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1
Dippenaar, Matthys Alois. "Characterisation of some fractured-rock aquifers in Limpopo province, South Africa : review and case study." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28689.
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This dissertation collates all available data from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry’s (DWAF’s) National Groundwater Database (NGDB), DWAF’s Groundwater Resource Information Project (GRIP) and tests conducted during the progress of this project in order to evaluate Basement aquifers. The project was commenced at the request of the Water Research Commission (WRC), situated in Pretoria, South Africa. The study area (Limpopo and Luvuvhu-Letaba Water Management Areas, WMA1 and WMA2 respectively) is underlain by fractured, crystalline Basement terrain. The influences of structures (i.e. joints, faults and shear zones) and the neotectonic stress conditions were also studied to address the influence on groundwater flow and occurrence. The aim of the project was to address the determination of the aquifer parameters (essentially transmissivity and sustainable yield) in Basement terrane. Pumping test data was used and analysed via the Flow Characteristic Programme (Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of Free State). The methods of Logan (1964), Theis (1935), Cooper-Jacob (1946) and Birsoy-Summers (1980) were applied for comparative purposes. Statistically, all four methods supplied results within the same order of magnitude, with Theis and Cooper-Jacob correlating extremely well. Results from the Logan and Birsoy-Summers methods correlated very well too, but the T-values calculated via Logan’s method were almost double those obtained from the step-drawdown data analysed via the Birsoy-Summers method. The combined results adhered to a developed model-setting-scenario approach where each borehole can be evaluated based on three parameters. Firstly, the model refers to the potential water-bearing and/or water-barring features. In the study area, it was found that water predominates in the Hout River Shear Zone, and that the neotectonic stress fields have little influence on determining the orientation of favourable water-bearing structures. Geological contacts often resulted in higher yielding boreholes than geological structures. Secondly, the setting refers to the climatic and tectonic setting of the site. This determines the recharge and the orientation of structures. Based on this, supposedly closed structures (due to prevailing neotectonic stress fields) often supplied higher yielding boreholes than the supposedly open structures. Rainfall and climate however had little influence on the results. Finally, the scenario ranks a borehole in terms of high, intermediate or low transmissivity and subsequently potential yield. High T-values typically exceeded 100 m2/d whereas low T-values were generally below 5 m2/d. Significantly low yielding boreholes therefore formed part of the Low T Scenario, and high yielding boreholes of the High T Scenario. CopyrightDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Geology
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Mkali, Andrew Talinda. "Developing a hydrogeological conceptual model for subterranean groundwater control areas using remote sensing techniques, Hout catchment, Limpopo, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8028.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScCrystalline basement aquifers are an important source of water supply in sub-Saharan Africa for various purposes. These aquifers are characterized by fractured rock networks which form pathways for groundwater recharge, flow, and discharge in subterranean groundwater areas. The fractured rock networks in these areas form fractured rock aquifers which in some cases are protected or reserved. In South Africa, various aquifers with these characteristics have been declared as subterranean groundwater control areas. The physical characteristics of these hydrogeological settings remains crucial in sustaining ecosystems and supporting socio-economic practices such as irrigation, among others. However, the role of fracture connectivity in crystalline basement aquifers remains poorly understood despite the well-established knowledge about the hydrogeological characteristics of such areas.
2022
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King, Georgina. "The development potential of Kwazulu-Natal aquifers for rural water supply." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005550.
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The supply of water to 'disadvantaged' areas of KwaZulu-Natal has in the past received low priority. Local government is now faced with supplying water to large, sometimes dispersed, rural populations. Groundwater has been utilised informally as a water supply for some years, but the impetus provided by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry's White Paper has compelled those responsible for water supply to seriously consider groundwater as a sustainable option. The development potential or success of groundwater in its role as a reliable water supply is dependent on acceptance of the resource by the communities, appropriate level of service, yield sustainability and safe quality. Apart from the social aspects, the yield and groundwater quality characteristics of the aquifers under consideration must be used to determine the best hydrogeological features to target during exploration. A total of 993 borehole records, from a recent government drought relief programme, were used to compare the yield, water quality and best geophysical exploration and drilling techniques of the main hydrolithologies in rural KwaZulu-Natal. The results of comparative analysis shows that the competent rocks of the Natal Group and Natal Metamorphic Province and the karstic Uloa Formation of the Maputaland Group have the best overall potential for water supply. The unconsolidated sediments of the Maputaland Group also have good potential, but have some salinity problems. The Karoo Supergroup sediments and volcanics have moderate potential, with the argillaceous rocks having the worst potential of the Karoo rocks. The contacts between the Ecca Group shales and sandstone have the best potential of the Karoo Supergroup sedimentary hydrolithologies. Fractures clearly enhance the groundwater potential of most hydrolithologies, with fractured Dwyka Group tillites rated as having one of the best development potentials of all the hydrogeological targets in KwaZulu-Natal, despite the hydrolithology's poor water-bearing characteristics. Dolerite contacts with sedimentary rocks are commonly targeted features in groundwater development. However, the results from this research showed that, apart from the Natal Group's contact with dolerite, these targets have poor development potential. In general, contacts between different hydro lithologies. Health related quality was found to be adversely affected in argillaceous hydrolithologies, such as the majority of Karoo rocks which had high levels of sodium and chloride and Natal Metamorphic Province schists which had elevated sodium, chloride and fluoride. Crystalline and arenaceous hydrolithologies generally exhibited good quality groundwater. A comparison between the different geophysical methods for each target feature indicates that there are appropriate methods to use to detect anomalies related to water-bearing features. The large number of dry boreholes drilled in locations with recorded geophysical anomalies can be either a function of the water-bearing characteristics of the formation, human error or background noise. The cost of using the different geophysical methods vary considerably. The order of increasing cost is magnetics, VLF, EM-34, electrical resistivity profiling followed by vertical electrical sounding. Drilling has a large influence on the development potential of certain aquifers due to the high costs involved. Most of the secondary aquifers will require percussion drilling which is the cheapest method of drilling commonly used. Some very unstable formations within fractured or highly weathered rock may need ODEX drilling to enable drilling to advance. ODEX drilling in these conditions is very costly and can double the cost of drilling compared to air percussion. The unconsolidated sediments of the Maputaland Group can only be drilled by mud rotary or ODEX techniques. The relative costs of these two methods arer very similar with ODEX being slightly cheaper. Because of the high expense of drilling in the sands it is recommended that alternative sources, possibly from shallow hand-dug wells, be considered as appropriate methods of accessing groundwater. The aspects of groundwater yield and quality of aquifers, appropriate geophysical siting and drilling methods, together with social considerations will all contribute to the success of groundwater development in rural KwaZulu-Natal.
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Madzivhandila, Mushavhani Wilson. "The effects of the transformation process on the health service in Limpopo provincial government of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007095.
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The Republic of South Africa emerged as 'a product of a historical moment' and also as a reaction against imperialism, colonialism, racial discrimination and domination over the majority of black South Africans by the white minority. The democratic dispensation came into being also for the first time in its life in memorial for a long turbulent history followed by the general democratic elections held on 27th April 1994. The 1994 first general election liberated South Africa from the apartheid system and its subsequent primary objective was “… to transform South Africa into a non-racial and democratic society”. The new democratic government now looks politically different from the racist regime because the current government since 1994 has been, and to date still is, a truly and broadly representative of the South African citizens and also a transparent one, whereas the defunct apartheid government was characterized primarily by, among other things, the violation of human rights, denying black South Africans of any rights of basic services, no rights of owning property or land, no freedom of association and speeches and firmly practised discrimination which was detrimental to the majority of the black population groups in this country. According to the then President Nelson Mandela whilst addressing the ANC masses that were commemorating the eighty-third (83rd) anniversary of the African National Congress on the 8th January 1995, democracy entails “… a thorough-going process of transformation, of overcoming the political, social and economic legacy of apartheid colonialism, of racism, sexism and class oppression.” The government is still grappling with the challenge of ensuringa better life for all the citizens of this country (http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=ancdocs/history/jan8-95html:1).
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Bush, Richard Alan. "A hydrogeological assessment of the Uitenhage-Kuils River area, Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001901.
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Venables, Anthony John. "A hydrogeological assessment of the Uitenhage-Coega artesian system." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003815.
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The Uitenhage artesian aquifer north-west of Port Elizabeth in South Africa, is one of the few artesian groundwater systems in Southern Africa. The Uitenhage - Coega, and Kruis River areas, are the most important portions of the Uitenhage Artesian System in terms of water abstraction and water use. This study concentrates on the Uitenhage - Coega area and in particular, on the Coega Ridge where the Table Mountain Sandstone (TNS) aquifer occurs at relatively shallow depths. The investigation is aimed at assessing the geological, hydrogeological and hydrochemical characteristics of the HIS and any other aquifers present, with the object of providing quantitative data for use in future decisions on the water resource management of the area. In order to achieve these objectives, field work, involving a hydrocensus, geological mapping, geophysical exploration, drilling, aquifer testing and hydrochemical sampling was carried out. Analysis of these data provided information on the extent of the aquifers, their hydrogeological characteristics and the chemical nature of the various groundwater types.
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Machumele, Nkateko Jones. "A geological, petrological and mineralogical study of the UG3 chromitite seam at Modikwa Platinum Mine : significance to exploration and PGE resources." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013553.
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The UG3 at Modikwa Platinum Mine occurs as a platiniferous, planar chromitite seam. It is stratigraphically located in the Upper Critical Zone of the Eastern Bushveld Complex. Field work study comprise of underground mapping, sampling, surface mapping, borehole core logging, microprobing and microscopic investigations carried out at the Rhodes University. The UG3 at the Modikwa Platinum Mine is about 22cm thick chromitite seam underlain by a white fine grained anorthosite and overlain by a brown medium grained feldspathic pyroxenite. It is an incomplete cyclic unit consisting of chromite and feldspathic pyroxenite. The UG3 reef at the Modikwa Platinum Mine lease area represents a Platinum Group Metal resource of 300 million tons of ore at an in situ grade of 2.5g/t. Under the current market conditions the UG3 reef remains unprofitable to mine in an underground operation due to the operational cost involved. However, it has been illustrated that the UG3 chromitite seam can increase profit margins in an open pit operation provided it is mined together with the economic UG2 chromitite seam. The extraction of the UG3 as ore in the four Modikwa UG2 open pits would result in a combined operating cash profit of R330 million. The UG3 chromitite seam is platiniferous. The platinum-group minerals (PGM) range in size from less than 10μm to about 70μm. The PGMs are associated with sulphides and are both located in the interstitial silicates and are concentrated in the chromitite seam. The PGMs show a strong preference to contact boundaries of the silicate grains, the chromite grains and the sulphide phases. In some instances, they are enclosed within the chromite grains in association with sulphides. The general sulphide assemblage comprises pentlandite and chalcopyrite whereas, the PGMs assemblage comprises cooperite, ferroplatinum, laurite, FeRhS and PtRhS.
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Mekiso, Feleke Abiyo. "Hydrological proceses, chemical variability, and multiple isotopestracing of water flow paths in the Kudumela Wetland- Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006153.
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The hydrology of the Kudumela Wetland, Limpopo Province of South Africa was studied from November 2005 to April 2007, involving both fieldwork and laboratory analyses. This study presents the results of an investigation of the hydrology of the Kudumela Wetland in South Africa, and its contribution to dry season flow in the Mohlapitsi and Olifants Rivers. Initially, 40 Piezometers were installed along seven transects and water levels monitored in order to understand water table level characteristics (fluctuations) with time. Water levels in transects one, three, the right bank portion of transect four and transect six showed fluctuations. Transect two, the left bank portion of transect four and transect five did not show significant temporal changes. The relationships between piezometer water levels, rainfall in the study area and stream flow observed at a river gauging station are not clear. The river within the wetland is a gaining stream because the water table level elevation is above that of the river. This indicates that the wetland is feeding the river. The northern part of the wetland (T1 and T2) is affected by artificial drains and most of the piezometers closest to the river channel showed the lowest variations. The relationships between rainfall, groundwater, and surface water at this site shows that stream flow did not respond quickly to precipitation as expected, even in months when rainfall increased (for example, 74 and 103mm during 08/02/06 and 18/02/06 respectively), and the groundwater levels did not show fluctuations, indicating that groundwater responds gradually to precipitation, and that the relationship between rainfall, groundwater and surface water is complex. The environmental stable isotopes (deuterium and oxygen-18) and the radioactive isotope (tritium) were analyzed, along with field observations of electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total alkalinity (Talka) and some major and minor dissolved ion analyses for tracing water dynamics in the study area. A total of 39 water samples was taken and analyzed from boreholes, auger holes, right bank and left bank drains, various points along the river and springs in four sampling visits to the wetland. The results did not clearly provide a temporal record of isotope and chemical variations in the various sources. Results from the most extensive sampling survey in April 2007 provide the most comprehensive overview of hydrological relationships. Clustering of the stable isotope data suggests that the water samples of upstream and downstream river, auger holes further south and most drains clustered together suggesting a common water source and almost all samples fall above the global (GMWL) and local (Pretoria MWL) meteoric water lines, while some fall between the global and Pretoria meteoric water lines. Six representative water samples were analyzed for major ion concentration. Both cation (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) and anion (HCO3, SO4, Cl, and NO3) analyses in November 2007 confirmed conclusions reached from field observations. The analysis shows that a single type of water (Ca, Mg-HCO3) is involved in the study area. In almost all major ion plots, the right bank drains, upstream river and downstream river samples grouped together in a single cluster. As the means for reliable river flow measurements were not available, except for the gauging station at the outlet of the valley, rough, semi-quantitative estimates were made during several field visits. These, suggest considerable losses of river flow into the gravel/boulder beds at and below a gabion dam at the head of the valley. Three major and several other left bank springs and right bank drains at transects T1 and T2 contributed to the river flow at all times. Along with the isotopic and chemical evidence, these observations have lead to a hypothesis that river water enters the wetland and flows back to the Mohlapitsi River through boulder beds underlying the wetland and through drains on the surface of the argillaceous aquitard covering the more conductive boulder beds. Deeper dolomitic groundwater does not appear to contribute to the water balance at least in the northern half of the wetland. Although environmental isotope and hydrochemistry results may not unequivocally prove this hypothesis they do not contradict it.
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Modiba, Makgodu Dinah. "The reconstruction and development programme: housing delivery in Disteneng Township, Limpopo Province." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19048.
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This research dissertation investigates the level of Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) housing delivery in Disteneng (Polokwane Extension 44) Township, Capricorn District: Limpopo Province. The post-apartheid South African Constitution indicates that the provision of basic services like formal housing is a basic right for all South Africans. In Limpopo Province and in particular, Disteneng (Polokwane Extension 44) Township, Capricorn District, there is still massive shortage of Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) housing for the poor, despite funding being made to address this need. Millions of poor families are suffering and are still living in shacks in informal settlements. There is a backlog in the provisioning of RDP housing delivery. Low cost housing projects have been identified in Limpopo Province to address the RDP housing delivery backlog. It takes time to complete RDP houses and the communities become impatient and frustrated. The quality of completed houses is often perceived to be of unacceptable standards. This study investigates the level of RDP housing delivery in Disteneng (Polokwane Extension 44) Township, Capricorn District: Limpopo Province. This study also identifies the challenges of RDP housing delivery experienced by Disteneng (Polokwane Extension 44) Township, Capricorn District: Limpopo Province. Recommendations with the view of resolving problems pertaining to Disteneng (Polokwane Extension 44) Township, Capricorn District: Limpopo Province are made. The findings from this research work identified significant challenges of RDP housing delivery experienced by Disteneng (Polokwane Extension 44) Township, Capricorn District: Limpopo Province which needs to be addressed. In its contribution, this study made recommendations with the view of resolving problems pertaining to Disteneng (Polokwane Extension 44) Township, Capricorn District: Limpopo Province. This study in conclusion, emphasizes the need to address RDP housing backlogs and ensure that RDP houses are of good quality and that the government and all South Africans have to join hands and collectively address the problems of RDP housing delivery in South Africa.
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Mothapo, Sentshuhleng Jacob. "Assessing the impact of school governance in the Limpopo Department of Education with specific reference to Mankweng and Polokwane circuits." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007096.
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Education has been identified as a priority area by the South African government, in particular by the African National Congress as the ruling party. To this end, huge amounts of money are being spent on education as a service that has been approved by the legislators. Rules and regulations have been promulgated, and among others, the South African Schools Act, Act No. 84 of 1996, has been enacted. Rich research has also been funded with the sole intention of providing quality education to the people. Education of unacceptably poor quality has, however, been the result, as postulated by Peterson and Hassel (1998:55). The above are attested to by the findings that the political tensions emanating from the conduct of the South African Democratic Teachers’ Union and the Professional Educators’ Union, leading to class disruptions and general instability, erode the ethos of accountability on the part of educators and therefore impact negatively on service delivery. Furthermore, the Limpopo Department of Education is not immune to the challenges ranging from the elements of corrupt activities that often surface, teacher attrition which in the main is caused by lack of discipline. Winkler, Modise and Dawber (1998) indicate that teaching has never been easy, and many teachers are leaving their jobs because of the many problems with children in classrooms. Some of the problems cited are children who do not want to learn and learning that is becoming too difficult for the students because they do not want to listen. This study adopted sequential mixed methods namely, quantitative and qualitative research methods which are viewed as complementary rather than opposing approaches. Information was amassed from the subjects through interviews, observation, documentary survey and observation and the information has since been triangulated to validate the facts. All the methodologies employed proved to be useful in this study. The study sought to test the hypothesis “Good governance is informed by strong accountability and future-oriented organisation, continuously steering it towards its mission and vision, and thereby ensuring that the day-to-day management and administration are always linked with the organisation’s values and goals and thus eventually bringing about effectual and accelerated service delivery” to the South African populace without compromise. After empirically testing the hypothesis, showing mixed reaction informed by the findings of the study, five recommendations were made, based on the conclusions arrived at.
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Malahlela, Nkele Dorcus. "Socio-economic contribution of community food gardens to the livelihoods of rural households in Lepelle-Nkumpi local municipality of Limpopo province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021330.
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Community food gardens are regarded as a means through which rural households can improve their livelihoods. This study explores the contribution of community food gardens (CFG) to livelihoods in the Lepelle-Nkumpi local municipality in the Limpopo province. The objectives of this study are, firstly to explore the reason behind CFG participation and the reasons behind the participating possibility. Secondly, the study seeks to identify the socio-economic factors influencing the participation of households in CFG and lastly to determine the influence of CFG and other socio-economic variables on household food security status (HFSS). Descriptive statistical analysis was used to describe the socio-economic characteristics and the reasons behind CFG participation and the reasons behind the participating possibility. The binary logistic regression model was used to analyse the determinants of household participation in community food gardens as well as the contribution of CFG to HFSS on Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 21. Through a structured questionnaire, data was collected from a sample of 180 households which was obtained using multistage sampling. Descriptive results on the characteristics of sampled households revealed that there are high levels of food security in the area with 70% being food secure of which around 42.2% are CFG participants and 30% are food insecure. Furthermore the descriptive statistical analysis indicated that participation of households in CFG is mainly to obtain a source of food among the CFG participants and to generate income amongst the non-participants. On the basis of descriptive analysis, this study concludes that source of food and income generation respectively are the main reasons behind CFG participation and the possibilities of becoming a participant. Therefore the study accepts the research hypothesis stating that “There are social and economic reasons behind household participation and the possibilities of participating in CFG”. Binary results for the determinants of CFG participation revealed that socio-economic variables such as household size, farm income, household monthly income, land size, household perception, marital status, agricultural training and homestead gardening significantly influence household decisions to participate in CFG. This is an implication that socio-economic variables tested in this study are significantly influential to the household decision to participate in CFG, leading to the acceptance of the first hypothesis which states that “Socioeconomic factors determine the community food garden ownership or participation”. The results of the contribution made by CFG to HFSS showed that socioeconomic variables such as gender, age, household size, farm income, educational level, household monthly income, marital status, information access, formal employment status and CFG involvement significantly affect household food security status in the study area. The result indicates a positive contribution to HFSS and implies that socio-economic variables tested in this study have a significant influence on HFSS, leading to the acceptance of the second hypothesis which states that “Community food gardens have a positive effect on food security status of household in Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality Limpopo province.” Therefore it is relevant to concluded that in the area of Lepelle-Nkumpi local municipality, social economic factors plays a vital role in the participation of households in CFG as well as improving the state household food security status.
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Hahn, Norbert. "Floristic diversity of the Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07092008-093526.
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Pako, Marupeng Phillip. "The impact of land reform on the livelihoods of farm workers : the case of the Oaks/Willows citrus farm." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020972.
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South Africa‟s social, economic and political landscape was shaped by a long and bitter history of land reform and dispossession. It is against this background that the land reform policy was introduced. According to the Department of Land Affairs the objective of land reform was to alleviate poverty and improve the livelihoods of the poor. Since the introduction of the land reform policy in South Africa, there is no empirical evidence that land reform is improving the livelihoods of its beneficiaries and other affected groups such as farm workers. However government focus has been on how much land was redistributed to the previously disadvantaged and dispossessed. The study sought to assess the impact of land reform on the livelihoods of farm workers with specific reference to the Oaks/Willows Citrus farm in Maruleng Local Municipality, Limpopo Province. The study focussed on whether this land reform project achieved its intended objective of improving livelihoods and alleviating poverty. The following groups participated in the study: The farm workers, project committee members, representative of the traditional leader and a representative of the Department of Rural development. The study found that the livelihoods of the farm workers had not improved after the implementation of this land reform project. The study also revealed that government intervention with post settlement support programmes to monitor progress or offer assistance with regard to farm management and extension services, is very important to ensure that land reform projects achieve their intended objective of reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of the poor.
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Xaba, Sharon Thembi. "Analysis of the impact of training and capacity building by CASP on raising the income levels of emerging farmers in Limpopo Province." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97429.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African government continues to provide post-settlement support to emerging farmers, with the objective of improving productivity through targeted funding or conditional grants. The Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP), which came into effect in 2004, provides funding targeted at supporting emerging farmers. CASP has six pillars, of which this study focused on one, which is capacity building and training. The study investigated the assessment of the impact of training on the projects’ beneficiaries who had benefited from the CASP pillar of training and capacity building in the Limpopo Province. The methodology applied was the difference-in-difference technique. Projects that benefited from funding were regarded as the treatment group and those that did not benefit from the programme were regarded as the control group. The justification for the research was that while the government had financed CASP through fiscal allocation since 2004, because CASP is a conditional grant, there was a need to review the programme, focusing on establishing whether the budget allocation had achieved its intended objectives during this time. The objectives of the study were to measure whether there had been an improvement in the beneficiaries’ income levels. It focused on the status of the projects prior to the beneficiaries receiving training and benefiting from capacity building, and what the status was after receiving training through the programme, with the key determinant being an increase in income levels. Not all funded projects had benefited from the particular pillar investigated here. The selection of the beneficiaries to be trained was based on a skills audit which treated the groups as homogeneous, which was found to be inappropriate because of the differences in the prior skills, education levels and the specific interests of individuals. The findings were that there was variation in the increase of income levels. There was a positive relationship between training and reported increase in income levels in some projects, and a negative relationship between training and income levels for other projects. It was interesting that income levels increased for projects that had benefited from the CASP pillar of training and capacity building when the projects were analysed as a group, but when projects were analysed individually, it was revealed that there was a marginal decrease in income levels. There should be a shift in policy. The focus on training and capacity building should be a priority and should occur prior to the projects receiving infrastructure support. The 10% of the total CASP budget allocated for training and capacity building needs to be reviewed, taking into account that low skills levels continue to be the main reason why projects are not sustainable. There is also a need to review the impact of training. The type of training offered should not be generic for all projects, it should be differentiated to suit the both the people and the commodities concerned and should be more biased towards entrepreneurship, as this would enable emerging farmers to grow their business units and realise increased income levels.
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Manyama, Kinsley. "Hydrogeophysical characterisation of shallow coastal aquifers in the Western Cape, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5972.
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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Environ & Water Science)Coastal aquifers present a key groundwater resource for freshwater supply in many coastal zones of Africa, and its availability is largely driven by the physical hydrogeological properties. An understanding of the aquifer properties in coastal areas is fundamental in that these aquifers present unique resource largely controlled to a very large extent by its geological and hydrological features and process. This study thus analysed information of resistivity variation of formations, drilling samples, water levels and slug test data, in an attempt to characterise aquifers in the coastal region of the Heuningnes Catchment, Western Cape. This was in an effort to address the issue of limited knowledge on key hydrogeological properties of aquifers in coastal regions. Resistivity survey results indicated that the shallow aquifers in the study area were limited in extent, had a poor potential, with resistant layers occurring below shallow, high conductive formations. The long profile of the wellpoints revealed that the area is underlain by various layers of material of consolidated to unconsolidated form. The hard rocks formations are overlain by sandy materials of fluvial origin, and clay material with marine deposits (mollusc shells). This findings were in agreement with the results of the resistivity models. In addition, the findings indicated that the saturation thickness of the aquifers was also small. The findings of the study on aquifer properties indicated that, hydraulic conductivity (K), transmissivity (T) and borehole yields were generally poor and small. Estimates of K and T ranged from 0.0030 to 0.2856 m/day and from 0.0008 to10.993 m2/day accordingly, while average borehole yields were at 0.55 l/s, with productivity of the aquifers classified as low to moderate. These were indicative of a low permeability environment, with low yielding formations. An updated conceptual groundwater flow model developed in this study, revealed a rather compacted groundwater flow systems, in which local and intermediate flows were dominant. These findings in this study support the view that aquifers in coastal regions were predominantly characterised by shallow depth, patchy distribution and low potential.
2019-04-30
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Chigavazira, Blessing Munyaradzi. "Adapting to climate change to achieve household food security: a case study of small-scale farmers at Dzindi smallholder irrigation scheme in the Limpopo Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007186.
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This dissertation explored adaptation mechanisms and adaptation options employed by rural small-scale farmers at Dzindi Irrigation Scheme to achieve food security in the midst of climate change as well as reflecting on the role of the state in building capacity of rural small-scale farmers to adapt to climate change. The study employed qualitative research techniques and data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with 40 small-scale farmers at Dzindi smallholder irrigation scheme.Irrigation control, high yielding crop varieties (HYVs), drought resistant crop varieties, drip irrigation are among a host of adaptation strategies successfully employed by farmers at Dzindi. These strategies have been effective in giving the farmers a lifeline in terms of household food supply and income.However, lack of funding, modern infrastructure and equipment has hampered adaptation efforts at the scheme. This has been compounded by lack of support from the Government. Government seemingly has not done enough to capacitate and assist famers to adapt to climate change.
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Holland, Martin. "Hydrogeological characterisation of crystalline basement aquifers within the Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25713.
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Geologically complex crystalline aquifers are distributed extensively in Africa and also underlie large parts of the semi-arid Limpopo Province where some of the greatest groundwater needs in South Africa occur. The importance of these basement aquifers makes it vital to identify high yielding hydrogeological zones that can be targeted for water supply, to sustain areas of high population density with few or no alternative water sources. The biggest challenge is to understand the factors that determine the secondary permeability of these weathered-fractured rock aquifers. The focus of this study was therefore to systematically analyse regional factors that may influence borehole yields and aquifer transmissivities. The study covered four distinct geological and morpho-structural domains within the Limpopo Province, covering about 23 500 km2. The borehole dataset compiled for the study consisted of over 8 000 boreholes contained in the Groundwater Resources Information Project (GRIP) Limpopo database of the South African Department of Water Affairs. Approximately 3 000 of these boreholes have been hydraulically tested and the lithology has been recorded in 1 200 cases. A commonly encountered problem of pumping tests analysis in crystalline aquifers is in choosing an appropriate model that best fits the observed drawdown response. In this thesis modern methods are proposed for the analysis of pumping test data in weathered-fractured rock aquifers and highlight the importance of diagnostic plots, especially derivatives, for the detection of flow regimes and the choice of the correct ‘theoretical’ model. Based on the classification no single analytical method can be universally applied to crystalline basement aquifers when considering the analysis of pumping test data. The GRIP borehole dataset was analysed in conjunction with spatial information to identify the relationship of regional factors such as - geology, hydrology, weathering thickness, topography, geomorphology, neo-tectonic stresses, and structural lineaments - on groundwater occurrence. Geology has a clear influence, with boreholes exploiting alluvial aquifers composed of highly permeable material, and certain rock types such as pegmatite, showing generally higher borehole productivities. Favourable borehole locations from a topographical point of view are predictably along rivers and valleys. Other identified favourable groundwater targets are the metamorphic aureoles of younger granite intrusions. Despite the local importance of the regolith as a recharge and storage mechanism for the underlying fractured bedrock, no correlation between borehole yields and depth of weathering was found. The pattern of lineament and dyke orientations in the different morpho-structural domains led to a more complex conceptual model of groundwater occurrence. This model is inconsistent with the predicted regime based on regional stress field data and suggests that local variations have a strong influence on groundwater occurrence. Due to the complex geological history of the area, it is difficult to link open discontinuities to a distinct recent or past tectonic event. It can be concluded that regional stress field data, as in this case, may not account for local, possibly highly significant, stress field variations. The hydrogeological importance of several factors on groundwater occurrence presented in this study can be used as a working reference for future groundwater development programmes.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Geology
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Rambuwani, Rudzani Vincent. "Hydrogeological characterisation and water supply potential of Lebalelo South, Limpopo Province of South Africa." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1603.
Full textAbstract:
MESHWRDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources
Lebalelo area of Sekhukhune district is one of many areas in South Africa experiencing portable water scarcity, especially during prolonged dry season. Due to the dominance of low yielding aquifers in South Africa, it is essential to manage groundwater resources in these low yielding aquifers. However, the management of low yielding aquifer is difficult in areas like Labelelo where the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifers are understudied. This study investigated the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifers in the area using combined geophysical method and analytical groundwater models. Four newly drilled borehole and five existing boreholes were used for this study. Geophysical survey was carried out using magnetic and electromagnetic methods. The magnetic survey was used to locate the position of magnetic bodies such as dolerite dykes and different lithologies with different magnetic properties. The electromagnetic survey however, was used to determine zones of high permeability associated with the intrusive bodies as well as high permeability zones in fault planes. Step test, constant discharge test and recovery tests were conducted on all the boreholes to stress the borehole. This was used to determine a suitable and sustainable pumping rate of the aquifer. Pumping test data from the pumping period and recovery was evaluated and interpreted using AQTESOLVE. Aquifer transmissivity, storativity, internal and external hydraulic boundaries were determined from the data. The transmissivity in the area ranges from 0.08 to 124.7 m2/day. The aquifer types in the area are double porosity aquifer, radial flow aquifer with single porosity. Inductive Coupled Plasma (ICP-MS) was used to measure heavy metals, trace metals and cations while Ion Chromatography (IC) was used to determine anions in groundwater of the study area. The groundwater in the area is dominated by calcium carbonate as a result of long residence time with dolomite. The hydrochemistry of the water indicates that the chemistry of the groundwater in the area is mainly controlled by rock-water interaction.
NRF
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Ndwambi, Khuthadzo. "Investigation of Groundwater Potential in Naledi Local Municipality, North West Province, South Africa." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/843.
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Nemaxwi, Phathutshedzo. "Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Response from Rainfall Events in a Semi-Arid Fractured Aquifer: Case Study of Quaternary Catchment A91H, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/861.
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Maluleke, H. L. "Microbiological and physico-chemical quality of surface and groundwater sources and its socio-economic impact in the Mpheni - Elim Village, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1017.
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Baqa, Simamkele Siyambonga. "Groundwater recharge assessment in the upper Limpopo River basin: a case study in Ramotswa dolomitic aquifer." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24182.
Full textAbstract:
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Hydrogeology.
July 2017.Hydrogeological research was undertaken in the transboundary Ramotswa dolomitic aquifer to provide understanding and quantification of the processes governing recharge mechanism and rates, in order to promote efficient and sustainable groundwater resource utilization and development, as well as to improve the Ramotswa transboundary aquifer management. Hydrochemical and tracer approaches were utilized to evaluate the processes governing the recharge mechanism while the chloride mass balance approach was further applied to assess groundwater recharge rates. Results indicated that all groundwater samples contained detectable amounts of tritium highlighting the renewability of the transboundary Ramotswa aquifer resources. Two distinct water types were characterised: sub-modern waters approximately recharge prior to the 1950s and a mixture of modern and sub-modern waters of recently recharge rainfall indicative of active recharge in the area through intensive rainfall. Correlation between δ18O and δ2H, and soil Cl- indicated that groundwater recharge in the Ramotswa dolomitic aquifer takes place mainly by two flow mechanisms: a displacement of moisture through a diffuse or piston flow through permeable soils and from concentrated runoffs due to surface depressions, and a preferential flow component through fractures that outcrop at surface and riverbed infiltration along the ephemeral Notwane River. Annual groundwater recharge estimates varied from 0.4% MAP to 12% MAP and from 5% MAP to 14% MAP within the northern parts and the southern parts of the study area, respectively. Recharge estimates correlated well with the proposed mechanism of flow both in the southern and in the northern parts of the study area as well as with the previous studies conducted within the greater Ramotswa area. A way forward to ensure the long-term sustainability of the transboundary Ramotswa aquifer resources is recommended, such as to preserve and protect potential recharge areas through carefully controlled land use planning and development, and to equate abstraction rates to average recharge rates, which has to be subjected to the Limpopo Watercourse Commission.
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Makonto, Olma Tsakani. "Vadose zone classification and aquifer vulnerability of the Molototsi and Middle Letaba Quaternary Catchments, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24856.
Full textAbstract:
The aquifer vulnerability of the Molototsi (B81G) and Middle Letaba (B82D) quaternary catchments was assessed to determine the influence of the vadose zone on the groundwater regime. Anecdotal evidence indicated that the aquifers may be vulnerable to pollution. The aquifer vulnerability was assessed by developing a new method RDSS. The RDSS method was developed by combining relevant vulnerability parameters of DRASTIC, GOD, EPIK, SEEPAGE, COP and SINTACS. RDSS evaluates the vadose zone as a pathway for pollutants by using the following four parameters namely: Recharge, Depth to water table, Soil type and Slope. Recharge was estimated using the Chloride-mass balance method. Depth to water table was measured in the field using a dipmeter. For inaccessible boreholes, data was requested from Groundwater Project Consulting Company. The seepage behaviour (soil type) was determined using parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, infiltration and percolation. Percolation and hydraulic conductivity was determined by undertaking percolation tests in accordance with SABS 0252-2:1993. Infiltration was determined using the double ring infiltrometer. Slopes were determined from the digital elevation method using ArcGIS software. High recharge was revealed in the lower parts of both B81G and B82D. Shallow depth to water level was revealed on the upper part of B82D and extended towards the lower part of B81G. Soil type relates to saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity, which was rated to be high in the northeast of B81G. Gentle (high influence due to preferential infiltration to runoff) slopes extend from the south towards the northern parts of both B81G and B82D. The four parameters (recharge, depth to water table, soil type, and slope) were overlaid using Weighted Sum, Weighted Overlay and Raster Calculator to produce the final vulnerability map. When using Weighted Overlay and Weighted Sum, rasters were given different percentages of influence in different scenarios. The Weighted Overlay tool inputs multiple rasters and sets all weights equal to 100%. The Weighted Sum tool inputs multiple rasters and sets all weight equal to 1.0. When using the Raster Calculator, rasters were evaluated by being added together without multiplying by the percentage of influence. The results obtained are discussed in detail with reference to the degree of vulnerability of these two densely populated rural areas.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Geology
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Huthmann, Florian Marius. "The Waterberg project, Limpopo province, South Africa." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/25764.
Full textAbstract:
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2018The Waterberg deposit is located north of the Northern Lobe of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa and represents a large, high-grade, new platinum-group element (PGE) discovery. The northeast-oriented lobate arc of ma c to ultrama c rocks extends 24 km from the previously known outcrop of Bushveld rocks. Laser ablation ICP-MS zircon U/Pb geochronology has returned ages of 2059 ± 3 and 2053 ± 5 Ma for the intrusion, ages that are within error of previously published ages for the Bushveld Complex of 2.056 Ga. It is therefore proven that the Bushveld Complex extends further to the north than previously thought. Based on laser ablation ICP-MS zircon U/Pb geochronology, detrital zircons extracted from the sedimentary rocks unconformably overlying the succession have a maximum depositional age of 2045 Ma and abundant peaks of Archean age. It may be argued that the Bushveld Complex now reaching to the Palala Shear Zone to the north indicates that assembly of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons only took place around 2.0 Ga. In detail, theWaterberg succession consists of a basal Ultrama c Sequence of harzburgite and feldspathic pyroxenite, overlain by the Troctolite-Gabbronorite-Anorthosite Sequence and locally Upper Zone, comprising magnetite gabbronorite and gabbro. Logging and geochemical data demonstrate that all samples represent ultrama c to gabbroic cumulate rocks dominated by varying proportions of olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene. Mineralization occurs in the T and F Zones located just below the Upper Zone and in the Ultrama c Sequence, respectively. The Waterberg Project is an outstanding discovery with an indicated mineral resource of 25 Moz Pt+Pd+Rh+Au. Detailed geochemistry for the the lower mineralized F-Zone of the deposit indicates that although the Northern Lobe and the Waterberg Project share many geochemical features, there are also signi cant di erences. Sr isotopic data for plagioclase of the succession are di erent from values reported for the Northern Lobe of the Bushveld Complex. Together with geochemical data, the isotopic analyses suggest that a separate magmatic basin exists in the far northern Bushveld Complex. That is, although both intrusions are roughly coeval, the Waterberg succession was at least partially separated from the Northern Lobe and evolved independently. In summary, the Waterberg Project represents a highly mineralized Bushveld Complex-age succession sharing geological characteristics with the Northern Lobe. There are also clear di erences, however, and the two areas cannot be directly linked. Therefore, the project area is interpreted to represent a separate magmatic basin from the Northern Lobe, that is likely to include the rocks at the very northern end of the Northern Lobe of the Bushveld Complex. The results of this work have been published in four scienti c articles and presented at four academic conferences.
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Gibson, Donald J. D. "Land degradation in the Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/2137.
Full textAbstract:
Student Number : 9511039F -
MSc Dissertation -
School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences -
Faculty of ScienceAn estimated 91 % of South Africa’s total land area is considered dryland and susceptible to desertification. In response, South Africa has prepared a National Action Programme to combat land degradation, and this requires assessment and monitoring to be conducted in a systematic, cost effective, objective, timely and geographically-accurate way. Despite a perception-based assessment of land degradation conducted in 1999, and a land-cover mapping exercise conducted for 2000/2001, there are few national scientifically rigorous degradation monitoring activities being undertaken, due largely to a lack of objective, quantitative methods for use in large-scale assessments. This study therefore tests a satellitederived index of degradation for the Limpopo Province in South Africa, which is perceived to be one of the most degraded provinces in the country. The long-term average maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), calculated from a time series (1985-2004) of NOAA AVHRR satellite images, as a proxy for vegetation productivity, was related to water balance datasets of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and growth days index (GDI), using both linear and non-linear functions. Although the linear regressions were highly significant (p<0.005), a non-linear four parameter Gompertz curve was shown to fit the data more accurately. The curve explained only a little of the variance in the data in the relationship between NDVI and GDI, and so GDI was excluded from further analysis. All pixels that fell below a range of threshold standard deviations less than the fitted curve were deemed to represent degraded areas, where productivity was less than the predicted value. The results were compared qualitatively to existing spatial datasets. A large proportion of the degraded areas that were mapped using the approach outlined above occurred on areas of untransformed savanna and dryland cultivation. However the optical properties of dark igneous derived soils with high proportions of smectitic minerals and therefore low reflectance, were shown to lower NDVI values substantially. Overall, there was an acceptable agreement between the mapped degradation and the validation datasets. While further refinement of the methodology is necessary, including a rigorous field-based resource condition assessment for validation purposes, and research into the biophysical effects on the NDVI values, the methodology shows promise for regional assessment in South Africa.
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Dagume, Mbulaheni Albert. "Unemployment among rural youth in South Africa : A case study of Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/743.
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Mitchell, Bruce Craig. "Motivation among entrepreneurs in rural South Africa :." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17464.
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Matsiketa, Khensani Eullen. "Development of product quality management guidelines for informal small-scale brick manufacturing enterprises in Dididi, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1129.
Full textAbstract:
MESMEGDepartment of Mining and Environmental Geology
Although clay brick manufacturing has been going on for many years in South Africa, informal small-scale clay brick manufacturing enterprises are not officially regulated. Consequently, informal brick makers in the study area do not adhere to the demanding requirements of the South African National Standards for burnt clay masonry. Therefore, their clay bricks lack uniformity in terms of quality. Preliminary work revealed that over time, buildings constructed with these bricks develop cracks, thereby compromising safety. The importance of product quality management is not well understood in the informal brick manufacturing enterprises. As a result, they do not have any product quality management guidelines. The main purpose of this research was to develop the product quality management guidelines for ensuring quality in small-scale brick making enterprises in Dididi area. The specific objectives were to characterize the raw materials for clay brick manufacturing, identify and assess the technical problems of clay brick production, analyse the process of clay brick production and determine areas where product quality improvement is warranted. The research involved fieldwork which included soil sampling, analysis of clay brick production through the use of questionnaires and onsite observation of the production process, collection of samples of burnt bricks which were examined for compressive strength, water absorption as well as dimension measurements. These were then compared with the prescribed quality standards. Laboratory analyses of samples of raw materials were conducted and these included sieve analysis which was conducted in order to establish the particle size distribution of the raw materials; Atterberg limit tests were conducted in order to establish the physical characteristics of the soil. Chemical and mineralogical analyses were carried out to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition of the soil using XRF and XRD respectively. The textural characterisation of the material revealed abundance of sand sized particles and significantly low amounts of clay and silt. The plasticity of the soil used for bricks manufacturing in the study area was found to be ranging from slight to medium plasticity. Chemical analysis showed elevated silica contents with minor amounts of alumina and iron oxide. XRD analysis revealed the dominance of non-clay minerals with the highest concentration of quartz. The average compressive strengths of the tested brick samples for site A was 3.8, and 2.9 and 3.8 MPa for sites B and C respectively. The water absorption of the bricks was 13.5, 15.0 and 16.1% for samples from Site A, B and C respectively. The bricks dimensions met the recommended standards although their sizes were not uniform. v The survey conducted on brick manufacturing process revealed that the technical inefficiencies were mostly influenced by human and mechanical factors as well as the material inappropriateness. The production process was found to be too manual and labour intensive. Selection of the raw materials for brick manufacturing was based on indigenous knowledge and experience and most of the brick manufacturers lacked the prerequisite experience for making quality bricks. On the basis of the results of this research, it can be concluded that the materials used for manufacturing of clay bricks in Dididi are not well suited for making good quality bricks due to the reduced plasticity of the soil and the high concentration of quartz. These render the bricks brittle. It was also concluded that the production process also contributes to the poor quality of the bricks as the nature of the process was too manual. Selection of materials based merely on knowledge and experience and no scientific tests resulted in selection of inadequate materials which in turn affect the quality of the final bricks. It is therefore recommended that plastic clays be added to the raw clay materials to enhance its moulding property. In addition, materials such as internal fuels and anti-shrinkage materials should be incorporated into the process cycle to prevent cracking during drying and firing. Based on the findings of the analysis of the production process, it is recommended that mechanized techniques be employed in the operation and awareness training conducted to improve the understanding and skills of the brick manufacturers and to ensure production of good quality bricks.
NRF
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Mnisi, Tlangelani Calvia. "The role of parents regarding teenage pregnancy and school attendance in the rural village of Thomo in Mopani District Limpopo Province." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1459.
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MCurDepartment of Advanced Nursing Science
The Department of Education has stated that parents and guardians may not be absolved from their responsibilities regarding their pregnant child, and they should take the lead in working with the school to support and monitor their child’s health and progress. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the role of parents regarding teenage pregnancy and school attendance in the rural village of Thomo in Mopani District Limpopo Province. The study is qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual in nature. The population comprised of the selected parents and caregivers residing at Thomo village of Mopani District. Purposive sampling was used to select 10 parents and 5 caregivers. Sampling size was determined by data saturation. Data was collected through in-depth individual interviews, guided by unstructured questions, data analysis was through open coding. Trustworthiness was ensured through credibility, dependability, conformability and transferability and ethical issues were adhered to. One main theme with four sub - themes emerged from the raw data; namely, parents /caregivers skills and personal factors that affect behaviour change; parents / caregivers intention to change the teenagers’ behaviour; environmental and cultural factors as facilitators/ barriers to pregnancy prevention and parent-school partnerships. Recommendations were made that included the following: awareness campaigns regarding prevention of teenage pregnancy; establishment of the compulsory education subject; review of existing teenage pregnancy policies; engaging parents on youth programs; using churches to strengthen youth education on the dangers of sex before marriage; as well as capacitating parents on effective communication with their children.
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Oyebanjo, Omosalewa Omolara. "Mineralogy and geochemistry of kaolins in oxidic soils developed from different parent rocks in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1519.
Full textAbstract:
PhDENVDepartment of Ecology and Resource Management
Kaolin dominated soils are common in the tropical and subtropical regions. People depend on kaolin-rich soils for agricultural production of food and fiber. The most popular of all South African soils is the Hutton form which accounts for the marvelous redness of the landscape across the Country. The apedal (structureless) soils in the group are characterised by a relatively low CEC (< 11 cmolc kg-1) reflecting oxidic mineralogy with predominantly kaolinitic assemblage. The geochemical and mineralogical composition of soil kaolin has significant implications on soil fertility, geochemical exploration and engineering properties. Despite the dominance of kaolin in these soils, little is known of their properties in the medium. The nature of kaolin minerals in soils varies with parent material, degree of weathering and pedogenic environment. Most studies conducted in South Africa on kaolins are limited to reference kaolins with little or no publication on soil kaolins, hence, this study. This research involved the evaluation of mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of oxidic soils and soil kaolins developed from four (4) selected parent rocks which were basalt, granite, arkosic sandstone, and gneiss. Soils developed from quartzite were selected as control. Representative soil samples collected from profiles developed from the different parent rocks were analysed for physico-chemical, mineralogical, and geochemical data. The mineralogical and geochemical data obtained by x-ray diffractometry (XRD), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) were used in unraveling the influence of the provenance and degree of weathering on the soil characteristics. The mineralogical and geochemical data for soil kaolins were determined through XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, XRF, and LA-ICPMS to establish their mineralogical and geochemical properties with respect to their parent rocks. Comparison between the soil kaolins and selected reference kaolins were also conducted. The phosphorus (P) sorption data acquired photometrically were employed to evaluate the relationship between the P sorption capacities of the soils and soil kaolins. The influence of soil properties on the fertility of the soils were assessed based on the physico-chemical (pH, particle size distribution, and electrical conductivity (EC)) and chemical (organic matter (OM) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), available P, exchangeable cations (Ca, K, Mg, Na, and Al), and P sorption) data. The mineralogical and geochemical data for the parent rocks were obtained by XRD, optical microscopy, XRF, and LA-ICPMS. Multivariate statistical analyses were also conducted. Results showed that the dominant colour in the studied bulk soils was dusky red (31 %) followed by brown (23 %), reddish brown, yellowish red, and yellowish brown (23 %) as well as strong brown, dark brown, reddish grey, very dark greyish brown, and dark red. Soil textures were clayey to sandy loamy with OM contents between 0.41 and 4.76 %. The pH, EC, CEC, exchangeable cations, and available P values generally ranged from 5.22 to 8.38, 10.25 to 114.40 μS/cm, 2.93 to 18.30 cmol/kg, 0.03 to 13.92 cmol/kg, and <0.01 to 54.99 mg/kg, respectively. Kaolinite and quartz were the dominant phases for soils developed from basalt whereas, quartz and plagioclase were the dominant mineral phases in soils developed from granite, arkosic sandstone, and gneiss, respectively. Other minerals present in the soils were microcline, muscovite, hematite, goethite, montmorrillonite, anatase, gibbsite, chlorite, and actinolite. Geochemical compositions of the bulk soils show relative enrichment of Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, K2O, MgO, MnO, and Na2O (except for CaO, K2O, MgO, MnO, and Na2O in soils developed from basalt). Chemical index of alteration (CIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW), and plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) values varied between 54.92 and 99.81 % which suggest low to high degree of chemical weathering. The ACN-K and A-CNK-FM diagrams for the different soils also support these observations. Trace elements were generally enriched in soils developed from basalt and gneiss (except for Rb, Sr, and Ba in soils developed from basalt), but were depleted in soils developed from granite and arkosic sandstone (except for Cr and Ta). The principal factors responsible for the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the soils were the parent rocks and degree of weathering. In the soil kaolins, the dominant clay mineral was kaolinite accounting for 23 to 85 wt % followed by montmorrillonite, chlorite, and gibbsite. The non-clay minerals like quartz, plagioclase, muscovite, microcline, anatase, goethite, hematite, and actinolite accounted for the remaining percentages. The soil kaolins were characterised by thin platy kaolinite particles with partially to poorly-ordered structural order. The platy kaolinite crystals have their longest dimension sizes between 0.06 and 0.25 μm. The dehydroxylation temperatures for the studied soil kaolins ranged from 425 to 475 ˚C. The SiO2/Al2O3 ratio was lowest in soil kaolins developed from basalt and higher in soils developed from granite, arkosic sandstone, and gneiss which is consistent with their mineralogy since the former have more kaolinite. Higher Fe2O3 and CEC values were obtained relative to reference kaolins which could be attributed to the presence of more structural iron in the soil kaolins as well as their smaller crystal sizes. The presence of weatherable and accessory minerals accounted for the enrichment of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb in the soil kaolins. The kaolinite in the soils were formed by leaching and desilication of the primary minerals in the parent rocks under suboxic conditions. H-type P adsorption isotherms obtained for both the soils and soil kaolins indicated their high affinity for phosphorus by chemisorption. The average maximum P adsorption values were in decreasing order of soils developed from basalt > granite > arkosic sandstone > quartzite (control) > gneiss, respectively whereas, for soil kaolins is basalt > granite > quartzite (control) > arkosic sandstone > gneiss, respectively. Relative to other soils developed from different parent rocks, soils developed from basalt (with more clay content) had higher capacity and buffer power for P adsorption. The standard P requirements for the soils ranged from 7.78 to 92.91 mgP/kg and were classified as low based on the Langmuir model. Significant correlation between the P adsorption parameters for the soils and soil kaolins indicated that the later could be taken as a good predictor for P sorption dynamics in the soils. Electrical conductivity of the soils were taken to be negligible in interfering with plant growth. The available P values were generally below the critical level of 12 – 15 mg/kg for soils developed from basalt, gneiss, and quartzite (control) but higher in soils developed from granite and arkosic sandstone. All the soil evaluation factor (SEF) average values estimated were greater than five indicating that they are not of poor soil fertility. The correlation results between the soil properties and P sorption parameters suggest that several variables can influence the P sorption dynamics of the soil. Regression analyses further indicated that CEC, pH, OM, and clay content in the soils account for 99 % bounding P energy variation whereas, Fe2O3 accounts for 76 % P sorption maximum variation in the soils. In addition, variations in Fe2O3 and sand contents in the soils account for 96 % and 95 % maximum buffering capacity and external P requirement (EPR) variations, respectively. Models to advance the interplay between the various soil properties and P sorption parameters in the soils were developed. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the soils were principally controlled by the parent rocks and degree of weathering. The soil kaolins displayed significant differences relative to reference kaolins. Langmuir model is most suited for describing P sorption in soils and soil kaolins developed from different parent rocks within the studied area. P sorption parameters for the soils can readily be obtained from the P sorption parameters of the kaolins present in them. EPR obtained and models for predicting P sorption parameters from selected soil properties developed for the various soils will improve the efficiency of routine P fertilizer applications. Iron oxide (Fe2O3) played the most crucial role in explaining the P sorption dynamics of the soils. The major contributions from this study have been: better understanding of the influence of parent rock characteristics and degree of weathering on the soil characteristics, the nature of soil kaolins and its influence on soil properties as well as P sorption dynamics in soils have been better established, and improvement of the understanding on the relationship between soil properties and P sorption dynamics in the soils.
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Munyadziwa, Vele Welhemina. "Contribution of indigenous chicken to improvement of livelihoods of the farmers in Vhembe District." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/92.
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Phooko, Ditope Annah. "The relationship between employment status of the mother, household hunger and nutritional status of children in Sekhukhune District, Limpopo Province." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/735.
Full textAbstract:
MSCPNTDepartment of Nutrition
Introduction: In the year 2012, South Africa had a prevalence rate of stunting in children aged 1- 3, 4 - 6 and 7 – 9 years at 26.5%, 11.9% and 9.4%, respectively (Shisana et al. (2013). The Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality (GSDM) also showed a high rate of stunting (36%) in children aged 13 to 215 months of age (FIVIMS, 2006). The GSDM had a high unemployment rate of 69% to 82.4% (Statistics SA, 2006; Department of Social Development, 2008).). South Africa has adequate food supplies to feed the entire population at the national level (Labadarios et al., 2011; du Toit et al., 2011); however, there is evidence of under-nutrition caused by lack of purchasing power, and not a shortage of food (Rose and Charlton, 2001). Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the employment status of the mother, household hunger and the nutritional status of children aged one to twelve years (1-12 years) in households of Sekhukhune District in Limpopo Province. Objectives : The objectives of the study were to determine the socio-economic status of the household; to assess the nutritional status of children using anthropometric measurements; to assess dietary patterns of children in households; to determine household food security using food inventories; to determine the prevalence of household hunger using the standardized hunger scale; to determine the coping strategies to food deprivation used in each household and to determine the association between employment status of the mother, nutritional status of children and household hunger. Methodology: The study design was a cross sectional, exploratory and correlational study. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. A simple random sampling method was used to select nine villages from Makhuduthamaga local municipality and twenty households per village were selected using the systematic random sampling. Data was collected in households and a sample size of 180 children was selected based on the availability of a child within the selected age group. If there were more than one child within the 1-12 years, each child was then allocated a number and the one with the least number was selected. Biological mothers were the preferred participants, however if the mother was unavailable, the primary caregiver was selected and180 mothers or caregivers Results: The majority (92.2%) of mothers were unemployed and 91% of them had an income of less than R500.00 per month, whereas 33.9% of households had total income of less than R1000.00 About 64.4% and 28.4% borrowed food from neighbours/family/friends and bought food on credit from the local shop. The anthropometric status of children indicated a high prevalence of stunting, a medium prevalence of underweight and a low prevalence of wasting. Most caregivers were overweight or obese. About 66% of children ate three meals per day. Almost 44% of households were food insecure, whereas 33.9% were at risk of hunger and only 21.7% were food secure. There was no association between employment status of the mother, household hunger and anthropometric status indicators. Conclusion: Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality has a high rate of unemployment, poor household income and purchasing power and high level of food insecurity. The employment status of the mother was not associated with the level of wasting, stunting and underweight. Furthermore, employment status was also not associated with the level of hunger. Caregivers employed various strategies to cope with periods of food deprivation
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Tshifura, Rudzani Alice. "An Assessment of Algae and cyanotoxins in small-holder Aquaculture farms in Vhembe, South Africa." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1207.
Full textAbstract:
MESHWRDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources
In South Africa, inland aquaculture is on the increase, especially among the rural communities. Thus aquaculture is able to provide a source of employment and improve rural incomes. This study assessed algae species and their cyanotoxins in small holder production in Vhembe district, Limpopo, South Africa. Thirteen study sites were selected to assess the algae species and their cyanotoxins. The water samples were collected in four quarters and analysed for water temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity, phosphates, nitrates, chlorophyll, cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins, metal species and quality of the water in the fish ponds. In the 1st quarter of the year there was variation in Water Temperature (23.7oC-31.4oC), pH (5.5-9.6), EC (3.82-46.8μS/cm), TDS (2.4-45 mg/L), Phosphate (0.0-1.09mgL-1), Nitrates (0.0-1.00mgL-1), Chlorophyll-a (5.8-11.5mg/m-3). In the 2nd quarter there was variation inwater temperature (22.4-25.0oC), pH (6.6-8.8.9), EC (19.23-21.47μS/cm), TDS (12.5-17.9 mg/L), Phosphate (1.64-1.84mgL-1), Nitrates (1.02-1.88mgL-1), Chlorophyll-a (4.6-15.6mg/m-3). In the 3rd quarter there was variation for water temperature (22.9-25.0oC), pH (7.5-9.1), EC (7.91-293.3μS/cm), TDS (11.7-180.9 mg/L), Phosphate (1.10-1.80mgL-1), Nitrates (1.28-1.84mgL-1),Chlorophyll-a (6.8-15.6mg/m-3). In the 4th quarter there was variation forwater temperature (23.5-30.3), pH (7.1-9.3), EC (18.24-623μS/cm), TDS (23.7-136.4 mg/L), Phosphate (1.45-1.99mgL-1), Nitrates (1.43-1.68mgL-1), Chlorophyll-a (6.6-25.9mg/m-3). The metal content of the fish pond water was variable throughout the year but with moderate levels of Al, Cd, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Ba were found. The metal Fe, exceeded the DWAF guideline values during this first quarter. The presence of Cd in the fish pond water could be attributed to rainfall eroding the earthen embankments of the fish pond. The results of physico-chemical parameters promotes the growth of cyanobacteria in the fish ponds. Flow cam and SEM were used to identify the cyanobacteria species and most cyanobacteria identified are hazard to human health, fish and other aquatic organisms. Molecular technologies were used to identify cyanotoxins and there was no cyanotoxins detected which was concluded that during collection of water samples no cyanobacteria produced toxins.
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Sefala, Mamabolo Johannes. "Roles and functions of traditional leaders in developmental local government in Limpopo Province." 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001458.
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Ngonyama, Matimba George. "Feminization of poverty within rural households of Thulamela Municipality in South Africa." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/753.
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Mulaudzi, Sympathy Khuthadzo. "The psychological effects of recidivism amongst male youth in Musina, South Africa." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/964.
Full textAbstract:
MA (Psychology)Department of Psychology
Recidivism refers to re-offending behaviour, and recidivists are usually individuals who were arrested repeatedly for the same or different offences. The aim of this study was to explore the psychological effects of recidivism amongst male youth in Musina. This study employed the qualitative research approach because it required elaborated information which this paradigm promotes. This research adopted an exploratory design. The participants were selected through the use of purposive and snowball sampling. Data was gathered using semi-structured face to face interviews. The researcher used a voice recorder and a note pad to record the collected data. The findings of this study indicated that peer pressure, lack of education and unemployment, substance abuse, poverty, child neglect, parenting and supervision were the most common factors contributing to recidivism. The results of this study indicated that recidivists often commit petty crimes. The participants stated that these crimes included pick-pocketing, mugging, shoplifting and house breaking. Serious crimes were not common amongst the recidivists because only few of them committed serious crimes. The participants also reported that recidivism has negative impacts on their own personal lives, their families as well as on their education.
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Maila, Matume Maxwell. "Perceptions of members of households regarding the production and marketing of Moringa (Moringa Oleifera) in Thulamela Local Municipality." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1334.
Full textAbstract:
MSCAGR (Agricultural Economics)Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness
ABSTRACT This study was carried out to determine how members of households perceive economic benefits of production and marketing of Moringa in the Thulamela Local Municipality. The study adopted the snowball sampling procedure to identify the population of members of households who produce and market Moringa. Simple random sampling procedure was adopted to select 146 participants from the identified population. The Cross tabulations and Probit regression model were used as the analytical tools for this study. The results of the study revealed amongst others, that majority of members of households who were producing Moringa had no access to Moringa markets, and most of them were aware of the economic benefits of Moringa. The statistical significant variables which influenced the perceptions of members of households regarding economic benefits of production and marketing of Moringa were level of education (p < 0.01), Moringa farming experience (p < 0.05), access to market (p < 0.05), as well as the access to information (p < 0.05) about the production and the demand of Moringa produce. The study concluded that majority of respondents perceived that the production and marketing of Moringa would help to achieve sustainable livelihood for people living in Thulamela Local Municipality, while others were of the view that Moringa has the potential to improve nutrition, boost food security and foster rural development. The study recommended that establishment of Moringa markets, formation of Moringa cooperatives and promotional campaigns to educate members of households about the economic benefits of Moringa should be enhanced.
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Mbulaheni, Visi Muriel. "Creating sustainable teaching and learning environments in dysfunctional Secondary Schools in the Mutale Area of Vhembe District." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/664.
Full textAbstract:
DEd (Curriculum Studies)Department of Curriculum Studies
Poor learner academic performance is a major problem in South African public schools today. A considerable number of schools in the Vhembe District are dysfunctional. While the Department of Basic Education (DoBE) is attempting to intervene in these schools to address this problem, the interventions and turnaround strategies have not been sustainable. In schools where interventions and turn around strategies are being provided, such interventions have been short lived and were not sustainable. The aim of the study was to investigate the issues affecting teachers in dysfunctional secondary schools in order to develop a model for creating a sustainable teaching and learning environment. This study used both quantitative and qualitative research designs in which questionnaires, interview and observation schedules were used, for data collection processes. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select participants. Quantitative data was analysed using IBM Statistical package for Social Sciences Version 23 (IBM SPSS statistics), and Atlas.ti Version 6 programme for qualitative data. Results showed that conditions in the schools were not conducive to the promotion of quality teaching and learning. Teachers were demotivated resulting in poor performance in all school activities which contributed to rendering the schools dysfunctional. Some teachers even left the profession. A model was developed for the creation of a sustainable teaching and learning environment in dysfunctional secondary schools in the Mutale area.
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Maumela, Azwihangwisi Doris. "Impact of vegetation clearance on the hydrology of Luvuvhu River Basin in Soutpansberg area using Working for Water as a case study." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1036.
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Karodia, Shahzaadee. "Naturally mummified remains from Historic Cave, Limpopo, South Africa." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12496.
Full textAbstract:
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science.The ‘Makapan Mummy’ (A1081), the Makapan Child and human and animal remains with desiccated tissue attached indicate that the environment inside Historic Cave was dry enough to cause mummification. Environmental studies conducted in 1992 and 2011 suggest that dry air in the well-ventilated cave preserved the soft tissue and mummified the corpse. The aim of this study is to examine desiccated tissue sampled from the ‘Makapan Mummy’ (A1081) and from the human remains excavated at Historic Cave using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and light microscopy. The morphological features of the naturally desiccated tissue from Historic Cave were recorded and described using the microscopic analyses and were then compared to normal and mummified human tissue. Mummified tissue is hard and dry and often embedded with dust and debris. In its hard and dry state, mummified tissue needs to be prepared differently to normal human tissue. In this study, various methods used to clean, rehydrate and stain the desiccated tissue were investigated and compared. Through this comparative analysis it was possible to determine the most suitable method for examining desiccated tissue from Historic Cave. In the SEM analysis, epidermal keratinocytes and vellus hairs were observed on the surface of the skin tissue. Histological analyses demonstrated the exclusive preservation of collagen fibres in the muscle tissue, the connective tissue and the skin tissue. This suggests that the collagen fibres play an integral part in preserving the structure of desiccated tissue that is devoid of cellular elements. The results are consistent with the histology of desiccated tissue remains from the Republic of Korea, Egypt and the Americas.
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Hahn, Norbert. "Floristic diversity of the Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23300.
Full textAbstract:
The observations, data and deductions described in this thesis were collected from the Soutpansberg and surrounding areas over a period of over 20 years. This thesis aims to explain the underlying mechanisms driving the processes in the Soutpansberg that have brought forth its immense floristic diversity. It is envisaged that this thesis could serve as a guide towards the implementation of management policies for this unique mountain range and assist in the proclamation of the Vhembe as a Biosphere Reserve. As an introduction the study area is described in terms of geology, geography, cli-mate, history and previous vegetation descriptions. The floristic diversity was analysed and it is concluded that the area is a hotspot for floristic diversity. The total number of plant species of the area was established at 2693 with 594 tree taxa, one of the highest in southern Africa. Families with the highest number of taxa are the Fabaceae, Poaceae and Asteraceae. The analysis confirmed the area as a Centre of Endemism. The Soutpansberg dis-plays a strong biological interchange with the Blouberg, Chimanimani, Limpopo Valley, Maputaland, Sekhukhune, Strydpoort, Waterberg and Wolkberg. To resolve the problems concerning the definition of their biological interchange, a new interpretation of the concept of near-endemic is proposed. To make sense of interaction between various centres of endemism with the Sout-pansberg centre sensu strictu, a new term namely paraendemic was defined, and the terms protoparaendemic and biparaedemic were introduced for near endemic taxa with a wider distribution between centres of endemism. This resulted in a new interpretation of the Soutpansberg endemic plants. The endemics and paraendemics of the Soutpansberg and the related regions were identified and these are discussed n detail. It was found that most endemic species are restricted to the mist belt and occur on nutrient poor soils derived from quartzite or sandstone. It is concluded that the endemic flora did not arise as a result of a single group diversifying. The immense floristic diversity is attributed to the contribution of several distinct flo-ristic elements acting upon the Soutpansberg. These includes an arid group, a sa-vanna group, a temperate group including forest and grassland elements and a tropical group, being discussed in detail. CopyrightThesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Plant Science
unrestricted
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Mulaudzi, Shumani Precious. "Strategies to facilitate the implementation of existing life orientation curriculum in secondary schools of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1617.
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PhDPHDepartment of Public Health
There is a growing concern over the rising cases of adolescent pregnancy, drug and substance abuse, poor academic performance, violence, high school dropout rate and HIV/AIDS prevalence among secondary school students. The grounds of these problems are considered to be related to inadequate Life Orientation Education which should equip the learners with psychosocial competencies, but the ability to make informed decision, solve problems, think creatively and critically, communicate effectively, build healthy interpersonal relationships is lacking among the youths (Dash, 2018). The purpose of the study was to develop strategies to facilitate the implementation of existing Life orientation curriculum in secondary schools of Limpopo province, South Africa. An exploratory sequential design was used in this study. This research design had three stages. In the first stage (1a) the researcher collected and analysed quantitative data. Based on the quantitative results, the researcher will then engage a second stage (1b), the qualitative phase, to test and make the general view of the initial findings. This was followed by phase 3, which was the development of the coping strategies and validation of the strategies as outlined. Purposive sampling was employed to select two districts and then four circuits. Phase 1a identified factors influencing implementation of existing Life Orientation curriculum. Eight schools were selected using stratified random sampling. Simple random sampling was used to select 521 grade 10, 11 and 12 adolescent girls. Data was collected through a self-designed and self-administered questionnaire. Data was analysed descriptively using statistical software Stata/IC version 15.0. of the computer program. Validity and reliability were ensured. Phase 1b identified the predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors that can affect the behaviours, attitudes, and environmental factors contributing to the implementation of Life skills programmes in schools. A qualitative approach, and explorative, descriptive and contextual designs were applied. The population were all guardians and school teachers. Purposive sampling was used to select guardians for the focus groups discussions and teachers for in-depth interviews. Data analysis employed Tesch open coding method. Phase 2 was the development strategies to facilitate the implementation of existing LO programme in Limpopo province. Results from Structured Interviews, Focused group, Questionnaires were fused together with the use of the Precede Proceed Model. Phase 3 was to validate the developed strategies. The aim of validation was to collect and evaluate data, from the process design stage, the consistency and quality of the product or outcome of the strategies. The objectives to validate the strategies were to: determine the credibility of the strategies. The researcher used the non–experimental, intervention validation design to validated the credibility of the developed strategies. The developed strategies were given to the learners, guardians and Life Orientation teachers Vhembe and Mopani district. To collect data, the researcher used a checklist with 6 questions as outlined by Chin and Kramer (refer to table 6.4). Simple descriptive statistics was use where the data was summarized using the frequency distribution.
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Maselesele, Dembe. "Effects of macadamia husk compost on physicochemical soil properties, growth and yield of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. Chinesis) on sandy soil." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1553.
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MSCAGR (Plant Production)Department of Plant Production
Poor soil fertility caused by inadequate supply of nutrients on soil is one of the major constraints limiting crop production especially in the Vhembe District Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa. Therefore, management practices such as application of organic manure to minimize soil infertility is considered as good practice for smallholder farmers. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of macadamia husk compost on selected soil properties as well as the growth and yield of Chinese cabbage on sandy loam soil. A field experiment was carried out during 2018 and 2019 winter season at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) research farm in Levubu. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 treatments (control (zero)), inorganic fertilizer (100:60:60 NPK Kg ha-1) and compost at 15t ha-1 & 30t ha-1 replicated 3 times. Soil was analyzed before planting and after harvesting to determine the influence of applied compost on selected physical properties (soil bulk density and water holding capacity) and chemical properties (soil pH, soil organic matter, soil organic C, EC, total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Al, Zn and Mn). Number of leaves, fresh mass, dry mass and leaf area was collected at three harvests interval (28, 46 and 74 days after transplanting). After each harvest period, leaves were analysed for nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn and B). During the final harvest crops were uprooted and root biomass (fresh mass, dry mass and root length) were recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted on all data using Genstat package 18th addition. Differences between treatment means were separated using the least significant differences (LSD) procedure and correlations analysis was determined using Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient. Macadamia husk compost application had a significant effect on soil bulk density and water holding capacity. Addition of macadamia husk compost significantly increased soil pH, OC, N, C: N K, P, Mg, Ca, Na, Al, Zn, Ca and Mn. In contrast, addition of macadamia husk compost had no effect on soil EC. Yield components (number of leaves, fresh mass, dry mass), root biomass, root length and leaf area increased with application of macadamia husk compost. Yield components, root biomass, root length and leaf area were significantly affected (p<0.01) by harvesting time. Yield components in the second cropping season was greater than yield components in the first season. Macadamia husk compost application showed no significant effect on leaf nutrient content of Chinese cabbage. However, leaf nutrient content was affected by harvesting time. It is evident from the results of this study that macadamia husk compost affects soil fertility and plant production. The results suggest that macadamia husk compost has a potential to be used as a reliable fertilizer by famers especially smallholder farmers who struggle to buy inorganic fertilizer because they are expensive. Since this study was conducted over two seasons and compost effect tend to be long term, further research is needed on application of macadamia husk compost on soil properties and yield of other crops over wide range of soils.
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Bila, Hlengani Phanuel. "The post-mortem as a source of information in the investigation of murder." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3534.
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The research is concerned with how the post-mortem report can be used as a source
of information in the investigation of murder cases to identify crime, individual crimes
and trace suspects, etc.
The understanding of the post-mortem report, and the information which can be obtained from it, will assist the police investigators to handle murder cases in a professional way.
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the existing manner in which police investigators use post-mortem reports in their investigations, with the intention of determining its strengths and weaknesses, and considering how the usage can be improved. Secondly, the researcher wanted to explore how investigators use postmortem reports as a source of information in their investigations. To accomplish this,
the researcher perused international and national literature in an attempt to explore the field.
The researcher wanted to apply the new research knowledge in order to develop good practice in the field. This has been done by recommending new procedures to
enhance performance and to improve the conviction rate in court cases.Police Practice
M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation)
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Ahunamure, Solomon Eghosa. "An assessment of household energy use, emissions and deforestation in the Thulamela Local Municipality." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/360.
Full textAbstract:
MENVMDepartment of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences
Fuel wood is regarded as a major source of energy around the world, particularly in developing nations. Most rural communities around the world, consider forests as the repository of stored energy. The high dependence on forests as a source of fuel wood has a major impact on vegetation because trees take a long time to regenerate to maturity, hence high dependence leads to deforestation. Fuel wood is used for household needs, such as cooking and heating and its uses contribute to the emissions of Green House Gases (GHG) such as CO2, CH4, and Black Carbon amongst others. The study assesses household energy use, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from the combustion of fuel wood, the extent of de-vegetation and strategies to ensure sustainable energy provisions in the case study areas. Primary and secondary methods were used to collect data. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 21.0), showing the frequency distribution, measures of central tendency and chi-square to determine the extent of fuel wood used in relation to electricity. The primary data were collected through personal observations, field surveys, interviews and questionnaires, while secondary data included the 2011 South Africa Census data and remote sensing images, which with the aid of GIS, were used in mapping the vegetation change.
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Rasekgala, Mokgadi Thelma. "The ethno-ecological assessment of Cassia abbreviata Oliv. at Matsa village, Limpopo province, South Africa." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1090.
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MSc (Botany)Department of Botany
Since time immemorial plants have traditionally been used for various purposes in many parts of the world including Vhembe district, Limpopo province of South Africa. The use of C. abbreviata plants at Matsa village of Vhembe district also contributes significantly to the livelihood of the community. However, little work has been made in the past to properly document and promote the knowledge. The purpose of the present study was to record and analyse the ethnobotanical knowledge of C. abbreviata within the people of Matsa village around Nzhelele in Vhembe district. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered on 50 informants from different households selected randomly to gather data regarding the local name of C. abbreviata, the uses and its availability. Significantly higher number of medicinal use was reported by elderly people including both men and women as compared to middle-aged, younger people. Other use categories included firewood, furniture and joinery production and shade for people in the area. Awareness on the importance of the species should therefore be created amongst the people, especially the young ones. Understanding the ethnobotanical knowledge of indigenous species within an area is crucial towards development of its management plan.
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Netshifhefhe, Nditsheni Mavis. "Management of medical waste by professional nurses at three selected hospitals in Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/980.
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Netshifhefhe, Thinawanga Maureen. "The challeges facing orphans and vulnerable children due ti HIV & AIDS and its impact on their social life." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/765.
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Magoro, Madimetja David. "Traditional health practitioners' practices and the sustainability of extinction-prone traditional medicinal plants." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2292.
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For centuries Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) used their indigenous knowledge (IK) in conserving medicinal plants and environments to maintain sustainability. With the rapid environmental, social, economic and political changes occurring in many areas inhabited by rural people exist the danger that the loss of biodiversity from habitat destruction and unsustainable harvesting practices will result in some species becoming extinct.
The main aim of the study was to determine the natural habitat of extinction-prone traditional medicinal plants combining the insight of THPs with an ultimate goal of guiding research for the conservation, propagation and cultivation of traditional medicinal plants. Despite problems, opportunities and challenges expressed and identified by THPs, the analysis of data from interview schedule and personal observations, show that the THPs' practices are shaped by historical processes and local cultural values, social norms and their management strategies that are influenced by a broad range of factors.Agriculture, Animal Health & Human Ecology
M.A. (Human Ecology)
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Momoh, Abhuh. "Mineralogy, geochemistry and health impacts of earth materials consumed by humans in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/86.
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