ω-3.
Aquaculture consists in the creation of a complete organization, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Energy consumption, the nature and availability of the food chain, plus the origin and production technologies have contributed to the diferences between wild-caught and aquacultured fish. However, the ration’s composition it’s been considered the most determinant. The present work aims to describe the nutritional differences between wild-caught and aquacultured fish of the following species: mullet, turbot, sole, salmon, rainbow trout, sea bass, sea bream, eel and white sea bream. Usually, aquacultured fish presents higher levels of total lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids ω-6 and ω-6 / ω-3 ratio, due to, mostly, the rations provided. The levels of ashes and proteins did not differ and can be considered as a fortification of the rations. Wild-caught fish are found to be richer in water and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty inscriptions.
N/A

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26

Brooks, George Benjamin 1955. "The potential for Macrobrachium rosenbergii culture in arid regions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288876.

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Recent declines in the availability of large marine shrimp reinvigorated the market for the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Simultaneously, pressures to find more lucrative and water efficient crops are increasing in arid regions. The integration of a highly valuable crop such as Macrobrachium with irrigated agriculture could be of benefit to arid land farmers. Using a specific farming region in Arizona as a model of arid land systems, the objectives of my research were to: (1) Determine if the physical conditions for prawn culture occur in Arizona. (2) Investigate the feasibility of inland larvae culture. (3) Raise to maturity and spawn M. rosenbergii. (4) Assess the utility of a new species evaluation protocol. To meet these objectives, I reviewed physical conditions in Central Arizona and compared them to known requirements for culture of M. rosenbergii, developed a model larvae culture method and stocked postlarvae from the larvae culture experiments into ponds where they could grow to maturity and spawn. After spawning, the larvae were collected and the fecundity of the adult females determined. My results suggest M. rosenbergii likely can be cultured seasonally in ponds filled with surface water within the representative region. Constraints to culture include high source water pH, hardness, alkalinity, contaminants and low winter water temperatures. Larvae culture is possible within the representative region. However, successful mass culture will require refinement of techniques used in my study. Constraints to culture include high ambient pH of surface waters, periodic high hardness and alkalinity levels and low winter temperatures. Improved filtration techniques in the incubator and a consistent availability of Artemia for food are also issues of concern. Prawns hatched and grown in Arizona spawned readily, were as fecund as other cultured stocks and produced viable larvae up through stage 2. The protocol I used was appropriate for evaluating a species for aquaculture at a new location. Overall, M. rosenbergii shows potential as a candidate for integration with irrigated agriculture systems within arid farming regions.

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27

DeMicco, Erik David. "Feasibility of Using Biofuel By-Products as a Sustainable Nutritional Resource for Aquaculture Production of Litopenaeus vannamei." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/387.

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Many different algal species can provide an acceptable protein ingredient, with good digestibility, for shrimp feeds. Compared to fish meal, similar protein, carbohydrate, and lipid levels can be found in select algal species. Traditional shrimp diets in aquaculture rely on fish meal and fish oil from pelagic fish fisheries. A reduction or elimination of these ingredients would reduce the dependency of shrimp aquaculture on offshore fisheries and increase economic competiveness. Biofuel production produces algal by-products of potential use to aquaculturists that might reduce or eliminate the need for fisheries products in shrimp feed. Established uses for by-products from biofuel production include fertilizer for crops, fodder for swine and poultry, and production of methane and alcohol fuels. However, using biofuel production by-products as a protein and carbohydrate source for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, has not been investigated. Therefore, a series of feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate if the algae used to produce biofuel could be a suitable main protein source in formulated diets for L. vannamei. The feasibility of substituting biofuel algae by-product for fish meal in the juvenile L. vannamei (0.0306 ± 0.0011 g) diet was evaluated, and an adequate substitution ratio was determined. Eighteen experimental diets were evaluated using 60, 80, and 100% fish meal substitution levels. Chaetoceros calcitrans, Nannochloropsis salina, and Pavlova sp. were chosen as the algae sources as they have potentially high use in biodiesel production due to their high lipid content and each has been included in established larval shrimp aquaculture operations. Each diet varied the level of fish meal substitution (60, 80, or 100%) and either contained dried algal biomass or, alternatively, dried algal biomass with reduced lipid content to simulate algal biomass post-biodiesel production. The diets were compared, relative to their effect on weight gain in juvenile L. vannamei, to each other and to a commercially available diet (CONTROL) and a diet formulated using the ingredients used in all of the experimental diet formulations but without algal biomass (BASAL). The shrimp were held individually in 355-ml Styrofoam cups filled with 200-ml seawater with a salinity of 32 parts per thousand (ppt) salinity under a 12:12 light:dark photoperiod. Water exchange was 90% per day for six days and 100% on the seventh day when weights were taken. Each of the twenty diets was presented daily to seven replicate cups, each cup containing a single shrimp, for six weeks. Food was presented once per day to satiation, which was determined by the shrimp refusing additional feed. Each animal was weighed weekly. After six weeks, the shrimp were harvested and final weights were taken. The analysis of differences between strains, levels, and lipids indicated there was a significant difference between all of the algal-based diets and the control. Overall, significantly better growth rates were observed in the diets with less fish protein replacement. The 60% fish meal replaced diets outperformed the diets that had 80 or 100% fish meal replacement. There were no significant differences in nutritional value among the algal species. Survival rates, from an aquaculture perspective, were acceptable for all treatments (>71%). Results from these studies demonstrated that formulated diets using algal biomass from biodiesel production can be the primary protein source for L. vannamei postlarvae.

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28

Truong, Phuong Ha. "Nutrition and feeding behaviour in two species of mud crabs Scylla serrata and Scylla paramamosain." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/20700/.

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Mud crabs of the genus Scylla are widely exploited for aquaculture in the Asia- Pacific region. In the current study, a series of in vivo experiments were carried to assess the protein requirement, protein sparing effects of starch and the capacity of Scylla serrata to digest diets that contained different animal and plant-based feed meals and different levels and types of starch. Results from a protein requirement study indicated that juvenile S. serrata fed diets containing 45% or 55% protein demonstrated significantly higher growth responses than those fed the diet containing 25% protein. The subsequent study was carried out to determine if responses to dietary protein could be influenced by using purified wheat, potato, rice or corn starch to manipulate the gross energy level of fishmeal- based diets (18 or 15.5 MJ kg-1), i.e., to see if starch had a protein sparing effect in these animals. Overall, growth responses in this study appeared to be positively correlated with the level of protein in the diet with the highest growth rates achieved using diets containing 45% protein, regardless of the energy level of the diet. In addition, at a dietary protein level of 40% there was no evidence that the source of starch had any significant impact on growth performance or feed utilisation suggesting it had no protein sparing effect. By contrast, it was found that growth of juvenile S. serrata was strongly correlated with the intake of digestible dietary protein. The investigation of the capacity of sub-adult S. serrata to digest different animal and plant- based feed meals showed that apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) and apparent gross energy digestibility (AGED) values were not significant different for most selected feed meals (cotton seed, poultry, canola, fishmeal, soybean, and lupin meal). Apparent crude protein digestibility (ACPD) for all test feed meals were relatively high (86-96%). A subsequent study was carried out to determine if purified starch from different sources influenced the digestibility of fishmeal based diets. Overall, most diets containing starch were readily digested by mud crabs. In particular, there were no negative impacts on the digestibility of major nutrients (e.g. protein) observed following the inclusion of wheat, rice or corn starch in formulated feeds. Nevertheless, the apparent starch digestibility (ASD) of wheat starch decreased significantly as the inclusion level was increased from 15% to 60%, although there was no significant effect on ACPD values. At a 30% inclusion level, the ASD of diets containing different starches decreased in the order corn > wheat > potato = rice. Moreover, ACPD values were significantly higher for diets containing corn or rice starch than for those containing wheat or potato starch. The capacity of another species of mud crab commonly exploited for aquaculture in South East Asia, S. paramamosain, to digest the local plant-based ingredients (defatted soybean meal, rice bran, cassava and corn flour) was also conducted in Vietnam. Overall, the findings of this study showed that at a 30% inclusion level diets containing soybean meal or rice bran were well digested by mud crabs. In particular, the ACPD and AGED values for all diets containing soybean meal were not significantly different from the fishmeal based reference diet. Likewise, all digestibility values for the diet containing 30% rice bran were relatively high and not significantly different from the reference diet. By contrast, diets containing cassava flour appeared to be poorly utilised since their digestibility values for all parameters were lower than those from other testingredients. In summary, the apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy was in the following order (from most to least digestible) soybean meal ~ rice bran > corn flour > cassava flour. In the next study the effects of attractants in diets (chicken meal, betaine, tuna oil and bait enhancer), temperature (26.5oC, 28.5oC and 30.5oC), sex (female and male) and size (small, medium and large) on feeding responses of S. serrata were investigated. Significant differences were observed in the behavioral responses of mud crabs to diets containing different attractants. Specifically, consumption of diets with chicken meal or betaine was significantly higher than for other treatments. With the exception of betaine, no significant difference in food consumption was observed when attractant inclusion levels were raised from 2% to 5%. Overall, small crabs consumed significantly more of the ration (as a percentage of body weight) than larger crabs. Temperature showed a significant impact on most behaviour of mud crabs, excepting continuation response and there was some evidence that females were significantly more active than males. Light intensity was considered as a main factor effect to crab response since there were extremely high percentage time of crab spent in half-shaded of the Y –maze which valued at 95.6%, 93.8 and 94.4% (corresponded to small, medium and large size respectively) in comparison to those of crabs spent in the unshaded side. Overall, the findings from these studies demonstrated that mud crabs have a high capacity to digest a range of plant based feed ingredients. In particular, soybean meal appeared to be well digested by both species of mud crabs examined. It was also shown that a range of purified starches were well digested by S. serrata although starch inclusion in diets did not appear to reduce the requirement for protein to promote growth. Subsequent attractant studies demonstrated that chicken meal and betaine produced significantly elevated feeding responses and food consumption when added to diets. Based on these results we propose that these ingredients can be utilised to increase the attractiveness and consumption of artificial mud crab feeds.

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29

Ramotar-John, Badule Pamila. "Supplementing soybean meal with Camelina (Camelina sativa) in tilapia diets and optimizing commercial tilapia diets for use in intensive systems in the Western region of the United States." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3634261.

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The feed production cost in tilapia diets is driven by the prices of its ingredients such as fishmeal (FM) and soybean meal (SBM). Fishmeal and soymeal combined with other ingredients provides fish with the nutrients required for growth and sustaining life. Soybean meal is used as an alternative to fishmeal, but prices for this traditional ingredient have increased significantly in recent years as a result of high market demand from other industries. Consequently, there has been an increase interest by tilapia nutritionists and feed manufacturers to find less expensive, alternative feedstuffs for use in tilapia diets.

Camelina (Camelina sativa) is an oil seed crop grown in higher latitudes especially along the US - Canada border, northern China and northern Europe. Camelina after removal of most of the edible oil has been proposed as a fish feed ingredient.

A sixty-day feeding trial was conducted and diets were formulated to contain various levels of camelina inclusion (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) for the “camelina meal” while the “camelina oil” was formulated to contain one level (4.7%) of oil and was divided as “raw” and 4.7 “wash”. The results indicated that that fishes fed diets containing camelina ingredients had growth performance and feed utilization results that were similar to fish fed the commercial diet (P>0.05). There were significant differences (P<0.05) for body organ indices and body composition. The 15% camelina meal diet was the lowest cost experimental diet per kilogram gain and therefore, this alternative ingredient might be a potential replacement for soymeal in a more cost effective feed formulation.

The fatty acid composition of tilapia fillets was also analyzed at the end of the feeding trial. The inclusion of camelina meal and oil in tilapia diets resulted in significant increases in the Omega-3/Omega-6 ratio in fillets when compared to the control. The 15% camelina meal provided the best results of the experimental diets yielding significantly higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and lower saturated fatty aid (SFA) than the control diet.

On a commercial scale, tilapia commercial feeds differ in both formulated nutrient levels and ingredient composition. In intensive system culture, natural food is limited making it important that all nutrients are supplied through a complete pelleted diet. An advantage to feeding a pelleted diet is that the pellet-type feed enables the farmers, feed formulators and manufactures to design a diet that provides an optimal nutritional mix for tilapia.

Precise levels in the protein and lipid percentages of tilapia diets can reduce feed costs and also reduce the amount of underutilized protein and lipids stored as fat in tilapia. Feed comprises of over 60% of the variable cost in the intensive aquaculture operation; if feed prices were to increase, it would be a substantial amount for tilapia producers to absorb. Therefore an improved diet formulation designed for tilapia can increase profitability.

Results indicated that the experimental diets (28% Crude Protein (CP)-Amino Acid (AA), 28% CP and 40% CP) performed similar to the control diet (32% CP) as it relates to fish growth. The experiment conducted on a commercial scale at an operating farm found that feeding tilapia the lowest protein level diets (28% CP) resulted in higher biomass gain per raceway, biomass gain per fish and significantly higher protein efficiency ratio (PER) when compared to the control diet (32% CP). The 28% CP diet also had the second best FCR value and most importantly higher returns based on its FCR when compared to the control diet (32% CP).

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30

Castro, OtÃvio Serino. "Efeito da fonte de Ãleo da dieta sobre o desempenho zootÃcnico, perfil lipÃdico e caracterÃsticas sensoriais do camarÃo Litopenaeus vannamei cultivado em condiÃÃes de alta salinidade." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4760.

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O camarÃo L. vannamei Ã considerado uma espÃcie eurihalina com boa capacidade de realizar hipo e hiper-osmorregulaÃÃo. Apesar desta habilidade, seu desempenho zootÃcnico em cultivos pode ser comprometido quando a salinidade da Ãgua ultrapassa 40â. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da fonte de Ãleo e dos nÃveis de Ãcidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPI) da dieta sobre o desempenho, a resistÃncia, o perfil lipÃdico e as caracterÃsticas sensoriais da cauda de juvenis de L. vannamei cultivados em alta salinidade. Na primeira etapa do estudo, camarÃes de 2,79 Â 0,60 g foram cultivados por 64 dias sob uma salinidade considerada ideal (Sideal, 23 Â 1,2â) e alta (SAlta, 44 Â 2,0â). Os animais foram alimentados com dietas com mesma composiÃÃo e caracterÃsticas nutricionais, exceto quanto ao perfil de Ãcidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPI) que variou em funÃÃo da fonte e dos nÃveis de inclusÃo de Ãleo: PXE (8,01% de AGPI do total do extrato etÃreo da dieta), dieta com inclusÃo de 26,6 g/kg de Ãleo de peixe e 10,0 g/kg de Ãleo de soja; SJA (0,93% de AGPI), 34,5 g/kg de Ãleo de soja; KRL (6,93% de AGPI), 48,3 g/kg de Ãleo de krill e 4,4 g/kg de Ãleo de soja; KRL- (2,92% de AGPI), 14,5 g/kg de Ãleo de krill e 21,2 g/kg de Ãleo de soja; KRL+ (8,81% de AGPI), 55,5 g/kg de Ãleo de krill e 3,8 g/kg de Ãleo de soja. Na segunda etapa do estudo, camarÃes com 1,71 Â 0,4 g foram submetidos a trÃs nÃveis de estresse osmÃtico. A salinidade da Ãgua em 30â foi aumentada em 2, 3 e 4â ao dia (SAL_1, SAL_2 e SAL_3, respectivamente) durante cinco dias consecutivos. Precedendo o estresse osmÃtico, todos os animais foram alimentados com uma dieta deficiente em AGPI (dieta AGP_15 com 1,48% de AGPI) seguido de mais sete dias sendo alimentados com as respectivas dietas: AGP_45, AGP_65 e AGP_85, dietas com 4,60, 6,61 e 8,61% de AGPI, respectivamente. Na terceira etapa do estudo, foi realizada anÃlise sensorial na cauda de camarÃes cultivados na primeira etapa sob a condiÃÃo SAlta, alimentados com as dietas PXE, KRL, SJA e KRL+. Foi avaliada a preferÃncia de consumidores em relaÃÃo Ã coloraÃÃo, textura e sabor dos camarÃes com 20 provadores nÃo treinados utilizando metodologia do tipo Best-worse. Ao final da primeira etapa do estudo, camarÃes cultivados em SAlta atingiram um peso corporal inferior aos cultivados em SIdeal (11,21 Â 2,05 g versus 11,56 Â 1,77 g, respectivamente). A dieta KRL promoveu um crescimento mais rÃpido (1,01 Â 0,01 g/semana) e um maior peso corporal na despesca (11,97 Â 2,01 g) independente da salinidade de cultivo. Os camarÃes alimentados com a dieta SJA obtiveram maior peso v corporal comparado aos alimentados com PXE (11,18 Â 1,77 g versus 11,05 Â 1,83 g, respectivamente). NÃo houve diferenÃas significativas na sobrevivÃncia (93,4 Â 5,07%) e na produtividade (554 Â 68,5 g/m2) de camarÃes e nem interaÃÃes significativas entre os fatores salinidade e dieta. Na segunda etapa do estudo, a suplementaÃÃo de AGPI nas dietas nÃo foi capaz de promover um aumento na resistÃncia do L. vannamei frente Ãs elevaÃÃes na salinidade da Ãgua. Ao final do cultivo, houve 100% de mortalidade na condiÃÃo de salinidade final de 50 Â 0,7â (SAL_3), seguido de 9,8 Â 2,2% de sobrevivÃncia para a salinidade final de 44,8 Â 0,4â (SAL_2) e 67,1 Â 8,9% de sobrevivÃncia para uma salinidade final de 39,7 Â 0,5â (SAL_1). A anÃlise do perfil lipÃdico revelou que os camarÃes alimentados com as dietas PXE, KRL e KRL+ apresentaram maiores concentraÃÃes de AGPI na cauda frente Ãs dietas SJA e KRL-. Houve uma maior aceitaÃÃo dos consumidores pelos animais alimentados com as dietas contendo Ãleo de krill, frente aos alimentados com Ãleo de peixe ou soja. De maneira geral, a utilizaÃÃo do Ãleo de krill e o enriquecimento com AGPI em dietas para o L. vannamei promoveu um maior peso corporal em alta salinidade, alÃm de melhorar as caracterÃsticas sensoriais de cor e sabor da cauda dos camarÃes.

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31

Barnard, Philip. "Gustatory and olfactory feeding responces in Japanese koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1787.

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Thesis (MPhil (Animal Sciences. Aquaculture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
Chemo-attraction and –stimulation facilitate the initial location (olfactory response) and final consumption (gustatory response) of food in the feeding process of fish. Chemo-attractants or chemo-stimulants is therefore generally included in feeds for especially slow-feeding species to help reduce water fouling and to promote feed efficiency and growth rate through improved feed intake. Considering this, a study was performed to evaluate the attraction and stimulation potential of selected cereals and free amino acids in diets for Japanese koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). Results are presented on the comparative evaluation of five cereals (maize, sorghum, wheat, rye and triticale), raw and cooked forms of maize and concentrations of betaine and selected free amino acids (alanine, arginine, lysine and methionine), as well as their additive effect.

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32

Fankuchen, Peter A. "The Case for Aquaponics: an Environmentally and Economically Superior Method of Food Production." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/735.

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This thesis intends to introduce the reader to the concept and benefits of aquaponic farming. The paper begins with an introductory definition of aquaponics, a brief history of aquaponic practices, and a status quo of the industry - all meant to contextualize this concept which is, to the general public, widely unknown. Comparisons are then given to competing technologies which are likely more familiar to most. Specifically, the advantages of aquaponic cultivation are weighed against traditional soil farming, hydroponics, and aquaculture. Current limitations facing the industry are discussed before the thesis concludes with an overview of arguments made.

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33

Pan, Yen-Ju. "Copepods in aquaculture : improving the quality and quantity of copepods for application as potential live prey." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10151.

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Cette thèse contient quatre études majeures ciblant l'aquaculture des copépodes : (1) les conditions optimales de la culture de deux espèces tropicales, le calanoide Acartia bilobata et le cyclopoide Apocyclops royi ; (2) les œufs de résistance d'A. bilobata ; (3) les effets d'une sélection d’une souche performante d’A. royi en utilisant un nouveau protocole multi-générationnel et thermique ; (4) la pertinence de l’introduction des copépodes dans le régime alimentaire des larves de poissons. Pour le nourrissage des copépodes, les micro-algues de petites tailles (3-6 µm) riches en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) sont plus avantageuses pour les deux espèces testées dans cette étude. De plus, nous avons démontré qu’A. royi, contrairement à A. bilobata, est capable de synthétiser des chaines longues d’AGPI à partir de chaines plus courtes d’AGPI. La salinité optimale pour le développement de la population est égale à 20. Les différentes caractéristiques de production d'œufs quiescents et de diapause, viables pendant plusieurs mois après stockage à 4°C, ont été identifiées chez deux souches d'A. bilobata. Une expérience de sélection de femelles d’A. royi a combiné les critères de productivité et du profil lipidique. Basé sur nos résultats obtenus sur l’élevage de larves de poissons, le régime alimentaire basé sur les nauplii d’A. tonsa obtenus en utilisant les œufs de résistance stockés à faible température, pourrait être avantageux pour des larves pélagiques; cependant, l'utilisation d'A. royi comme proie vivante devrait être soigneusement évaluée par la considération spécifique du comportement de nage de l'espèce de poisson ciblée
The present thesis contains four major studies addressed on copepod aquaculture: (1) optimal culture conditions of two tropical copepod species Acartia bilobata (Calanoida) and Apocyclops royi (Cyclopoida); (2) resting eggs of A. bilobata; (3) effects of thermal selective breeding on A. royi; (4) feeding suitability of copepod-based diets on larval fish. For copepod feeding, small-sized microalgae (3-6 μm) with rich polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are preferable for both copepod species. Furthermore, we found that the cyclopoid A. royi, contrary to the calanoid A. bilobata, is capable of synthesizing long-chain PUFAs from short-chain PUFAs. The salinity affects differently the A. royi at different life stages, but it is suggested to cultivate this species at salinity 20 for the highest productivity. Various features of quiescent and diapausing eggs productions are identified in two culture strains of A. bilobata with different domestication levels, and those eggs remain viable after several months of cold storage (4°C). The larger female with higher nauplii production and compensative fatty acid increase were obtained in the cold-selected strain of A. royi. Based on our results found in fish larvae feeding trials, the diet based on A. tonsa nauplii derived from quiescent eggs could be beneficial for pelagic fish larvae; however, the use of A. royi as live prey should be carefully evaluated by the specific consideration of swimming behavior of targeted fish species. This thesis reveals the biological and physiological understandings on copepods, and provides implications on the application of copepods as promising live prey for larviculture

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Lösch, Juliana Alice. "Digestibilidade aparente de rações contendo diferentes níveis de fósforo para pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus)." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1531.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:47:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana_Alice_Losch.pdf: 863097 bytes, checksum: e596d4957cda8547589a21bbe3bb0f9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-19
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Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the apparent digestibility of diets containing different levels of phosphorus for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). The first experiment aimed to evaluate the apparent digestibility of diets containing different phosphorus levels for pacus, through the decantation method. A total of 60 pacus were used, averaging 151,57±6,43 g in weight, allotted in 6 180-L tanks, with Modified Guelph System, in an experimental design entirely randomized. The fish were fed isonitrogenous, isoenergetic and isocalcium diets, containing 27% of crude protein, 1,50% of calcium and 3000 kcal of DE/kg, with levels of 0,6 and 1,2% of total phosphorus. The fecal samples were taken every 30 minutes in order to decrease the loss of nutrients through leaching. We observed significant differences in treatments. There is a reduction in diets digestibility, with values of 80,06 and 60,55%, decrease in phosphorus apparent digestibility, with values of 86,08 and 72,80% and, consequently, observed a increase residual phosphorus for fish fed with 0,6 and 1,2% of phosphorus, respectively. Therefore, the greater total phosphorus digestibility and consequently lower total phosphorus excretion in feces obtained by the decantation method was observed at diet containing 0,6% of total phosphorus for pacus. The second experiment aimed evaluate the apparent digestibility of rations containing different phosphorus levels for pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus), through intestinal dissection method. A total of 320 pacus were used, averaging 768,5±36,34 g in weight, allotted in four 5-m3 cages. The fish were fed isonitrogenous, isoenergetic and isocalcium diets, containing 27% of crude protein, 1,50% of calcium and 3000 kcal of DE/kg, with levels of 0,6; 0,8; 1,0 and 1,2% of total phosphorus. The fecal samples were performed by opening the fish side for removal of feces present in the rectum, and the fish sent for analysis of whole body chemical composition. We observed significant differences (P<0,01) between treatments for apparent digestibility coefficient of the diet, apparent digestibility of phosphorus, available phosphorus and residual phosphorus. There is a linear decrease in apparent digestibility of the diet and apparent digestibility of phosphorus with increase phosphorus levels in the diet, the highest values being observed for the diet with 0,6% of total phosphorus, while for available phosphorus and residual phosphorus there was a linear increase with inclusion levels of total phosphorus in the feed. There were no significant differences for wholly body chemical composition of pacu. Therefore, most phosphorus digestibility of the diet, obtained by intestinal dissection method, was observed in diet containing 0,6% of total phosphorus for pacu and the different phosphorus levels had no effect in whole body of pacus
Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de rações contendo diferentes níveis de fósforo para pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus). O primeiro experimento foi conduzido visando avaliar a digestibilidade de rações contendo 0,6% e 1,2% de fósforo total, através do método de decantação. Foram utilizados 60 pacus com peso médio de 151,57±6,43 g, distribuídos em seis cubas com capacidade de 180 litros, com sistema do tipo Guelph modificado, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com rações isoprotéicas (27%), isoenergéticas (3000 kcal/kg) e isocálcicas (1,50%), com níveis de 0,6 e 1,2% de fósforo total. As coletas de fezes foram realizadas a cada 30 minutos, visando diminuir a perdas por lixiviação dos nutrientes. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entres os tratamentos. Observa-se uma redução na digestibilidade do fósforo das dietas, com valores de 80,06% para os peixes alimentados com 0,6% de fósforo total e de 60,55% para os peixes alimentados com 1,2%. Observa-se também redução para a digestibilidade aparente do fósforo, com valores de 86,08 e 72,80% e consequentemente observa-se um aumento do fósforo residual para os peixes alimentados com 0,6 e 1,2% de fósforo total, respectivamente. Portanto, a maior digestibilidade do fósforo total e consequentemente menor excreção de fósforo nas fezes, obtida através do método de decantação, foi observada na dieta contendo 0,6% de fósforo total para pacus. O segundo experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de rações contendo diferentes níveis de fósforo para pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus), através do método de dissecação intestinal e a composição centesimal da carcaça destes peixes. Foram utilizados 320 pacus com peso médio de 768,5±36,34 g, distribuídos em quatro tanques-rede com capacidade de 5m³. Os peixes foram alimentados com rações isoprotéicas, isoenergéticas e isocálcicas, contendo 27% de proteína bruta, 1,50% de cálcio, e 3000 kcal de ED/kg, com níveis de 0,6; 0,8; 1,0 e 1,2% de fósforo total. As coletas de fezes foram realizadas, por abertura lateral nos peixes, para retirada das fezes presente no reto, em seguida os peixes foram encaminhados para análise de composição centesimal da carcaça. Foram observadas diferenças significativas (P<0,01) entres os tratamentos para o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da dieta, digestibilidade aparente do fósforo, fósforo disponível e fósforo residual. Observa-se uma diminuição linear para digestibilidade aparente da dieta, digestibilidade aparente do fósforo com o aumento dos níveis de inclusão de fósforo na ração, sendo os maiores valores observados para a dieta com 0,6% de fósforo total na ração, enquanto que para o fósforo disponível e fósforo residual houve um aumento linear, com aumento da inclusão de níveis de fósforo total na ração. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para a composição centesimal da carcaça dos pacus. Portanto, a maior digestibilidade do fósforo total da dieta, obtida através do método de dissecação, foi observada na dieta contendo 0,6% de fósforo total para pacu e os diferentes níveis de fósforo não influenciaram na composição química da carcaça de pacus

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Mamun, Abdullah-Al. "Shrimp-prawn farming in Bangladesh : impacts on livelihoods, food and nutritional security." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25012.

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The overarching aim of this research was to improve understanding of the synergies and trade-offs between economic and domestic food security benefits associated export-oriented shrimp and prawn aquaculture in a fragile developing country environmental context. The research scope covers the entire ‘seafood system’ incorporating production, distribution, trading and consumption in the south-west coastal region under greater Khulna District, Bangladesh. The primary research objective was to understand causal factors in variation of seafood nutritional quality and health outcomes, exploring correlations with seafood consumption across a range of agro-ecological, aquatic farming systems and socio-economic conditions. The study also focused on differences in intra-household allocation with a special focus on adolescent girls, being amongst the most vulnerable members of society. These objectives necessitated a highly inter-disciplinary approach to understand complex interactions between biophysical aspects (e.g. where and which species are most effective in supplying essential nutrients) and the social norms of food allocation. Fieldwork was conducted in Satkhira, Khulna, and Bagerhat Districts of Khulna Province over 17 months during 2012 to 2015. Four villages across a peak-annual surface water salinity gradient; high saline (>10 ppt), medium saline (>5<10 ppt), low saline (<5 ppt) and freshwater (<0.5 ppt) were selected for case-studies. The thesis begins with a literature review of the evolution of shrimp and prawn farming in Bangladesh and the wider region and identification of knowledge gaps. Research resolved from district to community to household level. Key informant (KI) interviews were used to establish well-being criteria (based on a range of 5 social and economic assets) at community level. In each community a census of households (n=1082 households) were derived from the same interviews and KIs asked to ranked households on the established well-being criteria. Results were validated through a short interview of all the identified households (HH). This sample-frame provided the based for two concurrent survey efforts. Stratified-random selection of 160 HH on two well-being categories (better-off and worse-off) for ‘farm level’ analysis using a semi-structured questionnaire. Key topics included inputs/outputs characteristics, economic benefits and the fate of farmed products were evaluated. Another 240 households with single adolescent girls were selected from the same frame, again with randomized-stratified sampling based on well-being categories for ‘intra-household’ analysis. This resulted in selection of 60 HH per community consisting of 30 ‘better-off’ and 30 worse-off households (further analysis was conducted on a range of secondary sampling outcomes based on livelihood options, intra-household food distribution and aquatic farming assets). A 24-hour food recall method, food frequency questionnaire, food photography and measuring cup sets were used to estimate individual members’ food consumption at the household level. Anthropometric measures (stunting, wasting, BMI, MUAC) and biomarkers (omega-3 index in RBC and LC n-3 PUFA/LC PUFA in whole blood cell) were used to assess food security outcomes of adolescent girls (n=200 subject). In an entirely separate effort, samples of shrimp/prawn and fish polyculture species (57 species and 9 by-products, 1 live feed; n=672) were collected from the major agro-ecologies (four saline gradients; HS, MS, LS and FW) and culture systems (extensive, semi-intensive, intensive, organic and pocket gher). At least 3 sites from each saline gradient (3×4=12 sites) were selected for sampling and pooled samples to represent all the culture system in the region. The major macro and micronutrients of the collected species were analysed and these datasets were used to know the nutritional distribution among the family members in household level study. Two aggregate indices of wealth (or well-being) and aquaculture were developed based on a range of quantitative (ordinal and interval) measures. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to understand how aquaculture influences on wealth gain. Wealth index of the same social well-being did not differ among the agro-ecologies. However, the aquaculture index was varied in agro-ecologies. Most of the households (60-80%) were involved directly in aquaculture however, a majority portion of the households was worse-off (48-64%). Both HS and LS area had more livelihood options due to their proximity to mangrove forest Sundarbans and city amenities, respectively compared to MS and FW area. Ownership of the land did not influence any involvement in aquaculture and yields but he willingness and risk-absorbing capacity of the farmers were the main factor to get involve in aqauculture. In aquatic farming system the importance of export-oriented shellfish yield gradually decreased from HS to FW area (55-20% by volume). The intentional stocking of finfish and PLs were common across the saline areas however the wild caught juveniles and hatchery originated fingerlings were usual in higher and lower saline areas, respectively. The low priced tilapia took the place of wild recruited mangrove fishes in MS area. Diseases, especially the devastating white spot virus (WSSV), frequency were higher in higher saline areas. The indicators like wild recruitment, salinity, water productivity and water management also a vital factor to gain yield. The integration of aquatic and terrestrial crops (rice and dyke crop) in the lower saline areas provide higher yield compared to higher saline areas. However, the net economic returns were largely determined by the aquatic products. The income of ghers in FW and MS area was sensitive to the lower prices of freshwater finfish and tilapia. The protein content in shellfish was higher than the other finfish, however, lower in other essential nutrients. Species living in the higher saline areas contained higher total n-3 PUFA (in weight) and LC n-3 PUFA/LC-PUFA compared to the same species living in lower saline areas. Small Indigenous Species (SIS) and Self-Recruiting Species (SRS) were proven to provide higher micronutrients and total n-3 PUFA than larger fish. Seafood that destined for the international markets contained less n-3 PUFA and micronutrients in comparison to the domestically consumed fish. Customary intra-household food distribution disparity (mainly fish) still exists at household levels where females, especially adolescent girls, were deprived. Fish consumption (>77 g /capita/day) and fish originated protein supply (>25% of total protein intake) was higher than the other part of Bangladesh. The protein consumption of adolescents was 2-3 times higher than the Recommended Nutritional Intake (RNI). However, the energy intake was lower than the required level. High protein, low energy consumption was not reflected in body mass. Micronutrients (zinc) consumption was above the RNI level. However, iron and calcium consumption was less than the RNI. The n-3 PUFA in RBC of adolescent girls accurately reflected their access to, and availability of, oily fish. In the omega-3 index (n-3 PUFA in red blood cell) both HS and MS areas, adolescent females were in the intermediate stage (4-8%), and rest of the two areas were in the undesirable stage (<4%). The n-3 LC-PUFA was around 20-30% of total LC-PUFA content in whole blood and gradually decreased from higher saline to lower saline areas. The thesis concludes that the gher based aquatic animal farming in S-W Bangladesh is a dynamic system operated by both rich and poor. The salinity level and the presence of mangrove forest make the farming system dynamic. The holistic scenario suggested aquaculture in ghers is a family driven small scale polyculture where varieties of aquatic foods are produced both for global and local value chain. Higher amounts of valued products (both in terms of nutrition and price), less disease susceptibility, more alternative livelihood options both in HS and LS were found in better position than the other two sites, however the nutritional content of fish and its manifestation in adolescents strongly mirrors agro-ecologies irrespective of social position of households. The thesis provides an important, grounded importance of the system and the linkage of the community people for livelihoods, food production and food security. The dynamic systems were understood and effective messages formulated for the policy makers. In doing so, the thesis contributes to an understanding of how small-scale polyculture equally benefited local food security and macroeconomic growth of a developing country.

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Grayson, John David. "Improvement of Yellow Perch Larvae Culture via Live Food Enrichment with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1417720966.

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37

Raggi, Thiago. "Feeding and nutrition of tropical farmed fish and shrimp: pellet water stability, in vitro protein digestion, comparison of inert markers, evaluation of practical feeds, and dietary amino acid requirement." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21134/tde-17022017-093822/.

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The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the feeding and nutrition of tropical farmed fish and shrimp, targeting its applicability to aquaculture farming. The study of the actual panorama of aquafeed quality for tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei farmed in Brazil showed that the proximate compositions between the analyzed feeds were mostly consistent with the declared values from the manufacturers, however, the feed water stability showed the opposite; the in vitro pH-stat species-specific method to determine the protein degree of hydrolysis (DH) showed to be a useful tool to evaluate feed quality; and NIRS technique can be used in many applications throughout the aquafeed industry, being an efficient tool for rapidly assessing feed quality in terms of DH. A second study evaluated the acid-insoluble ash (AIA) and chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as inert markers and feed processing method (industrial extruded vs. laboratory cold pelleted) to determine apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter and crude protein of juvenile L. vannamei. The AIA showed to be an effective natural endogenous marker for digestibility trials with L. vanammei, however, for commercial feeds attention should be paid to feed AIA level; the extruded feed showed better animal performance than the cold pelleted feed, however, ADC of both feeds were not significantly different from each other. Further, two feeding trials were conducted with juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum: (1) feeding trial conducted within floating net cages to test the nutritional efficacy of different dietary feeding regimes ranging from the use of trashfish, in-house formulated feeds, to dry commercial extruded marine fish feed; and (2) feeding trial conducted within indoor water-recirculated tanks to test the nutritional efficiency of different potential dietary fishmeal replacers within dry in-house prepared diets. Generally, fish performance was superior in the net-cage feeding trial compared with the indoor water-recirculated tank trial; overall, the fish growth and performance of the experimental diets were very similar, showing that the alternative ingredients could be included and replace part (50%) of the fishmeal component; the results from both trials concluded that the cobia requires practices diets with high levels of crude protein and lipid, and the inclusion of alternative plant-based and terrestrial animal protein sources was possible; the quantitative essential amino acid (EAA) requirement values estimated by the protein accretion method was highly correlated to the average of each of the EAA requirement for the species of carnivorous fish reported in the literature, and could be recommended for formulation of commercial feed for cobia R. canadum. Finally, a tentative to quantify the total sulfur amino acid requirement of juvenile Florida Pompano Trachinotus carolinus, was performed using combinations of various soybean protein products in order to develop cost-effective and environmentally-friendly diets. Although there was an apparent tendency in the results, the range of methionine levels employed in this study may not have been broad enough to accurately measure the dietary concentration necessary to estimate the total sulfur amino acid requirement; in addition, high variation results among the three replicates per diet did not provide sufficiency robustness for its estimation; this study within 45 days should not have been enough to show significant differences among the treatments. Long term feeding trials would be recommended from fingerling/juvenile to market size with full nutritional and economic evaluation of results.
O objetivo dessa tese foi avaliar a alimentação e nutrição de peixes e camarões tropicais cultivados, visando a sua aplicação à aquicultura. O estudo do atual panorama da qualidade das rações para tilapia e camarão cultivados no Brasil mostrou que a maioria das composições proximais das rações analisadas foram consistentes com os valores declarados pelos fabricantes, porém, a estabilidade das na água mostrou-se o oposto; o método in vitro pH-stat com enzimas espécie-específica, para determinação do grau de hidrólise da proteína (DH), mostrou ser uma ferramenta útil para avaliar a qualidade das rações; a técnica da espectrofotometria do infravermelho próximo (NIRS) pode ser usada em várias aplicações na indústria de alimentos aquáticos, sendo uma ferramenta eficiente para avaliar rapidamente a qualidade dos alimentos em termos de DH. Um segundo estudo avaliou a cinza insolúvel em ácido (AIA) e óxido de cromo (Cr2O3) como marcadores inertes, além de métodos de processamento de alimentos (extrusado industrial vs. peletizada a frio no laboratório) para determinar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (ADC) da matéria seca e proteína bruta de juvenis de L. vannamei. O AIA mostrou ser um marcador endógeno natural eficaz para ensaios de digestibilidade com L. vanammei, no entanto, atenção especial deve ser dada aos níveis de AIA nas rações comerciais; a ração extrusada teve a melhor performance dos animais, porém, os valores de ADC entre as rações não foram diferentes significantemente. Além disso, dois experimentos de alimentação foram conduzidos com juvenis de beijupirá Rachycentron canadum: (1) experimento realizado em tanques-rede flutuantes para testar a eficácia nutricional de diferentes regimes alimentares, variando entre rejeito de pesca, rações preparadas em laboratório, e ração comercial extrusada; e (2) um experimento realizados em tanques com recirculação de água para testar a eficiência nutricional de diferentes potenciais substitutos de farinha de peixe, com dietas completadas preparadas em laboratório. Em geral, o desempenho dos peixes foi superior no experimento nos tanques-rede, comparado com o experimento nos tanques de recirculação de água; no geral o crescimento e performance dos peixes das dietas experimentais foram bem similares, concluindo que ingredientes alternativos podem ser incluídos e substituírem parte (50%) da farinha de peixe das rações; os resultados de ambos os estudos concluíram que o beijupirá requer dietas práticas com alto teores de proteína bruta e lipídeos, e a inclusão de fontes proteicas de origem vegetal e animal foi possível. Os valores quantitativos das exigências de amino acido essenciais (EAA) estimados pelo método de acreção de proteína na carcaça foram altamente correlacionados com as médias de exigência de cada EAA das as espécies de peixes carnívoros encontrados na literatura, e pode ser recomendado para a formulação de ração comercial para beijupirá R. canadum. Por ultimo, uma tentativa de quantificar as exigências de amino ácidos sulforosos totais para Florida Pompano Trachinotus carolinus, foi realizada utilizando combinações de vários ingredientes proteicos a base de soja, a fim de desenvolver dietas de baixo custo e ecologicamente sustentáveis. Embora houve uma tendência clara nos resultados, os intervalos dos níveis de metionina utilizados nesse estudo podem não ter sido amplos o suficiente para medir com precisão a concentração alimentar necessária para estimar a exigência dos de amino ácidos sulforosos totais; além disso, a alta variação entre as replicas não forneceu uma estimativa robusta; este estudo de 45 dias não deve ter sido suficiente para mostrar diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos.

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Silva, Thibério Carvalho da. "Hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de pescado na alimentação da tilápia do Nilo: digestibilidade e desempenho zootécnico." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3818.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The aim of this study was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of energy and nutrients from protein hydrolysate of fish waste (HFW) and the growth performance of larvae of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed during HFW the sexual reversion. For the digestibility experiment , we used 120 juvenile Nile tilapia with an average weight of 100g, distributed in six tapered cylindrical tanks with a capacity of 90L, suitable for feces, where they remained for a period of seven days to adaptive diets and conditions experimental. The determination ADC and apparent digestible energy were made by indirect method, having been used 0.01% chromic oxide as an inert marker incorporated into the ration. For the performance experiment used 375 larvae were three days old (post-hatching), distributed in 25 aquariums 30L in completely randomized design with five treatments and five replications . Five diets were prepared based on vegetable ingredients, which were included 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% HFW. The variables analyzed were: final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, survival and flock uniformity. The digestibility values were: ADC of dry matter, 98.29%; ADC of crude protein, 99.28%; ADC gross energy, 99.13%, and apparent digestible energy of 6425.79 kcal.kg-1. The treatment effect (p<0.05) positively final weight and weight gain, with the best level of 4.75% and the specific growth rate, the best level recorded was 4.77%. We conclude that the HFW can be efficiently used for Nile tilapia. The growth performance was not affected by levels of incluisão HFW, however it is recommended to include 4.75% for this stage of the cultivation of tilapia .
O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da energia e nutrientes do hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de pescado (HPRP) e avaliar o desempenho zootécnico de larvas de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) alimentadas com HPRP durante a fase de reversão sexual. Para o experimento de digestibilidade foram utilizados 120 juvenis de tilápia do Nilo com peso médio de 100g, distribuídos em seis tanques cônicos cilíndricos com capacidade de 90L, adequados para coleta de fezes, onde permaneceram por um período adaptativo de sete dias às dietas e condições experimentais. A determinação CDA e energia digestível aparente foram feitas por metodologia indireta, tendo sido utilizado 0,01% de óxido de crômio como marcador inerte incorporado à ração. Para o experimento de desempenho produtivo foram utilizadas 375 pós-larvas com três dias de idade (pós-eclosão), distribuídas em 25 aquários de 30L, em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Foram elaboradas cinco rações a base de ingredientes vegetais, as quais foram incluídas 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8% de HPRP. As variáveis analisadas foram: peso final, ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, sobrevivência e uniformidade do lote. Os valores de digestibilidade encontrados foram: CDA da matéria seca, 98,29%; CDA da proteína bruta, 99,28%; CDA da energia bruta, 99,13%; e energia digestível aparente de 6425,79 kcal.kg-1. Os tratamentos influenciaram (p<0,05) positivamente o peso final e ganho em peso, sendo o melhor nível de inclusão de 4,75% e para a taxa de crescimento específico, o melhor nível indicado foi de 4,77%. Conclui-se que o HPRP pode ser eficientemente utilizado pela tilápia do Nilo. O desempenho zootécnico não foi prejudicado pelos níveis de incluisão do HPRP, indicando a inclusão de 4,75% em dietas para esta fase.

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Bowyer, Peter Hervé A. "Assessment of a solid-state fermentation product in contemporary and lupin-containing diets for commercial finfish." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/6555.

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This body of research explores the dietary application of a bioactive, solid-state fermentation (SSF) product in contemporary and lupin-containing diets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niltoticus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Consequently, the work provides holistic assessment of the influences of SSF products on animal health and performance; depending upon rearing temperature, nutritional physiologies, feed formulations and extrusion conditions; alongside information on the performance of lupins in aquafeeds. The SSF product (at 0.1 % inclusion) improved growth performance of Nile tilapia fed diets containing lupins. Phosphorous retention appeared higher when the SSF product was included in a yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) diet whilst Mg retention was significantly higher in fish fed narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). The experimental ingredients did not appear to show any clear effects upon midgut macrostructure. At an ultrastructural level, the fish fed yellow lupin alone, displayed poorest brush border characteristics but those fed yellow lupin and the SSF product showed signs of amelioration since they did not differ significantly from those fed narrow-leaf lupin. Focus was then turned towards a yellow lupin-based diet in rainbow trout, with two inclusion levels of the SSF product. The SSF product significantly improved growth performance and feed efficiency at 0.5 %, with values closer to a fishmeal-based diet than the lupin control. The SSF product increased the digestibility of protein and energy and bioavailability of numerous elements. However, the digestibility and bioavailability of certain nutrients, e.g. fibre and Zn, were only increased with a 0.5 % inclusion. The SSF product influenced vertebral Ca:P ratio but no effect on vertebral morphology was identified. Fish fed yellow lupin kernel meal displayed high Mn concentrations throughout a number of tissues. The intestinal environment was explored in depth, revealing large differences dependent upon SSF product inclusion rate. Fish fed a 0.1 % inclusion exhibited deteriorated brush border characteristics and high diversity of microbes, including increased proportions of key salmonid pathogens. Those fed a 0.5 % inclusion displayed signs of increased surface area at an ultrastructural level, reduced goblet cell numbers and a low microbial diversity; with domination of one particular family, Enterobacteriaceae. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase within the anterior intestine also appeared to be influenced by SSF product inclusion. Variations in haemato-immunological parameters were also observed between the treatments. In the final experiment, the SSF product was applied, pre-extrusion, to a contemporary rainbow trout formulation, at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 %. No significant improvements to performance were identified following SSF product inclusion. However, crude protein digestibility from SSF-supplemented diets was significantly higher than the control and tendencies towards elevated retention of Ca, P, and Mg were apparent. In vitro analysis of free-phosphate release was conducted upon pre- and post-extruded diets, at varying temperatures. This indicated that neither extrusion conditions (105 °C) nor an ambient temperature of 10 °C were sufficient to cease P-liberating capabilities by the SSF product; suggesting that the two conditions combined limited the product’s efficacy in practice. This research evidenced that SSF products can be an effective means of improving the available nutrient profiles of compound diets for both omnivorous, warmwater and carnivorous, temperate finfish. Lupins are a promising alternative protein source but their nutritional value can be substantially improved by SSF product application. Exploration of the effects of SSF products on the intestinal environment revealed that both negative and positive effects on intestinal health can occur, which is highly dependent upon product inclusion rate. The holistic approaches adopted within this series of studies have seldom been performed on monogastric animals and thus provide valuable, transferable information for advancing knowledge in the application of SSF products, exogenous enzymes and lupins to farm animal feeds, in general.

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Savolainen, Lea Christine. "Evaluation of amino acid supplementation of soybean-meal-based diets for hybrid striped bass." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3264.

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Vagner, Marie. "Orientation des processus métaboliques du bar européen (Dicentrarchus labrax) par un conditionnement nutritionnel au stade larvaire." Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2009.

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Le but était de voir s’il est possible de stimuler les capacités de désaturation des acides gras pour la synthèse d’HUFA n-3 des juvéniles de bar par un conditionnement précoce. Lors d’une expérience 1 (F1), quatre groupes de larves ont reçu deux régimes de J6 à J45: LH (0,8% EPA+DHA) et HH (2,2%) à 16 ou 22°C. Après une période intermédiaire (2,7%, 19°C), la capacité des juvéniles à s’adapter à un régime carencé (0,5%) à été testée pendant 60 jours (19°C). L’expérience 2 (E2) avait pour but d’amplifier la réponse obtenue (une seul température d’élevage (19°C) et une gamme plus étendue de teneur en HUFA n-3 dans quatre régimes larvaires: XH (3,7%), HH (1,7%), LH (0,7%) et XLH (0,5%)). Après une période intermédiaire (2,7%, 19°C), les juvéniles ont reçu un régime à 0,35% pendant 35 jours. Les deux phases larvaires ont montré que les régimes carencés (0,8, 0,7 et 0,5%) stimulaient la transcription du gène de la delta-6 désaturase (∆6D, responsable de la première étape de synthèse des HUFA n-3) à J45. Mais une déficience en DHA dans les phospholipides (PL) et des retards de croissance ont été observés chez ces individus. Le conditionnement larvaire n’a pas affecté les performances de croissance des juvéniles mais E1 a montré une augmentation du niveau d’ARN de la (∆6D transitoire et une teneur en DHA des PL supérieure chez les juvéniles pré-conditionnés avec un régime carencé. F2 a mis en évidence une augmentation du niveau d’ARN tout au long de l’expérience mais une teneur en DHA similaire dans les PL. Il est possible de stimuler les capacités de désaturation des acides gras pour la synthèse d’HUFA n-3 des juvéniles de bar par un conditionnement précoce
The aim was to know if it is possible to apply a metabolic programming using nutritional conditioning during early larval stages to stimulate the fatty acid (FA) desaturation pathways of n-3 HUFA synthesis in marine fish. For the experience 1 (E1), four replicated groups of larvae were fed a diet with a Iow (LH) or high (HH) HUFA content from day 6 post-hatching to d-45 at 16 or 22°C: 0. 8 and 22% FPA÷DHA. After an intermediate period (19°C, 2. 7%), the capacity of juveniles to adapt to a HUFA-deprived diet (0. 5%) was tested during 60 days (19°C)- For the experience 2 (F2), four replicated groups of sea bass larvae were fed XH (3. 7% EPA+DHA), HH (1. 7%), LH (0. 7%) or XLH (0. 5%) diets from d-6 to d-45 at 19°C. After a period feeding a commercial diet (2. 7%, 19°C), the capacity of ail groups to adapt to an n-3 HUFA-Restricted diet (0. 3%) was tested for 35 days. The two larval periods indicated a positive modulation of the delta-6 desaturase (∆6D, rate-limiting enzyme responsible of the first step of the FA desaturation pathways for the n-3 HUFA synthesis) gene transcription by low dietary n-3 HUFA levels in larvae fed a low dietary HUFA n-3 content (0,8, 0,7 et 0. 5% EPA+DHA) than in others. Buta deficiency in DHA in phospholipides (PL) and a ower growth rate were observed, No significant effect of larval nutritional conditioning was observed in juveniles, but Fi showed a transient increase in mRNA level and an increase in DHA content in PL. F2 showed a persistent mRNA increase in pre-conditioned flsh, but similar DHA content in PL. T was possible to influence fatty acid desaturation pathways for HUFA synthesis, using a nutritional conditioning during larval stage

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Mani-Ponset, Laurence. "Evolution des mécanismes nutritionnels au cours du développement postembryonnaire chez deux poissons téléostéens d'intérêt aquacole : le loup, "Dicentrarchus labrax" et le sandre, "Stizostedion lucioperca"." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20192.

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L'etude comparee de l'evolution des mecanismes nutritionnels au cours des premiers jours de vie libre, chez des larves de loup et de sandre nourries de zooplancton ou a jeun, nous a conduit a nous pencher successivement sur la resorption de la vesicule vitelline, sur l'organogenese de l'intestin, du foie, du pancreas et du muscle squelettique ainsi que sur les metabolismes glucidique et lipidique durant les differentes periodes du developpement postembryonnaire. L'addition de glucose et d'insuline a l'eau d'elevage nous a permis de demontrer que ces molecules pouvaient etre absorbees et assimilees par les larves, ce qui offre des perspectives de recherche appliquee interessantes. L'ensemble de nos observations debouche sur le decoupage du developpement postembryonnaire en quatre phases physiologiques principales et la mise en evidence d'anomalies pathologiques liees a l'alimentation. Nos recherches s'appuient sur une investigation histologique faisant appel a la microscopie (photonique et electronique a transmission), a l'histochimie, a l'histoenzymologie et a l'immunofluorescence

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Geraldo, Andressa Mariza Ribeiro. "Probiótico, prebiótico e simbiótico na nutrição de juvenis de carpa capim." Universidade Federal do Pampa, 2016. http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br:8080/xmlui/handle/riu/1574.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de carpas capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) alimentadas com dietas suplementadas com diferentes aditivos no consumo de forragem teosinto (Euchlaena mexicana). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos em triplicata, sendo, TCont: dieta controle; TPre: dieta com prebiótico (casca de soja: 5%/Kg de ração); TPro: dieta com probiótico (B. cereus e B. subtilis: 0,5%/Kg de ração) e TSim: dieta com simbiótico (níveis de probiótico e prebiótico juntos). As rações formuladas tinham 30% PB e 3000 kcal/ED/Kg. O período experimental foi de 70 dias nos quais os peixes foram alimentados com 3% PV de ração e forragem ofertada a vontade. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho zootécnico, conversão alimentar aparente, índices corpóreos, análise centesimal corporal e parâmetros hematológicos. Para análise estatística foi realizada ANOVA com P<0,05 e teste de comparação de médias. Os resultados indicaram que a inclusão de probiótico, prebiótico e simbiótico na concentração usada apresentaram melhor consumo de forragem em relação ao controle, mas não em relação o desempenho zootécnico dos animais. Também, a inclusão dos aditivos proporcionou menor gordura corporal nos animais. Palavras chave: Aquicultura. Bacillus cereus. Bacillus subtilis. Casca de soja. Ctenopharyngodon idella. Nutrição de peixes.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed diets supplemented with different additives in the consumption of forage teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana). The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 treatments in triplicate being TCont: control diet; Tpre: prebiotic (soybean hulls: 5%/kg of diet); TPro: Probiotic (B. cereus and B. subtilis: 0.5%/kg of diet) and Tsyn: synbiotic (probiotic and prebiotic levels together). The diets formulated had 30% CP and 3000 kcal / DE / kg. The experimental period was 70 days in which fish were fed 3% BW feed and forage offered ad libitum. It were evaluated the growth performance parameters, aparent feed conversion, corporeal indices, chemical analysis of the boby and hematological parameters. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA P <0.05 and mean comparison test. The results may indicate that the addition of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic in the concentration used showed better forage intake compared to control, but not over the growth performance of animals. Also, the inclusion of additives provided lower body fat in animals.

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Neves, Milene. "Exigência de proteína digestível, para alevinos de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) alimentados com rações a base de farelo de soja e milho." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1545.

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The objective of this study was to. Four diets with increasing levels of digestible protein (18, 22, 26 and 30 %) based on products of plant origin were evaluated. The fry were housed in 50L hapas which were inside 1000L tanks in the greenhouse. The temperature and, dissolved oxygen were daily verified and pH was weekly verified. The fry were fed three times a day (7:30a.m., 12: 30p.m. and 5:30p.m ) after the last feeding and removal of food debris feces was performed with subsequent replacement of the water system , and after weighing the pots ration to measure consumption . The experimental design was randomized blocks with six tanks 1000L (repetitions) with four 50L hapas tanks within these treatments (18, 22, 26 and 30% of digestible protein). Each hapa settled 10 fingerlings. The fry pacu that were previously weighed batch of water 10 (9.49g ± 0.04g average weight per fish), the overall length of 8.025cm, 6.28cm gage length, height and width of 3.005 cm and 0.56 cm. The measurements were obtained by averaging done after the initial biometrics. At the end of the experiment, a quadratic effect (p<0.01) for the average final weight, standard length, total length, height and width was observed. For vestments of zootechnical performance the feed conversion ratio and survival were evaluated, and for these parameters were those who had the significance of apparent feed conversion showed a quadratic effect (p<0.05). After expiration of the trial period the fry were slaughtered and their carcasses submitted to laboratory analyzes which were: crude protein, ether extract, moisture and ash. After that the results were submitted to the same simple linear regression, the mean linearly for fat and moisture. After all the analysis it was concluded that there is a point of maximum absorption of digestible protein to a higher average final weight which is 24.65%, and that the level of digestible protein obtained results for most parameters evaluated was 26% of digestible protein
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a exigência de proteína digestível para alevinos de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Foram avaliadas quatro rações com níveis crescentes de proteína digestível (18, 22, 26 e 30%), à base de produtos de origem vegetal. Os alevinos foram alojados em hapas de 50L, que estavam dentro de tanques de 1000L, em estufa. Diariamente, verificou-se a temperatura e o oxigênio dissolvido e, semanalmente, e o pH. Os alevinos foram alimentados três vezes ao dia (7h:30, 12h:30 e 17h:30), e ao final da última alimentação foi realizada retirada de fezes e restos de alimentos, com posterior reposição da água do sistema, e posterior pesagem dos potes de ração para aferir o consumo. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com seis tanques de 1000L (repetições), com quatro hapas de 50L dentro destes tanques com tratamentos (18, 22, 26 e 30% de proteína digestível). Cada hapa acomodou 10 alevinos. Os alevinos de pacu foram previamente pesados em lotes de 10 na água (9,49g ± 0,04 g de peso médio por peixe) apresentando comprimento total de 8,025cm, comprimento padrão de 6,28c, altura de 3,005cm e largura de 0,56cm. As medidas foram obtidas por intermédio de uma média feita após a biometria inicial. Ao final do experimento, foi observado um efeito quadrático (p<0,01) para o peso final médio, comprimento padrão, comprimento total, altura e largura. Para os parâmetros de desempenho zootécnico avaliou-se a conversão alimentar aparente e sobrevivência, sendo que para estes parâmetros o que teve significância foram o de conversão alimentar aparente, que apresentou efeito quadrático (p<0,05). Após o término do período experimental, os alevinos foram abatidos e suas carcaças submetidas às análises laboratoriais, tais como: proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, umidade e cinzas. Após a obtenção dos resultados, os mesmos foram submetidos à regressão linear simples, sendo significativo linearmente para extrato etéreo e umidade. Após todas as análises, concluiu-se que há um ponto máximo de absorção de proteína digestível para um maior peso final médio, que é de 24,65%, e que o nível de proteína digestível que mais obteve resultado para os parâmetros avaliados foi de 26% de proteína digestível

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Pavasovic, Ana. "Evaluation of the nutritional requirements of redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16615/.

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Aquaculture represents a sustainable alternative to natural fisheries for provision of high quality, animal protein. Crustaceans make a significant contribution to global aquaculture production, of which decapods are the most economically important group. Among freshwater crayfish, the genus Cherax includes several species that have emerged as important culture species. A suite of favourable biological attributes, including fast growth and an omnivorous feeding habit, have contributed to establishment of successful culture of Cherax quadricarinatus (redclaw) in many countries. Aspects of redclaw production, however, remain relatively undeveloped, in particular feed formulation. To better understand the digestive processes and nutritional requirements of redclaw, this study examined the relationship between diet composition and digestive enzyme activity, growth performance and diet digestibility coefficients. The extent to which redclaw can efficiently utilise complex polysaccharides, such as cellulose, has been speculated on by authors who reported endogenous cellulase activity in this species. I evaluated the use of insoluble α-cellulose by redclaw, demonstrated that high dietary levels (30%) can significantly reduce the specific activity of selected digestive enzymes (amylase and cellulase), while also lowering apparent digestibility coefficients. Inclusion of α-cellulose above 12% also significantly reduced survival rate, specific growth rate and feeding efficiency in this organism which corresponds with low tolerance for insoluble fibre by other decapods. Even though redclaw possess endogenous cellulases, they appear to have only a limited capacity to utilise insoluble fibre in their diets. Further, I assessed the impact of different nutrient profiles on digestive enzyme activity, growth and tail muscle composition in redclaw. Purified diets containing varying levels of dietary protein significantly affected activity of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase and cellulase) and the composition of the tail muscle tissue. Redclaw have a relatively low protein requirement, which was reflected here, as little significant difference was observed in growth rates and the feed conversion ratio was only significantly affected by the lowest protein diet. Manipulation of the non-protein energy component in purified diets (protein to lipid ratio) had no effect on growth performance indices in redclaw. Digestive enzyme activity (protease) was however, strongly influenced by both the amount of protein and lipid in the diet and a significant correlation was observed between protease activity and growth performance indices. The findings here, provide preliminary data for consideration of digestive enzymes such as proteases as potential growth indicators for freshwater crayfish. These enzymes are already recognised as reliable biological indicators for comparison of digestive efficiency and potential growth rate in fish. The relationship between diet composition and digestive enzyme expression observed here, stress the need for further empirical evaluation of specific ingredients in artificial diets for redclaw. A range of single cell, plant and animal-based, agricultural products were assessed for their potential use in diets formulated for redclaw. Analysis of dietary supplements revealed that apparent digestibility of crude protein was generally higher for diets containing plant-based ingredients. A similar outcome was observed for digestibility coefficients of test ingredients. Ingredient type also had a significant effect on digestive enzyme activity. Importantly, a significant correlation was observed for enzyme activity and apparent digestibility coefficients. It appears that redclaw have the capacity to utilise nutrients from a broad range of dietary ingredients successfully including animal, single cell and in particular, plant matter in their diet. Taken together, the results presented here demonstrate that digestive enzyme activities in redclaw are significantly influenced by diet composition. I show clearly that the ability of redclaw to utilise various nutrients (measured as digestibility coefficients) is highly correlated with digestive enzyme activity. Finally, protease activity demonstrated a potential for use as an indicator of redclaw growth performance. The data presented here will contribute to development of better and cheaper feed formulations for use in redclaw aquaculture and have broader applications to freshwater crustacean culture. In particular, the potential for use of plant-based ingredients in aqua-feeds for redclaw will contribute to a more economically and environmentally sustainable redclaw culture.

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ESCAFFRE, ZIMMERMANN ANNE-MARIE. "I : recherches sur la nutrition et le developpement de l'alevin de truite. ii: besoins vitaminiques du poisson." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066258.

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Cette etude precise l'influence de la taille de l'oeuf d'origine et de la date du premier repas sur le developpement precoce de l'alevin de truite arc-en-ciel (l'ontogenese, l'utilisation du vitellus, l'evolution du poids corporel et de la structure du foie). La duree de resorption du vitellus, la duree de resistance au jeune, le poids du corps et le nombre d'hepatocytes sont lies a la taille de l'oeuf d'origine. Au contraire, la duree d'incubation, la date d'ouverture de l'oesophage, le taux de convertion du vitellus, le taux de croissance, le volume d'un hepatocyte et le diametre de son noyau apparaissent independants de la taille de l'oeuf d'origine. La date du premier repas a une incidence sur le poids corporel et sur le nombre d'hepatocytes en fin d'experience mais pas sur le taux de croissance ni sur le taux de survie. Une hypertrophie momentanee de l'hepatocyte est observee chez les animaux nourris tardivement par rapport a ceux nourris precocement

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Rodrigues, Mariana Lins. "Sorgo em dietas para juvenis de Rhamdia quelen suplementadas com fitase." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2935.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The present study aimed to evaluate the productive performance of silver catfish juveniles fed with diets containing different sorghum inclusion levels as a substitute of maize, and supplemented or not with the phytase enzyme. The diets were composed of maize, maize/sorghum and sorghum, supplemented or not with phytase enzyme (1500 UFA/kg-1). Apparent feed conversion and specific growth rate were better for supplemented diets (P<0.05). The larger protein efficiency rate was obtained for maize diet supplemented (P<0.05). The viscerosomal fat index was lower when maize/sorghum diet was used (P<0.05), whereas the hepatosomatic index was smaller for maize and maize/sorghum diets, regardless of supplementation (P <0.05). The plasmatic biochemical components presented variation (P <0.05), but they remained within the limits of the species. The histomorphometric variables presented variations for sorghum and sorghum/maize diets, supplemented or not (P<0.05). The chemical composition of the carcass presented variations related to ethereal extract and mineral matter deposition for supplemented diets (P<0.05). In bone mineralization there was a variation of Ca (P<0.05) when maize and sorghum were used in the same proportion. Therefore, sorghum may be a viable alternative to maize substitution, and phytase supplementation improves the productive performance of fish.
O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o desempenho produtivo de juvenis de jundiá alimentados com dietas contendo níveis de inclusão de sorgo em substituição ao milho, suplementadas ou não com a enzima fitase. As dietas foram compostas por milho, milho/sorgo e sorgo, com e sem suplementação da enzima fitase (1500 UFA/kg-1). Os resultados para conversão alimentar aparente e taxa de crescimento específico foram melhores em dietas suplementadas (P<0,05). A maior taxa de eficiência proteica foi obtida para a dieta milho suplementada (P<0,05). O índice visceros-somático foi menor quando utilizada a dieta milho/sorgo (P<0,05), o índice hepato-somático foi menor nas dietas milho e milho/sorgo independente da suplementação (P<0,05). Os componentes bioquímicos plasmáticos apresentaram variações (P<0,05) mas mantiveram-se dentro os limites para espécie. As variáveis histomorfometricas apresentaram variações nos peixes alimentados com as dietas sorgo e sorgo/milho suplementadas ou não (P<0,05). A composição centesimal da carcaça variou em relação a deposição de extrato etéreo e matéria mineral para dietas suplementadas (P<0,05). Na mineralização óssea houve variação do Ca (P<0,05) quando utilizado milho e sorgo na mesma proporção. Portanto, o sorgo pode ser uma alternativa viável para substituir o milho e a suplementação com fitase melhora o desempenho produtivo dos peixes.

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Lemes, Maysa Teodoro. "Caroço de algodão em dietas para tilápia-do-Nilo: efeitos sobre a digestibilidade de nutrientes e histologia hepática e testicular." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3147.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The use of seed and cotton by-products in animal feed it has been highlighting positively in the field of nutrition, it being the cotton plant (Gossypiumspp) cultivated for fiber production, oil and how a by-product of the cotton, the bran has been outstanding worldwide as the second most important source or protein supplementation available for animal feed, just only it being surpassed by soybeans. Two experiments were carried out with aim of the verify the inclusion of cottonseed on nutrient digestibility and histology of the livers and testicles of tilapia. In the experiment of digestibility 144 juveniles were used with an average weight of tilapia 179.42 ± 23.45 g, distributed randomly in blocks design. Diets were elaborated for the purpose of contain different levels of inclusion of cottonseed (0; 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5%), offered five times a day at predetermined times. The apparent digestibility coefficients were determined using the indirect method using chromium oxide as inert marker (0.1%). The averages were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). There was no variance between the blocks (p > 0.05). The ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, digestible protein, raw energy and digestible energy of diets were not influenced (p > 0.05). Cottonseed in diets containing levels of inclusion of up to 4.5% does not determine effects on utilization of nutrients and dietary energy supplied to the Nile tilapia. In the second experiment were used 320 broodstock with average weight of 316, 12 g, distributed in completely randomized design. Diets were elaborated in order to contain different levels of inclusion of cottonseed (0; 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5%), diets were offered twice a day at predetermined times. Histological changes of the livers were evaluated qualitatively using the index of BERNET, and testicular characterization was analyzed descriptively using standardized terminology to describe the reproductive development of fish, to the indexes gonadossomatic (GSI) and hepatossomatic (IHS) and visceral fat (VF) were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) bifatorial. There was no difference (p > 0.05) between the analyzed indices and also no differences were found in histology of the testis, however it was observed on histology of liver, changes as the inclusion of cottonseed in diets. Cottonseed in diets containing levels of inclusion of up to 4.5% does not determine effects on spermatogenesis of broodstock of Nile tilapia.
A utilização de caroço e subprodutos do algodão na alimentação animal vem se destacando positivamente na área da nutrição, sendo o algodoeiro (Gossypiumspp) cultivado para produção de fibras, óleo e como subproduto do algodão, o farelo vem se destacando mundialmente como a segunda mais importante fonte ou suplemento proteico disponível para a alimentação animal, apenas sendo ultrapassado pela soja. Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de verificar a inclusão de caroço de algodão na digestibilidade de nutrientes e na histologia dos fígados e testículos de tilápia. Foram utilizados 144 juvenis de tilápia com peso médio de 179,42 ± 23,45g, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualisados. Foram elaboradas dietas a fim de conter diferentes níveis de inclusão de caroço de algodão (0; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5%), ofertadas cinco vezes ao dia em horários pré-determinados. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente foram determinados empregando o método indireto utilizando óxido de crômio como marcador inerte (0,1%). As médias foram submetidas à análise de variância (ANOVA). Não houve variação entre os blocos (p>0,05). Os CDAs da matéria seca, proteína bruta, proteína digestível, energia bruta e energia digestível das dietas não foram influenciados (p>0,05). Dietas contendo caroço de algodão em níveis de inclusão de até 4,5% não determinam efeitos no aproveitamento dos nutrientes e energia da dieta fornecida para a tilápia-do-Nilo. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 320 reprodutores com peso médio de 316,12g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado. Foram elaboradas dietas quatro dietas contendo diferentes níveis de inclusão de caroço de algodão (0; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5%), as dietas foram ofertadas duas vezes ao dia em horários pré-determinados. As alterações histológicas dos fígados foram avaliadas qualitativamente utilizando o índice de BERNET, e a caracterização testicular foi analisada descritivamente utilizando a terminologia padronizada para descrever o desenvolvimento reprodutivo de peixes, para os índices gonadossomáticos(IGS) e hepatossomáticos (IHS) e gordura visceral (GV) foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) bifatorial. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre os índices analisados e também não foram observadas diferenças na histologia dos testículos, porém observou-se na histologia dos fígados, alterações conforme a inclusão de caroço de algodão nas dietas. Dietas contendo caroço de algodão em níveis de inclusão de até 4,5% não determinam efeitos na espermatogênese de reprodutores de tilápia-do-Nilo.

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Freitas, Jakeline Marcela Azambuja de. "Digestibilidade aparente de ingredientes com certificação de origem orgânica e sua inclusão na alimentação de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1646.

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This study was carried out aimed to determine the energy and protein apparent digestibility coefficients of organic soybean meal, wheat meal, corn and whole wheat for Nile tilapia and the evaluation of productive performance of fish fed with food supplemented organically certified energy plant source. In digestibility trial were utilized 100 juveniles of Nile tilápia with 100 g average weight randomly assigned into five 200 L appropriate for feces collect tanks. To evaluate digestibility coefficients of ingredients in study, five diets were prepared, one reference and four tests included 70% of the reference diet and 30% of the test food. All diets were marker with 0,1% chromic oxide. The randomized Latin square desing used containing five treatments and five repetitions. The digestible protein (%) and energy (kcal kg-1) of organic soybean meal, wheat meal, corn and wheat were: 39,69 and 3630,85; 14,32 and 3348,09; 7,54 and 3100,45; 16,29 and 3571,06; respectively. To evaluate of productive performance, chemical composition and blood biochemical parameters of juveniles Nile tilápia fed with diets containing as energy source the wheat meal, corn and whole wheat with organic origin certification and mixed all sources (wheat meal + corn + whole wheat), 300 juveniles Nile tilápia were randomly assigned into 20 experimental tanks (500 L). The entirely casualized delineation used containing four treatments and five repetitions. The animals with 10,39 ± 0,98 g average weight and 8,10 ± 0,44 cm total length, were fed four times a day, at apparent satiation. At the end experimental period were evaluate parameters of final weight, total length, weight gain, feed conversion, survival, specific growth rate and factor condition of animals subjected to different diets. The biochemical analysis of the blood comprised the determination levels of glucose (mg dL-1), triglycerides (mg dL-1) and total protein (mg dL-1), whereas for centesimal composition of the carcass were evaluated proportions of humidity, lipids, protein and ash. The analysis of variance showed significant influence for the parameters of final weight, weight gain, food conversion, specific growth rate and in the lipidic percentage of the carcass. The best results for weight gain were obtained for animals fed on food containing organic corn (145,13 g) and a mixture of all the sources evaluated (143,90 g). The same can be assigned for the specific growth rate (4,50% dia-1 for both). The best results for food conversion index were observed for animals that received food containing organic whole wheat (0,74) and a mixture of different sources (0,81). Analogue behavior was verified in relation to the deposition of fat in the carcass, with the best results obtained for wheat (5,34%) and mixed (5,60%). Diets containing as energetic source a mixture of organic wheat bran + corn + whole wheat, provided optimum performance, lower deposition of fat in the carcass and not cause changes in blood biochemical parameters and maintains the healthiness of juveniles Nile tilápia
Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína e energia do farelo de soja, farelo de trigo, milho e trigo integral orgânicos para a tilápia do Nilo e avaliar o desempenho produtivo dos peixes alimentados com rações suplementadas com fontes energéticas vegetais orgânicas. No ensaio de digestibilidade utilizaram-se 100 juvenis de tilápia com 100 g de peso médio os quais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco tanques cônico-cilíndricos (200 L) apropriados para a coleta de fezes. Para avaliar os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos ingredientes, confeccionaram-se cinco dietas, uma referência e quatro testes que continham 70% da dieta referência e 30% do ingrediente avaliado. Todas as rações foram marcadas com 0,1% de óxido de cromo (Cr2O3). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. A proteína (%) e a energia digestível (kcal kg-1) do farelo de soja, farelo de trigo, milho e trigo integral orgânicos foram de: 39,69 e 3630,85; 14,32 e 3348,09; 7,54 e 3100,45; 16,29 e 3571,06; respectivamente. Para avaliar o desempenho zootécnico, a composição centesimal e os parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue dos peixes alimentados com rações contendo farelo de trigo, milho e trigo integral orgânicos e uma mistura de todas estas fontes, 300 juvenis de tilápia foram distribuídos, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, em 20 tanques experimentais (500 L). Os animais, com peso inicial de 10,39 ± 0,98 g e comprimento inicial de 8,10 ± 0,44 cm, foram alimentados quatro vezes ao dia, até a saciedade aparente. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de peso final, comprimento total final, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar aparente, sobrevivência, taxa de crescimento específico e fator de condição dos animais submetidos às diferentes dietas. As análises bioquímicas do sangue compreenderam a determinação dos níveis de glicose (mg dL-1), triglicerídeos (mg dL-1) e proteínas totais (mg dL-1), enquanto que em relação a composição centesimal da carcaça foram avaliados os teores de umidade, lipídeos, proteína e cinzas. A análise de variância evidenciou influências significativas para os parâmetros de peso final, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de crescimento específico e no percentual lipídico da carcaça. Os melhores resultados para o ganho de peso foram obtidos para animais alimentados com rações contendo o milho orgânico (145,13 g) e uma mistura de todas as fontes avaliadas (143,90 g). O mesmo pode ser atribuído em relação à taxa de crescimento específico (4,50% dia-1 para ambos). Os melhores índices de conversão alimentar foram observados para animais que receberam rações contendo o trigo integral orgânico (0,74) e uma mistura das diferentes fontes (0,81). Comportamento análogo verificou-se em relação à deposição de gordura na carcaça, com os melhores resultados obtidos para o trigo (5,34%) e misto (5,60%). Dietas contendo como fonte energética uma mistura de farelo de trigo + milho + trigo integral orgânicos, proporcionam ótimo desempenho produtivo, menor deposição de gordura na carcaça e não provocam alterações nos parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue e mantém a higidez de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo

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Finkler, Joana Karin. "Farinha de penas em dietas para Tilápia do Nilo." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1529.

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Current analysis evaluates the inclusion effect of feather meal in diets with and without aminoacids supplementation on the performance, centesimal composition, hematological parameters and feeding costs of Nile tilapia fingerlings, Oreochromis niloticus. One thousand and four hundred Nile tilapia fingerlings, initial average weight 4.98±0.08 g, distributed in 28 small cages of 1m³, with 50 fish each, were used. Three levels (8, 16 and 24%) of hydrolyzed feather meal (FM) inclusion and two groups, one with and the other without synthetic aminoacids supplementation (AAs), were evaluated during 65 days. Control treatment with neither feather meal nor aminoacids supplementation was also employed, totalizing seven treatments and four replications. Productive performance analysis including total length (TL), weight gain (WG), apparent food conversion (AFC), survival (SU), condition factor (CF) and protein efficiency rate (PER) was performed at the end of the experiment, coupled to body parameters such as visceral fat index (VFI) and hepatosomatic index (HIS). Blood samples were collected for erythrocytes counting and determination of hemoglobin, hematocrit, average corpuscular volume (ACV) and average corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (ACHC). The entire fish was used for the analysis of centesimal composition, namely, moisture (MO), protein (P), ether extract (EE) and mineral matter (MM)). Diet costs per kilo of WG were also assessed. Treatments did not influence (p>0.05) SU, HIS, CF, MO and MM and best results for FM and WG were those of treatments with 8% FM with or without AAs supplementation. AFC was higher and PER lower in treatments with 24% FM without supplementation. P rate was lower in treatment with inclusion of 24% FM without supplementation when compared to control, whereas EE had higher levels of inclusion when compared to control. Hematologic parameters were kept within the species´s normal variation level. Treatment with 8% FM with supplementation presented lower feeding costs. Results show that feather meal may be used in diets for Nile tilapia up to 8% inclusion, with or without supplementation of AAs, without any liability in performance, chemical composition and higidity. In fact, supplementation at the above inclusion level with AAs is economically more viable
Esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da inclusão de farinha de pena em dietas com e sem suplmentação de aminoácidos sobre o desempenho, composição centesimal, parâmetros hematológicos e custos de alimentação de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo Oreochromis niloticus. Para isso, foram utilizados 1.400 alevinos de tilápia do Nilo com peso inicial médio de 4,98 ± 0,08 g distribuídos em 28 hapas de 1 m³ com 50 peixes cada. Durante 65 dias foram avaliados três níveis de inclusão de farinha de pena hidrolisada (FP) (8, 16 e 24%) e dois grupos, um com e outro sem suplementação de aminoácidos sintéticos (AAs). Além disso, foi utilizado um tratamento controle, cuja dieta não continha nem farinha de pena e nem suplementação de aminoácidos, totalizando sete tratamentos com quatro repetições. Ao final do experimento foram realizadas análises de desempenho produtivo (comprimento total (CT), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar aparente (CAA), sobrevivência (SO), fator de condição (FC) e taxa de eficiência proteica (TEP) e dos parâmetros corporais, (índice de gordura visceral (IGV) e índice hepatossomático (IHS)). As mostras de sangue foram coletadas para contagem de eritrócitos e determinação de hemoglobina, hematócrito, volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM). Foram utilizados peixes inteiros para a análise da composição centesimal (umidade (UM), proteína (PB), extrato etéreo (EE) e matéria mineral (MM)). Também foi avaliado o custo das dietas por quilo de GP. Os tratamentos não influenciaram (p>0,05) na SO, IHS, FC, UM e MM. Os melhores resultados de PF e GP foram dos tratamentos com 8% de FP com ou sem suplemetação de AAs. A CA foi maior e a TEP menor no tratamento com 24% de FP sem suplementação. A PB foi menor no tratamento com inclusão de 24% FP sem suplementação em relação ao controle, e o EE aumentou com níveis mais altos de inclusão em relação ao controle. Os parâmetros hematológicos mativeram-se dentro da faixa de variação normal para a espécie. O tratamento com 8% de FP com suplementação apresentou o menor custo de alimentação. Conclui-se que a farinha de penas pode ser utilizada em dietas para tilápia do Nilo em até 8% de inclusão, com ou sem suplementação de AAs, sem prejuízos no desempenho, composição química e higidez, sendo que a suplementação deste nível de inclusão com AAs é economicamente mais viável

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