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1
Foster, Michael Benedict John. "Geological control of aquifer properties of the Chuniespoort Group in the Klip River Valley and Natalspruit Basin, Transvaal." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013338.
Full textAbstract:
The aquifer of the study area occupies an escarpment and low lying limestone plain, and exhibits a Vaal River type karst. The four dolomitic formations present fall into two distinct aquifer forming types; chert poor units and chert rich units. The chert poor units of the Oaktree and Lyttelton Formations were deposited in a subtidal environment and were probably dolomi tised in a migrating schizohaline environment during basin subsidence and shoreline trangression. The chert rich units of the Monte Christo and Eccles Formations were deposited in the shallow subtidal to supratidal zones and the interbedded chert and dolomites may result from minor cyclical marine trangressions and regressions or be a geochemical response to the periodic flooding of freshwater carbonate and flats and tidal deltas. These fundamental geological differences are reflected in correspondingly different development of karst. Transmissive zones in the chert poor units are generally discrete solution features in massive dolomite, 1 m to 2 m thick. Transmissive zones in the chert rich units comprise thick (up to 60 m) and extremely weathered chert with a high void content resulting from the dissolution of carbonate material. The relative importance of various geological features to the development of the karst was assessed using information from two extensive hydrogeological investigations of the area. From the results it bas been concluded that lithostratigraphy, including the occurrence of palaeokarstic horizons, is the major control of aquifer properties. All other geological features are of lesser importance but may nevertheless be associated with enhanced transmissivi ties in any given unit. Faults and lineaments are the structural features most widely associated with highly transmissive zones. The knowledge gained in this study is applicable elsewhere as the principal hydrogeological characteristics of the study area are common to many of the Chuniespoort Group aquifers in the Pretoria - Witwatersrand - Vereeniging Region.
2
Bowen, Teral Barbara. "The geochemical stratigraphy of the volcanic rocks of the Witwatersrand triad in the Klerksdorp area, Transvaal." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004932.
Full textAbstract:
This study lias initiated with the aim of identifying the existence of any geochemical criteria which may be used to distinguish between the various volcanic formations within the Witwatersrand triad. The Witwatersrand triad comprises three sequences: the Dominion Group at the base, the Witwatersrand Supergroup in the middle, and the Ventersdorp Supergroup at the top. It is underlain by Archaean basement rocks, and covered by rocks of the Transvaal sequence. The Dominion Group consists of the sedimentary Rhenosterspruit quartzite Formation at the base, overlain by a bimodal component of the Syferfontein Porphyry succession of lavas. Basaltic lavas are the major component of the Rhenosterhoek Formation, while the overlying Formation consists primarily of dacitic porphyries. Intercalations of one lava type within the other are common, however, so each formation is not the exclusive domain of only one lava type. The Witwatersrand Supergroup, a predominantly argillaceous and arenaceous sequence, contains two narrow volcanic horizons, one of wbich, the Jeppestown Amygdaloid (now Crown Formation), consisting of tholeiitic andesites, occurs in the study area. The overlying Ventersdorp Supergroup has, at its base, the basaltic Klipriviersberg Group, of which four out of six formations are present in the study area, namely, the Alberton, Orkney, Loraine and Edenville Formations. This group is succeeded unconformably by the PIatberg Group, consisting of the sedimentary Kameel doorns Formation, followed by the (informal) Goedgenoeg, Makwassie Quartz Porphyry and Rietgat Formations. The Goedgenoeg and Rietgat Formations are basaltic, whil e the Mawassie rocks range from basaltic to dacitic, the majority being tholeiitic andesites and andesites . The Pniel sequence at the top of the Ventersdorp Supergroup consists of the sedimentary Bothaville Formation, and the Allarridge Formation, the lavas of which are basaltic with some andesitic tendencies. A well-defined geochemical stratigraphy was found to exist. From the eleven volcanic formations examined, nine distinct geochemical units emerged, as the Loraine and Edenville Formations were found to have the same geochemical characteristics, as did the Goedgenoeg and Rietgat Formations. Despite having undergone law-grade greenschist facies metamorphism, very clear variation patterns with height are displayed by the immobile elements Ti, P, Kb, Zr and Y, and the light rare earth elements La, Ce and Nd. In contrast, much scatter was observed in the variation patterns of Na, K, Mn, Ba and Rb. Three techniques were employed to effect discrimination between formations - orthosonal discrimination, interelement and ratio vs ratio plots, and discriminant analysis. Confidence limits placed on normal probability plots served to isolate outlier samples for further examination by the various discrimination techniques. A successful test of the efficacy of the discrimination techniques was afforded when fourteen samples from an unknown succession were positively identified as representative of the Klipriviersberg Group
3
Riganti, Angela. "The geology and geochemistry of the north-western portion of the Usushwana Complex, South-Eastern Transvaal." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005570.
Full textAbstract:
The 2.9 Ga old Usushwana Complex in the Piet Retief-Amsterdam area (south-eastern Transvaal) represents an exposed segment of a layered intrusion. It has the form of a dyke-like body elongated in a northwesterly direction, and extends to an estimated depth of 3000 -5500 m. Lithologically, the Complex consists of a cumulate succession of mafic rocks capped by granitoids and has intruded along the contact between the basement and the supracrustal sequences of the Kaapvaal Craton. Differentiation of an already contaminated gabbroic magma resulted in an ordered stratigraphic sequence comprising progressively more evolved lithotypes, with at least two imperfect cyclic units developed over a stratigraphic thickness of about 700 metres (Hlelo River Section). Meso- to orthocumulate textured gabbros and quartz gabbros grade upwards into magnetite- and apatite-bearing quartz gabbros, interlayered with discontinuous magnetitite horizons. The gabbros in turn grade into hornblende-rich, granophyric granodiorites. The differentiation process is regarded as having been considerably enhanced by the assimilation of acidic material, derived by partial melting of the felsic country rocks at the roof of the magma chamber. Recrystallisation of these rocks gave rise to the microgranites that locally overlie the granodiorites. Mineralogical, textural and geochemical features indicate a relatively advanced fractionation stage, suggesting that the exposed sequence of the Usushwana Complex in the study area represents the upper portion of the intrusion. No significant mineralised occurrences were identified. However, on the basis of similarities between the Usushwana Complex and other mafic layered intrusions which host significant ore deposits, it is suggested that economic concentrations of base metal(Cu-Ni) sulphides, PGE and chromitites are likely to be developed at lower stratigraphic levels.
4
Crous, Stephanus Philippus. "The geology, geochemistry and stratigraphic correlations of the farm Rietfontein 70 JS on the south -eastern flank of the Dennilton Dome, Transvaal, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005572.
Full textAbstract:
The study area is located between Loskop Dam and the town of Groblersdal, on the southeastern flank of the Dennilton dome, and is underlain by lithologies of the Pretoria Group, Bushveld Complex mafics and ultramafics and acid lavas that resort under the Rooiberg felsites. Field work comprised of geological mapping, soil-, hard-rock- and stream sediment geochemistry, various geophysical techniques and diamond drilling. The rocktypes that resembles the Rustenburg Layered Suite on the farm Rietfontein 70JS is subdivided into a Mixed Zone, Critical Zone and Main Zone, on grounds of geochemical and certain geophysical attributes. The Mixed Zone that overlies the Bushveld Complex floor-rocks, is furthermore separated into an i) Lower-, ii) Middle- and, iii) Upper Unit. The Lower Unit of the Mixed Zone consists primarily of magnetite-gabbros, iron-rich pegmatites, harzburgites and feldspathic pyroxenites. The Fe-rich constituents of this stratigraphic horizon generates a pronounced magnetic anomaly within the study area. On the basis of; amongst other parameters, Zr/Rb and Sr/Al₂0₃ ratios, the magnetite-gabbros are postulated to conform to lithotypes in the vicinity of magnetite layers 8 to 14 of Upper Zone Subzone B in a normal Bushveld Complex stratigraphical scenario. Similarly, it is argued that the feldspathic pyroxenites and norites that display elevated chromium values are analogues to normal Critical Zone rocktypes of the Rustenburg Layered Snite. A more elaborate and precise stratigraphic correlation for the Critical zone was, however, not possible. It is advocated that a volume imbalance was created by the hot, ascending mafic magmas of the intruding Bushveld Complex, resulting in the updoming of certain prevailing basement features such as the Dennilton Dome. In addition to this ideology, it is proposed that the Mineral Range Fragment is in fact a large xenolith underlain by mafics, after being detached from the Dennilton Dome during the intrusion event. Evidence generated by this study unequivocally indicate that the potential for viable PGE's, Ni, Cu and Au within a Merensky Reef- type configuration or a Plat Reef-type scenario under a relatively thin veneer of acid Bushveld Complex roof-rocks on the eastern flank of the Dennilton Dome, appears feasible.
5
Carruthers, Jane. "Game protection in the Transvaal 1846 to 1926." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23736.
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6
Faure, Kevin. "A stable isotope study of the Kaap Valley Tonalite, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15849.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: pages 100-109.The Kaap Valley Tonalite (KVT) was a homogenous hornblende+ biotite tonalite that had been subjected to overail propylitic and potassic alteration. Petrographic studies reveal that carbonate alteration and increased proportions of hydrous minerals occur along the KVT and Barberton greenstone belt contact zone, and along major shear zones within the KVT.
7
Brennan, Michael Brendan. "The genesis of ilmenite-rich heavy mineral deposits in the Bothaville/Delmas area, and an economic analysis of titanium, with particular reference to the Dwarsfontein deposit, Delmas district." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005561.
Full textAbstract:
A number of ilmenite-rich heavy mineral deposits occur along the northern margin of the intracratonic Karoo basin, and are hosted by the fluvio-deltaic Middle Ecca Group. Coastal reworking of delta front sands within a regressive, microtidal shoreline may be considered as a depositional model for the development of the heavy mineral deposits. An economic analysis of titanium suggests long term positive demand, and sustained high prices for this commodity. An evaluation of the Dwarsfontein ilmenite-rich heavy mineral deposit, using available data, indicates how important it is for deposits of this type to be situated close to an upgrading plant or export harbour.
8
Kriel, Lize. "'N Vergelyking tussen Colin Rae en Christoph Sonntag se weergawes van die Boer-Hananwa-oorlog van 1894." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10192005-111653.
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9
Teigler, Bernd. "Mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry of the lower and lower critical zones, Northwestern Bushveld Complex." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005590.
Full textAbstract:
This study of the lower part of the Rustenburg Layered Suite in the Western Bushveld Complex is based mainly on drill core samples from three localities, which are approximately 130 km apart. The NG-sequence, situated in the northwestern sector of the complex (Union Section, R.P.M.) extends from the floor of the complex to the base of the upper Critical Zone. The sequence is ca. 1800 m thick and it comprises mainly ultramafic cumulates, namely pyroxenites, olivine pyroxenites, harzburgites and dunites. Norites and anorthos ites are present only in minor proportion. Within the upper half of the NG-sequence ten prominent chromitite layers are correlated with the LGI MG4-interval. Correlation is also established between published sequences and the two other sequences studied, located 8 km and 55 km, respectively, east of Rustenburg. Whole-rock chemical data (major and trace elements), microprobe and Sr isotope data are presented. Petrographic studies provide modal analyses and measurements of grain size. All petrographic, mineralogical and other geochemical data point to an origin of the cumulates of the NG-sequence by crystallization from liquids of the U-type lineage and derivatives thereof. No evidence is found for the involvement of parental liquids with a distinctly different composition or crystallization order (A-liquids). However, subtle compositional variations of the parental liquids are evident in slight changes of the Cr content in orthopyroxene or in variations of Sr isotope ratio. The NG-sequence is characterized by intervals with reversed fractionation trends caused by repeated influxes of pristine magma (during periods of high magmatic activity) resulting in a high degree of rejuvenation. These intervals are overlain by others with a normal fractionation trend, interpreted as cumulates formed in periods with low or no magmatic activity, in which fractional crystallization controlled bulk composition of the evolving liquid. The Lower Zone in the NG-sequence is dominated by a progressive shift towards more primitive compositions, while in the Critical Zone fractionation was the major operating process in the magma chamber. However, during deposition of the pyroxenitic lower Critical Zone several replenishment events occurred, during which fresh Cr-rich magma was emplaced. Massive chromitite layers were deposited after mixing between the newly emplaced magma and the resident residual liquid shifted bulk compositions into the primary field of chrome-spinel. Cumulus plagioclase crystallized after bulk composition of the residual liquid was driven to the orthopyroxene plagioclase cotectic by continued fractional crystallization; this occurred once in the Lower Zone, yielding a single, thin norite layer, and again in the upper Critical Zone of the NG-sequence. A facies model is proposed based on the stratigraphic and compositional variations along strike in the Western Bushveld Complex. This model explains the variations by means of the position of the sequence with regard to a feeder system. The olivine- and orthopyroxene-rich, but plagioclase-poor NG-sequence represents the proximal facies, while the SF-sequence (poor in ferromagnesian phases, but plagioclase-rich) is developed as a distal facies, close to the Brits graben.
10
De, Bever Johannes Nicolaas. "An overview of the early-proterozoic, auriferous Black Reef placer in the Transvaal Basin." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005596.
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11
Schutz, Christopher John. "Site relationships for Pinus patula in the Eastern Transvaal escarpment area." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9535.
Full textAbstract:
The largest area of commercial timber plantations in southern Africa is
situated along the Eastern Transvaal Drakensberg Escarpment north of
Nelspruit. The site requirements of tree species in this area are poorly
understood. The purpose of this study was to examine site-tree relationships
in the region and the implications of such relationships for the science of
forestry. Pinus patula Schiede & Deppe in Schlecht. & Cham. was selected for
the study as it is the most widely planted species in the region.
In Chapter 1 the geology, geomorphology, climate, soils and vegetation of the
study area are described. A geological map was compiled. Soil descriptions
were based on 439 soil pits distributed so as to cover the range of site
conditions in the area.
The regression techniques used to identify key environmental factors and to
model their relationships with tree parameters are described in Chapter 2, in
which site-growth relationships specifically are investigated. In mature
stands of P. patula 159 plots were established in such a way as to cover the
widest variation in both site conditions and tree growth. The relationship
between site index (mean top height at 20 years) and 100 site plus 10 stand
parameters recorded at each plot was modelled by means of best-subsets,
multiple and ridge regression. Several candidate models were compared on the
basis of coefficient of determination and validation using independent data.
The best model predicted the site index of the validation plots within 60 cm
of the measured site index. The possible roles of the site variables
identified by the models are discussed.
In Chapter 3 site-foliar nutrient relationships are described. A close
relationship was found between foliar and soil nutrient levels for the six
major geological substrates. Site index was more accurately predicted from
concentrations of individual foliar nutrients than from ratios of these
nutrients. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS),
however, appeared to have greater potential for nutrient diagnosis.
Provisional ORIS norms for P. patula were computed.
In Chapter 4 the excessive accumulation of litter in P. patula stands was
examined. Undecomposed litter layers were greater than 15 cm in thickness on
nearly 25% of the 159 sites studied. Average litter layers contained greater
amounts of nutrients than the underlying topsoil. Due to the colonization of the litter by tree roots, the degree of immobilization of nutrients in litter
is not known. Environmental factors associated with variation in litter
thickness were identified by models which explained up to 73% of the total
variation. These factors are considered to act indirectly by promoting or
retarding decay organisms. The possible implications of litter accumulation
for the maintenance of site productivity are discussed.
In Chapter 5 relationships between site and some wood properties are
described. Although between-tree variation was larger than between-site
variation, some important relationships with site were identified. 10% of all
trees on the 159 plots had severe stem bumps. Most of the variables in a
model to predict the severity of bumps could be interpreted as being
associated with stem stability or exposure. The conclusion was that wind is
probably the major cause of this defect.
The findings of the study are summarized in Chapter 6. Particular attention
is given to a synthesis of the possible roles of site factors in their
relationships with the tree parameters investigated. There were strong
relationships between tree parameters and mainly rainfall, altitude, soil
wetness, exchangeable bases, effective rooting depth, slope position and
geology. The single most deficient nutrient element appeared to be calcium.
The implications for both research and management are outlined.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1990.
12
King, Georgina. "The development potential of Kwazulu-Natal aquifers for rural water supply." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005550.
Full textAbstract:
The supply of water to 'disadvantaged' areas of KwaZulu-Natal has in the past received low priority. Local government is now faced with supplying water to large, sometimes dispersed, rural populations. Groundwater has been utilised informally as a water supply for some years, but the impetus provided by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry's White Paper has compelled those responsible for water supply to seriously consider groundwater as a sustainable option. The development potential or success of groundwater in its role as a reliable water supply is dependent on acceptance of the resource by the communities, appropriate level of service, yield sustainability and safe quality. Apart from the social aspects, the yield and groundwater quality characteristics of the aquifers under consideration must be used to determine the best hydrogeological features to target during exploration. A total of 993 borehole records, from a recent government drought relief programme, were used to compare the yield, water quality and best geophysical exploration and drilling techniques of the main hydrolithologies in rural KwaZulu-Natal. The results of comparative analysis shows that the competent rocks of the Natal Group and Natal Metamorphic Province and the karstic Uloa Formation of the Maputaland Group have the best overall potential for water supply. The unconsolidated sediments of the Maputaland Group also have good potential, but have some salinity problems. The Karoo Supergroup sediments and volcanics have moderate potential, with the argillaceous rocks having the worst potential of the Karoo rocks. The contacts between the Ecca Group shales and sandstone have the best potential of the Karoo Supergroup sedimentary hydrolithologies. Fractures clearly enhance the groundwater potential of most hydrolithologies, with fractured Dwyka Group tillites rated as having one of the best development potentials of all the hydrogeological targets in KwaZulu-Natal, despite the hydrolithology's poor water-bearing characteristics. Dolerite contacts with sedimentary rocks are commonly targeted features in groundwater development. However, the results from this research showed that, apart from the Natal Group's contact with dolerite, these targets have poor development potential. In general, contacts between different hydro lithologies. Health related quality was found to be adversely affected in argillaceous hydrolithologies, such as the majority of Karoo rocks which had high levels of sodium and chloride and Natal Metamorphic Province schists which had elevated sodium, chloride and fluoride. Crystalline and arenaceous hydrolithologies generally exhibited good quality groundwater. A comparison between the different geophysical methods for each target feature indicates that there are appropriate methods to use to detect anomalies related to water-bearing features. The large number of dry boreholes drilled in locations with recorded geophysical anomalies can be either a function of the water-bearing characteristics of the formation, human error or background noise. The cost of using the different geophysical methods vary considerably. The order of increasing cost is magnetics, VLF, EM-34, electrical resistivity profiling followed by vertical electrical sounding. Drilling has a large influence on the development potential of certain aquifers due to the high costs involved. Most of the secondary aquifers will require percussion drilling which is the cheapest method of drilling commonly used. Some very unstable formations within fractured or highly weathered rock may need ODEX drilling to enable drilling to advance. ODEX drilling in these conditions is very costly and can double the cost of drilling compared to air percussion. The unconsolidated sediments of the Maputaland Group can only be drilled by mud rotary or ODEX techniques. The relative costs of these two methods arer very similar with ODEX being slightly cheaper. Because of the high expense of drilling in the sands it is recommended that alternative sources, possibly from shallow hand-dug wells, be considered as appropriate methods of accessing groundwater. The aspects of groundwater yield and quality of aquifers, appropriate geophysical siting and drilling methods, together with social considerations will all contribute to the success of groundwater development in rural KwaZulu-Natal.
13
Bush, Richard Alan. "A hydrogeological assessment of the Uitenhage-Kuils River area, Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001901.
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Venables, Anthony John. "A hydrogeological assessment of the Uitenhage-Coega artesian system." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003815.
Full textAbstract:
The Uitenhage artesian aquifer north-west of Port Elizabeth in South Africa, is one of the few artesian groundwater systems in Southern Africa. The Uitenhage - Coega, and Kruis River areas, are the most important portions of the Uitenhage Artesian System in terms of water abstraction and water use. This study concentrates on the Uitenhage - Coega area and in particular, on the Coega Ridge where the Table Mountain Sandstone (TNS) aquifer occurs at relatively shallow depths. The investigation is aimed at assessing the geological, hydrogeological and hydrochemical characteristics of the HIS and any other aquifers present, with the object of providing quantitative data for use in future decisions on the water resource management of the area. In order to achieve these objectives, field work, involving a hydrocensus, geological mapping, geophysical exploration, drilling, aquifer testing and hydrochemical sampling was carried out. Analysis of these data provided information on the extent of the aquifers, their hydrogeological characteristics and the chemical nature of the various groundwater types.
15
Scoon, Roger N. "Discordant bodies of postcumulis, ultramafic rock in the upper critical zone of the Bushveld complex : iron-rich ultramafic pegmatite bodies at Amandelbult and the Driekop platiniferous ultramafic pipe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004912.
Full textAbstract:
From the abstract: In the layered sequence of the Bushveld Complex a number of distinct, but possibly genetically related groups of transgressive, postcumulus, ultramafic and mafic rock are recognised. The main part of this thesis investigates a suite of postcumulus rocks for which the name iron-rich ultramafic pegmatite is proposed. The majority of iron-rich ultramafic pegmatite bodies examined are from the upper critical zone of the layered sequence at Rustenburg Platinum Mines Amandelbult Section, in the northern sector of the western Bushveld Complex. Field relationships imply that the iron-rich ultramafic pegmatites should be considered as an integral feature of the layered sequence, even though they transgress the cumulates. Consequently, this thesis also includes a study of the cumulate sequence at Amandelbult. A second group of postcumulus, ultramafic rocks which is investigated comprises latiniferous ultramafic pipes; the Driekop pipe has been selected as a case study. This thesis is presented in four sections, namely, an introduction and verview, and studies on the Driekop pipe, the cumulate sequence at mandelbult and the iron-rich ultramafic pegmatite suite. A new classification scheme of discordant bodies of postcumulus, ultramafic rock in he Bushveld Complex is proposed (see also Viljoen & Scoon, in press). In he scheme presented here, two main varieties of postcumulus, ultramafic rock re recognised, namely, non-platiniferous magnesian dunites and iron-rich ltramafic pegmatites.
16
Field, Matthew. "The petrology and geochemistry of the upper critical zone of the Bushveld complex at the Amandelbult section of Rustenberg Platinum Mines Limited, Northwestern Transvaal, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007499.
Full textAbstract:
A study of petrological and geochemical variations through the upper Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex at Amandelbult section of R.P,M. was undertaken. The sequence at this locality may be divided into seven "units" two of which appear to be complete, possessing the sequence harzburgite-pyroxenite-norite-anorthosite. The other five Units lack basal, intermediate or upper members. Considerable lateral variations are apparent in this sequence, but these are restricted to the Lower Pseudo Reef-Merensky Reef interval, tne same portion of the succession which is affected by pothole structures. The single most important petrographic feature of genetic significance is the occurrence of annealed, recrystallized anorthosite immediately underlying ulstramafic layers. This, together with the undulatory nature of the contact between the two rock layers, suggests that the ultramafic layer was emplaced as a hot liquid over a pre-existing, crystalline anorthosite floor, and that some remelting of this layer occurred. Variations in the chemical make-up of constituent silicate minerals reveal a number of significant processes which may have been operative in the magma chamber prior to crystallization, Olivine grains, for instance, exhibit extremely wide chemical variations both within single layers and from one layer to the next. These variations are best explained by re-equilibration processes with spinel and base metal sulphides, rather than by wide variations in original liquidus compositions. It appears that the compositions of the initial liquids from which each basal olivine-bearing layer crystallized, were approximately similar. Variations in the iron-magnesium ratio of ortho-pyroxenes indicate well defined continuous fractionation trends in units which are considered to be complete. Magnesian compositions are recorded in ultramfic members, while increasingly iron-enriched values are recorded upwards through the sequence pyroxenite-norite-antorthosite. Plagioclase grains exhibit less well defined fractionation trends, but it is clear that an upward increase in An is encountered through indivitual Units. This is in direct contrast to the trend exhibited by orthopyroxene. A further feature of plagioclase grains is the considerable degree of chemical zonation exhibited by them. In cumulus grains this is commonly manifested as strongly reversed rims, while in intercululus grains normal zoning is ubiquitous. Whole-rock chemical variations through the succession indicate that cyclical variations occur through successive Units, but that these merely reflect changes in modal mineralogy and not liquid fractionation trends. Such trends can be shown for selected element ratios, where these elements are known to partition into a single mineral phase. Rations of pyroxene components such as the nickel/scandium ratio, exhibit a saw tooth pattern through successive Units, while ratios of plagioclase components such as the strontium/alumina ratio have unique, fairly constant values for each individual Unit but different values for successive Units. The latter type of cyclicity is not always strictly confined to lithologically recognized boundaries between Units, and a slight overlap into overlying ultramafic layers is apparent. An investigation of variations in trace element levels in a single layer in five widely separated boreholes revealed that there is some evidence for a lateral fractionation trend from the southwest (more primitive) to the northeast (more evolved), although the small number of data points available preclude definite conclusions. There exists in the data some evidence that the Giant Mottled Anorthosite differs chemically from the other anorthosites in the study section, and that it more closely resembles rocks of the Main Zone. This evidence is particularly apparent in variations of the chromium/aluminium ratio of orthoyroxene grains, and in the An content of plagioclase grains, both of whose trends exhibit distinct inflections at the base of this member. The features of the succession at Amandelbult are best explained by the model of Eales et al. (in press, a), which visualizes the input of a number of pulses of new, hot liquid into a magma chamber containing the fractionated residua of previous influxes. At a critical point in time, just prior to the mafic Merensky Reef input, a large input of gabboic liquid was intruded at high levels in the chamber. The lower portions of this liquid mixed with the residua of earlier mafic inputs, which in turn mixed with new inputs of mafic, typical Critical Zone liquids. Thus the lower portions of the study section represent mixtures of new Critical Zone liquids with the residua of previous such influxes, while the upper portions have the added complication of mixture with a Main Zone-type liquid. The unique chemical character of the Giant Mottled Anorthosite appears to be a direct manifestation of the influence of the Main Zone liquid.KMBT_363
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Maier, Wolfgang Derek. "Geochemical and petrological trends in the UG2-Merensky unit interval of the upper critical zone in the Western Bushveld Complex." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005563.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most remarkable features of the layered sequence of the Bushveld Complex is its lateral consistency in lithology. This work has established a geochemical and lithological correlation along 170 km of strike of the interval between the UG2 chromitite and the Merensky Reef within the Upper Critical zone of the western limb of the Bushveld Complex. The correlation is based on geochemical investigations of 10 borehole intersections and lithological comparisons of more than 20 borehole intersections around the western lobe of the complex. The basic data presented include 123 whole-rock analyses for major and 12 trace elements, 97 analyses for ' 12 trace elements, and ca. 5500 microprobe analyses of all major phases. Patterns of cryptic variation are established. Some layers (the UG2 chromitite and pyroxenite) show considerable consistency with regard to geochemistry and lithology. Others can be traced along most of the investigated strike length, such as the Lone Chrome Seam, the Footwall Marker anorthosite and the immediate anorthosite footwall to the Merensky Unit. Most of the distinguishable members within the study section, however, show great variation along strike (i.e., the Lower and Upper Pseudoreef Markers, the central noritic sequence in the southern arm of the western limb and parts of the immediate Merensky Reef footwall succession). Several models have been evaluated to interpret the geochemical and lithological data. The author comes to the conclusion that the degree of lithological consistency depends on the variability of magmatic parameters within different parts of the chamber. The most important of these parameters are: (i) the size of fresh primitive influxes and consequently the heat flux, (ii) the composition of the residual liquid, and (iii) the frequency of the influxes. Fresh influxes of more or less similar composition thus spread out along the floor if the residual liquid was less dense than the fresh primitive liquid, but intruded the chamber as a plume where plagioclase had crystallized for some time and the residual liquid had become relatively dense. The size of the influx may be regarded as a measure of the amount of heat flux from the feeder into the chamber. A large influx created uniform physicochemical conditions in the chamber whereas a smaller influx created a strong lateral gradient of physicochemical parameters in the chamber, with subsequent differences in viscosity, density, convection currents, yield strength and thus different mixing behaviour of different liquids. Furthermore, a persistent heat flux from the feeder may have delayed crystallization of successive phases in those parts of the chamber proximal to the feeder . Therefore, new influxes would have been deposited on a footwall of varying thickness and lithology in response to different degrees of crystallization and accumulation along strike. The development of a normal cyclic unit (chromititeharzburgite-pyroxenite-norite (+anorthosite?)) may thus have been interrupted at various stages in different parts of the chamber. The ability to correlate anorthosites over great strike distances implies that their formation did not follow entirely random processes but was dependent on specific magmatic conditions which prevailed over laterally extensive portions of the chamber at certain stages during the evolution of the crystallizing liquid.
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Bartman, R. D. (Reynard Dirk). "Geology of the Palaeoproterozoic Daspoort Formation (Pretoria Group, Transvaal Supergroup), South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/42447.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the geology of the Daspoort Formation (Pretoria Group, Transvaal Supergroup) of
South Africa, with the accent on describing and interpreting its sedimentology. The Palaeoproterozoic
Daspoort Formation (c. 2.1‐2.2 Ga) forms part of the Pretoria Group on the Kaapvaal craton. This
sandstone‐ and quartzite‐dominated lithological formation covers an elliptical geographical area
stretching from the Botswana border in the west to the Drakensberg escarpment in the east, with its
northern limit in the Mokopane (Potgietersrus) area and Pretoria in the south; altered outliers are also
found in the overturned units of the Vredefort dome in the Potchefstroom area. Deposition of the
Daspoort Formation was in a postulated intracratonic basin which applies equally to the entire
Transvaal Supergroup succession in the Transvaal depository. Various characteristics from the
formation, such as sedimentary architectural elements (e.g., channel–fills etc.), maturity trends and
distribution of lithofacies assemblages across the preserved basin give insight into the developing
conditions during deposition and genesis of the Daspoort Formation. Subordinate evidence from basic
geochemistry, ripple mark data and optical microscope petrology studies support the sedimentary
setting inferred for this Palaeoproterozoic deposit. Fluvial and epeiric marine conditions prevailed
during the deposition of the Daspoort clastic sediments into the intracratonic basin. This shallow
epeiric sea was fed by fluvial influx, predominantly from the west when a transgressive regional
systems tract led to the filling of the basin, evolving into the deeper marine Silverton Formation
setting, laid down above the Daspoort. Transgression from the east (marine facies predominate) to the
west (fluvial facies) is supported by cyclical trends, palaeoenvironmental and palaeogeographical
interpretations. Accompanying poorly preserved microbial mat features contribute to the postulated
shallow marine environment envisaged for the eastern part of the basin whereas ripple marks and
grain size distribution support a fluvial setting for the west, with lithofacies assemblages accounting for
both areas’ depositional interpretation.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
tm2014
Geology
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Polteau, Stéphane. "Stratigraphy and geochemistry of the Makganyene formation, Transvaal supergroup, Northern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005616.
Full textAbstract:
The Makganyene Formation forms the base of the Postmasburg Group in the Transvaal Supergroup of the Northern Cape Province. The Makganyene Formation has diamictite as the main rock type, but siltstone, sandstone, shale, and iron-formations are also present. A glacial origin has been proposed in the past due to the presence of dropstones, faceted and striated pebbles. Typically, the Makganyene Formation contains banded iron-formations interbedded with clastic rocks (shale, siltstone, sandstone and diamictites) at the contact with the underlying iron-formations. This transitional zone is generally overlain by massive or layered diamictites which contain poorly sorted clasts (mainly chert) within a shaly matrix. Striated pebbles have been found during field work, and dropstones have been observed in diamictites and banded iron-formations during the study. The top of the Makganyene Formation contains graded cycles interbedded with diamictites and thin layers of andesitic lavas from the Ongeluk Formation. The basal contact of the Makganyene Formation with the underlying Koegas Subgroup was described as unconformable by previous workers. However field work localised in the Rooinekke area shows a broadly conformable and interbedded contact with the underlying Koegas Subgroup. As described above, banded iron-formations are interbedded with the clastic rocks of the Makganyene Formation. Moreover, boreholes from the Sishen area display the same interbedding at the base of the Makganyene Formation. This suggests that no significant time gap is present in the whole succession between the Ghaap and Postmasburg Group. The Transvaal Supergroup in the Northern Cape displays the following succession : carbonates-BIFs-diamictites/ lava-BIFs-carbonates. The Makganyene Formation is thus at the centre of a symmetrical lithologic succession. Bulk rock compositions show that the diamictites have a similar composition to banded iron-formation with regard to their major element contents. Banded iron-formations acted as a source for the diamictites with carbonates and igneous rocks representing minor components. Differences in bulk composition between the Sishen and Matsap areas emphasize that the source of the diamictite was very localised. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) has been calculated, but since the source dominant rock was iron-formation, this index cannot be usefully applied to the diamictites. ACN, A-CN-K, and A-CNK-FM diagrams confer a major importance in sorting processes due to the separation between the fine and coarse diamictites. The interbedded iron-formations display little clastic contamination indicating deposition in clear water conditions. However, dropstones are present in one borehole from the Matsap area, indicating that iron-formation took place under ice cover, or at least under icebergs. Stable isotope studies show that the iron-formations, interbedded towards the base of the Makganyene Formation, have similar values to the iron-formations of the Koegas Subgroup. As a result of the above observations, new correlations are proposed in this study, relating the different Transvaal Supergroup basins located on the Kaapvaal Craton. The Pretoria Group of the Transvaal Basin has no correlative in the Griqualand West Basin, and the Postmasburg Group of the Northern Cape Basin has no lateral equivalent in the Transvaal Basin. These changes have been made to overcome problems present in the current correlations between those two basins. The Makganyene Formation correlates with the Huronian glaciations which occurred between 2.4 and 2.2 Ga ago in North America. Another Precambrian glaciation is the worldwide and well-studied Neoproterozoic glaciation (640 Ma). At each of these glaciations, major banded iron-formation deposition took place with associated deposition of sedimentary manganese in post-glacial positions. The central position of the Makganyene Formation within the Transvaal Supergroup in the Northern Cape emphasizes this glacial climatic dependence of paleoproterozoic banded iron-formation and manganese deposition. However these two Precambrian glaciations are interpreted in paleomagnetic studies as having occurred near to the equator. The controversial theory of the Snowball Earth has been proposed which proposes that the Earth was entirely frozen from pole to pole. Results from field work, sedimentology, petrography and geochemistry were integrated in a proposed depositional model of the Makganyene Formation occurring at the symmetrical centre of the lithologic succession of the Transvaal Supergroup. At the beginning of the Makganyene glaciation, a regression occurred and glacial advance took place. The diamictites are mostly interpreted as being deposited from wet-based glaciers, probably tidewater glaciers, where significant slumping and debris flows occurred. Any transgression would cause a glacial retreat by rapid calving, re-establishing the chemical sedimentation of banded iron-formations. These sea-level variations are responsible for the interbedding of these different types of rocks (clastic and chemical). The end of the Makganyene glacial event is characterised by subaerial eruptions of andesitic lava of the Ongeluk Formation bringing ashes into the basin. Banded iron-formation and associated manganese accumulations are climate-dependant. Glacial events are responsible for the build up of metallic ions such as iron and manganese in solution in deep waters. A warmer climate would induce a transgression and precipitation of these metallic ions when Eh conditions are favourable. In the Transvaal Supergroup, the climatic variations from warm to cold, and cold to warm are expressed by the lithologic succession. The warm climates are represented by carbonates. Cold climates are represented by banded iron-formations and the peak in cold climate represented by the diamictites of the Makganyene Formation. These changes in climate are gradual, which contradict the dramatic Snowball Earth event: a rapid spread of glaciated areas over low-latitudes freezing the Earth from pole-to-pole. Therefore, to explain low-latitude glaciations at sea-level, a high obliquity of the ecliptic is most likely to have occurred. This high obliquity of the ecliptic was acquired at 4.5 Ga when a giant impactor collided into the Earth to form the Moon. Above the critical value of 54° of the obliquity of the ecliptic, normal climatic zonation reverts, and glaciations will take place preferentially at low-latitudes only when favourable conditions are gathered (relative position ofthe continents and PC02 in the atmosphere).
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Manyama, Kinsley. "Hydrogeophysical characterisation of shallow coastal aquifers in the Western Cape, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5972.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Scientiae - MSc (Environ & Water Science)Coastal aquifers present a key groundwater resource for freshwater supply in many coastal zones of Africa, and its availability is largely driven by the physical hydrogeological properties. An understanding of the aquifer properties in coastal areas is fundamental in that these aquifers present unique resource largely controlled to a very large extent by its geological and hydrological features and process. This study thus analysed information of resistivity variation of formations, drilling samples, water levels and slug test data, in an attempt to characterise aquifers in the coastal region of the Heuningnes Catchment, Western Cape. This was in an effort to address the issue of limited knowledge on key hydrogeological properties of aquifers in coastal regions. Resistivity survey results indicated that the shallow aquifers in the study area were limited in extent, had a poor potential, with resistant layers occurring below shallow, high conductive formations. The long profile of the wellpoints revealed that the area is underlain by various layers of material of consolidated to unconsolidated form. The hard rocks formations are overlain by sandy materials of fluvial origin, and clay material with marine deposits (mollusc shells). This findings were in agreement with the results of the resistivity models. In addition, the findings indicated that the saturation thickness of the aquifers was also small. The findings of the study on aquifer properties indicated that, hydraulic conductivity (K), transmissivity (T) and borehole yields were generally poor and small. Estimates of K and T ranged from 0.0030 to 0.2856 m/day and from 0.0008 to10.993 m2/day accordingly, while average borehole yields were at 0.55 l/s, with productivity of the aquifers classified as low to moderate. These were indicative of a low permeability environment, with low yielding formations. An updated conceptual groundwater flow model developed in this study, revealed a rather compacted groundwater flow systems, in which local and intermediate flows were dominant. These findings in this study support the view that aquifers in coastal regions were predominantly characterised by shallow depth, patchy distribution and low potential.
2019-04-30
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Rafuza, Sipesihle. "Carbonate petrography and geochemistry of BIF of the Transvaal supergroup : evaluating the potential of iron carbonates as proxies for palaeoproterozoic ocean chemistry." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018611.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of BIF genesis, particularly their environmental conditions and ocean chemistry at the time of deposition and their evolution through time, has been a subject of much contentiousness, generating a wealth of proposed genetic models and constant refinements thereof over the years. The prevailing paradigm within the various schools of thought, is the widespread and generally agreed upon depositional and diagenetic model(s) which advocate for BIF deposition under anoxic marine conditions. According to the prevailing models, the primary depositional environment would have involved a seawater column whereby soluble Fe²⁺ expelled by hydrothermal activity mixed with free O₂ from the shallow photic zone produced by eukaryotes, forming a high valence iron oxy-hydroxide precursor such as FeOOH or Fe(OH)₃. An alternative biological mechanism producing similar ferric precursors would have been in the form of photo-ferrotrophy, whereby oxidation of ferrous iron to the ferric form took place in the absence of biological O₂ production. Irrespective of the exact mode of primary iron precipitation (which remains contentious to date), the precipitated ferric oxy-hydroxide precursor would have reacted with co-precipitated organic matter, thus acting as a suitable electron acceptor for organic carbon remineralisation through Dissimilatory Iron Reduction (DIR), as also observed in many modern anoxic diagenetic environments. DIR-dominated diagenetic models imply a predominantly diagenetic influence in BIF mineralogy and genesis, and use as key evidence the low δ¹³C values relative to the seawater bicarbonate value of ~0 ‰, which is also thought to have been the dissolved bicarbonate isotope composition in the early Precambrian oceans. The carbon for diagenetic carbonate formation would thus have been sourced through a combination of two end-member sources: pore-fluid bicarbonate at ~0 ‰ and particulate organic carbon at circa -28 ‰, resulting in the intermediate δ¹³C values observed in BIFs today. This study targets 65 drillcore samples of the upper Kuruman and Griquatown BIF from the lower Transvaal Supergroup in the Hotazel area, Northern Cape, South Africa, and sets out to explore key aspects in BIF carbonate petrography and geochemistry that are pertinent to current debates surrounding their interpretation with regard to primary versus diagenetic processes. The focus here rests on applications of carbonate (mainly siderite and ankerite) petrography, mineral chemistry, bulk and mineral-specific carbon isotopes and speciation analyses, with a view to obtaining valuable new insights into BIF carbonates as potential records of ocean chemistry for their bulk carbonate-carbon isotope signature. Evaluation of the present results is done in light of pre-existing, widely accepted diagenetic models against a proposed water-column model for the origin of the carbonate species in BIF. The latter utilises a combination of geochemical attributes of the studied carbonates, including the conspicuous Mn enrichment and stratigraphic variability in Mn/Fe ratio of the Griquatown BIF recorded solely in the carbonate fraction of the rocks. Additionally, the carbon isotope signatures of the Griquatown BIF samples are brought into the discussion and provide insights into the potential causes and mechanisms that may have controlled these signatures in a diagenetic versus primary sedimentary environment. Ultimately, implications of the combined observations, findings and arguments presented in this thesis are presented and discussed with particular respect to the redox evolution and carbon cycle of the ocean system prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE). A crucial conclusion reached is that, by contrast to previously-proposed models, diagenesis cannot singularly be the major contributing factor in BIF genesis at least with respect to the carbonate fraction in BIF, as it does not readily explain the carbon isotope and mineral-chemical signatures of carbonates in the Griquatown and uppermost Kuruman BIFs. It is proposed instead that these signatures may well record water-column processes of carbon, manganese and iron cycling, and that carbonate formation in the water column and its subsequent transfer to the precursor BIF sediment constitutes a faithful record of such processes. Corollary to that interpretation is the suggestion that the evidently increasing Mn abundance in the carbonate fraction of the Griquatown BIF up-section would point to a chemically evolving depositional basin with time, from being mainly ferruginous as expressed by Mn-poor BIFs in the lower stratigraphic sections (i.e. Kuruman BF) to more manganiferous as recorded in the upper Griquatown BIF, culminating in the deposition of the abnormally enriched in Mn Hotazel BIF at the stratigraphic top of the Transvaal Supergroup. The Paleoproterozoic ocean must therefore have been characterised by long-term active cycling of organic carbon in the water column in the form of an ancient biological pump, albeit with Fe(III) and subsequently Mn(III,IV) oxy-hydroxides being the key electron acceptors within the water column. The highly reproducible stratigraphic isotope profiles for bulk δ¹³C from similar sections further afield over distances up to 20 km, further corroborate unabatedly that bulk carbonate carbon isotope signatures record water column carbon cycling processes rather than widely-proposed anaerobic diagenetic processes.
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Manson, Andrew. "The Hurutshe in the Marico district of the Transvaal, 1848-1914." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22400.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: pages 284-297.The Hurutshe are a Tswana-speaking chiefdom who lived in the vicinity of the Marico (Madikwe) river on the South African Highveld and emerged as an identifiable community with a distinct political structure about 350 years ago. They enjoyed periods of political and economic dominance in the mid-to late seventeenth century and again in the late eighteenth century. Following the economic and political disruptions attendant upon European commercial activities and the growth of more centralised and powerful African states in South Africa, they were propelled from their homeland in 1822-23. They returned only in 1848 to face the difficulties of Trekker overlordship. After a decade of political and economic pressures the general patterns of precolonial life were restored in their new reserve. A re-integrated Hurutshe social order provided the basis for agricultural innovation and expansion. The encroaching colonial order and the merchant and industrial economy inexorably drew them in to closer relations with these systems, and into direct involvement in the contest between Boer and Britain for control of the South African hinterland. Consequently the nature of reserve life changed as men, women and chiefs extended or took up new occupations and activities which cut across or restructured previous social, political and economic relationships. After the South African War new challenges and opportunities presented themselves as a consequence of the qualitatively different nature of British colonial rule and the increased economic scope afforded to rural African producers. Thus a combination of factors - a favourable environment, a cohesive society and the lack of competitive white agriculture - provided the basis for economic stability and even accumulation among certain categories of Hurutshe producers until well into the twentieth century. Hurutshe society was not untouched however, for subsequent events near the middle of the century were to reveal the depth of social distinctions and antagonisms that undoubtedly had their roots in the earlier years of their history.
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Van, Jaarsveld Floris Albertus 1922-1995. "Die Ndzundza-Ndebele en die blankes in Transvaal, 1845-1883." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004379.
Full textAbstract:
In 1969 het Leonard Thompson met reg beweer dat Suid-Afrikaanse historici hulle tot op hede hoofsaaklik besig gehou het met die doen en late van 'n Blanke gemeenskap wat die land sedert 1652 oorheers het. Die Swartman was die "forgotten factor" in die geskiedenis van Suider-Afrika. Waar die Swartman die onderwerp van wetenskaplike studie was, is dit aan argeoloë, linguiste, etnoloë en fisiese en sosiale antropoloë oorgelaat. Tereg het Thompson kort hierna opgemerk: "We need to know much more about the complex process by which African chiefdoms became incorporated in white controlled politics in the late nineteenth century. Only when monographs have been written on several individual cases, shall we be in a position to reach definite conclusions about the process as a whole ". Sedert hierdie uitspraak van Thompson het verskeie historici hulle op die terrein van die "forgotten factor" begewe. Omvangryke publikasies oor onder andere die Zulu, Pedi, Sotho asook die Swazi's het sedertdien die lig gesien, terwyl 'n werk oor die Tswana van Wes-Transvaal pas verskyn het. Hierteenoor het heelwat van die kleiner en minder invloedryke swart groeperinge tot op hede steeds agterweë gebly. Wat Noordoos Transvaal betref - meer spesifiek die gebied tussen die Elandsrivier, die Lebomboberg en die Krokodilrivier wat die Ohrigstadse Volksraad in 1846 van Mswati gekoop het, was daar behalwe die Pedi verskeie ander groepe aanwesig wat almal gedurende die loop van die negentiende eeu onder Blanke gesag gekom het. Hieronder het getel die Ndzundza, die Kopa, Tau, Kwena, Ntwane, Koni, Rôka, Kutswe , Pai en Pulana, waarvan die Ndzundza en Kopa die belangrikste was. Ten spyte van die feit dat daar heelwat argivale bronne oor hierdie groepe bestaan, het geen navorser dit tot op hede nog ontgin nie. Oor die onderwerping van hierdie stamme aan Blanke gesag gedurende die negentiende eeu, is daar weinig bekend. Wat die Ndzundza-geskiedenis betref, geld Thompson se opmerking nog steeds dat historici wetenskaplike studie oor die Swartes tradisioneel aan navorsers uit ander dissiplines oorgelaat het. Dit blyk duidelik uit 'n ontleding van sekondêre materiaal wat oor die Ndzundza bestaan. Verskeie studies van volkekundige aard is oor die verskillende kulturele fasette en pre-koloniale geskiedenis van die Transvaalse Ndebele, waarvan die Ndzundza deel uitmaak, gedoen. In die meeste van hierdie studies word die pre-Blanke geskiedenis van die Ndzundza as inleiding aangebied, terwyl daar in sommige gevalle ook na die historiese tydperk verwys word. Op hierdie wyse is die herkomsgeskiedenis van die Ndzundza met behulp van mondelinge tradisies redelik volledig opgeteken. As gevolg van die feit dat geen argivale bronne geraadpleeg is nie, is die volkekundige werke wat die historiese tydperk betref, deurspek met spekulasies, onjuisthede en valse aannames. Met enkele uitsonderings berus verwysings deur die enkele historici wat die Ndzundza-geskiedenis behandel, veral met betrekking tot die tydperk voor 1882, grootliks op die uitsprake van volkekundiges. Dit het meegebring dat die huidige beeld en feitelikhede omtrent die negentiende eeuse Ndzundza-geskiedenis onjuis is, veral soos dit in algemene geskiedenisse opgeteken staan. Hierteenoor het verskeie historici die Mapoch-oorlog van 1882- 1883, waartydens die Ndzundza hul onafhanklikheid verloor het, behandel. In sy biografie oor genl P. J. Joubert het J. A. Mouton die oorlog tot 'n enkele hoofstuk beperk. Vir Mouton gaan dit egter om Joubert se persoonlike aandeel en gee hy gevolglik nie veel aandag aan die belangrikste aspek van die oorlog, naamlik die oorsake, nie. H. P. van Coller het in 1941 'n MA-verhandeling die lig laat sien waarin die oorsake en verloop van die Mapoch-oorlog beskryf word. Van Coller se uiteensetting omtrent die oorsake van die oorlog is egter ontoereikend aangesien dit heelwat onjuisthede bevat, geweldig subjektief is en nie ontkom aan naïewe aannames en uitsprake nie. Die belangrikste oorsaak van die oorlog, naamlik gronddispute, word deur Van Coller geignoreer. Voorts behandel hy die oorlog as 'n gevolg van die moord op Sekhukhune, sodat die Ndzundza "toevallig" betrek word. Ander historici se verwysings na die oorlog is ook ontoereikend omdat dit in die meeste gevalle beperk bly tot enkele bladsye en paragrawe. Tot op hede is die negentiende eeuse Ndzundza-geskiedenis dus nog of onvolledig, of onjuis opgeteken. Met hierdie studie word gepoog om 'n bydrae in hierdie verband te maak. Omdat die historisiese feite omtrent die verloop van die 1882-1883 oorlog grootliks bekend is, val die klem op die tydperk daarvóór. Voorts moet dit gemeld word dat dit in hierdie studie hoofsaaklik gaan om die faktore wat die verhoudinge tussen die Ndzundza en die Blankes bepaal het, te elimineer. Ander aspekte wat ter sprake kom is onder andere die uitwerking wat die Blanke besetting van Noordoos-Transvaal op die Ndzundza gehad het, gronddispute, arbeidsaangeleenthede, Swazi- en die Pedi-deelname in die Blankes se pogings om die Ndzundza te onderwerp van die asook die uiteindelike vernietiging en verlies onafhanklikheid van die Ndzundza. Die spelwyse van sekere name en benaminge wat in hierdie verhandeling voorkom, het in sommige gevalle probleme opgelewer. Die meerderheid Ndebele name is gespel volgens die voorskrifte van die Suid-Ndebele taalraad. Waar die korrekte moderne spelling van Swartes se name nie vasgestel kon word nie, is dit in aanhalingstekens weergegee soos dit in die dokument voorkom. AIle amptelike benamings soos staatspresident of koloniale sekretaris is in die teks met 'n kleinlettertjie gespel maar in die voetnotas met 'n hoofletter. Die motivering hiervoor is die Afrikaanse gebruik om amptelike benamings binne Westerse staatsverband met 'n hoofletter te spel maar benamings in tradisionele verband soos kaptein, opperhoof of hoofman met 'n kleinlettertjie, wat myns insiens op diskriminasie neerkom. Wat die spel van die woord swart betref: Waar dit as byvoeglike naamwoord gebruik word (bv. swart kindertjies), is deurgaans van kleinletters gebruik gemaak. Hoofletters is gebruik wanneer dit as selfstandige naamwoord gebruik word, bv. Die Swartes. Die terme kaffer en meid is waar moontlik, vermy. Die aangehaalde stukke waarin dit weI voorkom, moet nie as beledigend beskou word nie maar as verteenwoordigend van die terminolgoie van 'n bepaalde tyd in die geskiedenis. Die bedoeling was geensins om enigiemand te na te kom nie. wat ter sprake kom.
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Latorre-Muzzio, Gina. "The influence of geological, genetic and economic factors on the ore reserve estimation of Kwaggashoek east iron ore deposit." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005584.
Full textAbstract:
Tectonics plays an important role in the genesis and subsequent mlnlng development of the Kwaggashoek East ore body. Lithological key units control the effectiveness of the ore forming processes, affecting the in situ ore reserve, The Kwaggashoek East deposit is the product of primary and secondary processes. A genetic model focussed on the source, migration and deposition of iron suggests a possible original source of iron as the product of very dilute hydrothermal input into deep ocean waters, with subsequent migration through structural conduits. Supergene processes account for the upgrading of the ore and the phosphorus redistribution. A good correlation between samples in a preliminary geostatistical study reflects the effectiveness of this process in the high grade ore zone. A broad overview of the economic issues which affect the commercialization of iron, indicates a balanced supply-demand situation for the five next years. The reserve estimation procedure requires accurate scientific terminology and appropriate methodology. Documentation is essential and should be detailed enough to allow for future reassessment. The results of three estimation methods in Kwaggashoek East differ by less than 5%. The accuracy of the final results depends more on geological interpretation and assumptions than on the method applied. Although optimization of grade and tonnage in the Kwaggashoek East deposit seems to be met with the actual cut-off grade used in the Thabazimbi mine district, the grade-quality concept introduced in this thesis indicates a decrease in the estimated reserves for the deposit
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Sigonyela, Vuyolwethu. "Towards understanding the groundwater dependent ecosystems within the Table Mountain Group Aquifer: a conceptual approach." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9454_1183462560.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs) and their extent within the Table Mountain Group (TMG) aquifer is poor. To understand the dependence to basic ecological and hydrogeological concepts need explanation. The use of current literature aided in identification and classification. From the literature it has come clear that groundwater dependence centers around two issues, water source and water use determination. The use of Geographical Information System (GIS) showed its potential in proof of water sources. Rainfall data and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the Uniondale area have been used to do watershed delineation, which is in line with locating GDEs on a landscape. Thus the conceptual approach should be a broad one that sets a basis for both investigation (scientific research) and institutional arrangements (management).
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Netili, Khangweleni Fortress. "A preliminary understanding of deep groundwater flow in the Table Mountain group (TMG) aquifer system." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3671_1194349953.
Full textAbstract:
The Table Mountain Group (TMG) Aquifer is the second largest aquifer system in South Africa, after dolomites. This aquifer has the potential to be a signinficant source of water for the people of the Western Cape. The occurrence of hot water springs in the TMG in relation with the main geological fault systems in SOuth Africa shows that deep flow systmes do exist. Little is known about these deep aquifer systems in South Africa (i.e. flow mechanisms). To close the above-mentioned knowledge gap, this study was initiated. The current study gave a review of some of the aspects that needs to be considered when distinguishing deep groundwater from shallow groundwater.
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Kruger, Petrus Johannes. "'n Verbruikersprofiel van voetslaners in Transvaal." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14529.
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Van, Schalkwyk John Francois. "Metamorphism of ultramafic rocks during the Limpopo orogeny : evidence for the timing and significance of CO2-rich fluids." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11669.
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Davies, S. J. "The importance of browse in late dry season and early wet season diets of cattle and goats in a communal area of the Eastern Transvaal lowveld." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21651.
Full textAbstract:
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 1991.The contribution of browse and grass to the diets of cattle and goats was assessed in relation to the total biomass of woody foliage and grass available in the study area. Livestock made less use of browse during the dry season than was shown by studies conducted in the Sahel and Nylsvley, northern Transvaal. Goats fed more selectively, utilised newly flushed foliage more and fed upon a greater variety of woody plant species than did cattle. Browse contribute nore to goat diets than to cattle diets although goats were less often supplied with browse. For goats, feeding on standing browse, 'supplied browse and leaf litter occupied 34.7 % of observation time before the tree/shrub flush and 8.3 % post-flush; for cattle the contributions were 14.7 % and 5.8 %, respectively. Fruits, flowers and bark were utilised only during the pre-flush period and only by goats. Goats spent significantly more time grazing and more time browsing than did cattle during the post-flush period. Agave sisalana (sisal) contributed to cattle diets during the preflush and post-flush periods, and to goat diets during the pre-flush period. Since relatively little standing woody foliage is accessible to the animals (16.6 % preflush and 30.7 % post-flush of the wet season maximum), lopping of woody foliage by herders substantially increases the amount of food accessible to livestock, and supplied browse was eaten wherever it was encountered. Aerial cover of grass averaged less than 20 %, grass biomass ,less than 120 kgDM.ha·t and biomass concentration of grass less than 553.5 gDM.m"3 for catena toplands, catena bottomlands and drainage line thickets. The low contribution of browse to livestock diets during this study was due to the scarcity of accessible, palatable forage, exacerbated by the late flush 011 woody plants. In addition, local people harvesting live wood for fuel may compete with foraging livestock. To increase the supply of food for livestock further the rollowing practices could be encouraged: storage of woody foliage litter until the late dry season, use of chemicals to increase the nutritional value of poor quality browse and establishment of woodlots of palatable, perhaps leguminous, evergreen woody species for use as livestock fodder.
GR2017
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Grobler, Johannes Theodorus Wessels. "Die bestuurstaak van die provinsiale administrasieklerk in die skool." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9808.
Full textAbstract:
M.Ed. (Education Management)The subject of this investigation is the management function of the provincial administration clerk in the school. The investigation is limited to schools within the ambit of the Transvaal Education Department and has been aimed, primarily, at determining the responsibilities and position of the administration clerk in the effective functioning of the school. As the administration office forms the nerve-centre of the school's activities and due to its staff consistence of administration clerks, a clear indication of their duties and responsibilities is an essential management function of the school principal. The investigation in regard to the functions of the senior provincial administration clerk demonstrated that the school principal as the management leader, must possess a thorough knowledge of administrative matters. This is essential as he, being the in-service trainer, has to suitably equip the senior provincial administration clerk with the required knowledge and skills in order that she, in tum, can easily perform as management leader of the school's administrative section. In order to keep pace with change and modernisation, the school principal and administration clerks must be prepared to attend in-service training courses. Moreover, they must gain knowledge on their own accord through the reading of circular letters, catalogues, manuals and also keep abreast of technological development such as the modern micro computer, word processor as well as facsimile and duplicating machines. The services of a good administration clerk are indispensable to the school principal as well as the educator. Qualities which the administration clerk must possess include reliability, loyalty, responsibility, willingness to help, tact, courtesy, charm, enterprise and patience. AIthough the educator cannot be relieved of all administrative responsibilities, the school principal must nevertheless reflect seriously about administrative responsibilities that should not really be undertaken by the educator. By entrusting responsibilities such as the processing of marks, compiling of class lists, raising of funds, transport arrangements, controlling of stock, duplicating work...
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Pearson, Joel David. "Witchcraft management in the early twentieth century Transvaal." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/19614.
Full textAbstract:
Towards the end of the nineteenth century, colonial governments
across Africa, including South Africa, promulgated laws which aimed to
prohibit the accusation of witchcraft, methods for the detection of witches
and witch trials. However, while administrators saw merely superstition in
witchcraft beliefs, “repugnant to the standards of civilisation”, many
Africans saw an integral element of the social and spiritual order. The
policing of witchcraft beliefs became a thorn in the side of colonial rule. This
article brings to light some of the deeper historical complexities in policing
witchcraft by looking at the application of witchcraft law in the early
twentieth century ‐ a neglected period in witchcraft scholarship. Firstly, it
examines some prominent discursive constructions of the concepts of
“witchcraft” and the “witch doctor” during the early twentieth century, two
terms which feature centrally in colonial witchcraft legislation. It argues
that these terms were shrouded in a great deal of misconception and, at
times, fear. Secondly, it examines instances in which the Transvaal
Witchcraft Ordinance No. 26 of 1904 was applied at the Supreme Court
level, demonstrating that it was employed in a wide variety of instances
which often shared only a tenuous link to poorly defined notions of “the
supernatural”. Nevertheless, diviners seem to have been especially
prejudiced in the implementation of the law. Finally, archival
correspondence derived from Native Affairs Department files dealing with
witchcraft are examined to reveal that the job of policing witchcraft was
rather more uncertain and ad hoc at the grassroots level than official
“civilising” rhetoric may have suggested. While in principle there was no
compromising with beliefs in witchcraft, in practice, such beliefs had to be
carefully managed by local officials, who were given (often uncomfortably)
wide powers of discretion in deciding when and how to employ the force of
the law.
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Collett, David Phillip. "The archaeology of the stone walled settlements in the Eastern Transvaal, South Africa." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/16525.
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Verrezen, Lucien. "Sedimentology of the Vaal Reef paleoplacer in the western portion of Vaal Reefs Mine." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10180.
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King, Pieter Hartogh. "'n Ondersoek van die slakgeassosieerde trematode parasiete in die Mooirivier, Transvaal." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12901.
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Pienaar, Alphonso Theofilus. "'n Liggingsanalise van blanke openbare skole in Transvaal." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12914.
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Olivier, Jana. "Hail in the Transvaal : some geographical and climatological aspects." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11151.
Full textAbstract:
M.Sc. (Geography)Hailstorms are well-known phenomena in the summer rainfall region of southern Africa where they cause extensive damage - especially in the agricultural sector. This thesis examines the geography and climatology of hail in the Transvaal. It deals with three main issues, namely a) the spatial and temporal characteristics of hail days (HDs); b) rainfall and atmospheric conditions prevailing during hail events; and c) the geography of hail damage as it pertains to maize. In the Transvaal, hail day frequency (HDF) increases with altitude and latitude in a non-linear (exponential) manner. Variations in altitude, as reflected in the diverse physiography of the area, account for most of the spatial and temporal variations in hail occurrence. Seven hail regions can be distinguished which differ from one another in terms of the onset times of hail, its seasonal occurrence and annual HDF patterns. In general, most hailstorms occur during November with the peak onset time varying between 16:00 and 20:00. The most notable finding concerning rain - hail interrelationships, is that rainfall and HDF appear to be inversely related, years/months with high hail incidence being dry and vice versa. Daily and seasonal precipitation characteristics also differ between 'high hail years' (HHYs; dry) and 'low hail years' (LHYs; wet). For instance, during HHYs, the peak hail season is delayed while the rain season peaks earlier. Moreover, while the frequency of convective systems remains nearly the same during HHYs as in 'normal' years, the average precipitation area and the volumetric production decreases significantly. These anomalies appear to be the result of changes in the large-scale circulation patterns (as reflected by the transition from baroclinic to quasi-barotropic conditions) which influence the precipitation from mesoscale convective systems. It is likely that the Southern Oscillation plays a role in these changes, particularly during November and December. However, although these Southern Oscillation Index (SOl) - HDF associations are weak, they are appreciably stronger than those between the SOl and rainfall. Rainfall characteristics on HDs differ from those of non-hail rain days in that, on HDs, more rain falls and the rain-bearing systems are more extensive. In general, atmospheric conditions are less stable, and the humidity level is higher, on HDs than on other days. Furthermore, HDs are characterized by warm north easterly winds near the surface but cold, dry south westerlies at the 600 hPa level. Above this the south westerlies become progressively stronger
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Crisp, Nicholas Gilmour. "Regionalisation Of Hospital Infrastructure In The Eastern Transvaal Area." Thesis, 1991. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24294.
Full textAbstract:
A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Medicine
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
for the Degree of Master of Medicine (Community Health)The extremely complex fragmentation of health services in the greater South Africa has lead to confusion, duplication and uncoordinated planning. This study assesses the hospital component of the health services in one discrete geographical area where service responsibilities are particularly complex. Each of the hospitals identified within the study area was visited and, after a short conducted tour, detailed information was obtained on a standard questionnaire during interviews with senior hospital personnel. Final detail was obtained by inspection of various functional components in each hospital. Proposals regarding the process of regionalising the hospital services in a future post-apartheid era (when political boundaries, particularly homeland boundaries, have disappeared and the health services can be rationalised under a unified health authority) are made. The major finding is that, while some expansion is needed, the existing facilities can be reorganised into a functional complex at minimal cost and limited disruption of services.
AC 2018
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Meijer, Engelbert Johan. "Netwerkbeplanning van die riviervloeimeetstasienetwerk in die Oos-Transvaal." Diss., 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17430.
Full textAbstract:
Text in AfrikaansWater is in 'n relatief droe land soos Suid-Afrika van uiterste belang. Daar is 'n groot behoefte aan inligting oor die potensieel verbruikbare waterbronne. Hierin word voorsien deur 'n netwerk van riviervloeimeetstasies. Met veranderende ekonomiese toestande word die effektiwiteit van die netwerk van al hoe groter belang. Dit is hier waar netwerkbeplanning 'n aktiewe rol begin speel. As gevolg van die groot variasie in die aard van die opvanggebiede in Suid-Afrika, en die feit dat daar 'n bestaande netwerk is, is dit nodig dat netwerkbeplanning stapsgewys benader word. Die Eerste Fase is 'n leerproses. Die verskillende opvanggebiede in die land kan gegroepeer word en die meetstasies kan geklassifiseer word. 'n Netwerkbeplanningsmetode, "Die ideale netwerk", is ontwikkel en word op drie opvanggebiede toegepas. Die belangrikste resultaat is die klassifikasie van al die meetstasies in die drie opvanggebiede.
In a relative dry country like South Africa water is of critical importance. Information on the potential usable water resources is very valuable. This information is supplied by a network of river flow gauging stations. In changing economic times the effectiveness of this network is of increasing importance. Network design plays a major role in insuring this. Network design has to be approached in phases because of the variety in catchment characteristics in South Africa, and the fact that there is an existing network. The First Phase can be regarded as a learning phase, in which all the catchments in the country can be grouped and the stations can be classified. A network design method, · "The ideal network", was developed, and is applied in three catchments. The most important result is the classification of all the existing stations in the three catchments.
Geography
M. Sc. (Geografie)
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Swart, Quentin Dax. "Carbonate rocks of the Paleoproterozoic Pretoria and Postmasburg Groups, Transvaal Supergroup." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6946.
Full textAbstract:
M.Sc.Certain carbonate bearing formations in the Paleoproterozoic Pretoria Group and its Griqualand West equivalent exhibit remarkable geochemical and stable isotopic signatures. The 8'3Ccarb isotopic signatures from the Duitschland and Silverton Formations exhibit large positive excursions, which seemingly coincide with a significant increase in atmospheric oxygen between 2.4 and 2.0 Ga. The Duitschland Formation with its distinctive basal unconformity is composed primarily of limestone and dolomite units, interbedded with two compositionally different shale units and quartzite. Toward the base of the formation there is a distinct conglomeratic quartzite which forms a sequence boundary above which isotopic and geochemical signatures change dramatically. Normal marine isotopic signatures characterize the lower portion of the succession while above the sequence boundari, the carbonates are enriched in "C. This enrichment, however, appears to be the result of local processes occurring within a closed basin. Furthermore it is apparent that the Duitschland Formation (with its three distinct marker beds) is the equivalent of the Rooihoogte Formation and therefore constitutes the base of the Pretoria Group. The Mooidraai Dolomite Formation which outcrops only locally in the Northern Cape Province, is characterized by fenestral and microbially laminated dolomite. The geochemical properties are relatively homogeneous with increases in the FeO and MnO concentrations, resulting from post depositional diagenesis. The stable isotope signatures of these dolomites represent normal marine signatures. There is, however, a depletion in the 813C and 8180 signatures in the ankeritic and sideritic lithofacies, which suggests that this succession was deposited from a stratified water column with respect to the total dissolved CO2. The positive 6 13C excursion present in the carbonates of the Lucknow Formation in Griqualand West, traditionally grouped with the Olifantshoek Group can be correlated with carbonates near the top of the Silverton Formation in the Transvaal area. The latter also displays distinctly positive 6 43C values. One possibility is that if these successions were deposited in closed anoxic basins and that the isotopic anomalies are the result of local processes such as fermentive diagenesis and methanogenesis. However, the close association of the carbonates with shallow marine orthoquartzites suggests that these were deposited in an open marine system and that the positive 8 !3C values reflect a shift in the composition of the ocean water at the time of deposition of the carbonates at 2.2 Ga. Other carbonates present in the Pretoria Group, namely from the Vermont and Houtenbek Formations, display normal open marine 8' 3C values of close to zero. A systematic stratigraphic compilation of all 6 43C values available from the Transvaal Supergroup indicates that two clear-cut positive 5' 3C excursions are present. These excursions were apparently short-lived and well defined and did not occur over an extended period of time as suggested by earlier studies based on global compilations with large uncertainties in radiometric ages of deposits.
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Raath, Schalk Petrus. "Die houding van onderwysers in Transvaal teenoor die omgewing en omgewingsopvoeding." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11485.
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Von, Bredow Sigrid. "Quantifying evaporation on the surface of slimes dams in the southeastern part of the North West Province." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10240.
Full textAbstract:
M.A. (Geography and Environmental Management)Water can be regarded as a scarce commodity in South Africa and one cannot rely solely on the discovery of new water resources to meet the ever increasing demands. Water is arguably the most precious resource in South Africa and its proper management in all spheres of activity is imperative ( Middleton and Stern,1987 ). This is no different in the mining industry where a primary consumptive use of water is in the tailings dams and associated return water. Restricted implementation of Government water plans and a series of droughts has forced users of water to optimise their use of water. A key to correct water management of a tailings disposal system on a gold mine lies in accurate and meaningful water balance. To provide an accurate water balance, quantifying the water loss is necessary. The water loss in a tailings system is mainly due to evaporation and interstitial flow. For the purpose of this study, evaporation is dealt with in more detail.
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Stols, Helene Elizabeth. "Die behandelingsbelewenis van psigiatriese pasiënte in 'n privaat kliniek." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11338.
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M.Cur. (Psychiatric Nursing)With modern psychiatric treatment, patients usually come into contact with as many as six different team members. These team members have their own particular treatment plans for patients. This has prompted the question: "How do patients experience their treatment by the interprofessional health team?" The aims of this study are as follows: • To explore psychiatric patients' experiences of their treatment by the interprofessional health team in a particular private psychiatric clinic. • To set basic guidelines which will promote the optimisation of treatment of psychiatric patients by the interprofessional health team, in order to prevent the aggravation of mental illness, emphasising the contribution of the psychiatric nurse.
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"Die geologie van die Krokodilrivierfragment, Transvaal." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13109.
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Coetzee, Eugene Marco. "'n Elektroforetiese ondersoek van verskeie reenboogforelbevolkings in Transvaal." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9331.
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Leurs, Gondanette. "Implikasies van enkele modelle van skoolhoofskap in Transvaal." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11568.
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M. Ed. (Educational Management)School principals are primarily.concerned with education and the effective management of the school entrusted to them. Every principal is given a task to do when he is appointed to or at a school. How successfully he accomplishes his task, and the support that he receives, is highlighted in this study. The principal is a leader who has to perform a complex number of tasks. He works with both adults and children and as a result the method and style of leadership and management is of great importance. The recognition of the principal as leader in the field of instruction and education within the community is essential for the continued existence of the school. The primary aim of the school is educative teaching ('opvoedende onderwys'). The school is a social system which consists of a hierarchy of people, with the principal as the most important manager, and within the system, smaller groups are found. These smaller groups essentially determine the success of failure of the principal's effective management, and this, by implication, also of the educative teaching within the school. This complex task of the principal becomes more manageable if he is familiar with the interwoven management tasks of planning, organisation, leadership and control. Neglect of one of these will have a detrimental effect on the school. The way in which the management tasks are to be executed should be set out in the school policy. In order to perform the tasks which are laid down by the relevant education authority, effective decision making is essential. A principal who has mastered the technique of good decision making has personal freedom to utilise new opportunities for the benefit of the school.
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"Alteration and gold mineralisation in the Roodepoort Goldfield, Pietersburg Granite-Greenstone Terrane." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12896.
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Crous, Jacobus Jooste. "Faktore wat huweliksmaatseleksie beinvloed : 'n vergelyking tussen eerste en tweede huwelike." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12287.
Full textAbstract:
M.A. (Clinical Psychology)The overall aim of this study is to establish whether theories on mate selection apply more to first than to subsequent marriages. In the case of subsequent marriages synthesis of the hypotheses is made more difficult by the lack of available research results on the role of internal factors involved in mate selection. It is reasonable to assume differences between first and subsequent marriages in terms of factors that play a significant role in mate selection. Several theories on mate selection have evolved since the formulation of psycho-analytical theory. Initially attempts were made to find a single factor or principle to explain mate selection and it would seem that in most theories complementarity plays a role in some way or another. Hegel (in Murstein, 1976) was one of the earliest champions of theories emphasizing the :. attraction of opposites. According to him the interaction between two opposites results in a new and more viable entity...
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Moore, J. M., H. Tsikos, and S. Polteau. "Deconstructing the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa: implications for Palaeoproterozoic palaeoclimate models." 2001. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/446/1/Deconstructing_the_Transvaal_Supergroup%2C_South_Africa_-_implications_for_Palaeoproterozoic.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Current correlations between the Pretoria and Postmasburg Groups of the Transvaal Supergroup are shown to be invalid. The Postmasburg Group is also demonstrated to be broadly conformable with the underlying Ghaap Group and therefore considerably older (~2.4 Ga) than previously supposed. The new stratigraphy documents an extensive (100 Ma) and continuous cold-climate episode with a glacial maximum at the Makganyene Formation diamictite. Iron formations of the underlying Asbesheuwels and Koegas Subgroups and overlying Hotazel Formation have similar origins, related, respectively, to the onset and cessation of the glacial event. This interpretation of the Transvaal Supergroup stratigraphy has significant implications for various Palaeoproterozoic environmental models and for the timing of the development of an oxygenated atmosphere.
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Sibeko, Catherine Rejoice. "Psychiatric nurses' communication with psychiatric patients." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10416.
Full textAbstract:
M.Cur. (Psychiatric Nursing)The psychiatric nurse, as a member of the multiprofessional mental health team, utilises a goal directed approach to assist the psychiatric patient to mobilise resources to promote, restore and maintain his mental health as an integral part of his quest for wholeness. This goal directed approach is the nursing process which comprises assessment, planning, implementing and evaluation. All four steps of the nursing process and the nurse's interaction wi th the patient are dependent upon therapeutic communication between the nurse and the patient to elicit the necessary information so as to be able to formulate the nursing diagnosis, nursing actions and the patients' outcomes. Therapeutic communication remains important as the core of all nurse-patient interactions. Lack of therapeutic communication with the patient can cause conflict in the patient's internal and external environments since he will be unable to communicate his needs and problems and this will delay the mental health promotion, restoration and maintenance phases. Currently much attention is paid to the pharmacological treatment of the patient as more and more sophisticated psychotropic drugs are produced, and yet the other aspect of the patient's treatment which is equally important is neglected, namely his communication during hospitalisation, especially with the psychiatric nurse as she is the person in direct contact with him and should spend most of her time interacting with him.
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Els, Barend Gerhardus. "The auriferous Middelvlei reef depositional system, West Wits Line, Witwatersrand Supergroup." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9563.
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