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Journal articles on the topic 'Aquafeeds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 April 2022

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1

Bourne, Nicholas, David Blyth, and Cedric Simon. "Rapid prediction of chemical composition and degree of starch cook of multi-species aquafeeds by near infrared spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 29, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033521999116.

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Ensuring aquafeeds meet the expected nutritional and physical specifications for a species is paramount in research and for the industry. This study aimed to examine the feasibility of predicting the proximate composition and starch gelatinisation (or cook) of aquaculture feeds (aquafeeds) regardless of their intended target species by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Aquafeed samples used for nutrition experiments on various aquatic species with different nutritional requirements, as well as aquafeeds manufactured under varying extrusion conditions and steaming time to generate variable starch cook were used in this study. The various size pellets were ground before scanning by NIR spectroscopy, then models were developed to estimate dry matter, ash, total lipid, crude protein, and gross energy as well as starch cook. Proximate prediction models were successfully produced for diets with R2 values between 0.88 and 0.97 (standard error of cross-validation (SECV) 0.43 to 1.46, residual predictive deviation (RPD) 4.6 to 15.6), while starch cook models were produced with R2 values between 0.91 and 0.97 (SECV 3.60 to 5.76, RPD 1.2 to 1.9). The developed NIR models allow rapid monitoring of the nutritional composition, as well as starch cook, one of the major physical properties of aquafeeds. Models that provide rapid quality control assessment of diet characteristics is highly desirable in aquaculture research and the aquafeed industry.

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Soares, TM, DA Coutinho, LD Lacerda, MO Moraes, and MF Rebelo. "Mercury accumulation and metallothionein expression from aquafeeds by Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 under intensive aquaculture conditions." Brazilian Journal of Biology 71, no. 1 (February 2011): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842011000100019.

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This study describes the accumulation of Hg and metallothionein gene expression in Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 with aquafeeds as the major source of Hg. Trials were conducted under controlled conditions in experimental tank facilities with high (indoor tanks) and low (outdoor tanks) Hg aquafeeds concentrations. Aquafeeds were the sole source of Hg for the shrimps and concentrations varied from 5.4 to 124 ng.g-1 d.w.. In the three animal fractions analysed; muscle (6,3 - 15,9 ng.g-1); hepatopancreas (5,1 - 22,0 ng.g-1) and exoskeleton (3,0 - 16,2 ng.g-1), Hg concentrations were significantly lower in the outdoor trials submitted to Hg-poor aquafeeds. Maximum shrimp muscle Hg concentrations were low (36.4 ng.g-1 w.w.) relative to maximum permissible concentrations for human consumption and Hg content in muscle and hepatopancreas were significantly correlated with Hg content in aquafeeds. Highest Hg concentrations in the exoskeleton of animals exposed to Hg-richer aquafeed, suggested that a detoxification mechanism is taking place. On the other hand the metallothionein suffered no variation in its relative expression in any of the experiments, meaning that the contact with feed containing the observed Hg concentrations were not sufficient to activate gene transcription. It was not possible, under the experimental design used, to infer Hg effects on the biological performance of the animals.

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3

Wilson, Robert P. "Farm-made aquafeeds." Aquaculture 130, no. 1 (February 1995): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)90096-9.

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4

Tschirner, Martin, and Werner Kloas. "Increasing the Sustainability of Aquaculture Systems: Insects as Alternative Protein Source for Fish Diets." GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 26, no. 4 (January 1, 2017): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/gaia.26.4.10.

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While aquaculture has a huge potential to contribute to the food security of our planet in the upcoming decades, it is still associated with various environmental concerns. The use of insects as a sustainable protein component in aquafeeds might change that.The fast growth of the aquaculture sector worldwide increases the demand for aquafeeds. Since the production of conventional protein sources like fish meal is stagnating due to fully exploited fish stocks, far-reaching sustainable adaptions of production techniques as well as new alternative protein sources have to be identified. A first step could be the production of omnivorous freshwater species with more modest feed requirements instead of carnivorous marine species. A next step could be the substitution of marine aquafeed ingredients. The popular practice to substitute fish meal by plant proteins is, however, problematic from a nutritive physiological point of view. Moreover, feed crop production, for example, soybeans, has negative effects on land use and water consumption. Novel protein sources of animal origin are insect meals that combine a high nutritional value with small environmental impact production systems.

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5

Rumbos, Christos I., Eleni Mente, Ioannis T. Karapanagiotidis, Georgios Vlontzos, and Christos G. Athanassiou. "Insect-Based Feed Ingredients for Aquaculture: A Case Study for Their Acceptance in Greece." Insects 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070586.

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Although the inclusion of insects in fish diets is officially allowed in the EU since 2017, insect-based aquafeeds have not been widely adopted by the European aquaculture sector. In order to investigate the perceptions related with adoption trends, it is critical to explore the beliefs of people associated with the aquaculture sector on the use of insects in farmed fish diets. A survey was conducted among 228 participants of an aquaculture conference to explore their perceptions on the inclusion of insect meal in fish diets. Additionally, we investigated the attitudes of nine companies operating in the aquaculture and aquafeed sector in Greece that attended the conference towards this direction. The findings of the conference survey provide evidence that there is a wide-range awareness and acceptance regarding the use of insect-based feeds in farmed fish diets among the respondents. This is mainly driven by the expectations for the decline in fishing pressure on wild fish stocks, the reduction of the ecological footprint and the enhancement of the sustainability of the aquaculture sector. The results of the stakeholder survey show that six out of the nine companies that participated in the survey are favorably disposed towards the use of insect-based feeds. Specifically, four of them stated that they would produce or use aquafeeds based on insects. However, the results highlight the need for further research on the implementation of the wider adoption of insect-based feeds in aquaculture. The present study provides some first insights into the use of insect-based aquafeeds in Greece, for which there are no data available.

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6

Munguti, Jonathan M., James G. Kirimi, Kevin O. Obiero, Erick O. Ogello, Domitila N. Kyule, David M. Liti, and Levi M. Musalia. "Aqua-Feed Wastes: Impact on Natural Systems and Practical Mitigations—A Review." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n1p111.

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Dietary composition of aquaculture feeds (aquafeeds) determines the quality of wastes from aquaculture production systems. These wastes, which are derived mainly from nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds subsequently affect water quality in the culture systems and the ambient environment. Depending on the type of culture systems and management practices employed, the aquafeed wastes can influence the water pH, algal turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and may cause fish mortality. The aquafeed wastes also can facilitate eutrophication leading into harmful algal blooms. Moreover, large quantities of aqua-waste are discharged as fish cannot retain all the food they consume which means a significant portion of the feed remains uneaten. In this paper, we review and discuss practical nutritional strategies and mitigation measures to reduce aquafeed wastes including controlled formulation using high-quality ingredients, enzyme-based aquafeed, processing, reduction of anti-nutrition factors and precision feeding. The paper further recommends strategies for enhancing the resilience of aquaculture production systems and mitigation measures to reduce the effects of aqua-wastes on ambient natural environments.

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7

Goddard, Stephen, and Fahad Saleh Ibrahim. "Protein resources and aquafeed development in the Sultanate of Oman." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 20 (January 1, 2015): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol20iss0pp47-53.

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The continued growth of intensive aquaculture is dependent on the development of sustainable protein sources to replace conventional fish meals in aquafeeds. Practical alternatives are plant-derived protein, protein from micro-organisms and protein from under-utilized marine resources. The challenges are to find alternative ingredients with high protein, suitable amino acid content, high palatability and absence of anti-nutritional factors. There is considerable biotechnology-based research in this area, including genetic modification of plant-based proteins, use of probiotics to enhance digestibility and the renewed application of fermentation technologies to produce single cell proteins. Research in Oman is focused on the utilization of marine protein resources. Fisheries by-catch and processing waste have been evaluated as liquid hydrolysates and as meals for inclusion in aquafeeds and new research is planned on the utilization of meso-pelagic fish (myctophids), which occur in abundance in the Arabian Sea and the Sea of Oman. Initial studies have been conducted on the biochemical composition of the lantern fish, Benthosema pterotum, which revealed favorable protein, amino acid and long-chain PUFA content. Potential limiting factors were high levels of saturated lipids and the heavy metals arsenic and cadmium. These results will be discussed within a general review of marine resources and aquafeed development in Oman.

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8

Liland, N. S., P. Araujo, X. X. Xu, E. J. Lock, G. Radhakrishnan, A. J. P. Prabhu, and I. Belghit. "A meta-analysis on the nutritional value of insects in aquafeeds." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7, no. 5 (August 13, 2021): 743–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.0147.

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A major challenge for development of sustainable aquafeeds is its dependence on fish meal and fish oil. Similarly, it is unwanted to include more plant ingredients which adds more pressure on resources like arable land, freshwater and fertilisers. New ingredients that do not require these resources but rather refine and valorise organic side streams, like insects, are being developed. Increasing evidence indicates that using insect ingredients in aquafeeds are a sustainable alternative and considerable progress has been made on this topic in the past years. The aim of this chapter is to present a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the data available on the impact of insects in aquafeeds. Systematic search, collection and selection of relevant literature from databases such as Web of Science and NCBI was performed. The literature search enabled 91 scientific papers from peer-reviewed journals, comprising a dataset of 415 experimental diets, including 35 different aquatic species and 14 insect species to be included in this meta-analysis, covering what we consider a close to complete representation of credible publications on this topic. Information on aquatic species, insect species, dietary composition (amino acids, fatty acids, proximate composition) and performance outputs (growth performance indicators and nutrient digestibility) were included in the construction of the dataset. Regression models and principal component analyses were performed on the meta-data. The results from the meta-analysis revealed a great degree of variation in the maximum threshold for insect inclusion in aquafeeds (from 4 to 37%) based on subgroups of trophic level of aquatic species, insect species used, statistical method and the output parameter. Overall, a maximum threshold of 25-30% inclusion of insects in aquafeeds for uncompromised performance is suggested. Reduction in protein digestibility, imbalanced amino acid profile and increasing levels of saturated fatty acid were identified as major factors limiting higher inclusion of insects in aquafeeds.

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9

Lecrenier, Marie-Caroline, Aline Marien, Gilbert Berben, Olivier Fumière, Pascal Veys, and Vincent Baeten. "Survey of animal by-products in feedingstuffs before the reintroduction of processed animal proteins in aquafeed." BASE, no. 4 (2019): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18219.

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Description. Since 2001, the number of bovine spongiform encephalopathy cases has drastically declined. A gradual lifting of the feed ban for aquaculture was possible in 2013 but this partial relaxation makes its control much more complex. Objectives. The objective was to have a practical overview of the current analytical situation and to highlight current and foreseen analytical gaps in the context of a progressive lifting of the ban. Method. Feed samples, collected before the partial lifting as regards aquafeed in 2013, were firstly analyzed by light microscopy. All samples were additionally analyzed by PCR in order to study the difficulties which would be faced with feeds produced after the relaxation. ELISA for the detection of milk proteins was also performed on samples in which ruminant DNA was detected. Results. When keeping the interpretation to the sole light microscopy results, all samples were in accordance to the legal requirements. Adding the PCR results made the interpretation more difficult. DNA of terrestrial animals was detected in nearly 65% of the samples. Apart from aquafeeds, the presence of ruminant DNA could be explained by the use of dairy products confirmed in most cases by ELISA. In aquafeeds, 23% (13/57) of the samples tested positive for ruminant DNA but only three of them also tested positive for milk proteins. Conclusions. The study underlined the crucial need for complementary analytical solutions in order to identify the source of the detected DNA.

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10

Tacon, Albert G. J., and Ian P. Forster. "Aquafeeds and the environment: policy implications." Aquaculture 226, no. 1-4 (October 2003): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00476-9.

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11

Suleiman, Rashid, and Kurt Rosentrater. "Techno-economic Analysis (TEA) of Extruded Aquafeeds." Journal of Food Research 7, no. 5 (July 11, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n5p57.

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The worldwide decline and overexploitation of ocean fisheries stocks had provided an incentive for the rapid growth of aquaculture. The aquaculture industry has been recognized as the fastest-growing food production system globally, with a 10% increase in production per year and is one of the most reliable and sustainable growth markets for manufactured feeds. Extrusion technology has been extensively used in the modern aquatic feed manufacturing, due to nutritional, physical properties improvements and cost effectiveness of feeds. Cost related to aquatic feed remains the biggest challenge, especially for small-scale producers. In order to understand costs and potential breakeven points, a single screw extruder and three different production scenarios (0.2, 2 and 20 t/day) throughput were used to develop techno-economic models for small-scale producers of extruded aquatic feeds. The results show annualized capital costs decreased as production capacity increased. Thus, aquatic feed producers could use this tool to evaluate annual costs and benefits to determine processing economics. Producers will have to consider the ingredients used, though, as raw ingredients constitute the greatest cost for the production of feeds.

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12

Bernal-Algaba, Elena, Marta Pulgarín-Alfaro, and María Luisa Fernández-Cruz. "Cytotoxicity of Mycotoxins Frequently Present in Aquafeeds to the Fish Cell Line RTGill-W1." Toxins 13, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080581.

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In the last decades, the aquaculture industry has introduced plant-based ingredients as a source of protein in aquafeeds. This has led to mycotoxin contaminations, representing an ecological, health and economic problem. The aim of this study was to determine in the RTgill-W1 fish cell line the toxicity of fifteen mycotoxins of common occurrence in aquafeeds. To identify the most sensitive endpoint of toxicity, the triple assay was used. It consisted of three assays: alamarBlue, Neutral Red Uptake and CFDA-AM, which revealed the mitochondrial activity, the lysosomal integrity and the plasma membrane integrity, respectively. Most of the assayed mycotoxins were toxic predominantly at lysosomal level (enniatins, beauvericin, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated metabolites 15-O-acetyl-DON and 3-acetyl-DON). Aflatoxins B1 and B2 exerted the greatest effects at mitochondrial level, while fumonisins B1 and B2 and nivalenol were not toxic up to 100 µg/mL. In general, low toxicity was observed at plasma membrane level. The vast majority of the mycotoxins assayed exerted a pronounced acute effect in the fish RTgill-W1 cell line, emphasizing the need for further studies to ascertain the impact of mycotoxin contamination of fish feeds in the aquaculture industry and to establish safe limits in aquafeeds.

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13

Irungu, F. G., C. M. Mutungi, A. K. Faraj, H. Affognon, S. Ekesi, D. Nakimbugwe, and K. K. M. Fiaboe. "Proximate composition and in vitro protein digestibility of extruded aquafeeds containing Acheta domesticus and Hermetia illucens fractions." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0089.

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Major protein sources for feed manufacture have become costly, and this has led to increased cost of products such as aquafeeds. This has dampening effect on fish production especially in developing countries, and has necessitated a search for alternative protein sources in processed feeds. The effects of extrusion on aquafeed blends containing fractions of adult cricket (Acheta domesticus) meal (ACM) or black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) pre-pupae meal (BSFM) on proximate composition and in vitro protein digestibility were investigated. Extrusion resulted in higher contents of protein and nitrogen free extract, and lower contents of ether extract and crude fibre as compared to the non-extruded feed. These observations were mainly associated with denaturation of proteins leading to increase in solubility, solubilisation of fibre due to the shearing forces at high temperature resulting in higher nitrogen free extract, and formation of starch-lipid complexes leading to lower ether extract. Our findings indicate that ACM or BSFM can be used to substitute fresh water shrimp meal up to 75 g/100 g level and still achieve highly nutritious processed fish feed.

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14

Yarnold, Jennifer, Hakan Karan, Melanie Oey, and Ben Hankamer. "Microalgal Aquafeeds As Part of a Circular Bioeconomy." Trends in Plant Science 24, no. 10 (October 2019): 959–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.005.

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15

Goddard, J. S., and J. S. M. Perret. "Co-drying fish silage for use in aquafeeds." Animal Feed Science and Technology 118, no. 3-4 (February 2005): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.11.004.

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16

Shah, Mahfuzur Rahman, Giovanni Antonio Lutzu, Asraful Alam, Pallab Sarker, M. A. Kabir Chowdhury, Ali Parsaeimehr, Yuanmei Liang, and Maurycy Daroch. "Microalgae in aquafeeds for a sustainable aquaculture industry." Journal of Applied Phycology 30, no. 1 (September 5, 2017): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1234-z.

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17

Miller, Matthew R., Peter D. Nichols, and Chris G. Carter. "n-3 Oil sources for use in aquaculture – alternatives to the unsustainable harvest of wild fish." Nutrition Research Reviews 21, no. 2 (December 2008): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422408102414.

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The present review examines renewable sources of oils with n-3 long-chain ( ≥ C20) PUFA (n-3 LC-PUFA) as alternatives to oil from wild-caught fish in aquafeeds. Due to the increased demand for and price of wild-caught marine sources of n-3 LC-PUFA-rich oil, their effective and sustainable replacement in aquafeeds is an industry priority, especially because dietary n-3 LC-PUFA from eating fish are known to have health benefits in human beings. The benefits and challenges involved in changing dietary oil in aquaculture are highlighted and four major potential sources of n-3 LC-PUFA for aquafeeds, other than fish oil, are compared. These sources of oil, which contain n-3 LC-PUFA, specifically EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) or precursors to these key essential fatty acids, are: (1) other marine sources of oil; (2) vegetable oils that contain biosynthetic precursors, such as stearidonic acid, which may be used by fish to produce n-3 LC-PUFA; (3) single-cell oil sources of n-3 LC-PUFA; (4) vegetable oils derived from oil-seed crops that have undergone genetic modification to contain n-3 LC-PUFA. The review focuses on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), because it is the main intensively cultured finfish species and it both uses and stores large amounts of oil, in particular n-3 LC-PUFA, in the flesh.

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18

Hazreen-Nita, Mohd Khalid, Zulhisyam Abdul Kari, Khairiyah Mat, Nor Dini Rusli, Suniza Anis Mohamad Sukri, Hasnita Che Harun, Seong Wei Lee, et al. "Olive oil by-products in aquafeeds: Opportunities and challenges." Aquaculture Reports 22 (February 2022): 100998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100998.

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19

Wachira, Moses N., Isaac M. Osuga, Jonathan M. Munguti, Mary K. Ambula, Sevgan Subramanian, and Chrysantus M. Tanga. "Efficiency and Improved Profitability of Insect-Based Aquafeeds for Farming Nile Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus L.)." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 2599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092599.

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In Sub-Saharan Africa, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) make up over 80% of aquaculture production. However, the local aquaculture farmers are restricted by the unavailability and expensive cost of formulated rations. To reduce reliance on the scarce and expensive fishmeal used in fish feeds, alternative insect protein has been successfully utilized in many aquafeeds. However, data on the influence of insect-based feed on the growth and economic benefit of feeding tilapia with the emerging insect-based diet are scanty. This study investigated the effect of partially and completely substituting fishmeal with black soldier fly larval meal (BM) on growth and economic parameters of tilapia. The O. niloticus was fed a standard commercial diet as a control (100% FM; 0% BM), BM33 (67% FM; 33% BM), BM67 (33% FM; 67% BM) and BM100 (0% FM; 100% BM) for 20 weeks in randomly assigned cages mounted in an 800 m2 earthen pond. Results from this study showed that diet type significantly (p < 0.05) affected the feed intake of the fish as well as weight gain. The feed conversion ratio and survival rate of O. niloticus did not vary across the different diets. Fish fed Diet1 had a 15% increase in weight when compared to fish fed the control diet. Return on investment and the cost–benefit ratio was similar across the diets, suggesting that BM is a suitable and cost-equivalent dietary supplement of FM up to 100% in aquafeed for growing tilapia fish in earthen ponds for the market.

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20

White, Camille A., Symon A. Dworjanyn, Peter D. Nichols, Benjamin Mos, and Tim Dempster. "Future aquafeeds may compromise reproductive fitness in a marine invertebrate." Marine Environmental Research 122 (December 2016): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.09.008.

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21

Gule, Thandile T., and Akewake Geremew. "Dietary Strategies for Better Utilization of Aquafeeds in Tilapia Farming." Aquaculture Nutrition 2022 (January 31, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9463307.

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Feed management practices significantly impact the production performance of tilapia (Oreochromis species) culture economically; hence, adopting appropriate feed management strategies is vital to maximize returns. The advancement in aquaculture has also allowed an advancement in the development formulated feeds to supplement or replace natural feeds. Farmers are now able to prepare their own fish feeds from locally available ingredients. Hence, feed ingredient evaluation is crucial for better development of appropriate diets for different aquaculture species as well as nutritional research. Therefore, this review used secondary data to evaluate the different strategies employed for better utilization of nutrients in feed by providing a discussion of functional feed additives used in aquafeeds such as the addition of enzymes, pre/probiotics, feeding stimulants, and use of hormones. Supplementation of diet with xynalase and phytase enzymes ( P < 0.001 ) and probiotics ( P < 0.05 ) improved growth (g/d) and FCR when applied individually. The combination of enzymes and probiotics showed an interaction effect ( P < 0.05 ) on growth and FCR. A detailed discussion of feed ingredient processing strategies like fermentation, heat treatment, germination, and other biological methods meant to improve the nutritional quality of the feed and minimize antinutritional factors is provided. Furthermore, information on how genetic selection is being used to enhance feed utilization in tilapia fish is provided. The food conversion efficiency was found to be significantly higher ( P < 0.05 ) in transgenic tilapia compared to the nontransgenic red tilapia fish with average weight ± SD of 384 ± 158 g and 314 ± 101 for transgenic fish and red tilapia, respectively, after 275 days of culture. The review further outlines the feed formulation challenges, and research gaps in tilapia nutrition. It was noted that proper feeding management strategies are very critical for the sustainability of tilapia aquaculture. In conclusion, dietary sources for tilapia are slowly shifting to plant-based products. However, these come with a lot of antinutritional factors and digestibility problems; hence, the right feeding strategies have to be employed to enable efficient nutrient utilization. The review discovered that there are a lot of strategies which employed research gaps in tilapia nutrition, especially on nutrient utilization of feed and feed formulation.

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Marques, Luísa, Maria Rosário Domingues, Elisabete da Costa, Maria Helena Abreu, Ana Isabel Lillebø, and Ricardo Calado. "Screening for Health-Promoting Fatty Acids in Ascidians and Seaweeds Grown under the Influence of Fish Farming Activities." Marine Drugs 19, no. 8 (August 22, 2021): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19080469.

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The present study aimed to contrast the fatty acid (FA) profile of ascidians (Ascidiacea) and seaweeds (sea lettuce, Ulva spp. and bladderwrack, Fucus sp.) occurring in a coastal lagoon with versus without the influence of organic-rich effluents from fish farming activities. Our results revealed that ascidians and seaweeds from these contrasting environments displayed significant differences in their FA profiles. The n-3/n-6 ratio of Ascidiacea was lower under the influence of fish farming conditions, likely a consequence of the growing level of terrestrial-based ingredients rich on n-6 FA used in the formulation of aquafeeds. Unsurprisingly, these specimens also displayed significantly higher levels of 18:1(n-7+n-9) and 18:2n-6, as these combined accounted for more than 50% of the total pool of FAs present in formulated aquafeeds. The dissimilarities recorded in the FAs of seaweeds from these different environments were less marked (≈5%), with these being more pronounced in the FA classes of the brown seaweed Fucus sp. (namely PUFA). Overall, even under the influence of organic-rich effluents from fish farming activities, ascidians and seaweeds are a valuable source of health-promoting FAs, which confirms their potential for sustainable farming practices, such as integrated multi-trophic aquaculture.

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Fronte, Baldassare, Rosario Licitra, Carlo Bibbiani, Lucia Casini, Mahanama De Zoysa, Vincenzo Miragliotta, Simona Sagona, Francesca Coppola, Letizia Brogi, and Francesca Abramo. "Fishmeal Replacement with Hermetia illucens Meal in Aquafeeds: Effects on Zebrafish Growth Performances, Intestinal Morphometry, and Enzymology." Fishes 6, no. 3 (August 5, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030028.

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Fishmeal (FM) is still the most important protein source in aquafeeds. However, due to the reduction of wild fish stocks used for FM production, its manufacturing it is now unsustainable. Insect meal represents a valid alternative to FM, due to the low carbon footprint of its production and its high nutritional value. The aim of this study was to investigate the potentials of replacing FM with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal (HIM) in aquafeeds, using zebrafish as the animal model. Four diets were formulated with increasing HIM/FM replacement rate (the control diet contained 20% FM). Mortality rates, growth performances, and feed consumptions were measured, and fish intestine samples were collected for histological and enzymatic analysis. After 49 days, all groups almost tripled their initial body weight (cumulative body weight gain ranged between 143.9 and 155.2 mg), and no statistically significant differences among treatments were observed in relation to growth performances and histological traits. Contrarily, trypsin, alkaline phosphatases, and alpha amylase–glucoamylase activities were significantly reduced when the FM replacement rate was increased. In conclusion, HIM may represent an alternative to FM, since no adverse effects were observed when it was included up to 20% in the zebrafish diet, even when replacing 100% of the FM.

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Abdul Kari, Zulhisyam, Muhammad Anamul Kabir, Mohammad Khairul Azhar Abdul Razab, Mohammad Bodrul Munir, Po Teen Lim, and Lee Seong Wei. "A replacement of plant protein sources as an alternative of fish meal ingredient for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus: A review." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 8, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v8i1.164.

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Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. This industry supplies half of thefisheries products consumed annually, and future global demand can only be supplied by increasingaquaculture production, which, in turn, requires more aquafeed. Alternative ingredients must beincreasingly used to supply significant proportions of protein and energy in aquafeeds, creatingboth challenges and opportunities for researchers and industry. Nowadays, there are too manyresearches on fish disease, growth and health but less in a fish feed especially a replacement ofprotein from plant sources in the fish feed. One of the alternative ways to optimise the growth andhealth condition of the fish is provide them a good protein from plant as a replacement in fish mealwith the natural source protein instead of giving a good rearing condition and caring of the fish.The present article was constructed to highlight a replacement of plant protein sources as analternative of fish meal for fish feed in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus that has been done byresearchers. However, the application of replacement from plant protein sources in fish meal is nowgradually gaining importance in commercial aquaculture practices and opened the door for theresearchers to expend of this application, thus more detailed studies on molecular basis should belooked as to get the quality and enough nutrient fish feed for good production of aquacultureindustry.

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Sotelo-Rodríguez, J. I., A. N. Rombenso, F. Barreto-Curiel, J. A. Mata-Sotres, and M. T. Viana. "Insights on Feed Characteristics of Tuna Moist Extruded Aquafeeds Using Glycerol." Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 18, no. 1 (2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-181x.2018.00004.5.

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Gatlin, Delbert M., Frederic T. Barrows, Paul Brown, Konrad Dabrowski, T. Gibson Gaylord, Ronald W. Hardy, Eliot Herman, et al. "Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review." Aquaculture Research 38, no. 6 (April 2007): 551–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01704.x.

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Leal, Miguel C., and Ricardo Calado. "The key role of functional aquafeeds to achieve a more sustainable aquaculture." Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 50, no. 6 (November 19, 2019): 1044–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12674.

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Ghamkhar, Ramin, and Andrea Hicks. "Sustainable Aquafeeds: Using Aquafarmer Preference to Inform a Multi-criteria Decision Analysis." ACS Agricultural Science & Technology 1, no. 3 (April 8, 2021): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsagscitech.1c00053.

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Cooney, Ronan, Alex H. L. Wan, Fearghal O'Donncha, and Eoghan Clifford. "Designing environmentally efficient aquafeeds through the use of multicriteria decision support tools." Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 23 (October 2021): 100276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2021.100276.

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Cerqueira, Marco, Denise Schrama, Tomé S. Silva, Rita Colen, Sofia A. D. Engrola, Luis E. C. Conceição, Pedro M. L. Rodrigues, and Ana Paula Farinha. "How tryptophan levels in plant-based aquafeeds affect fish physiology, metabolism and proteome." Journal of Proteomics 221 (June 2020): 103782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103782.

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Trushenski, Jesse T., and Rebecca T. Lochmann. "Potential, Implications and Solutions Regarding the Use of Rendered Animal Fats in Aquafeeds." American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2009.108.128.

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Li, Peng, Kangsen Mai, Jesse Trushenski, and Guoyao Wu. "New developments in fish amino acid nutrition: towards functional and environmentally oriented aquafeeds." Amino Acids 37, no. 1 (August 27, 2008): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0171-1.

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Alarcón, Francisco J., Francisco J. Moyano, and Manuel Díaz. "Evaluation of different protein sources for aquafeeds by an optimised pH-stat system." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 82, no. 7 (April 16, 2002): 697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1100.

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34

Kortner, Trond M., Ingemar Björkhem, Aleksei Krasnov, Gerrit Timmerhaus, and Åshild Krogdahl. "Dietary cholesterol supplementation to a plant-based diet suppresses the complete pathway of cholesterol synthesis and induces bile acid production in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 12 (March 17, 2014): 2089–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514000373.

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Plants now supply more than 50 % of protein in Norwegian salmon aquafeeds. The inclusion of plant protein in aquafeeds may be associated with decreased lipid digestibility and cholesterol and bile salt levels, indicating that the replacement of fishmeal with plant protein could result in inadequate supplies of cholesterol in fish. A reduction in feed efficiency, fish growth and pathogen resistance is often observed in parallel to alterations in sterol metabolism. Previous studies have indicated that the negative effects induced by plant components can be attenuated when diets are supplemented with cholesterol. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary cholesterol supplementation (1·5 %) in Atlantic salmon fed a plant-based diet for 77 d. The weights of body, intestines and liver were recorded and blood, tissues, faeces, chyme and bile were sampled for the evaluation of effects on growth, nutrient utilisation and metabolism, and transcriptome and metabolite levels, with particular emphasis on sterol metabolism and organ structure and function. Cholesterol supplementation did not affect the growth or organ weights of Atlantic salmon, but seemed to promote the induction of cholesterol and plant sterol efflux in the intestine while suppressing sterol uptake. Cholesterol biosynthesis decreased correspondingly and conversion into bile acids increased. The marked effect of cholesterol supplementation on bile acid synthesis suggests that dietary cholesterol can be used to increase bile acid synthesis in fish. The present study clearly demonstrated how Atlantic salmon adjusted their metabolic functions in response to the dietary load of cholesterol. It has also expanded our understanding of sterol metabolism and turnover, adding to the existing, rather sparse, knowledge of these processes in fish.

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Rasinger, J. D., H. Marbaix, M. Dieu, O. Fumière, S. Mauro, M. Palmblad, M. Raes, and M. H. G. Berntssen. "Species and tissues specific differentiation of processed animal proteins in aquafeeds using proteomics tools." Journal of Proteomics 147 (September 2016): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.036.

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Dossou, Serge, Mahmoud A. O. Dawood, Amr I. Zaineldin, Ibrahim A. Abouelsaad, Kumbukani Mzengereza, Ronick S. Shadrack, Yukun Zhang, Mohamed El-Sharnouby, Hamada A. Ahmed, and Mohammed F. El Basuini. "Dynamical Hybrid System for Optimizing and Controlling Efficacy of Plant-Based Protein in Aquafeeds." Complexity 2021 (April 30, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9957723.

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In this paper, a mathematical model was used to evaluate a dynamical hybrid system for optimizing and controlling the efficacy of plant-based protein in aquafeeds. Fishmeal (FM), raw rapeseed meal (RM), and a fermented meal with yeast (RM-Yeast) and fungi (Aspergillus oryzae RM-Koji) were used as test ingredients for the determination of apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, energy, and essential amino acids (EAA) for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, 7 ± 0.02 g) using diets containing 0.5% Cr2O3 as an inert indicator. Among all ingredients tested, FM had the maximum ADC of dry matter ( P < 0.05 ), protein ( P < 0.05 ), lipid ( P > 0.05 ), and energy ( P > 0.05 ). Fermented meals (RM-Yeast and RM-Koji) showed higher ADC ( P < 0.05 ) of crude protein compared with RM, while there was no significance in ADCs of crude lipid and energy among different forms of rapeseed meal. Besides, ADC of crude lipid for RM-Yeast and RM-Koji, on the one hand, and ADC of gross energy for RM-Yeast, on the other hand, were not varied from that for FM ( P > 0.05 ). Amino acid digestibility reflects protein digestibility in most cases. Interestingly, protease, lipase, and amylase activities were better expressed in RM-Koji, RM-Yeast, and FM over RM, respectively. The current results deliver important information on nutrients and energy bioavailability in raw and fermented RM, which can be implemented to accurately formulate applied feeds for olive flounder. Compared with other applicable systems, the complexity of the approach implemented has been considerably reduced.

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Cardoza Ramirez, Alessandra L., Mariafernanda G. Guerra Espinoza, and Alfredo R. Palomino Ramos. "Use of fish hydrolysate in aquaculture: a review of some beneficial results in aquafeeds." Manglar 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/manglar.2021.029.

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Koletsi, Paraskevi, Johan W. Schrama, Elisabeth A. M. Graat, Geert F. Wiegertjes, Philip Lyons, and Constanze Pietsch. "The Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Raw Materials and Fish Feeds in Europe and the Potential Effects of Deoxynivalenol (DON) on the Health and Growth of Farmed Fish Species—A Review." Toxins 13, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13060403.

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The first part of this study evaluates the occurrence of mycotoxin patterns in feedstuffs and fish feeds. Results were extrapolated from a large data pool derived from wheat (n = 857), corn (n = 725), soybean meal (n = 139) and fish feed (n = 44) samples in European countries and based on sample analyses by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the period between 2012–2019. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was readily present in corn (in 47% of the samples) > wheat (41%) > soybean meal (11%), and in aquafeeds (48%). Co-occurrence of mycotoxins was frequently observed in feedstuffs and aquafeed samples. For example, in corn, multi-mycotoxin occurrence was investigated by Spearman’s correlations and odd ratios, and both showed co-occurrence of DON with its acetylated forms (3-AcDON, 15-AcDON) as well as with zearalenone (ZEN). The second part of this study summarizes the existing knowledge on the effects of DON on farmed fish species and evaluates the risk of DON exposure in fish, based on data from in vivo studies. A meta-analytical approach aimed to estimate to which extent DON affects feed intake and growth performance in fish. Corn was identified as the ingredient with the highest risk of contamination with DON and its acetylated forms, which often cannot be detected by commonly used rapid detection methods in feed mills. Periodical state-of-the-art mycotoxin analyses are essential to detect the full spectrum of mycotoxins in fish feeds aimed to prevent detrimental effects on farmed fish and subsequent economic losses for fish farmers. Because levels below the stated regulatory limits can reduce feed intake and growth performance, our results show that the risk of DON contamination is underestimated in the aquaculture industry.

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Belghit, Ikram, Erik-Jan Lock, Olivier Fumière, Marie-Caroline Lecrenier, Patricia Renard, Marc Dieu, Marc H. G. Berntssen, Magnus Palmblad, and Josef D. Rasinger. "Species-Specific Discrimination of Insect Meals for Aquafeeds by Direct Comparison of Tandem Mass Spectra." Animals 9, no. 5 (May 7, 2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050222.

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Insect protein has the potential to become a sustainable feed ingredient for the rapidly growing aquaculture industry. In the European Union, insect derived protein is placed under the same legislation as processed animal proteins (PAP). It is therefore of interest to develop methods for regulatory use, which unambiguously identify the species origin of insect-based ingredients. We performed (i) total protein quantification of insect samples using the traditional nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25 and the sum of anhydrous amino acids, (ii) quantitative amino acid profiling and (iii) high-throughput tandem mass spectrometry to describe and differentiate 18 different commercial-grade insect meal samples derived from Hermetia illucens (8), Tenebrio molitor (5), Alphitobius diaperinus (3) and Acheta domesticus (2). In addition, we investigated and compared different protein extraction and digestion protocols for proteomic analysis. We found that irrespective of sample preparation, shotgun proteomics in combination with direct spectral comparison were able to differentiate insect meal according to their taxonomic classification. The insect specific spectral libraries created in the present work can in future be used to develop more sensitive targeted methods of insect PAP identification and quantification in commercial feed mixtures.

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Gonçalves, Rui A., Karin Naehrer, and Gonçalo A. Santos. "Occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial aquafeeds in Asia and Europe: a real risk to aquaculture?" Reviews in Aquaculture 10, no. 2 (August 8, 2016): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/raq.12159.

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Mjoun, Kamal, and Kurt A. Rosentrater. "Extruded aquafeeds containing distillers dried grains with solubles: effects on extrudate properties and processing behaviour." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91, no. 15 (July 1, 2011): 2865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4536.

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42

Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R., Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab, Mahmoud A. O. Dawood, Simon Menanteau-Ledouble, and Mansour El-Matbouli. "Benefits of Dietary Butyric Acid, Sodium Butyrate, and Their Protected Forms in Aquafeeds: A Review." Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture 28, no. 4 (May 4, 2020): 421–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1758899.

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43

Bowzer, John, and Jesse Trushenski. "Growth Performance of Hybrid Striped Bass, Rainbow Trout, and Cobia Utilizing Asian Carp Meal-Based Aquafeeds." North American Journal of Aquaculture 77, no. 1 (December 16, 2014): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2014.960117.

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44

Solomon, Shola Gabriel, Lateef Oloyede Tiamiyu, Victor Tosin Okomoda, and Kamwan Adaga. "Effects of storage conditions on quality characteristics of commercial aquafeeds and growth of African catfish Clarias gariepinus." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 74, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjf-2016-0006.

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Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effect of storage conditions on the quality of feed and the aftermath effect of feeding fish with such feeds. Three commercial diets used for this study included Coppens®, Multifeed® and Vital feed®. Feed was stored either by opening the bag to the atmosphere (WO), the bag opened with neck tied using a rubber ring to prevent exposure to the atmosphere (OT) or sealed (SC) until the start of the feeding trials. The feed was stored under these conditions for six months. Nutrient analyses revealed significant changes in feeds held under the WO condition when compared with other storage conditions. Nutritive changes also varied with commercial feed type. Mould infestation of the feed was noticeable more in the WO condition of storage compared to the SC condition. After feeding C. gariepinus for fifty-six days, lesions were observed on fish fed mouldy feed held under the WO condition, which led to mass mortalities. Growth performance was higher in all fish fed SC stored feed, and for those fed Coppens® and Multifeed® under OT storage conditions. It is advised that storage of fish feeds up to six months should be undertaken with considerable care and attention.

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45

Bowzer, John, Michael Page, and Jesse T. Trushenski. "Extrusion Temperature and Pellet Size Interact to Influence Growth Performance of Hybrid Striped Bass Fed Industrially Compounded Aquafeeds." North American Journal of Aquaculture 78, no. 4 (August 15, 2016): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2016.1185066.

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46

Berntssen, M. H. G., R. Ørnsrud, K. Hamre, and K. K. Lie. "Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in aquafeeds, source, effects and potential implications for vitamin status of farmed fish species: a review." Aquaculture Nutrition 21, no. 3 (March 26, 2015): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anu.12309.

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47

Romano, Nicholas, and Vikas Kumar. "Starch gelatinization on the physical characteristics of aquafeeds and subsequent implications to the productivity in farmed aquatic animals." Reviews in Aquaculture 11, no. 4 (October 3, 2018): 1271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/raq.12291.

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48

Berntssen, Marc H. G., Rudolf Hoogenveen, Grethe Rosenlund, Borja Garlito, and Marco J. Zeilmaker. "Do background levels of the pesticide pirimiphosmethyl in plant-based aquafeeds affect food safety of farmed Atlantic salmon?" Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 37, no. 12 (October 20, 2020): 2109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2020.1829717.

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49

Berntssen, Marc H. G., Kåre Julshamn, and Anne-Katrine Lundebye. "Chemical contaminants in aquafeeds and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following the use of traditional- versus alternative feed ingredients." Chemosphere 78, no. 6 (February 2010): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.021.

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50

Azevedo, Rafael D. S., Ian P. G. Amaral, Amália C. M. Ferreira, Talita S. Espósito, and Ranilson S. Bezerra. "Use of fish trypsin immobilized onto magnetic-chitosan composite as a new tool to detect antinutrients in aquafeeds." Food Chemistry 257 (August 2018): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.034.

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