Academic literature on the topic 'Aqueous precipitation'

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Journal articles on the topic "Aqueous precipitation"

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Reyes, Pamela Y., Jesús A. Espinoza, María E. Treviño, Hened Saade, and Raúl G. López. "Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Precipitation in Bicontinuous Microemulsions." Journal of Nanomaterials 2010 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/948941.

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Silver nanoparticles precipitation was carried out at70∘Cin bicontinuous microemulsions stabilized with a mixture of surfactants sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate/sodium dodecyl sulfate (2/1, w/w) containing an aqueous solution of 0.5 M silver nitrate and toluene as organic phase. Various concentrations of aqueous solution of sodium borohydride (precipitating agent) and their dosing times on microemulsions were studied. Regardless of dosing time, higher and medium concentrations of precipitating agent promoted the formation of worm-like nanostructures, while the lowest concentration all
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Brown, Shaun T., Anirban Basu, Xin Ding, John N. Christensen, and Donald J. DePaolo. "Uranium isotope fractionation by abiotic reductive precipitation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 35 (2018): 8688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805234115.

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Significant uranium (U) isotope fractionation has been observed during abiotic reduction of aqueous U, counter to the expectation that uranium isotopes are only fractionated by bioassociated enzymatic reduction. In our experiments, aqueous U is removed from solution by reductive precipitation onto the surfaces of synthetic iron monosulfide. The magnitude of uranium isotopic fractionation increases with decreasing aqueous U removal rate and with increasing amounts of neutrally charged aqueous Ca–U–CO3 species. Our discovery means that abiotic U isotope fractionation likely occurs in any reducin
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Zhu, Qing Xia, Wei Hui Jiang, Hong Da Wang, and Chuan Shao. "Preparing Fluorhydroxyapatite by Aqueous Precipitation Method." Advanced Materials Research 412 (November 2011): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.412.167.

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The nanosized fluorhydroxyapatite (FHA) had been synthesized by aqueous precipitation method. The effects of synthesis temperature,fluoride ion concentration and pH value on the fluoride substitution were investigated.The phase composition and the change of crystal structure were characterized by X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that crystal lattice parameters and bond energy make changes by incorporation of F in the structure.The size of FHA crystals increase as the precipitation temperature. The phase composition of FHA is mainly controlled by t
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North, Michael R., M. Alejandra Fleischer, and Thomas W. Swaddle. "Precipitation from alkaline aqueous aluminosilicate solutions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 1 (2001): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v00-182.

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The longevity of metastable, highly alkaline Na and K aluminosilicate solutions has been examined over a wide range of Si/Al concentration ratios R (0.04 [Formula: see text] R [Formula: see text] 20) at 24°C and, in selected cases, at 50 and 75°C. In general, the longest solution lifetimes (tppt) (several weeks) were found at 24°C and for the highest alkalinities and (or) large R, but long tppt were also found for R = 1.0 at the lower alkalinities. Solution lifetimes generally shortened when the temperature was raised, but the opposite effect was observed with the smaller Al concentrations whe
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Pierri, E., D. Tsamouras, and E. Dalas. "Ferric phosphate precipitation in aqueous media." Journal of Crystal Growth 213, no. 1-2 (2000): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(00)00336-5.

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Nývlt, Jaroslav, and Stanislav Žáček. "Batch Precipitation of Lead Iodide." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 59, no. 6 (1994): 1301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19941301.

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Lead iodide was precipitated by a procedure in which an aqueous solution of potassium iodide at a concentration of 0.03, 0.10 or 0.20 mol l-1 was stirred while an aqueous solution of lead nitrate at one-half concentration was added at a constant rate. The mean size of the PbI2 crystals was determined by evaluating the particle size distribution, which was measured sedimentometrically. The dependence of the mean crystal size on the duration of the experiment exhibited a minimum for any of the concentrations applied. The reason for this is discussed.
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Shi, He Bin, Hong Zhong, Yu Liu, Jin Yan Gu, and Chang Sheng Yang. "Effect of Precipitation Method on Stoichiometry and Morphology of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.271.

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This paper reports synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles by three precipitation methods. Homogeneous aqueous solution of Ca(NO3)2 and H3PO4 was used as precursor solution, and NH3•H2O was precipitator. Calcium deficient hydroxyapatite nanorods were obtained by adding the precipitator into precursor solution, near stoichiometric hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were derived from adding precursor solution into the precipitator, and smaller hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were prepared by adding precipitator and precursor solution simultaneously into a reaction vessel. The stoichiometry of hydroxyap
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Kim, Hyun-Ho, Kyung-Ho Park, Chul-Woo Nam, and P. K. Parhi. "Oxidation-Precipitation of Cobalt (II) in Aqueous Sulphate Solution Using Sodium Persulfate." Korean Journal Metals and Materials 51, no. 12 (2013): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2013.51.12.865.

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Wang, Chun-Lei, Min Fang, Shu-Hong Xu, and Yi-Ping Cui. "Salts-Based Size-Selective Precipitation: Toward Mass Precipitation of Aqueous Nanoparticles." Langmuir 26, no. 2 (2010): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la903986v.

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Kim, Kyung Nam, and Yong Do Kim. "Synthesis of Calcium Carbonate Particles Modified by Coating with Nickel Precursor." Materials Science Forum 486-487 (June 2005): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.486-487.546.

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CaCO3 powders were prepared by the homogeneous precipitation method using CaCl2, urea as the starting materials. Uniform CaCO3(calcite, aragonite, vaterite) powders were obtained by various conditions. The surfaces of CaCO3 powders were modified by coating them with a lithium precursor using two different precipitation techniques: homogeneous decomposition of precipitating agents(urea, NaHCO3, NH4HCO3) and forced hydrolysis in pure water. Selecting the Ni(NO3)26H2O and urea(or NaHCO3, NH4HCO3) as Ni-source and precipitating agent respectively, the NiO could be uniformly coated on the CaCO3 pow
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aqueous precipitation"

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Roberts, Kevin Edward. "Precipitation of neptunium dioxide from aqueous solution." Scholarly Commons, 1999. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2682.

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Tens of thousands of metric tons of highly radioactive, nuclear waste have been generated in the United States. Currently, there is no treatment or disposal facility for these wastes. Of the radioactive elements in high-level nuclear waste, neptunium (Np) is of particular concern because it has a long half-life and may potentially be very mobile in groundwaters associated with a proposed underground disposal site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Aqueous Np concentrations observed in previous, short-term solubility experiments led to calculated potential doses exceeding proposed long-term regulatory
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Ali, Shahid Jamsheed. "Studies in precipitation of proteins from aqueous solution." Thesis, Teesside University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279009.

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Stellner, Kevin Lance. "Precipitation of surfactants and surfactant mixtures in aqueous solutions /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1987.

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Franz, Eric. "Parameters affecting deposition of electrostatically-charged aqueous sprays." Connect to resource, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1201634653.

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Li, Zhonghao, and Andreas Taubert. "Cellulose/gold nanocrystal hybrids via an ionic liquid/aqueous precipitation route." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4504/.

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Injection of a mixture of HAuCl4 and cellulose dissolved in the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim]Cl into aqueous NaBH4 leads to colloidal gold nanoparticle/cellulose hybrid precipitates. This process is a model example for a very simple and generic approach towards (noble) metal/cellulose hybrids, which could find applications in sensing, sterile filtration, or as biomaterials.
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Tahir, N. M. "The hydrolysis and precipitation of iron(111) in aqueous clay dispersions." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381439.

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Xu, Zitong. "Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution by Alkaline Filtration." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40105.

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An innovative approach for the removal of heavy metal ions such as Pb2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solution was evaluated. It was established that alkaline filtration, which is in essence the combination of alkaline precipitation and membrane filtration, could drastically increase both the efficiency and completeness of Pb2+ or Cd2+ ions removal, producing water whose metal concentration satisfying drinking water standard from a simulation wastewater containing 5 ppm or more Pb2+ or Cd2+ ions. Filtration with three different membranes, including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), and nanof
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Hänchen, Markus. "CO storage by aqueous mineral carbonation : olivine dissolution and precipitation of Mg-carbonates." Zürich : ETH, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17459.

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Hachem, Fatima M. "Hydrophobic behaviour of five model proteins in chromatography : precipitation, aqueous two-phase systems." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332801.

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Gillespie, Cheska. "The precipitation of candidate drugs on mixing DMSO stock solutions with aqueous buffers." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=25548.

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The precipitation of candidate drugs from dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) stock solutions and buffer mixtures has practical importance within the pharmaceutical industry. At the drug discovery stage, mixing of drug DMSO stocks and aqueous buffer is a common procedure for many analyses, such as bioassay screening and some solubility screens. Precipitation from these mixtures, whilst a recognised issue, has little in the way of published work. This thesis explores in detail the precipitation of three poorly water soluble, commercially available drug molecules, namely amiodarone HCl, clotrimazole and to
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Books on the topic "Aqueous precipitation"

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Jolivet, Jean-Pierre. De la solution à l'oxyde: Condensation des cations en solution aqueuse, chimie de surface des oxydes. InterEditions, 1994.

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Chemical Precipitation Process for the Treatment of Aqueous Radioactive Waste (Technical Reports Series Number 337). Unipub, 1992.

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Araújo, Ana Cláudia Vaz de. Síntese de nanopartículas de óxido de ferro e nanocompósitos com polianilina. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-120-2.

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In this work magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized through the precipitation method from an aqueous ferrous sulfate solution under ultrasound. A 23 factorial design in duplicate was carried out to determine the best synthesis conditions and to obtain the smallest crystallite sizes. Selected conditions were ultrasound frequency of 593 kHz for 40 min in 1.0 mol L-1 NaOH medium. Average crystallite sizes were of the order of 25 nm. The phase obtained was identified by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) as magnetite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed polydisperse particles with dimensions
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Jolivet, Jean-Pierre. De la Solution à L'oxyde: Chimie Aqueuse des Cations Métalliques - Synthèse de Nanostructures. EDP Sciences, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aqueous precipitation"

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Takahashi, T., H. Fukazawa, and H. Kawaguchi. "Particle-forming precipitation polymerization under unusual conditions." In Aqueous Polymer Dispersions. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b12162.

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Takahashi, T., H. Fukazawa, and H. Kawaguchi. "Particle-forming precipitation polymerization under unusual conditions." In Aqueous Polymer Dispersions. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36474-0_33.

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Ruitang, Guo, and Gao Xiang. "Simultaneous Removal of SO2 and NO2 by Wet Scrubbing Using Aqueous Limestone Slurry." In Electrostatic Precipitation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89251-9_124.

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Chen, Haiyan, Shi Yao, Lei Lecheng, et al. "Catalysis-assisted Decomposition of Aqueous 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene by Pulsed High Voltage Discharge Process." In Electrostatic Precipitation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89251-9_137.

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McMahon, Patrick E., Rosemary F. McMahon, and Bohdan B. Khomtchouk. "Precipitation and Acid/Base Aqueous Reactions." In Survival Guide to General Chemistry. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429445828-9.

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Friedrich, H., H. Kilian, G. Knörnschild, and H. Kaesche. "Mechanism of Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue of Precipitation Hardening Aluminium Alloys." In Modelling Aqueous Corrosion. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1176-8_11.

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Pruppacher, H. R., and J. D. Klett. "Equilibrium Between Water Vapor, Water, Aqueous Solutions, and Ice in Bulk." In Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48100-0_4.

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Gussone, Nikolaus, and Martin Dietzel. "Calcium Isotope Fractionation During Mineral Precipitation from Aqueous Solution." In Calcium Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68953-9_3.

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Chang, Yu-Chen, and Tzer-Shin Sheu. "Precipitation Mechanisms of Hydroxyapatite Powder in the Different Aqueous Solutions." In Advances in Bioceramics and Biocomposites II, Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 27, Issue 6. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470291351.ch12.

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Hadden, D. J., J. M. S. Skakle, and I. R. Gibson. "Optimisation of the Aqueous Precipitation Synthesis of Silicate-Substituted Hydroxyapatite." In Bioceramics 20. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-457-x.55.

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Conference papers on the topic "Aqueous precipitation"

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Natsi, P. D., S. Rokidi, and P. G. Koutsoukos. "Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation and Prevention in Aqueous Solutions and Mixed Solvents." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07455.

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Abstract The precipitation of calcium carbonate from supersaturated solutions seeded and unseeded was studied at constant supersaturation, 25°C, pH 8.5. The experiments were done in aqueous solutions and in solutions containing water miscible and immiscible organic solvents in order to simulate conditions of scale formation in oil production industry. The solvents used included mono ethylene glycol (MEG) and n-dodecane. Measurements of the induction times preceding calcium carbonate precipitation and the subsequent rates of precipitation showed that the process is surface diffusion controlled
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Ma, Zheng, Yang Yang, Bruce Brown, Srdjan Nesic, and Marc Singer. "Investigation of FeCO3 and FeS Precipitation Kinetics by EQCM." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11192.

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Abstract Corrosion product layers play a key role in the corrosion processes by precipitating on the steel surface and can lead either to enhanced corrosion protection or, in some cases, to severe pitting, depending on the conditions. The kinetics of precipitation of corrosion product layers has a direct impact on the layers properties and their level of protectiveness. In the present study, the precipitation kinetics of iron carbonate (FeCO3) and iron sulfide (FeS) were studied over a range of temperatures to gain a better understanding of their effect on corrosion resistance. An Electrochemi
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Gill, J. S., and M. A. Yorke. "Calcium Carbonate Control in Highly Supersaturated Aqueous Environment." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94195.

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Abstract Inhibition of calcium carbonate becomes increasingly difficult with increasing calcium carbonate supersaturation. Scarcity of good quality water and tougher water discharge regulations are driving higher reuse of water, which leads to higher cycles in recirculating cooling tower water. In terms of the supersaturation, which is a ratio of the product of free scale forming ions to the equilibrium solubility product, the water treatment industry in the past was able to control calcium carbonate inhibition up to 100-120X calcite supersaturation. This paper reports chemical technology capa
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Woollam, Richard C., and Richard Barker. "An Explanation for the Difference in Reported Iron Carbonate (Siderite) Precipitation Kinetics." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00434.

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Abstract In energy production, and carbon capture and storage processes which involve the transport of carbon dioxide (CO2)-saturated aqueous solution in carbon steel pipework, the precipitation of iron carbonate (siderite) at the steel-solution interface is known to have a significant impact on the corrosion process. As a result, the precipitation kinetics of iron carbonate have been an area of significant research with several studies reported in literature. Unfortunately, the reported rates of precipitation can differ by 2 - 3 orders of magnitude depending on the experimental methodology. I
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Hazarabedian, Maria Sofia, Zakaria Quadir, Mariano Iannuzzi, and Michael Lison-Pick. "Precipitation on the Precipitation-Hardened Nickel Alloy UNS N07725: Double-loop Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14969.

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Abstract The exploitation of unconventional reserves is pushing the limits of the materials selected in the oil and gas (O&G) industry. Precipitation hardened nickel alloys (PHNAs) such as UNS N07725 are typically used in applications that require high strength levels, corrosion, and environmentally assisted cracking resistance. However, unexpected cleavage failures of subsea components have been associated with hydrogen embrittlement (HE), calling into question the assumed superior properties of these alloys. Recent findings have linked the PHNAs’ HE field failures with the precipitation
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Hazarabedian, Maria Sofia, Katerina Lepkova, Zakaria Quadir, Mariano Iannuzzi, and Michael Lison-Pick. "Intergranular Precipitation on the Precipitation-Hardened Nickel Alloy UNS N07725: Double-loop Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation Test." In CORROSION 2021. AMPP, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2021-16793.

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Abstract Precipitation hardened (PH) nickel alloy UNS N07725 used in oil and gas subsea service have experienced several brittle fractures linked to hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The alloy’s susceptibility to cracking was associated with the precipitation of a Cr-and Mo-rich phase at grain boundaries (GBs). Since the failed components were compliant with the current standards, developing a new quality control test capable of distinguish susceptible microstructures became a priority for the oil and gas industry. Herein, the double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) test w
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Ma, Zheng, Bruce Brown, Srdjan Nesic, and Marc Singer. "Precipitation Kinetics of FeCO3 in Non-Ideal Solutions." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14987.

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Abstract Precipitation kinetics of FeCO3 has been previously studied over a range of temperatures from 50°C to 80°C, leading to the development of an equation predicting FeCO3 precipitation rate. However, this initial equation, which depends mostly on calibrated kinetic constant kr,FeCO3, and activation energy, ΔGFeCO3, was only validated in 1wt.% NaCl aqueous solution. Further testing had shown an overestimation of FeCO3 precipitation rate occurred when applying the model to solutions containing higher NaCl content, and thus deviating strongly from ideality. In this research, updated expressi
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Lawless, T. A., H. M. Bourne, S. Heath, and R. N. Smith. "Rock/Fluid Interactions and Resulting Phase Behaviour Considerations for the Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Design of Carbonate Fields." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94053.

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Abstract The injection of acidic phosphonate and phosphinopolycarboxylate scale inhibitors into limestone formations has been carefully examined by a combination of rock/inhibitor dissolution experiments and aqueous phase behaviour mapping exercises in calcium enriched seawater. Physico-chemical characteristics associated with bulk tests and dynamic coreflooding studies were able to establish the complex interplay between acid dissolution of rock, calcium enhancements in the aqueous phase, pH shifts, progression to precipitation phase envelopes, deposition of precipitated inhibitor and core st
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Bavarian, Behzad B., and Mehrooz Zamanzadeh. "Localized Corrosion of Al-Li Alloys in Aqueous Environments." In CORROSION 1988. NACE International, 1988. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1988-88386.

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Abstract The localized corrosion susceptibility of different Al-Li-Cu and Al-Li-Mg-Cu alloys were studied. Tests were conducted in various concentration of NaCl, pH and temperature under alternate immersion and constant immersion conditions. The alloys were tested in all tempered conditions underaged, peak aged and overaged, resulting in significant microstructural differences caused by the different precipitation of phases. All alloys show surface pitting and subsequent intergranular corrosion, while in presence of tensile applied stress, intergranular stress corrosion becomes evident. The ov
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Prybylowski, John, and Ronald Ballinger. "The Influence of Microstructure on Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Alloy 718." In CORROSION 1986. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86244.

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Abstract The effect of grain boundary precipitation on the environmental behavior of alloy 718 was determined. The performance of conventionally heat treated (CHT) material was compared with that of direct aged (DA) material. Straining electrode tests with and without cathodic polarization at room temperature and fatigue tests in aqueous environments in the range 30-288°C were performed. Microstructurally, direct aging was found to significantly reduce the size and amount of grain boundary precipitates. A decrease in the amount of grain boundary precipitation results in a reduction of grain bo
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Reports on the topic "Aqueous precipitation"

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Roberts, K. E. Precipitation of neptunium dioxide from aqueous solution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/756805.

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McCabe, D. J., J. C. Fanning, L. A. Hugg, et al. Cesium cobaltdicarbollide-solubility, precipitation, and reactivity in basic aqueous solution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10113144.

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Brent Constantz, Randy Seeker, and Martin Devenney. Carbon Mineralization by Aqueous Precipitation for Beneficial Use of CO2 from Flue Gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1010956.

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Devenney, Martin, Ryan Gilliam, and Randy Seeker. Carbon Mineralization by Aqueous Precipitation for Beneficial Use of CO2 from Flue Gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1238353.

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Rard, J. A. The effect of precipitation conditions and aging upon characteristics of particles precipitated from aqueous solutions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5305508.

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Desbarats, A. J., and J. B. Percival. Hydrogeochemistry of mine tailings from a carbonatite-hosted Nb-REE deposit, Oka, Quebec, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331256.

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Environmental impacts associated with the mining of carbonatite deposits are an emerging concern due to the demand for critical metals. This study investigates the chemistry of tailings seepage at the former Saint Lawrence Columbium mine near Oka, Québec, Canada, which produced pyrochlore concentrate and ferroniobium from a carbonatite-hosted Nb-REE deposit. Its objectives are to characterize the mineralogy of the tailings and their pore water and effluent chemistries. Geochemical mass balance modeling, constrained by aqueous speciation modeling and mineralogy, is then used to identify reactio
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