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Tho, Hong-nin Stanley. "An aquatic leisure centre." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2595376x.
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Chan, Yiu-lun Tony. "Aquatic sports resort at the Former High Island Detention Centre." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3198700X.
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Liang, Yan-keung. "Indoor aqua sports centre." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25945075.
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Tse, Kai-lun Alan. "Aquatic leisure & training centre at Stanley." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2594809x.
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Sumser-Lupson, Karen. "Conflict and coastal aquatic sports : a management perspective." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2497.
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This comprehensive study of Coastal Aquatic Sports (CAS) has been undertaken because recorded evidence suggests that the growth of CAS is beginning to hinder the interconnectivity of dynamic coastal and estuarine systems. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and Sustainable Development were selected as the framework for the development of this research. One of the main CAS related areas of concern was first exposed from a pilot study which indicated site saturation is occurring, causing conflict and confliction. Furthermore, evidence suggested that CAS is evolving in isolation from terrestrial sport and social recreational management procedures. Social change and government initiatives have caused an upsurge of participation in CAS. Contributing factors included the redistribution of wealth, new technologies, cultural change, accessibility and the 'sport for all' initiative instigated by the Sports Councils in the 1970s. Further to this CAS economic drivers have become intensely operational and these are stimulating further growth. For instance, the coupling of 'outdoor sport and CAS' to tourism and the outdoor leisure market, as well as the attachment of CAS to the manufacturing and service industries (particularly the fashion industry) have all created the climate for the commercialisation of CAS. The work reported here demonstrates that economic developments are aggravating the sustainable progression of CAS development. For instance, economic drivers encourage cultural division and this impacts upon the social cohesions of CAS. Because of the complexity that exists within CAS, this work examined both grass root and executive management structures that govern it. Evidence indicates that Government legislation and CAS related management initiatives, such as bylaw or self regulation, are inadequate for the current CAS. Compounding this is the emergence of newer technologies that are affecting CAS speeds and manoeuvrability. These developments are clearly out of step with the development of contemporary CAS management programmes and guides for good practice. This study demonstrates that one cause for this is a lack of marine and maritime expertise in CAS related government departments and the low priority given to CAS by local authority. Lack of marine expertise within the management hierarchy has been further aggravated by the blurring of executive management roles and also by numerous barriers to free communication. For instance, the role of National Governing Bodies (NGB) is endorsed by central government to produce Sport Codes of Practice. This NGB role is frustrated because NOB are commercially driven, leading to a high probability that the associated economic drivers and potential internal competition (two NOB claiming responsibility over one CAS) will negatively impact upon the sustainable development of CAS management practices. This study therefore suggests that there has been little progress by central Government towards a clearly defined framework to underpin the sustainable development of CAS and that an overarching CAS/Marine Transport management structure with a clear mechanism for a transparent communication process is lacking. Hence, the work reported here examines a number of solutions generated through systematic qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis. In this study it is argued that the implementation of these solutions will contribute to the development of sustainable management practices for multi-use CAS and recreation. The solutions are represented by two distinctive models. The first is based on comparability matrices and recommendations for their implementation into grass-root CAS management structures. The second provides an executive management model that will act as a catalyst for the development of sustainable CAS management practices.
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Chan, Yiu-lun Tony, and 陳銚倫. "Aquatic sports resort at the Former High Island Detention Centre." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3198700X.
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謝啓倫 and Kai-lun Alan Tse. "Aquatic leisure & training centre at Stanley." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31984848.
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梁人強 and Yan-keung Liang. "Indoor aqua sports centre." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31982104.
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涂康年 and Hong-nin Stanley Tho. "An aquatic leisure centre." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31983649.
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Pike, Hilary Eryn Collins John R. "ADA compliance and accessibility of aquatic facilities in the North Texas area." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3557.
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Lutes, Laura L. "The use of water rehabilitation exercises for the injured athlete /." View online, 1985. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211130497942.pdf.
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Osmond, Frederick Gary. "Nimble savages : myth, race, social memory and Australian aquatic sport /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19559.pdf.
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Pierce, Kyle C., and Michael H. Stone. "Children and Sport – How Hard Should Children Be Trained?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7707/hmj.730.
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The participation of children and early and late adolescents in resistance training activities, including training for sport, appears to continually be on the rise. The involvement of youth in the sport of weightlifting and the use of weightlifting methods as part of training for sport performance also appears to be growing. The increased acceptance of these activities is evidenced by the number of both lay and scientific articles, specialized magazines and publications devoted to the different types of resistance training. It is also indicated by simple observation of fitness centres and sports training facilities. The use of resistance training appears to be growing in popularity despite poorly supported position statements, anecdotal reports and speculation concerning the potential for injury. Children and adolescents participating in resistance training programs can make noticeable increases in strength and power as well as physiological parameters associated with both health and sport performance. Although the number of children and adolescents (aged 8–18 years) involved in some form of resistance training is increasing and evidenced-based reviews that support these activities have been published, controversy still exists. There are still those who insist that training with free weights, particularly the sport of weightlifting, should not take place until a person is fully developed, even though there is not much objective evidence to support such a position. More recently published scientific data support the notion that properly supervised resistance training programs can improve sport performance, reduce injury potential and enhance healthy facets of children and early and late adolescents.
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Sit, Hui-ping. "Participation motivation in sport : a comparative study of able-bodied and Disabled School-aged children in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20841930.
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Foster, Owen D. Ahn Sang-Gyeun. "Design approach for youth sports equipment." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/FOSTER_OWEN_13.pdf.
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Cusack, Janet. "The rise of aquatic recreation and sport : yachting and rowing in England and South Devon, 1640-1914." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307274.
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Stanbridge, Katharine. "The design and development of sports equipment for children." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2003. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12829.
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Children's access to many sports is restricted because of social and equipment costs, in addition the equipment is not frequently designed to suit a child's physique and capabilities. Generally the design of sports equipment for children proceeds by taking adult equipment and scaling it down. Unfortunately this often means that the range of equipment is limited for a population whose dimensions are constantly changing and whose strength to size ratio does not vary linearly (Beak et al. 2000). The use of inappropriate equipment can significantly affect learning skills and cause the development of bad habits which may take years to correct and can be a major detractor to further participation (Sleap 1981 ). It is apparent that little science has been applied to equipment design for children and if wider participation is to be encouraged then well-designed and manufactured equipment that matches child development and growth rates needs to be produced. The intentions of this study were: • To determine the effect of equipment properties on children's, aged between 7 and I 0 years old, ability to generate effective strokes in two example sports: golf and tennis. • To determine whether any relationships existed between children's physical characteristics (e.g. height, strength etc ), equipment properties and performance. • To apply any fitting guidelines established to a group of subject to test their validity. In each sport 3 major equipment properties were examined and a sample of30 children, aged between 7 and I 0 years old of varying ability, were tested in each of the studies. Sixteen anthropometric measures, age, experience and grip strength were taken from each child. This information was examined with the performance data using multiple regression methods to determine whether any fitting relationships existed between child characteristics, performance and club or racket properties. In golf it was found that the club head mass, shaft flexibility and shaft length all significantly affected the distance achieved with 7 -iron clubs, whilst in tennis the racket length, mass and balance all had a significant effect on the power and placement of forehand tennis strokes. Nomograms were constructed for the tennis and golf fitting equations to provide a graphical representation of the fitting so that manufacturers, tennis coaches, club fitters and professional golfers can quickly determine correct club or racket characteristics for a child. The main conclusion of this study is that children should be considered as individuals instead ofbeing grouped into age or height categories. Children should be fitted to equipment in terms of their size, strength and ability if effective equipment that is more suited to their needs can be constructed.
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Pike, Hilary Eryn. "ADA Compliance and Accessibility of Aquatic Facilities in the North Texas Area." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3557/.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which existing aquatic facilities in the North Texas metroplex complied with the 1991 Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) and the proposed Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines: Recreation Facilities (ADAAG supplement). Fifty-two aquatic facilities were evaluated based on: parking lot, ticket counter, gate/entry, restroom, dressing area, drinking fountain, pathway, and pool entry method structural domains. Physical measurements and a few direct observations were recorded on the survey instrument. Surveys were then reviewed and facility scores were tabulated. No facility was found to be 100% compliant with ADAAG and the ADAAG supplement. Aquatic facilities are already struggling to catch up with the 1991 ADAAG, but when the United States Department of Justice approves the proposed ADAAG supplement, aquatic facilities will fall even further behind.
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Janse, van Rensburg Philippus Jacobus. "Investigating the feasibility of an indoor aquatic centre for the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropole." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/791.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of an Indoor Aquatic Centre for the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropole. The main problem was to establish the minimum aquatic facilities an Indoor Aquatic Centre must have, to be able to host National and International aquatic events. The sub problems identified to address the main problem were as follows: - Should accommodation be available at the Indoor Aquatic Centre? - Should medical facilities be available at the Indoor Aquatic Centre? - Should there be a gymnasium at the Indoor Aquatic Centre? - Should there be food malls available at the Indoor Aquatic Centre? - Will sports tourism in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropole benefit from an Indoor Aquatic Centre? In this study the researcher discusses current tourism opportunities, possible sports tourism opportunities and the current aquatic facilities the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropole has to offer. From the discussion regarding these issues it was found that the metropole do offer many attraction opportunities including the following: - Adventure and Sport; - Agriculture; - Arts and Culture; - Business and Conferencing; - Coastal and Beaches; - Entertainment and Shopping; - Historical; - Wild Life and Nature. Adventure and Sport attractions contribute to sports tourism in the metropole and an Indoor Aquatic Centre could enable the metropole to improve sports tourism figures to the metropole. Sports tourism is defined as any tourism that is linked with a sports event. The conclusion can be made that the main initiative for sports tourism is to host a major sporting event to attract tourists. Adding other tourist attractions makes the destination more attractive. It is also important that the community is educated and informed about sports tourism so that the tourist and the community benefits from the event. Indoor Aquatic Centres found in countries like Australia, Canada, Europe, Russia, The Far East, United Kingdom and the United States of America, were discussed to identify the minimum requirements for an Indoor Aquatic Centre. The literature study has shown that the Indoor Aquatic Centre should be a multi purpose centre with a minimum of two heated pools and leisure facilities included. This will enable the centre to generate different streams of income to enhance sustainability. The aquatic centre should also be designed to host National and International events, but not necessarily for Olympic Games events. An empirical study was done to see if the respondents agree on the minimum requirements for an Indoor Aquatic Centre, identified by the literature study and if they agree that sports tourism within the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropole will benefit from an Indoor Aquatic Centre. The conclusion of the empirical study is that the respondents’ view correlate with the information found during the literature study regarding the minimum requirements for an Indoor Aquatic Centre listed as follows: - The minimum number of heated pools are two consisting of a fifty metre ten lane pool and a twenty five metre ten lane pool; - A food mall that consists of a restaurant, fast food stalls and a food store; - Medical facilities, conference facilities, gymnasium and other leisure facilities must also be available; - Accommodation facilities must be available and consists of two and three bedroom fully serviced apartments; - The Indoor Aquatic centre must be able to have seating for 2000 people and parking for 1000 vehicles. The study has addressed the main problem and the sub problems, but further research needs to be conducted regarding the funding of the Indoor Aquatic Centre as this issue was not successfully addressed. More information is needed regarding the different ways of funding and who the stakeholders should be in this process.
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Crandall, Emily Jane. "Why Children Play Sports: A Parent’s, Coach’s and Athlete’s Perspective." Marietta College / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marietta1177444973.
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Kraft, Erin. "Exploring the Experiences of Coaching Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Canadian Aquatic Programs." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35495.
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Teaching children how to swim provides them with the necessary skills to maintain a physically active lifestyle. Many children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis have shown interest in participating in swimming lessons. Studies have demonstrated that teaching students with ASD how to swim has aided in their motor performance (Yanardag, Nurgil, & Akmanoglu, 2013), their ability to initiate social interactions with peers (Chu & Pan, 2012) and a reduction in stereotypical behaviours associated with ASD (Vonder Hulls, Walker, & Powell, 2006). In order to meet the needs of this unique group of students, swim instructors take part in a variety of training programs amongst other experiences to effectively prepare themselves to teach their students with ASD. This study consists of three individual case studies designed to examine the journeys that swim instructors have taken in order to effectively coach students with ASD how to swim, along with encouraging motor skill development, social interactions and reducing stereotypical behaviours. Two research questions guide this study: What are the experiences of swim instructors who work with children with ASD? What are the practical teaching strategies in swimming lessons that are effective for social skill development, reducing stereotypical behaviours and motor skill development in children with ASD?
The findings of this study which focus on strategies of effective practice include: gestural communication, positive practice, contact communication, complexities of choice, and encouraging independence and confidence. Along with these findings, the instructors credit the following sources for their construction of knowledge: peer learning and mentorship, parental/caregiver support, and the value of certification and training. It is clear that instructors access a number of sources for their coaching development, but current swim instructor certification programs require revisions to increase instructor preparedness. This study contributes to current literature which focuses on coaching individuals with developmental disabilities. The findings may provide coaches with insight into strategies of effective practice for a more inclusive and equitable community.
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Sit, Hui-ping Cindy, and 薛慧萍. "Participation motivation in sport: a comparative study of able-bodied and Disabled School-aged children inHong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30253068.
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Bruna, Pascual Marqués. "The development of movement effectiveness in children : a qualitative analysis." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2005. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5647/.
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Qualitative biomechanical analysis of movement effectiveness can be proposed as an innovative approach to oversee motor skill development in boys and girls of school age, since it permits an appreciation of how effective the movement is in attaining the performance criterion. Analysis of movement effectiveness involves establishing, first, the technical level of the child and, second, the mechanical effectiveness of the movement performed by the child. The assessment of technical level involves basic analysis of the main form of the movement and provides an initiation to biomechanical analysis; whereas, analysis of mechanical effectiveness consists of a follow-up comprehensive analysis. The present research aimed to qualitatively determine, and study gender differences in the development of, movement effectiveness in children. The research included both cross-sectional (N = 187 children) and longitudinal (N = 55 children) studies. A group of adults (N = 31) were used as controls. The subjects were asked to perform two consecutive trials of the soccer kick, the overarm throw and the standing broad jump, all for maximum distance, which were recorded on videotape. In Study 1, hierarchical models were developed to qualitatively establish the technical level of the subjects and to study the development of technical level in children. In Study 2, a model for the qualitative analysis of mechanical effectiveness was constructed. The model allows the integration of phase analysis and mechanical analysis using movement principles in order to select important variables for the analysis. Rating scales for each variable of the three motor skills were outlined and, then, fine-tuned using tests of rater accuracy and intra-rater reliability, in order to create scoring references. Inter-rater reliability in the use of the scoring references was acceptable. In Study 3, the development of mechanical effectiveness in children was examined, and the relative contribution of specific variables to performance was assessed. Generally, in the cross-sectional studies male children showed a higher technical level and higher mechanical effectiveness, and also a faster rate of development, in the soccer kick and the overarm throw. However, male and female children were better matched in the standing broad jump. The longitudinal studies were inconclusive. Not all adult subjects, particularly females, had reached maturity of movement patterns. The knowledge gained in the research may be used to guide effective progression in coaching and curriculum development in education.
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Bailey, Daniel Paul. "An investigation into cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/218371.
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The principle aim of this work was to provide an insight into the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents and to examine the associations of body composition measures, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and physical activity with cardiometabolic risk. The combined association of adiposity and CRF on cardiometabolic risk in youths is also explored, as is the association of CRF with potentially modifiable variables, such as physical activity. This work has shown that, dependent on the definition employed, MetS may be present in 2.3% to 9.8% of children and adolescents in Bedfordshire, UK. When applying modified Adult Treatment Panel III definitions (Cook et al. 2003; de Ferranti et al. 2004), the condition was significantly more prevalent in overweight compared to non-overweight youths. Backward regression analyses identified that only body mass index (BMI) explained significant amounts of variance in clustered cardiometabolic risk, although being overweight according to internationally proposed cut points for BMI, waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio conferred participants to increased risk compared to their non-overweight counterparts. Clustered risk was also elevated in children and adolescents with low levels of CRF compared to those with high levels, whereas time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and vigorous physical activity (VPA) held no association. When stratified into groups according to level of fatness (BMI z-score) and CRF, those with high fatness/low CRF generally exhibited the most unfavourable cardiometabolic risk profiles. Cardiometabolic risk was higher in the high fatness/low CRF group compared to those with low fatness/low CRF and low fatness/high CRF when excluding WC from the score, and those with low fatness/low CRF when including WC in the score. Multiple regression and ANCOVA revealed that increased visceral fatness (indirectly measured using WC) was associated with reduced CRF, while increased time spent in VPA was associated with elevated CRF. These data suggest that BMI may be the best simple measure of obesity to employ when exploring adiposity-related cardiometabolic in children and adolescents. In addition, results from this iv investigation indicate that low CRF and overweight/obesity may have deleterious effects on the cardiometabolic health of children and adolescents and that interventions to reduce risk may target decreases in fatness and improvements in CRF and VPA as standard.
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Anderson-Howe, Heather J. "Participation and motives in sport relative to perceived competence." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68068.
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Children's participation and motives in sport relative to their perceived athletic competence were investigated. One hundred and sixty-three grade 5 and 6 children from a suburban elementary school completed questionnaires designed to assess perceived athletic competence (PAC), sport participation, and participant motives. The sample, when divided into groups by level of sport involvement, revealed that participants at the higher levels had greater PAC than those at the lowest level. Boys and girls did not differ significantly in PAC. The children rated fun and skill/fitness as the most important motives for their participation in sport. When divided on the basis of PAC scores, the top one third of the sample scored significantly higher on all seven motives for participation in sport than the lower one third. Discriminant function analyses revealed that motives of challenge/team atmosphere and skill/fitness best differentiated the high from the low PAC groups. Girls participated to relax and have fun while boys may have been motivated to participate for the challenge and the team atmosphere. The results are interpreted in terms of school and community sport program development.
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Wong, Wai-hou. "Sports participation by students with behavioural problems in Hong Kong secondary schools." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18810524.
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D'Aria, Matthew Joseph. "Nutrition Composition of Snacks Offered to Young Recreational Soccer Players." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77534.
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Snacking behavior has changed dramatically over the past few decades, with snacking frequency reaching upwards of three times per day and comprising 27% of daily calorie intake. Research has shown that the largest food groupings from snacks are grain-based desserts, sweetened beverages, and salty snacks. Previous studies have also shown that children are influenced by their peers. Youth sports are a very popular venue for children and opportunity for physical activity, with soccer becoming one of the most popular sports among young children in the US. Youth sports, especially soccer, can be a powerful tool for promoting physical activity and healthy eating for overall health and obesity prevention. The goal of this study was to examine the nutrition composition of snacks and beverages offered to young children within a soccer league. The study utilized a cross-sectional observational study of snack foods and beverages offered to children participating in a voluntary youth soccer league in southwest Virginia. Snacks offered to children in the under-five (U5) and under-six (U6) years of age categories were observed during weekly matches using an observational checklist reflecting commonly consumed snack foods and beverages. The checklist included brand name, size of food item/beverage, and number of children (by gender) for each team observed. Undergraduate and graduate nutrition students were trained as observers to assess snacks that were offered, specifically visual item identification and portion size estimation. Food items were then classified into different food and beverage categories, including: sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and 100% fruit juices; water; dairy (beverage); fruits; savory (salty) snacks; grain-based desserts; candy and dairy (food). Nutrition information was gathered for each food item and beverage and entered into a database: calories, carbohydrates, protein, fat, saturated fat, sodium, sugar, fiber, vitamin C, iron and calcium. Descriptive statistics were then computed for all nutrients by all snacks combined and by snack category across all observations. Snacks were also compared to the Smart Snacks in Schools nutrition standards. Across all teams there were a total of 687 items offered to the children: 253 beverages and 434 foods. They offered a mean of 205 calories per child. The most popular beverages were SSBs. The most popular snacks were grain-based desserts (136, 31.3% of all snack foods), followed by fruit (124, 28.5%) and savory snacks (117, 26.9%). No vegetables were served during the observations. Snacks within the savory snack item category provided the most calories per child at 63, followed by grain-based desserts, 58. When offered and served with beverages, snacks offered with fruit had a more favorable nutrition profile with lower mean kilocalories, lower sodium, and lower sugars than snacks without fruit. They were also more likely to meet the Smart Snacks in School nutrition standards: 65.4% compared to 25.6%. Only 44.4% of all snack foods and beverages taken by youth players met the smart snacks standards. Categorically, 67.6% of all grain-based deserts, 100% of all candy and 100% of all dairy beverages taken by youth players did not meet the smart snacks standards. Further research is warranted to identify motivating factors for providing unhealthy snacks and beverages to youth during sporting events. There are several limitations, including generalizability of this sample, however the study provides novel insight into snacks offered to young children during recreational soccer and can help inform future strategies and interventions to promote healthier snacks.Master of Science
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Greenberg, Elliot M. "Humeral Retrotorsion in Developing Children and its Relationship to Throwing Sports." Diss., NSUWorks, 2015. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd/56.
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Background: Baseball players exhibit a more posteriorly oriented humeral head or humeral retrotorsion (HRT) in the dominant arm, likely representing an adaptive response to the stress of throwing. This adaptation is thought to occur while skeletally immature, however there is limited research detailing how throwing while young influences the development HRT. In addition, it is currently unclear how this changing osseous orientation influences shoulder motion within young athletes. Purpose: To determine the influence of throwing and age on the development of asymmetry in HRT and shoulder range of motion (ROM); and analyze the relationship between HRT and ROM. Study Design: Cross-sectional age matched study Methods: Healthy athletes (8-14 years-old) were categorized into two groups based upon sports participation; throwing group (n=85) and non-throwing group (n=68). Bilateral measurements of HRT, shoulder external (ER), internal rotation (IR) and total range of motion (TROM) at 90° were performed using diagnostic ultrasound and digital inclinometer. A two-way analysis of variance was performed with throwing status (yes/no) and age group (youth (8-10.5), junior (10.51-12) and senior (12.01-13.99)) as primary factors. Dependent variables were asymmetry (dominant-non-dominant) in HRT,ER, IR and TROM. The relationship between ROM and HRT was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: Throwing athletes demonstrated a larger degree of HRT on the dominant side, resulting in greater asymmetry (8.7° versus 4.6°). Throwing athletes demonstrated a gain of ER (5.2°), a loss of IR (6.0°) and no change in TROM when compared to the non-dominant shoulder. Pairwise comparisons identified altered HRT and shoulder ROM in all age groups of throwers. A significant but weak relationship between HRT and shoulder ROM existed. Conclusion: Throwing causes adaptive changes in HRT and shoulder ROM in youth baseball players at a very young age. Other factors in addition to HRT influence shoulder motion within this population. Clinical Relevance: In baseball players, an altered arc of motion can be expected at a young age. This adaptation is in part due to changes in osseous structures, however a larger component of change is likely due to other factors.
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Brookes, Helen. "Prenatal testosterone exposure and numerical competence in children and adults." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2011. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/4425/.
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The present thesis sought to investigate the potential relationship between the second to fourth finger ratio (2D:4D), as a somatic marker of prenatal testosterone exposure, and basic numerical skills in children and adults. Chapter 1 presents a basic overview of the nature and effects of sex steroids followed by a more comprehensive consideration of literature regarding the reported effects of prenatal testosterone (PT) on the brain and cognition. The chapter then more specifically considers the possible influence of PT on numerical and mathematical competencies. Experiment 1 attempted to replicate evidence for a relationship between 2D:4D and basic numerical skills in children. The results revealed only one significant correlation, namely a significant positive correlation between right hand 2D:4D and number comparison scores in females. Chapter 3 discussed research regarding the nature and characteristics of so called ‗core‘ numerical competencies. Experiments 2-4 then attempted to explore any relationship between 2D:4D and performance on tasks designed to assess such skills in adults. The results of all three studies revealed an association between 2D:4D and lateralization for the process of subitizing relative to a comparable control task. The nature of this observed effect however varied across the three experiments. Experiment 4 also identified significant positive correlations between left hand 2D:4D and counting reaction times in females and a series of two way interaction effects between 2D:4D and task (numerical vs. control) for subitizing, counting and number comparison performance. The revealed interactions predominantly suggested faster task reaction times/higher accuracy in high 2D:4D (low PT) participants as compared to low 2D:4D (high PT) participants on the numerical tasks and the opposite pattern of results (i.e. high 2D:4D associated with poorer performance) on the control tasks. Experiment 5 investigated the association between 2D:4D and core numerical skills in children. Significant correlations were observed between; left hand 2D:4D and subitizing reaction times to the left visual field in males (negative direction), right hand 2D:4D and subitizing reaction times the right visual field in females (positive direction) and left hand 2D:4D and subitizing percentage error scores to the right visual field in females (negative direction). A possible relationship between 2D:4D and lateralization for both subitizing and number comparison relative to control was also found. For both numerical tasks low 2D:4D participants showed a right visual field advantage and high 2D:4D participants showed a left visual field advantage while different patterns of results were shown on the control task. Experiment 6 re-considered the relationship between 2D:4D and basic and core numerical skills in children using a standardised assessment of numerical competencies (the Dyscalculia Screener). No significant correlations however between 2D:4D and performance were identified. Finally, experiment 7 re-examined evidence for a link between 2D:4D and Key Stage 1 Standardised Assessment Test (SAT) scores. While the findings did not replicate evidence for a direct link between 2D:4D and SAT numeracy scores the results did demonstrate a significant negative relationship between right hand 2D:4D minus left hand 2D:4D (Dr-1; higher scores thought to indicate lower exposure to PT) and SAT numeracy scores in females. Such findings may potentially suggest a facilitative influence of PT on numeracy in women. Overall, while a number of interesting findings were revealed, limited consistency was identified across the results of the experiments conducted in the present thesis. The findings therefore offer no concrete support for a possible association between 2D:4D and basic numerical skills in either children or adults. The final chapter summarises the findings of each experiment and considers the results in the context of previous literature. General limitations of the research and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Marques, Ana Paula Braga. "Modelação do crescimento do desempenho na natação pura desportiva portuguesa : Um Novo instrumento de medida para a avaliação e formulação de objectivos (sexo masculino)." Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UP-Universidade do Porto -- -Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física, 2000. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29231.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência do Desporto, área de especialização em Desporto para Crianças e Jovens, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física da Universidade do Porto
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Marques, Ana Paula Braga. "Modelação do crescimento do desempenho na natação pura desportiva portuguesa : Um Novo instrumento de medida para a avaliação e formulação de objectivos (sexo masculino)." Master's thesis, Universidade do Porto. Reitoria, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/10111.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência do Desporto, área de especialização em Desporto para Crianças e Jovens, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física da Universidade do Porto
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Downs, Samantha Jayne. "Physical activity, sedentary and playtime behaviours in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2015. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4527/.
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Despite the wealth of research examining physical activity (PA) in children and adolescent without disability, there is a lack of research that has focussed on PA related to children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID). The evidence that does exist in this area suggests that children and adolescents with ID are less active than their non-ID peers. The school environment offers numerous opportunities to engage in PA regularly, yet to date, school-based research focussing on PA in children and adolescents with ID is limited. Thus, the primary aim of this thesis was to investigate PA, sedentary time (ST) and playtime behaviours in children and adolescents with ID.Four study chapters are included in the thesis. Study 1 used uniaxial accelerometers to investigate habitual PA levels, sedentary behaviour and PA patterns in children and adolescents with severe and moderate ID. Results demonstrated that participants engaged in low amounts of PA, spent a large proportion of waking hours in ST and mainly engaged in short, sporadic bursts of PA.Study 2 investigated the PA levels of children and adolescents with severe and moderate ID during playtime and PE contexts using direct observation techniques. Participants engaged in similar levels of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), and spent minimal amounts of time engaging in sport based activities during playtime and PE. At playtime participants spent the majority of time playing alone or in small groups and no participants engaged in any large group play. Study 3 explored teachers’ perceptions of PA engagement for children and adolescents with ID. Teachers reported that pupils prefer to engage in fun, unstructured activities. Parents and teachers were identified as key role models who can influence PA engagement for this population and teacher participants explained that pupils with ID have limited understanding around PA and the benefits to health. Study 4 evaluated the effectiveness of a school-based PA intervention, delivered in two primary special educational needs (SEN) schools. The intervention demonstrated promising results, with an increase in accelerometer assessed MVPA levels between baseline and follow up of ~18mins. However, these findings were not statistically significant, possibly due to the small sample size involved. Minimum clinically important difference analysis suggested that changes in MVPA were likely to be beneficial to heath. Furthermore, qualitative data generated through teacher interviews highlighted positive intervention effects across the school. Overall the studies presented in this thesis provide an overview of PA engagement and associated behaviours in children and adolescents with ID. The major findings presented suggest that children and adolescents with moderate and severe ID are not sufficiently active, and the SEN school environment may be an important area to target PA interventions. The current thesis has made a significant contribution to our understanding related to the PA in children and adolescents with ID and has highlighted a number of recommendations for future research.
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Smith, Hannah. "An ecological approach to increasing physical activity in primary school children." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2012. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/1883/.
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Obesity amongst children and young people is increasing, and it is predicted that over half of the UK population will be obese by 2050. Daily physical activity is effective in preventing and treating overweight and obesity, yet many children do not participate in enough physical activity to be beneficial to health. Behaviour change interventions to increase children‘s physical activity have demonstrated limited impact which is not maintained over the longer-term. The social ecology model recognises that interventions are unlikely to work in the absence of environmental supports. This has led researchers to recommend multi-component interventions in schools, with support through school policies and strategies. This research addresses four key research questions: 1. What are the relationships between the social, economic, physical and political elements of the school environment and physical activity? 2. What are the views, perceptions and experiences of physical activity and the school environment amongst a sample of primary school children? 3. Will an ecological physical activity intervention increase physical activity levels in primary school children in the immediate and longer term (6 months)? 4. Will an ecological intervention change the relationships between pupil perceptions, the school environment, and physical activity?
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Edwards, David John. "Sport psychological skills training and psychological well-being in youth athletes." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08112008-122715.
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Roakes, Sally J. "An aquatic and racquet center for the Federal City." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53085.
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All material in nature, the mountains and the streams and the air and we, are made of Light which has been spent, and this crumpled mass called material casts a shadow, and the shadow belongs to Light.
Louis I. Kahn¹
I like complexity and contradiction in architecture. I do not like the incoherence or arbitrariness of incompetent architecture nor the precious intricacies of picturesqueness or expressionism. Instead, I speak of a complex and contradictory architecture based on the richness and ambiguity of modern experience, including that experience which is inherent in art.
Robert Venturi²Master of Architecture
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Wong, Wai-hou, and 王偉豪. "Sports participation by students with behavioural problems in Hong Kong secondary schools." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195988X.
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Silva, António José Rocha Martins da. "The importance of the velocity of the body center of mass in breaststroke." Phd thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UTAD-Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 2001. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29478.
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Nyberg, Marie, and Anna Tidén. "Allsidig rörelsekompetens hos barn och ungdomar : En kartläggning av skolelevers funktionella motorik." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-20.
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Gross motor skills among Swedish pupils. An overview of functional motor abilities among Swedish children and adolescents. Introduction Physical Education (PE) teachers in Sweden have noticed that pupils are getting worse in their ability to manage gross motor skills and in their aerobic practice. The gross motor skills and coordinative skills are the solid ground for sports and other health activities. If not developing their gross motor skill children tends to avoid taking part in games and sports. The benefits of sports and outdoor activities such as social and health benefits can therefore be missed. In the spring 2001, a multidisciplinary study started: School, Sports & Health. The aim of the study was to investigate 2000 pupils in school year 3, 6 and 9 concerning their: physical and health status, the level of physical activity and conception of the subject “PE and health”. The selection of pupils was based on randomly chosen schools and classes from Sweden. The aim of this part of the study, the motor skills test, was to make a survey of what Swedish pupils can manage in gross motor skills today. Based upon these results we can in the future tell whether the pupils are maintaining today’s level of gross motor skills or not. The Swedish curriculum for “sports and health” states that pupils should manage gross motor skills in the 5th year of school. Can they manage to do that? Method The study started with the construction of the gross motor and coordinative skill tests. The movements selected for the test were based on gross motor skills, coordinative skills and combinations of these skills. The test included 16 movements measured on a scale from 1 to 4. The levels of the scale have a written description to support the ocular observations. The highest score to achieve was 64 and the lowest was 16. Examples of skills tested were; skipping, jumping, crawling, rolling, being upside down, bouncing and throwing balls. The pupils were not able to practice on the test before the test situation. The results have been analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Results The results are analyzed both on an aggregated level here referred to as gross motor skills profile, as well as on a single movement level. The results indicate that 29% of the pupils in the 6th school year are not able to manage the gross motor skill tests without remarks. The pupils with the lowest scores can be found among young female children with low strength and overweight. The test also shows that in the 9th school year boys are stronger than girls. Boys and girls in the lower ages (school year 3 and 6) are more similar in the gross motor skills profile but not on the single movement level. It can also be noted that girls are better in skipping and some of the movements of more gymnastic character whereas boys are better in throwing balls and beanbags. Boys and girls have nearly identical results in the test of balance, walking on a balance beam where gender or age does not seem to have any affect. Discussion/Conclusion From the main findings of the tests we can observe that the younger pupils have not yet developed the gross motor skills. It is also noticeable that many of the pupils in the 6th school year are achieving poor results in the tests even though the Swedish curriculum for “sports and health” states that the pupils should have achieved these skills already in the 5th school year. Many of the girls in the 9th school year are very poor in the movements that included some strength ability. This weakness is important for PE teachers to pay attention to, at an early stage of the girl’s physical development when girls do not develop the same strength as boys during their puberty. If children do not have the gross motor skill and some strength it is more likely that they will choose other activities or have other interest then physical activities and sports on their leisure time. This may in the future give them health problems because we know from fact that physical inactivity is one of the main causes to bad health.Uppsatsen behandlar en studie om barns och ungdomars funktionella motorik. Studien ingick som en delstudie i det omfattande forskningsprojektet Skola - Idrott - Hälsa som genomfördes 2001 och vars syfte var att söka svaren på frågor om: • Barns totala fysiska aktivitetsgrad på fritid med kompisar, med familjen, i idrottsrörelsen, på raster samt på undervisningstid. • Barns fysiska status och hälsotillstånd • Ämnet Idrott och Hälsa, innehåll, upplägg samt barns upplevelse av ämnet För att erhålla en så komplett bild som möjligt av skolelevernas fysiska status var det även viktigt att kartlägga deras allsidiga rörelsekompetens. Vi har valt att använda termen allsidig rörelsekompetens som ett samlingsbegrepp för grundformer, kombinationsmotorik och idrottsspecifika grundformer. Motivet till studien är den förändrade livsstilen med mer stillasittande aktiviteter och den reducerade tiden till ämnet Idrott och hälsa i skolan som båda kan ha inneburit minskade möjligheter till allsidig rörelseträning. Att det inte tidigare gjorts en nationell studie av barns och ungdomars funktionella motorik på motsvarande sätt var ytterligare ett skäl till studiens genomförande. Allsidig rörelsekompetens har också betydelse för hur lek och idrott upplevs och uppskattas. Barn och ungdomar med god motorik uppvisar ofta ett större självförtroende och tillit till den egna kroppens rörelseförmåga, något som även har betydelse för den sociala statusen i umgänget med kamrater. Det övergripande syftet med studien var att kartlägga barns och ungdomars funktionella motorik för att göra bilden av den fysiska statusen mer komplett. För att möjliggöra detta behövde ett motoriktest konstrueras. Delsyfte I blev därför att konstruera ett test som mäter barns och ungdomars allsidiga rörelsekompetens och visar vilka rörelser som behärskas av elever i år 3, 6 och 9. Testet benämns ”NyTidstestet” efter författarnas namn, (Nyberg och Tidén). Delsyfte II var att pröva testet för att senare bearbeta och analysera esultaten och enligt det övergripande syftet kunna uttala oss om barns och ungdomars allsidiga rörelsekompetens och eventuella skillnader mellan olika åldrar och kön. Vi ville även pröva om ett sammanlagt resultat kunde utgöra en grund för vad barn i olika åldrar bör behärska. Denna grundläggande nivå skulle kunna motsvara ett av kursplanens uppnåendemål för elever i år 5 som återfinns i kursplan för idrott och hälsa och som anger att de grovmotoriska rörelserna ska behärskas. Testet konstruerades utifrån frågeställningar kring urval av rörelser, bedömning och genomförande. NyTidstestet innehåller rörelsestationer som representeras en bas av grundrörelser. Antalet stationer bestämdes till 16 stycken för år 3 och 18 stycken för år 6 och 9 för att omfatta samtliga relevanta grundformer, såväl grundformerna enskilt som i kombination. Rörelseutförandet utvärderas med hjälp av observation och bedömning efter noggrant utformade bedömningskriterier. I kartläggningen av den allsidiga rörelsekompetensen redovisas dels en motorikprofil som utgörs av summan av de 16 stationer som alla elever genomförde, dels resultat från enskilda stationer. Det är totalt sett betydligt fler elever som befinner sig i de lägre poängintervallerna än vad vi förväntat oss. 40 procent av eleverna i år 6 kan inte utföra motoriska grundformer på ett tillfredställande sätt. Det är fler elever i år 9 som återfinns i de högre poängintervallerna i jämförelse med de yngre barnen. D.v.s. de äldre är bedömda att vara motoriskt skickligare. Pojkarna i år 6 och 9 har i detta test bedömts vara motoriskt skickligare. Det är lika många elever med bristande motorik vid summering av resultat från de åtta stationer som består av enbart en grundform. När det gäller resultat från enskilda stationer kan konstateras att: • De flesta elever kan utföra jämfotahopp och enbenshopp. Det är 10-15 procent som inte kan hoppa jämfota i år 6 och år 9. I år 3 är det 70 procent av pojkarna som inte klarar av jämfota hopp. • Det är 40 procent av eleverna som inte kan utföra balansgång tillfredställande oavsett ålder och kön. • I år 6 och 9 är det mellan 40-60 procent som inte kan utföra kullerbytta. • De äldre eleverna har bättre resultat på stationerna kullerbytta, sidhopp samt att studsa en boll. Vi vet dock inte med utgångspunkt från denna studie om det har med ålder eller träning att göra. • Pojkarna är bättre på såväl stillastående kast som kast med ansats. Flickorna är bättre på rephoppning. • Drygt 6 av 10 flickor i år 9 kan inte lyfta sin kropp tillräckligt för att hänga och svinga i en lina. Vid fortsatt användning av NyTidstestet kan vissa revideringar bli aktuella. Ska det finnas med två kaststationer, vilket gynnade bra kastare? Ska rörelser till musik inkluderas i testet för att utvidga motorikprofilen? Den fyrgradiga bedömningsskalan var lämplig vid bedömning av grundformer i kombination, däremot svår att tillämpa vid bedömning av enskilda grundformer. De resultat som kartläggningen av allsidig rörelsekompetens visar bör ge ansvariga på olika nivåer i såväl skola som idrottsrörelse ett bättre underlag. Underlaget kan ligga till grund för de prioriteringar som görs vid såväl tidstilldelning av ämnet idrott och hälsa, som vid val av innehåll på lektioner och träningspass.
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Tomaz, Simone Annabella. "Physical activity and gross motor skills in rural South African preschool children." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29464.
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Background:
Global levels of overweight and obesity in preschool-aged children have increased dramatically in the last two decades, with most overweight and obese children younger than five years living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Statistics from the 2013 South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1) confirm that levels of overweight and obesity are high in South African preschool-aged children, with prevalence rates of overweight and obesity up to 18.2% and 4.7%, respectively. This increasing problem of overweight and obesity in South African preschoolaged children highlights the need for intervening in this age group. Overweight and obesity interventions in preschool children typically include one or more of the following behaviours: physical activity, sedentary behaviour and screen time.
Aim and objectives:
The aim of this study was to characterise the preschool environment in rural South Africa, and to explore physical activity, gross motor skill proficiency, sedentary behaviour and screen time in rural South African preschool-aged children. Additionally, aims of this study were to explore the associations between gross motor skills, body composition and physical activity; and to assess compliance with current physical activity and sedentary behaviour guidelines.
Methods:
Preschool-aged children (3-5 years old, n=131) were recruited from three Preschools and two Grade R (reception year) settings in Agincourt, a rural village in north eastern South Africa. In order to gain an understanding of the Preschool and Grade R settings, an observation of the preschool environments was conducted using a tool adapted from the Outdoor Play Environmental Categories scoring tool, Environmental and Policy Assessment and Observation instrument, and the Early Learning Environments for Physical Activity and Nutrition Environments Telephone Survey. Each child’s height and weight was measured. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured objectively using a hip-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer for 7 days (24 hours, only removed for water-based activities). Gross motor skills were assessed using the Test for Gross Motor Development–Version 2 (TGMD-2). Physical activity and sedentary behaviour, including the contextual information for these behaviours, during the preschool day (08h00 until ±12h00) were measured using the Observational System for Recording Physical Activity in Children (Preschool Version). A separate sample of parents/caregivers were recruited (n=143) to complete a questionnaire that was adapted from the Healthy Active Preschool Years questionnaire and Preschool Physical Activity Questionnaire. Parents reported on their child’s screen time, and on factors within the home and community contexts in which physical activity and sedentary behaviours occur.
Results:
In terms of the environment, the Preschools and Grade R settings differed in that fixed play equipment only featured in the Preschool settings. Grade R settings had more open space in which to play. All Preschool and Grade R settings provided children with limited portable play equipment, and none of the schools had access to screens. Although all children recruited for the study were preschool-aged, the Grade R children were significantly older than the Preschool children (5.6±0.3years vs. 4.4±0.4 years, p <0.05). According to IOTF cut-offs, the prevalence of overweight/obesity was low (5.0%) in the sample, and 68.1% of children were classified as normal weight. On average, children spent 477.2±77.3 minutes in light- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (LMVPA) per day, and 93.7±52.3 minutes in moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). In terms of the new current guidelines (180min/day LMVPA, including 60min of MVPA, described as ‘energetic play’), and using average daily average of LMVPA and MVPA, 78.2% met current guidelines. Observed and objectively measured sedentary behaviour results revealed that children were more sedentary during preschool time (between 08:00 to 12:00) compared to the afternoons. Overall, boys were significantly more physically active than girls; and Preschool children did more physical activity during preschool time than Grade R children (all p< 0.05). Over 90% of the sample achieved an ‘average’ or better ranking for gross motor skill proficiency. The Grade R children were significantly more proficient than the Preschool children for all gross motor skill components (raw scores and standardised scores). Overall, boys achieved significantly better object control raw scores than the girls, and displayed greater proficiency than the girls in the strike (p=0.003), stationary dribble (p< 0.001) and kick (p< 0.001). None of the preschool or Grade R settings had access to screens such as televisions or iPads, and parent-reported screen time was low for the total sample (0.5±0.3hr/day). The majority of the sample (97.9%) met current screen time guidelines (<1 hour per day). Parents (82.5%) reported that they believed that their child did sufficient PA for their health, but 81.8% also reported believing that television time would not affect their child’s health. Parent responses revealed neighbourhood safety as a potential barrier to being physically active in the community.
Conclusions:
Rural preschool-aged children in South Africa appear to be engaged in adequate amounts of physical activity, particularly LMVPA, and are adequately proficient in gross motor skills. The children did not engage in excessive amounts of screen time. Overweight and obesity were not prevalent in this sample of rural preschool-aged children, and therefore it would appear that an intervention to reduce or prevent obesity by increasing physical activity, improving gross motor skills and reducing screen time is unnecessary. Rather, interventions that facilitate the increase in levels of MVPA in order to meet current physical activity guidelines are warranted. Additionally, it is essential that the high levels of physical activity (LMVPA) and good foundation of gross motor skills observed in this sample are promoted in an effort to maintain them throughout childhood. Future research may want to determine whether these activities (high levels of LMVPA, low levels of screen time) track throughout childhood and into adolescence.
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Rooney, Kevin F. "The effects of an aquatic core training program and a pilates core training program on core strengthening in the college athlete /." Link to PDF version, 2005. http://libweb.cup.edu/thesis/umi-cup-1010.pdf.
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Baker, Chelsea R. "Grasshoppers in the Outfield: An Examination of the Effects of Sports on Children." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/85.
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Many psychologists have studied the effects of sports on children because it is an issue that is important for children and parents alike. Athletic participation is a popular activity in the United States for children and many begin sports at young ages. Theokas (2009) claimed that the importance of athletics is that sports are more than physical activity—sports have an influence in many other areas of a child’s life. The goal of the current review was to examine how sports affect children in domains such as: friendships, self-esteem, family, and academics. Athletic involvement helps a child in more ways that physical development and it is essential to understand the opportunity for life-long lessons athletics provides. The studies under review generally support child involvement in athletics for multiple reasons and implication of this review is that parents and school administrators should encourage sports in young children.
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Starcher, Shawn C. "Memorable Messages from Fathers to Children through Sports: Perspectives from Sons and Daughters." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1373494611.
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Kristén, Lars. "Possibilities offered by interventional sports programmes to children and adolescents with physical disabilities : an explorative and evaluative study." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1318.
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Today, sport is a topic that interests and engages many people. However, pursuing sporting activities and being a member of a sports club is not a matter of course for children and adolescents with physical disabilities. The overall aim of this thesis is to study the possibilities offered by interventional sports programmes to children and adolescents with physical disabilities and to describe in what way they can be offered meaningful physical activities as well as active participation in sport clubs, with a view to improving their health and socialisation through sport. The thesis includes three descriptive and one evaluative study. The results of the thesis rest on a combination of methods: practical- empirical experiences based on theoretical reasoning, interviews in line with a method inspired by phenomenography, and data from questionnaires analysed by descriptive and analytical statistics. The results are also based on a variety of data sources i.e. children, young people and parents as well as theory triangulation i.e. socialisation and health. According to the findings, sports programmes offered possibilities to children and adolescents with physical disabilities for improving their health and socialisation. An important component of the sports programmes were sports clubs that offered meaningful physical activities as well as active participation. Guidelines for co-operation in and the organisation of sports programme for children and adolescents with physical disabilities were of great importance and should involve the families as well as sports organisations and local authorities. The children and adolescents regarded sport as a form of social arena to enhance their participation in society and as a means for achieving better health. They also stressed the importance of knowledge and experiencing nature as factors that promote an active and healthy lifestyle. The parents regarded sport as a form of health education and as a means for their children to achieve increased participation in society. The parents also stressed the fact that the learning process was important for empowering the children to influence their life situation. The findings also illustrate the importance of building co-operation between the habilitation centre, sports clubs and families of children with physical disabilities by means of a working team, as well as the importance of the sports movement opening up its activities to children and adolescents with functional disabilities and each sports club appointing a contact person with special responsibility for this target group. Continued external support was regarded as necessary in order to assist the sports clubs in implementing permanent and well-functioning activities in partnership with a personal sport and health counsellor, who advises and supports the children and adolescents to participate in physical activity.
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Lam, Mun-wah Joanna, and 林敏華. "Planning of recreational facilities for children and youth: a case study of Shaukeiwan." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258001.
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Kalkman, B. M. "Muscle responses to stretching and developing effective interventions in children with cerebral palsy." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/8836/.
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Hyper-resistance at the joint is one of the most common symptoms in children with cerebral palsy (CP). There are both neural and non-neural factors contributing to the observed joint hyper-resistance. Non-neural alterations to the musculoskeletal system such as a reduced muscle length, increased tendon length and an increase in joint stiffness are commonly treated by physiotherapy interventions such as stretching exercises. However, the effectiveness of these interventions in terms of improvements in function is of a low magnitude and the response of spastic muscles to stretch is poorly understood. Therefore, the main aim of the programme of work presented in this thesis was to increase the effectiveness of stretching interventions at the ankle joint. To achieve this, it is important to understand the behaviour of the medial gastrocnemius muscle and Achilles tendon in response to a stretch applied at the joint. For this first sub-goal, three experimental studies were performed. First, the relationship between joint rotation and muscle and tendon contribution during a single stretch is described. We show that a smaller Achilles tendon moment arm leads to a decrease in muscle lengthening during joint rotation. Additionally, we show that the relative stiffness of the muscle to the tendon is increased in children with CP, which further limits lengthening of the muscle during joint rotation. Secondly, we document the acute effect of stretching on medial gastrocnemius fascicle lengthening properties. It was found that medial gastrocnemius muscle stiffness cannot explain the increased ankle joint range of motion acutely following passive stretching. These studies all indicate that the lengthening stimulus to the muscle is reduced in children with CP. Therefore, to increase the effectiveness of stretching exercises, an intervention was designed with the aim to increase this stretching stimulus seen by the muscle. By performing progressive resistance training, we showed an increase in the stiffness of the tendon, and thus a reduction in the relative stiffness of the muscle to the tendon. Therefore, the amount of stretch seen by the muscle was increased. We have shown that due to this combined intervention a remodelling of muscle is possible, as we showed muscle fascicle length to increase. Even though functional benefits were limited, the proof of principle was demonstrated and future work should explore this model of intervention further.
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Gilbert, Reyna A. "The relationship of parental sport participation to the sport participation of children." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1294244.
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The majority of research in this area was conducted more than 20 years ago, which indicated a need for more current research. There was a need to learn how a parent's previous or current sport participation could impact their child's sport experience. Parents and their children completed questionnaires to determine the role of parental influence upon child sport socialization. Participants included students in the 6th, 8th, 9th, and 10th grade physical education classes at a Mid-west school and their parents. Thirty-eight children, 24 fathers, and 31 mothers were included in the sample.No significant difference was found in the sport participation rates of children whose parents participated in sports previously and children whose parents were not active sport participants in the past. A positive relationship was found between parents who had a positive overall sport experience and their child's perception of their encouragement to pursue the same sport in which parents had previously participated.School of Physical Education
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Forsyth, Rosin Nina, and Emma Öhling. "Jens är het och Anja kämpar : En jämförelse av genusrepresentationen i SVT:s Sportspegeln och Lilla sportspegeln." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-16885.
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This report is an analysis of the gender representation in Swedish sports media, a comparison between sport in public service television for adults and children. The study explores the differences between the number of male and female sports in the matter of air time and also the number of male and female appearances in the TV shows. The programs studied in this report are the Swedish SVT’s Sportspegeln and Lilla sportspegeln. When we began this analysis we were under the impression that men would be over-represented, but that representation in sports television for children would be more gender equal than the adult counterpart. The result of the analysis confirmed previous studies stating that men dominate the sports programs in Swedish public service television. However, we found that the differences in gender representation in Sportspegeln and Lilla sportspegeln was smaller than we thought.
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Liu, Zhan. "A cross-cultural analysis of children's attitudes toward physical activity and patterns of participation." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722188.
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The purpose of this study was to examine attitudes toward physical activity and patterns of involvement among Chinese and American children. Participants were children in grades 3 and 8 in Central China (n=170) and in the Midwestern United States (n=100). Data were obtained by administering a revised inventory for children's attitudes toward physical activity (CATPA), a new CATPA inventory appropriate for grade 3, and a physical activity questionnaire. Separate 2 (Country) X 2 (Gender) X 2 (Age) MANOVAS, follow-up ANOVAs and descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data. Unlike previous findings, this study indicated that Chinese participants have more positive attitudes toward physical activity while American participants reported more involvement in physical activity. Age and gender differences in attitudes toward physical activity were also found with younger children and girls expressing more positive attitudes. Marked gender and nationality differences in both participation patterns andphysical activity preferences were also evident. The results of the present study supported previous findings that attitude is a function of age and gender.School of Physical Education
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Johnson, Jason. "Participation in Sports and the Development of Resilience in Adolescents." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5977.
Full textAbstract:
Adolescents today are faced with an array of risk factors including sexual activity and drug and alcohol use, as well as environmental factors that are beyond their control, such as parental divorce and poverty. The attribute of resilience is an extremely desirable quality that, if developed, has the capacity to reduce the effect of many of these risk factors that many adolescents are exposed to. Sport participation is a potential intervention that a large portion of adolescents can have access to through school and community programs that could potentially foster resilience. The current causal-comparative, non-experimental study sought to add to the limited existing research by examining resilience levels of adolescents who participate in sports compared to resilience levels of their peers who do not participate in sports. The Social Emotional Assets and Resiliency Scale - Parent form was used to calculate resilience levels of the students in the study sample. Participants (n = 276) reported that the overall mean resilience score of those youth who had participated on a sports team within the last year was significantly higher than the overall mean resilience score of those youth who had not. There was no significant difference in resilience ratings of those who played school-sponsored sports versus city/recreational sports. There was also a small, statistically significant, positive correlation between the number of sports played and resilience ratings. Implications and limitations of this study are included. Parents and educators are encouraged to offer a variety of opportunities for youth to participate in activities aligned with student interests. In budgeting and planning curricular and extracurricular activities to enrich students' social experiences, schools and communities must consider the importance of sports activities in strengthening youth resilience.
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Gubby, Laura. "Can sport provide a space for gender equality? : a qualitative study of children who play korfball." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2016. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/16628/.
Full textAbstract:
Mixed sport has been described as having the potential to de-gender sporting activities and bodily experiences, as well as combat gender inequalities (Laberge and Albert, 2000). Korfball was originally invented within the educational setting by a Dutch school teacher who designed rules to encourage boys and girls to participate on a level playing field (Summerfield and White, 1989). This thesis provides a historical overview of korfball in order to explain the contrasting trajectory of the sport in comparison to traditional sport, and explores the power structures and ideologies that may have influenced the creator of korfball. This research involved a yearlong ethnographic study with a junior korfball team (under 13s), and during this time interviews took place with five girls and four boys. The analysis of findings demonstrated how korfball players were experiencing this sport in a different way to other sports. Both the opinions of players, and observation of formal and informal practices, demonstrated how the 'whole package' (Wellard, 2013) of korfball was important to players. Some of Foucault's descriptions of power relations were used to explain the occurring phenomena, and the effect of wider society upon the experiences of korfball. The rules of the game and various influences meant that korfball spaces often facilitated and promoted sporting equality. Yet, in spite of sex equality often being visible within the junior korfball space, normalised gendered performances were still evident. Judith Butler's (1990, 1993) ideas were applied to these findings to aid explanations. Junior korfball players within this study usually maintained an understanding of gender that reflected wider social norms. Players were often reluctant to think critically about accepted gender norms, but the findings from this study were more positive regarding equality within korfball, than previous studies (Crum, 1988; Thompson and Finnigan, 1990; Summerfield and White, 1989).