Academic literature on the topic 'Arab Media'

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Journal articles on the topic "Arab Media"

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Harb, Zahera. "Arab Media." Journalism Practice 6, no. 3 (June 2012): 426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2011.650886.

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Amin, Hussein, and Injy Galal. "Arab Spring and the Arab Media." Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 39, no. 1 (2015): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsa.2015.0019.

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Sambas, Sukriadi, Indira Sabet Rahmawaty, and Ratna Dewi. "Dakwah Islam Multikultural Pada Komunitas Sunda, Arab Alawi dan Arab Irsyadi." Anida (Aktualisasi Nuansa Ilmu Dakwah) 19, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/anida.v19i1.5067.

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The characteristics of Islam as a religion of da’wa makes Islam capable of crossing the walls of diversity in society, creating harmony, providing solutions to diversity and even conflict. This multicultural aspect can be seen in the meeting of the elements of da’wa: da'i, mad'u, messages and media of da’wa. The multiculturalist aspect is examined qualitatively descriptive in the process of dakwah in the Sundanese community, Alawi Arabs and Irsyadi Arabs. The Sundanese, Arab Alawi and Arab Irsyadi communities are qualified as competent da'i. Scientific competence is symbolized in the title carried by da'i. This title is one of the important factors in the image of da'i. The da'i title is Kyai, Ajengan and the teacher for the Sundanese community; Habib, Syarif and Sayid for the Arab Alawi community; and an academic degree for the Irsyadi Arab community. If all communities appreciate the differences shown by the respective communities. Mad'u from three communities mingled at the same time and place in certain da’wa events, and parted ways in a typical community events. Da’wa messages delivered by the three communities are the same and some are unique. But the source of the message is the same, namely Al-Quran and As-Sunnah. For the Irsyadi Arab community Ijma and qiyas were not added except for the Sundanese and Alawi Arabs. Wasilah (media) propaganda is the same except the Irsyadi Arab community does not use media in its opinion including bid'ah and khurafat. Karakteristik Islam sebagai agama dakwah membuat Islam mampu melintasi dinding-dinding keragaman masyarakat, mewujudkan keharmonisan, memberi solusi atas keragaman bahkan konflik. Aspek multikultural ini terlihat dalam pertemuan unsur-unsur dakwah: da’i, mad’u, pesan dan wasilah dakwah. Aspek multikulturalis diteliti secara kualitatif deskriptif dalam proses dakwah di komunitas Sunda, Arab Alawi, dan Arab Irsyadi. Da’i komunitas Sunda, Arab Alawi, dan Arab Irsyadi memiliki kualifikasi sebagai da’i yang kompeten. Kompetensi keilmuan disimbolkan dalam gelar yang disandang da’i. Gelar ini menjadi salah satu faktor penting citra da’i. Gelar da’i yaitu Kyai, Ajengan dan pak guru bagi da’i komunitas Sunda; Habib, Syarif dan Sayid bagi da’i komunitas Arab Alawi; dan gelar akademik bagi da’i komunitas Arab Irsyadi. Da’i semua komunitas menghargai perbedaan yang ditunjukan uruf masing-masing komunitas. Mad’u dakwah dari tiga komunitas berbaur pada waktu dan tempat yang sama dalam event-event dakwah tertentu, dan berpisah dalam event dakwah khas perkomunitas. Pesan dakwah yang disampaikan da’i ketiga komunitas ada yang sama dan ada yang khas. Namun sumber pesannya sama, yaitu Al-Quran dan As-Sunah. Bagi komunitas Arab Irsyadi tidak ditambah ijma dan qiyas kecuali bagi komunitas Sunda dan Arab Alawi. Wasilah (media) dakwahpun sama kecuali komunitas Arab Irsyadi tidak menggunakan media yang dalam pendapatnya termasuk bid’ah dan khurafat.
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Mahmudah, Siti. "MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB." An Nabighoh Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab 20, no. 01 (June 25, 2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/an-nabighoh.v20i01.1131.

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كانت المشكلات المركّبة في عملية التعليم اللغة العربية أساسيا. وكانت العناصر الكثيرة تأثيرها إمّاالداخلية تشتقّ من الطلبة الذين لايحافزوا ولايحبّوا الدرس اللغة العربية، والعناصرالخارجية تشتقّ من الحالات منها المدرّس وهو عنصر مهمّ كلاعب الابتدائ في عملية التعليم اللغة العربية. وغير ذالك المادّة والوسائل الإيضاح يساهمان على تحديد نجاح عملية التعليم.والوسائل الإيضاح بأنواعه المختلفة منها سمعية، بصرية وسمعية بصرية تقديم لتسهيل في عملية التعليم لأنه يستطيع أن يرغم تحفيزية الطلبة ويعنف الامتصاصية والمحتجزات الطلبة، ليساعد المدرس تبليغ الدرس المحسوس للطلبة والأهداف في تعليم اللغة العربية تتحقّق شاملة. وكانت الوظيفة والفائدة والسهمة في وسائل الإيضاح.والوفق في استخدام الواسائل الإيضاح يتعلّق بالمادّة والغرض في تعليم اللغة العربية. ولذالك ليست الوسائل الإيضاح المعينة التي تلائم بجميع الحلات في تعليم اللغة العربية ولكن تتفق بالحجات في تعليم اللغة العربية و القدرة في تحضيرها،لان الوسائل الإيضاح لاتتحتّم بالجنس الإلكترونك ولكن تستطيع بالجنس المتواضع. Pada dasarnya proses belajar mengajar bahasa Arab memiliki masalah yang komplek. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhinya, baik secara interen maupun eksteren. Faktor intern berasal dari diri siswa, kebanyakan dari para siswa kurang termotivasi dalam belajar bahasa Arab dan bahkan banyak siswa yang juga tidak menyenangi pelajaran bahasa Arab. Sedangkan faktor eksteren berasal dari beberapa hal, guru menjadi salah satu faktor penting sebagai pemeran utama dalam proses pembelajaran. Selain itu sumber belajar dan media pembelajaran juga berperan dalam menentukan keberhasilan proses pembelajaran. Media pembelajaran dengan berbagai macam bentuknya baik berupa audio, visual maupun audio visual hadir untuk mempermudah proses belajar mengajar bahasa Arab karena dapat mendorong motivasi belajar siswa, dapat mempertinggi daya serap dan retensi siswa terhadap materi pelajaran, sehingga membantu para pengajar dalam menyampaikan materi yang bisa lebih konkrit diterima siswa sehingga tujuan pembelajaran bahasa Arab dapat tercapai secara maksimal. Media pembelajaran mempunyai fungsi, kegunaan dan peranan yang komplek dalam pembelajaran bahasa Arab. Cocok atau tidaknya penggunaan media tertentu dalam pembelajaran bergantung pada tujuan dan materi pembelajaran . Sehingga tidak ada media tertentu yang terbaik dan cocok untuk segala situasi dan kondisi pembelajaran, namun media yang cocok adalah media yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan pembelajaran dan ketersediaan media itu sendiri dalam sebuah lembaga pendidikan, karena penggunaan media pembelajaran tidak harus yang berjenis elektronik tetapi juga bisa berbentuk media sederhana yang ada.
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Abdel-Rahman, Awatef. "Media and Arab Women." هرمس 2, no. 1 (January 2013): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0010720.

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Al-Mahadin, Salam. "Arab Feminist Media Studies." Feminist Media Studies 11, no. 1 (March 2011): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2011.537018.

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Routledge, Mike. "Around the Arab Media." Index on Censorship 34, no. 3 (August 2005): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220500240123.

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Jerbi, Syrine, and Eva Eszter Szabo. "From Vilification to Celebration: Arab American Comedians and Their Alternative Representations of Arabs and Muslims in Hollywood." International Journal of Arts, Humanities & Social Science 04, no. 08 (August 9, 2023): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56734/ijahss.v4n8a4.

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This article explores how Arab American comedians use humor and satire to challenge and subvert Hollywood’s negative stereotypes and portrayals of Arabs and Muslims. Drawing on the theory of Jack Shaheen, who analyzed and contested Arab and Muslim stereotypes in American media, the article uses qualitative content analysis to examine stand-up shows, films, and television series featuring Arab American comedians and other ethnic comedians in Hollywood. The article identifies common misconceptions and stereotypes, examines the techniques of humor and satire, and compares the impact of Arab American comedy with that of other ethnic comedies. The article argues that Arab American comedians successfully challenge Hollywood’s stereotypes and create alternative representations that celebrate their identity, culture, and diversity. The article contributes to existing literature on humor, satire, representation, stereotyping, resistance, empowerment, identity, culture, diversity, Arab Americans, Muslims, Hollywood, and the media.
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Al-Maimani, Hawra Abdulrahman Juma. "Online versus Offline World: A Thematic Analysis of Arab Women’s Empowerment via Social Media." ATHENS JOURNAL OF MASS MEDIA AND COMMUNICATIONS 7, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajmmc.7-3-2.

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This research study examines Arab women experiences of being empowered by existing in the virtual world. The aim of the study is to establish paper that discuses if female users of Twitter in Arab countries believe that the religious and cultural restrictions of Arabs state institutions are circumvented by the Internet. The study is questioning the Arab female experiences and feelings if and when she bypasses the restrictions, that she is associate with as being Arab, to make herself existing online and how does this reflect on her in the real world. The investigation is carried out by conducting semi-structured interviews, targeting to collect qualitative data only. To achieve the aims of the study, the sample consists of seven females from different countries who all use Twitter. The study showed that there is a gap between the action of Arab women online and offline which is due to prompting of social and political empowerment. Keywords: Arab women, empowerment, media, virtual world
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Katz, Yaron. "The Impact of Social Revolutions on the Arab-Israeli Conflict." Economics, Politics and Regional Development 1, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): p17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eprd.v1n1p17.

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The Arab Spring refers to the protests and revolutions that spread across Middle Eastern and North African Muslim countries in the spring of 2011. It was the first “social media revolution”, which demonstrated the spread of social revolution and the way civil protests and demands for political reforms can swiftly spread globally through social media. Following the social movement in the Arab World, the turmoil in the Middle East continued with the Israeli Social Justice movement of summer 2011, which was also identified as a social media revolution. Same as in the Arab World, in Israel too new media increased the role of the public, who could influence political issues by bypassing the monopoly of the political establishment and traditional media on the political discourse. The research examines the way that the concept of democracy in the region changed in the digital age. The findings show that social media became crucial in shaping the political discourse and determined dramatic changes in the balance of political power in Israel and Arab countries. Through digital technology and online campaigns politics changed as young Arabs and Israeli altered public agenda from the traditional religious and political Arab-Israeli conflict to social and economic issues.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Arab Media"

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Kort, Samia. "Metaphor in media discourse : representations of 'Arabs' and 'Americans' in American and Arab news media." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2018. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/32627/.

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The present study explores the representations of ‘Arabs’ and ‘Americans’ in American and in Arab news media discourse between 2001 and 2011 through an evaluation of the metaphors used to describe each group. The study chiefly argues that metaphors in Arab and American news media discourse are used for rhetorical and ideological motives. The main research aims of this study are to find out what metaphors used to represent Arabs and Americans occur in the New York Times (the NYT) on the one hand, and in the Al Jazeera English and the Arab News (the ANM) on the other hand, whether there are similarities or differences between metaphors in each news media source, and to explain the purposes underlying the choice of these metaphors. The study is based on the experientialist cognitive linguistic Conceptual Metaphor Theory developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the rhetorically, cognitively and corpus oriented approach to metaphor Critical Metaphor Analysis developed by Charteris-Black (2004). The main corpus approach that this study uses is Metaphor Pattern Analysis proposed by Stefanowitsch (2006) for the collection of metaphor data. The corpus used consists of news articles about Arabs and Americans extracted from the online editions of the NYT, and the ANM between 2001 and 2011. Findings on the metaphors used to describe Americans and Arabs in the NYT demonstrate that the use of metaphors describing Americans is noticeably but not always motivated by the ideological purpose of representing them as a unique and exceptional nation thus supporting the Myth of American Exceptionalism. It is additionally argued that the use of metaphors referring to Arabs can be explained partly by the rhetorical ideological goal of associating them with danger, violence and threat. In ANM, findings revealed that a number of metaphors describing Americans have underlying rhetorical and ideological motives similar to those in the NYT. The image of Americans as a unique nation is reiterated in the ANM. As regards the use of metaphors occurring in collocation with Arabs in the ANM, the findings demonstrated that they are partially motivated by an underlying belief that associates them with powerlessness, passivity and incapability. Furthermore, and despite the importance of rhetorical ideological purposes, the findings also show that metaphors used do not always necessarily convey positive evaluations of the self or negative evaluations of the other. In addition to its contribution to our understanding of the dominant representations of Americans and Arabs in two inherently different news media sources, the thesis has proposed adjustments to Critical Metaphor Analysis as relevant to this project, and has also contributed to research in critical discourse analysis.
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Muhsin, Hamid Jaid. "Arab mass media planning : specialized mass media agencies within the Arab League with special reference to the Arab States Broadcasting Union." Thesis, Keele University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279805.

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Moulis, Andrew Nicholas. "The Arab media localizing its democratic potential." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5151.

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The role of the media in society is an important consideration for policymakers and analysts when creating and implementing policies. In the Middle East, the Arab media's role in society has emerged as a crucial concern for U.S. policymakers who examine its potential to aid in social and democratic movements. The media provides the means to connect democratic movements to the both the masses and to the regimes in power; it is an important communication channel. The Middle East, despite the increase in the number of media outlets since 1991, has yet to experience a systemic change towards democracy or generate viable social movement organizations. Why has the media not promoted democracy in the Middle East as it has in other parts of the world? By comparing the relevant aspects of social movement theory and democratic media theory with the issues and events being covered by the Arab media, I demonstrate the Arab media does not provide viable support for sustained social movements or democracy. Specifically, I argue that the media has not aided the critical relationship between social movement organizations and democratic development due to the nature of its audience and subsequent focus on regional and pan-Arab issues. This is not to suggest that Arabs are indifferent towards democracy or local issues; rather, pan-Arabism is a significant consideration for the media due to the audience structure of the non-censored media in the Arab world.
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Musallam, Sāmī. "Ṣūrat al-ʻArab fī ṣiḥāfat Almānyā al-ittiḥādīyah." Bayrūt : Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥdah al-ʻArabīyah, 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/66906654.html.

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Al, Agha Khalil. "New media, identity, and Arab youth in Britain." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2015. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/7892/.

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The role of the new media in young people’s lives has led to a debate about the potential of the internet as a means of influencing identity formation and youth participation. A growing body of academic research has shown an interest in understanding this influence. This thesis sets out to study political participation as a form of online engagement through the use of the various new media platforms and how it may affect the process of identity development of Arab youth in Britain. Prior to the recent political developments in the Middle East and the so-called ‘Arab Spring’, British Arab youth were suffering identity uncertainty and had expressed little interest in political participation. During the early stages of the Arab Spring, British Arab youth became involved, in one way or another, in political activities, mainly online. This research combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies in order to achieve accurate results. The targeted group for this study is those between 18 and 25 years old, who were born in Britain or have been living continuously in Britain for at least 10 years. Data collected includes a total of 178 questionnaire samples, and forty individual semi-structured interviews. The core argument of this study is that British Arab youth are willing to participate in politics as long as it is meaningful to them and to the people of their countries of origin. This engagement helps them to balance their cultural identity (Arab) with the host culture (British). That may not contradict with the fact that British Arab youth describe Britain as ‘home’ with confidence. In fact, the balance between Arab and British cultures serves as a stabiliser in the process of identity formation and reformation. The thesis also explores how this active political engagement is reflected, in general, on their own identity construction and development. The evidences of this study suggest that, while online media has a role in providing British Arab youth with accessible and effective online tools, the mechanism of participating and debating all issues without reservation, may contradict the cultural heritage of stepping back from political participation. Therefore, this research affirms the importance of online media tools for British Arab youth reaching new horizons. Participating in political activities is one form of negotiating identity formation or reformation, that in one way or another can contribute to a more effective role of the British Arab community in the public, political and cultural spheres of multicultural Britain.
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Zayati, Nabila. "Empowering Arab Women through Media Development : A case study." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för konst, kultur och kommunikation (K3), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-41375.

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The media have power: they create frames of conceptions, influence attitudes and behaviour, and monitor the conduct of government officials. For women, the media can suggest ways and means to defend civil rights and gain access to society’s resources and opportunities. Indeed, Media Development offers three levels of interventions to promote gender equality. (1) Increasing female number and roles in the media labour markets. (2) Promoting the production and circulation of content that challenge stereotypical portrayals of women and men. (3) Addressing the entire society to raise awareness and commitment for equal contributions in sustainable development. However, even though media development efforts have been popular during the last two decades in the global South (UNESCO), the Arab region is ranked the lowest in the world for achieving gender equality (CRS, 2020).  This project aims to investigate the role of media development to achieve gender equality and women’s empowerment through a case study of two gender strategies driven by two main models of media development (Scott, 2014; Manyozo, 2012), in the Arab region. One is led by external interventions, the other is supported by domestic authorities and local governments. The time period of the research is limited to the last decade, which has seen radical changes in terms of women’s participation in the public sphere.  The findings are based on 10 in-depth interviews with media professionals directly involved in these strategies across different Arab countries, from Algeria, Iraq, and Palestine, to the United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Despite the differences between the strategies in terms of political affiliations and territories of interest, the interviews show that gender (in)equality in the media is not a phenomenon isolated from people’s daily lives. Correspondingly, women’s empowerment is the result of different power struggles in society in which media development could potentially make a real difference if based on gendered pluralistic participatory approaches, which include the internal and external environments of media organisations, as well as all actors of society’s systems and structures.
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Bizri, Siwar. "Word Use and Placement Associating Arabs and Arab-Americans with Terrorism in the American Media." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35950.

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Terrorism and conflict is ongoing, and in today’s world it appears to be increasing, however, numerous people have blamed the swell in violence on specific sources. In regards to September 11 and similar terrorist incidents, for example, it is quite easy for the media, as well as other sources, to place responsibility in the hands of a specific group or religion. In this case, Islam, Arabs or the Middle East region seems to be connected to these violent incidents. The reality of the situation may place responsibility in some sources within this region, however, an overgeneralization in regards to a diverse religion and culture may be occurring due to “overall, ideological judgments” by various entities including the news media. According to numerous perspectives, it has become possible for a few carefully chosen words within the media to trigger racially-driven prejudices and actions by agencies, institutions, and the public. Our language seems to be powerful enough to let a single phrase spin a news story into a national warning against a certain group. In other words, the power of association, in particular here between words and perceptions, allows the public to believe in their mind something that may or may not be true. In this case, various studies have shown the tendency for the public to associate Arabs with violence, particularly terrorism. The combination of negative media framing and common ethnic schemas of Arabs and Muslims have resulted in a long history of socialization and activation in the American and perhaps, wider culture. Therefore, this study will mainly focus on an assumed semantic implication of word associations in the media based on shared ideological and socially shared knowledge, rather than measure any explicit statements of racial and ethnic schemas.
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Karimi, Alavi Mahmoud. "Contradictions in the Arab media : the case of Arabsat." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4339.

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In the construction of their media infrastructure, most of the Arab countries are spending millions of dollars on US and Western contracts. Regarded as one of the fastest growing and dynamic markets for media technologies in the world, the region may lack a clear media policy as a guideline to shed light upon the mega million investments on the industry. Some critics suggest that the advanced media technologies provided to the Arab world are mostly initiated by Western sales/marketing strategy rather than Middle Eastern choice and initiative. They see the process as a reaction to the Western media practices, rather than a pre-planned policy. This study is directed toward constructing a critical understanding of the development, and current status, of media policy and infrastructure in the Arab world. Being undertaken as the basis of a Ph. D. thesis in an inter-disciplinary department, the research is informed by a strong inter-disciplinary perspective, but with a clear political economy emphasis. The study seeks to examine whether there is a clear media policy in the Arab world, either at a national or regional level. Within this context, ARABSAT, perhaps the most popular media system in the Arab world, constitutes a specific case study. Inaugurated in 1985, the system has been the subject of extensive debate, sometimes heatedly discussing its pros and cons. Its long period of operation, the extensive contribution of most Arab/Muslim countries in the process of the creation and operation of ARABSAT, as well as the footprint coverage of the system including the Middle East, most parts of Asia, the Indian subcontinent and some parts of Europe, make the contribution of ARABSAT within the Middle East media environment of particular interest. Now, nearly 15 years after the advent of ARABSAT, established and supported by the overwhelming majority of the Arab states, a critical assessment of the system in terms of policy/strategy is timely.
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Brown, Judith Patricia. "The influences on Arab imagery in the British media." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434878.

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Mohammed, Mahmoud Gamal. "Mass media and development in the Yemen Arab Republic /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487329662144788.

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Books on the topic "Arab Media"

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Contemporary Arab Broadcast Media. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011.

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Arab mass media: Newspapers, radio, and television in Arab politics. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2004.

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Miladi, Noureddine, and Noha Mellor, eds. Routledge Handbook on Arab Media. London ; New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427084.

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Guaaybess, Tourya. The Media in Arab Countries. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119579786.

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Azhari, Abd Rauf Dato' Haji Hassan. Kamus istilah media: Melayu-Arab. Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2005.

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1964-, Hafez Kai, ed. Arab media: Power and weakness. New York: Continuum, 2008.

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Arab journalists in transnational media. New York, N.Y: Hampton Press, 2011.

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Al-Malki, Amal. Arab women in Arab news: Old stereotypes and new media. Doha: Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation, 2012.

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El-Issawi, Fatima. Arab National Media and Political Change. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-70915-1.

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Markaz al-Imārāt lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Buḥūth al-Istirātījīyah. and Markaz al-Imārāt lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Buḥūth al-Istirātījīyah. Annual Conference, eds. Arab media in the information age. Abu Dhabi: The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Arab Media"

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Elbousty, Jonas. "Arab uprisings." In Media Arabic, 122–38. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003193234-9.

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Alsultany, Evelyn. "Arabs, Muslims, and Arab Americans." In The Routledge Companion to Media and Race, 241–49. London ; New York : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315778228-22.

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Khalil, Alagha. "British Arab Youth." In Political Islam and Global Media, 158–72. New York, NY : Routledge, 2016.: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315637129-10.

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Omaren, Abdolrahman, and Julia Gerlach. "3. Amal, Berlin! Arab media, Berlin-style." In Arab Berlin, 55–62. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839462638-004.

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Amal, Berlin! is a news platform providing local reporting about Berlin in three languages: Arabic, Dari/Farsi and Ukrainian. The two authors of the chapter Julia Gerlach and Abdolrahman Omaren are describing their experience from their two different perspectives. Julia Gerlach is co- founder of the project. She and her sister came up with the Idea and started it in 2016. Abdolrahman Omaren is editor in chief of the Arabic section, and in the chapter, he shares his thoughts on the journalistic experiment that writing in Arabic for the exiled Arab community offers.
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Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "The Arab Spring." In Media Framing of the Muslim World, 112–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137334831_7.

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Al-Sheikh, Mohammed. "Media in Mauritania." In Routledge Handbook on Arab Media, 207–17. London ; New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427084-26.

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Eltantawy, Nahed. "Palestinian new media." In Routledge Handbook on Arab Media, 286–97. London ; New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427084-35.

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Al-Kaisi, Meis, and Mai Zaki. "Arab Influencers and Social Media." In Language and Identity in the Arab World, 153–73. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003174981-11.

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Kassem, Nermeen. "Social media in Egypt." In Routledge Handbook on Arab Media, 74–87. London ; New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427084-10.

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Al-Sumait, Fahed, Ali A. Dashti, and Ildiko Kaposi. "Chronicling Kuwait’s media evolution." In Routledge Handbook on Arab Media, 149–63. London ; New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427084-19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Arab Media"

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Shoukry, Laila, Christian Sturm, and Galal H. Galal-Edeen. "Arab preschoolers, interactive media and early literacy development." In 2012 International Conference on e-Learning and e-Technologies in Education (ICEEE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icelete.2012.6333404.

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Mahmoud, Walaa S., and Ajayeb S. Abu Daabes. "Does Social Media Affects Users’ Well-Being." In 2019 International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acit47987.2019.8991006.

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Darwish, Elsayed B. "SOCIAL MEDIA EDUCATION IN THE ARAB WORLD: REALITY AND CHALLENGES." In 17th International Conference on e-Society 2019. IADIS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33965/es2019_201904l003.

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Choubassi, Hassan, Joe Elias, and Tarek Mourad. "Media Augmentation in the Arab World: The Return of the Repressed." In Politics of the Machine Beirut 2019. BCS Learning & Development, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/pom19.7.

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Abokhodair, Norah, and Sarah Vieweg. "Privacy & Social Media in the Context of the Arab Gulf." In DIS '16: Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2016. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2901790.2901873.

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"The Effect of Social Media on English Spelling in Arab Context." In July 23-25, 2018 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). Universal Researchers in Science and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/urst2.f0718406.

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Tahat, Dina Naser, Mokhtar Elareshi, Khalaf Tahat, Marcelle A. Al Jwaniat, Mohammed Habes, and Abdulkrim Ziani. "News Media and Political Participation in the Middle East: Jordan as an example." In 2022 International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acit57182.2022.9994199.

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Arabi, Afif J., and Sahar Sharara. "Nasser the Radio Star and Sound Icon in Arab Collective Memory." In RE:SOUND 2019 – 8th International Conference on Media Art, Science, and Technology. BCS Learning & Development, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/resound19.14.

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Islami, Achmad Mujaddid, and Hudan Studiawan. "Image Forensics of Compressed Image on Social Media with Lightweight Deep Learning." In 2023 24th International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acit58888.2023.10453792.

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Abulibdeh, Enas Said, Huda Skaik, Farah Abu Libdeh, and Bushra Saleh Abusini. "Social Media Contribution to Violence Against Women in MENA: A Pilot Study Among University Students." In 2022 International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acit57182.2022.9994185.

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Reports on the topic "Arab Media"

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Yatsymirska, Mariya. MODERN MEDIA TEXT: POLITICAL NARRATIVES, MEANINGS AND SENSES, EMOTIONAL MARKERS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11411.

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The article examines modern media texts in the field of political journalism; the role of information narratives and emotional markers in media doctrine is clarified; verbal expression of rational meanings in the articles of famous Ukrainian analysts is shown. Popular theories of emotions in the process of cognition are considered, their relationship with the author’s personality, reader psychology and gonzo journalism is shown. Since the media text, in contrast to the text, is a product of social communication, the main narrative is information with the intention of influencing public opinion. Media text implies the presence of the author as a creator of meanings. In addition, media texts have universal features: word, sound, visuality (stills, photos, videos). They are traditionally divided into radio, TV, newspaper and Internet texts. The concepts of multimedia and hypertext are related to online texts. Web combinations, especially in political journalism, have intensified the interactive branching of nonlinear texts that cannot be published in traditional media. The Internet as a medium has created the conditions for the exchange of ideas in the most emotional way. Hence Gonzo’s interest in journalism, which expresses impressions of certain events in words and epithets, regardless of their stylistic affiliation. There are many such examples on social media in connection with the events surrounding the Wagnerians, the Poroshenko case, Russia’s new aggression against Ukraine, and others. Thus, the study of new features of media text in the context of modern political narratives and emotional markers is important in media research. The article focuses review of etymology, origin and features of using lexemes “cмисл (meaning)” and “сенс (sense)” in linguistic practice of Ukrainians results in the development of meanings and functional stylistic coloring in the usage of these units. Lexemes “cмисл (meaning)” and “сенс (sense)” are used as synonyms, but there are specific fields of meanings where they cannot be interchanged: lexeme “сенс (sense)” should be used when it comes to reasonable grounds for something, lexeme “cмисл (meaning)” should be used when it comes to notion, concept, understanding. Modern political texts are most prominent in genres such as interviews with politicians, political commentaries, analytical articles by media experts and journalists, political reviews, political portraits, political talk shows, and conversations about recent events, accompanied by effective emotional narratives. Etymologically, the concept of “narrative” is associated with the Latin adjective “gnarus” – expert. Speakers, philosophers, and literary critics considered narrative an “example of the human mind.” In modern media texts it is not only “story”, “explanation”, “message techniques”, “chronological reproduction of events”, but first of all the semantic load and what subjective meanings the author voices; it is a process of logical presentation of arguments (narration). The highly professional narrator uses narration as a “method of organizing discourse” around facts and impressions, impresses with his political erudition, extraordinary intelligence and creativity. Some of the above theses are reflected in the following illustrations from the Ukrainian media: “Culture outside politics” – a pro-Russian narrative…” (MP Gabibullayeva); “The next will be Russia – in the post-Soviet space is the Arab Spring…” (journalist Vitaly Portnikov); “In Russia, only the collapse of Ukraine will be perceived as success” (Pavel Klimkin); “Our army is fighting, hiding from the leadership” (Yuri Butusov).
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Hotsur, Oksana. SOCIAL NETWORKS AND BLOGS AS TOOLS PR-CAMPAIGN IMPLEMENTATIONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11110.

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The article deals with the ways in which social networks and the blogosphere influence the formation and implementation of a PR campaign. Examples from the political sphere (election campaigns, initiatives), business (TV brands, traditional and online media) have revealed the opportunities that Facebook, Telegram, Twitter, YouTube and blogs promote in promoting advertising, ideas, campaigns, thoughts, or products. Author blogs created on special websites or online media may not be as much of a tool in PR as an additional tool on social media. It is noted that choosing a blog as the main tool of PR campaign has both positive and negative points. Social networks intervene in the sphere of human life, become a means of communication, promotion, branding. The effectiveness of social networks has been evidenced by such historically significant events as Brexit, the Arab Spring, and the Revolution of Dignity. Special attention was paid to the 2019 presidential election. Based on the analysis of individual PR campaigns, the reasons for successful and unsuccessful campaigns from the point of view of network communication, which provide unlimited multimedia and interactive tools for PR, are highlighted. In fact, these concepts significantly affect the effectiveness of the implementation of PR-campaign, its final effectiveness, which is determined by the achievement of goals. Attention is drawn to the culture of communication during the PR campaign, as well as the concepts of “trolls”, “trolling”, “bots”, “botoin industry”. The social communication component of these concepts is unconditional. Choosing a blog as the main tool of a marketing campaign has both positive and negative aspects. Only a person with great creative potential can run and create a blog. In addition, it takes a long time. In fact, these two points are losing compared to other internet marketing tools. Further research is interesting in two respects. First, a comparison of the dynamics of the effectiveness of PR-campaign tools in Ukraine in 2020 and in the past, in particular, at the dawn of state independence. Secondly, to investigate how/or the concept of PR-campaigns in social networks and blogs is constantly changing.
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Rojas Hayes, Carolina Mary, Elkin Javier Casas, and Carlos G. Sucre. Minería verde en América Latina y el Caribe: análisis comparativo de políticas públicas y estándares industriales para impulsar la sustentabilidad en minería. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004961.

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La minería es un sector vital en numerosas economías de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) al ser una fuente importante de ingresos e inversiones, un generador importante de empleos directos e indirectos, una palanca de innovaciones y encadenamientos. Al mismo tiempo, es bien sabido que su mal manejo puede resultar en impactos negativos al medio ambiente y a las comunidades locales. Potencializar los impactos positivos de la minería en ALC implica entonces abordar los retos que hay para la política pública y el desarrollo de la industria. Este trabajo toma diversas buenas prácticas y estándares internacionales sobre minería como referencias para hacer una revisión de las legislaciones y regulaciones en Brasil, Chile, Colombia y Perú sobre la sustentabilidad social, ambiental y de gobernanza del sector en ALC. Este análisis comparativo reveló espacios donde las normativas son menos exigentes o ambiciosas que los estándares y consideramos esos espacios como oportunidades para mejora. Con base en lo evaluado, este trabajo presenta una propuesta de hoja de ruta regional que identifica intervenciones a tomar en aras de cerrar brechas entre normas locales o nacionales y los estándares globales de la industria minera.
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Artemisa: En defensa del medio ambiente. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18359/docinst.6281.

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Estamos ante una encrucijada global de proporciones nunca vistas. El planeta se calienta más rápido de lo esperado y enfrentamos condiciones climáticas cada vez más extremas, lo que pone en riesgo la sostenibilidad de la vida humana en el mediano y largo plazo. El nivel de los océanos está aumentando, los arrecifes de coral están muriendo, las especies se están extinguiendo, los glaciares se están derritiendo y las condiciones climáticas extremas se hacen cada vez más frecuentes con intensas olas de calor, inundaciones, huracanes, incendios y/o sequías. Para hacer frente a esta compleja situación, todos, personas e instituciones en los ámbitos nacional, regional y global, tenemos que hacer nuestra parte para evitar llegar a un punto de no retorno. Aunque Colombia solo genera el 0,6 % de los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), es uno de los veinte países más amenazados por la crisis climática. Nuestro país alberga el 50 % de los páramos del mundo y es catalogado como una potencia en agua, biodiversidad y ambiente, aloja alrededor del 10 % de la fauna y flora del mundo, teniendo por ello un rol central en los esfuerzos globales que se realizan para mitigar los efectos del cambio climático. También es reconocido por ser el segundo país con más alta presencia en biodiversidad en la tierra, goza de dos océanos, cinco vertientes hidrográficas, ríos, lagunas y ciénagas, siendo de esta manera el agua un recurso fundamental para el desarrollo de las generaciones futuras. El país cuenta con grandes extensiones de páramos, los cuales son la fuente del 70 % de agua dulce en nuestro país y comparte al sur de nuestras fronteras con la Amazonía, considerada la selva tropical más extensa del planeta y el pulmón del mundo. Una porción representativa de ese 10 % del total de la biodiversidad mundial que tiene nuestro país, se encuentra dentro del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SINAP), del que hace parte el Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales y las Reservas Forestales (más de 17 millones de hectáreas), una fuente importante de bienes y servicios ecosistémicos, entre los cuales, el suministro del recurso hídrico incluye más del 62 % de los nacimientos de los acuíferos nacionales y abastece a casi un 80 % de la población colombiana. Así mismo, protege lagunas y ciénagas que contienen el 20 % de los recursos hídricos que abastecen la generación de energía eléctrica del país. En estas áreas protegidas se conservan muestras representativas de los ecosistemas naturales marinos y continentales, los cuales, además de albergar un gran número de especies de fauna y flora, contribuyen a la regulación del clima y protegen las cuencas hidrográficas. Es así como por su especial importancia ecológica, los Parques Nacionales Naturales tienen la función de conservar, proteger y salvaguardar sus ecosistemas de especial valor por medio del Estado y de los particulares. Esta gran riqueza ambiental del país está siendo amenazada por el uso indebido de los recursos naturales, lo que genera un acelerado deterioro de los ecosistemas, alterando su funcionalidad y poniendo en riesgo la biodiversidad. Esta problemática se ha convertido en un reto de primer orden para el Estado colombiano, sus autoridades ambientales y la sociedad en general. El Sector Defensa no ha sido ajeno a esta realidad, por lo que en el marco definido por la ley, la Presidencia de la República y el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, ha reconocido el potencial desestabilizador de las afectaciones causadas por las diversas actividades ilícitas de los Grupos Armados Organizados (GAO), los Grupos Delincuenciales Organizados (GDO) y ciudadanos que hacen un uso indebido de los recursos naturales. Fenómenos como la siembra de cultivos ilícitos, la extracción ilícita de minerales, la tala indiscriminada, la ganadería extensiva, el acaparamiento de tierras, la pesca ilegal, la contaminación, el vertimiento de sustancias peligrosas y el tráfico ilegal de flora y fauna, han debilitado los ecosistemas nacionales. Estas actividades ilegales afectan los recursos hídricos del país, los suelos, los páramos y la atmósfera, produciendo efectos negativos que generan deforestación, pérdida de hábitats, extinción de especies, la destrucción de fuentes de agua, el deterioro de las tierras de cultivos e impactos negativos en las reservas forestales y las áreas que integran el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SINAP). La degradación ambiental que hemos visto no solo es utilizada por las organizaciones criminales para obtener recursos que les permiten sostener su accionar delictivo en diversas zonas del país, más grave aún, se constituye en un atentado directo contra el porvenir de las generaciones futuras. Es por ello que el Sector Defensa ha reconocido el agua, la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente como activos estratégicos de interés nacional, con un carácter principal y prevalente, buscando apoyar con sus capacidades a las autoridades ambientales del país, con el fin de realizar acciones cada vez más eficaces contra las organizaciones criminales responsables del deterioro ambiental. Es en ese contexto surge la idea de este libro, que busca presentar la problemática que se enfrenta y visibilizar las acciones realizadas por el Sector Defensa en coordinación con las autoridades ambientales, con el fin de apoyar la defensa de estos activos estratégicos, así como prevenir los daños futuros a los mismos, en aras de trabajar en la protección de los recursos naturales, bajo una visión multidimensional de la seguridad. El Ministerio de Defensa (MDN) ha sido consciente de los desafíos climáticos a los que se enfrenta, no solo el Sector, sino el territorio nacional, en cuanto a los impactos cada vez mayores derivados de las condiciones meteorológicas extremas y la explotación de los recursos. Por ello, el Sector ha trabajado para alinearse con la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, los compromisos del país ante la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (NDC), el cumplimiento del CONPES 4021 de diciembre de 2020 para el Control de la Deforestación y la Gestión Sostenible de Bosques, para así aportar con acciones de adaptación, mitigación y gestión del riesgo ante el cambio climático y variabilidad climática mediante del Plan de Gestión de Cambio Climático del Sector Defensa (PIGCCSD). Este libro reúne los principales resultados del Sector Defensa en materia de protección del medio ambiente y resalta la articulación de las políticas, así como de la operativización de las mismas por parte de las Fuerzas Militares y la Policía Nacional, por la protección de los recursos naturales de la Nación, una responsabilidad que ha quedado claramente plasmada en la “Estrategia Artemisa”, que es un esfuerzo permanente, sostenido, conjunto, coordinado, e interinstitucional que permitirá proteger y defender el agua, la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente como activos estratégicos de la Nación, a partir de la lucha contra la deforestación, sus causas directas o subyacentes y contrarrestar los efectos del cambio climático, como también la lucha contra la explotación ilícita de minerales, contra los cultivos ilícitos que afectan el medio ambiente y el conjunto de actividades de control y vigilancia que apoya nuestra Fuerza Pública para la defensa de los recursos naturales. Trabajando de forma articulada con la Fiscalía, el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, el Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (Ideam), y la Unidad de Parques Nacionales Naturales, en diversas zonas del país, la Estrategia Artemisa ha permitido brindar apoyo a las autoridades ambientales y administrativas, para preservar y defender el agua, la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente en las áreas de reserva forestal, áreas protegidas y 59 Parques Nacionales Naturales. Mediante la Directiva Permanente 008 del 22 de marzo de 2022, el MDN institucionalizó e impartió lineamientos e instrucciones al Comando General de las Fueras Militares, la Dirección General de la Policía Nacional y la Unidad de Gestión General del MDN, con el propósito de implementar medidas, desplegar operaciones, actividades de apoyo y gestión ambiental, para la implementación de la Estrategia Artemisa. De esta forma y bajo un enfoque sostenido, conjunto, coordinado, interinstitucional y multilateral, se trabajará para incluir dentro de la doctrina militar y policial las acciones relacionadas con la protección del agua, la diversidad y el medio ambiente, al tiempo que se concentrarán los esfuerzos de inteligencia en la identificación del modus operandi de las organizaciones criminales que afectan el medio ambiente, desarrollando operaciones contra los GAO y los GDO que atentan contra el medio ambiente. Desde el 2019 a la fecha se han realizado diecisiete (17) operaciones sobre las áreas de los Parques Nacionales Naturales, especialmente en las regiones de la Amazonía y la Orinoquía, como son los Parques Nacionales Naturales (PNN) Serranía de Chiribiquete, PNN La Paya, PNN Tinigua, PNN Picachos, PNN Sierra de La Macarena, la Zona de Reserva Forestal de la Amazonía y la Reserva Natural Nukak. Se han dispuesto, para esta campaña, 22.300 hombres de la Fuerza Pública, que, desde sus respectivas unidades militares y policiales resguardan las áreas protegidas del territorio nacional. Estas unidades incluyen: 10 batallones de alta montaña (páramos), una brigada contra el narcotráfico, una brigada contra la minería ilegal, unidades de guardacostas, infantería de marina y efectivos de la Policía Nacional. El Sector Defensa es consciente de que a futuro será fundamental continuar fortaleciendo las capacidades de la Fuerza Pública para, en el marco de sus competencias, continuar apoyando a las autoridades ambientales, entes territoriales y a la comunidad en la defensa y preservación del agua, la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente como activos estratégicos de la Nación. Será fundamental profundizar la disrupción del delito de la explotación ilícita de minerales, mediante el desmantelamiento de las economías ilícitas que se lucran de ella y de la afectación de la cadena criminal. En igual medida, será vital apoyar la recuperación de los ecosistemas más afectados por las actividades ilegales, por medio de actividades de restauración de áreas, del trabajo articulado con las comunidades, la construcción y mantenimiento de viveros forestales y el fortalecimiento a las investigaciones científicas lideradas desde la Armada Nacional y la Dirección General Marítima para la protección de los océanos, el recurso hídrico y sus ecosistemas. De esta forma será posible continuar trabajando en la reducción de los riesgos que se ciernen sobre los ecosistemas del país y disminuir los índices de deforestación, y tras la búsqueda de soluciones que contribuyan a la reducción y mitigación de los GEI. Esta estrategia que ha puesto en marcha el Sector Defensa y que es recogido en esta obra, presenta los aportes sectoriales del trabajo interinstitucional que se han venido realizando en los últimos años, siendo un ejemplo de la forma en la que se pueden sumar esfuerzos para contribuir a la superación de la encrucijada global que nos afecta a todos y que debe ser enfrentada con un esfuerzo común.
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Informe de Administración de las Reservas Internacionales 2023. Banco de la República, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-adm-res-int.2023.

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Características principales de la política de administración de las reservas del Banco de la República Las reservas se invierten en activos financieros con niveles altos de seguridad y liquidez, caracterizados por un amplio mercado secundario. El porcentaje de las reservas que permanece disponible para cubrir necesidades inmediatas de liquidez, denominado capital de trabajo (invertido a muy corto plazo), se mantiene en niveles bajos. Esto por cuanto con un régimen de tasa de cambio flotante son bajos la probabilidad y el monto de una potencial intervención en el mercado cambiario por parte del banco central. Teniendo en cuenta las menores necesidades de liquidez en el régimen cambiario actual, el resto del portafolio de inversión tiene un plazo y una rentabilidad esperada mayor, que mantiene un nivel de riesgo bajo. Las políticas de administración de las reservas están basadas en la teoría moderna de portafolios, la cual sugiere aplicar el principio de la diversificación, ya que es imposible predecir con certeza el comportamiento de cada una de las inversiones que hacen parte de un portafolio. De esta manera, la seguridad, liquidez y rentabilidad del portafolio se evalúan en conjunto y no por el desempeño de inversiones individuales. La administración de los recursos de las reservas internacionales se realiza a partir de portafolios administrados directamente por el Banco de la República y portafolios gestionados por firmas externas especializadas. Situación actual de las reservas internacionales de Colombia Las reservas internacionales netas totalizaron USD 57.269,2 m el 31 de diciembre de 2022. Diferentes indicadores para evaluar el nivel de reservas internacionales señalan niveles adecuados para el país. Un indicador ampliamente utilizado internacionalmente para medir el nivel adecuado de reservas internacionales es la metodología denominada assesing reserve adequacy (ARA). Esta métrica es propuesta por el FMI y establece que las reservas deben cubrir los principales riesgos de la balanza de pagos en periodos de presión en el mercado cambiario. Se considera que una economía mantiene niveles adecuados de reservas si la razón de reservas a nivel adecuado se ubica entre 1,0 y 1,5. Con cifras a diciembre de 2022, la razón de reservas a nivel adecuado del FMI calculado para Colombia se ubicaba en 1,32. Composición de las reservas internacionales El principal componente de las reservas internacionales es el portafolio de inversión, con el 91,62 % del total (USD 52.488,71 m). El saldo restante está distribuido entre la posición en el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) y derechos especiales de giro (DEG), aportes al Fondo Latinoamericano de Reservas (FLAR) y otros. El portafolio de inversión está compuesto por un tramo de corto plazo y un tramo de mediano plazo. El tramo de corto plazo tiene como propósito cubrir las necesidades potenciales de liquidez de las reservas en doce meses. El tramo de mediano plazo busca aumentar la rentabilidad esperada de las reservas internacionales en el largo plazo, preservando un portafolio conservador, con un perfil de rentabilidad esperado superior al del tramo de corto plazo. Composición del portafolio de inversión por sectores Al cierre de diciembre de 2022 las reservas internacionales estaban constituidas principalmente por títulos emitidos por gobiernos y entidades relacionadas con gobiernos. Composición cambiaria del portafolio de inversión Las reservas internacionales están compuestas por monedas que se caracterizan por contar con elevados volúmenes diarios de negociación y pertenecer a países con altas calificaciones crediticias, siendo el dólar de los Estados Unidos la moneda con mayor participación. Composición del portafolio de inversión por calificación crediticia La composición del portafolio por calificación crediticia evidencia la alta calidad crediticia de los activos en que se invierte el portafolio. Al 31 de diciembre de 2022 el 82,49% del portafolio se encontraba invertido en instrumentos con calificación AAA. Administración de los riesgos asociados con la inversión de las reservas El criterio de seguridad con el que se gestionan las reservas internacionales en Colombia implica controlar adecuadamente el riesgo al que se exponen las inversiones. Algunas de las principales políticas para la administración del riesgo son las siguientes: Para gestionar el riesgo de liquidez, el Banco define tramos de inversión en función de los objetivos de liquidez y rentabilidad del portafolio e invierte en activos financieros fáciles de liquidar en el mercado secundario. El Banco de la República busca acotar el riesgo de mercado invirtiendo en un limitado grupo de activos elegibles con sensibilidad moderada a movimiento de las tasas de interés. El Banco define calificaciones crediticias mínimas y límites máximos de concentración por emisor para prevenir eventos crediticios y mitigar su impacto. Actualmente, la mínima calificación crediticia de largo plazo de los títulos de deuda elegibles para el portafolio de reservas es A-. Para invertir las reservas con una alta seguridad y liquidez, al cierre de 2022 se permitían inversiones en las siguientes monedas: dólares estadounidense, canadiense, australiano, neozelandés, hongkonés, singapurense, la corona sueca, la libra esterlina, el franco suizo, el euro, el yen, la corona noruega, el renminbi y el won coreano. Todas estas monedas se caracterizan por tener mercados grandes de deuda pública, monedas altamente transadas internacionalmente y gobiernos con calificaciones crediticias que cumplen con los lineamientos de inversión del Banco de la República. Para mitigar el riesgo de contraparte, se utilizan mecanismos “pago contra entrega”, se establecen los requisitos y límites de exposición que deben cumplir las contrapartes con las que se realizan las operaciones de los portafolios y se suscriben contratos marco con dichas contrapartes. Recuadro 1: Generación de escenarios de estrés estadísticos para los portafolios de inversión de las reservas internacionales. Recuadro 2: Indicador de sentimiento de mercado. Recuadro 3: Tendencias internacionales en la administración de reservas. Recuadro 4: Criterios de sostenibilidad ambiental, social y de gobernanza en la inversión de las reservas internacionales
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