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1
Yahya, Dhiauddin. "The Use of Dictionaries in Teaching Arabic language: A Descriptive Analytical Research paper on the Procedures of using Dictionaries in the Islamic Institutions in Aceh- Indonesia." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 244–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.3.1.16.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims at: 1- Knowing the types of dictionaries in Arabic language, 2- Knowing the mostly used dictionarie at the Islamic institution in Aceh, and 3- showing how to use dictionaries in teaching Arabic language at the Islamic institutions in Aceh. The applied is the qualitative descriptive analytical approach is adopted.The paper concludes that dictionaries are divided according to subjects into three categories: linguistic, encyclopedic and historic dictionaries. According to the languages used, dictionaries are classified into Unilingual, bilingual and multilingual dictionaries. According to their subjects, dictionaries are classified into General, and special dictionaries and according to arrangement they are classified into alphabetic and subject dictionaries. As for form, they are classified into paper dictionaries and digital dictionaries.
2
Nassar, Mahmoud Mamdouh Baker, Akram Idrees Mohammad Al-Ashqar, and Mohammad Ali Abedalqader Shatanawi. "A Comparative Study of Arabic Motion Verbs to their English Counterparts." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.9.22.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines some semantics aspects of Arabic motion verbs compared to their English counterparts. Although both languages belong to different remote families, both languages share some common features about Motion especially on the idea of locomotors vs. non-locomotors (translative and non-translative movement). A lexically-semantic comparison is drawn between motion verbs in both languages in terms of suggested semantic components such as Motion itself, Manner, Directionality, Path, Fictive, and Motion. The researchers used resources such as encyclopedias, library references books specially Mu’jam Lisan AL-Arab, Al-Mu'jam Al-Waseet, English dictionaries specially Oxford, Webster, and Longman, web sites to collect data of motion verbs under discussion. The paper concludes that the semantics components of Arabic verbs are quite similar to their English counterparts, but Arabic verbs differ greatly from English verbs in the notions that can be lexicalized.
3
Al Qaisiya, Fatima, and Rajai Rasheed Al-Khanji. "Examining the Usefulness of Medical Bilingual Dictionaries for Translation Purposes." International Journal of Linguistics 11, no. 6 (December 22, 2019): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v11i6.15723.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims at examining the effectiveness of four medical bilingual English-Arabic dictionaries for translational purposes. This is done by investigating the provided information used in the presentation of a number of medical words in the examined dictionaries. The results reveal an inconsistency in the presentation of the selected words in the dictionaries; which might be correlated to the lack of provision policies given by the compilers of the dictionaries. Moreover, an inadequacy in the provision of semantic, pragmatic, and encyclopedic information was noticed which would be inadequate for translational purposes. However, it was found that the Unified Medical dictionary covered more types of information like the provision of encyclopedic illustrations and pictorial illustration.
4
ÖLKER, Gökhan. "TURKISH-GREEK VERSE DICTIONARY SERIES II: TUHFE-I RUMÎ." Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 54 (June 13, 2022): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21563/sutad.1130127.
Full textAbstract:
The works that best reflect the vocabulary of the language are undoubtedly dictionaries. Lexicography, which is accepted as a branch of science, is a branch of science that aims to reveal the vocabulary of a language or various languages comparatively in the form of a dictionary, and shows the ways of application by putting methods for this purpose. Today, a wide variety of dictionaries are prepared for different purposes. While some of these dictionaries, such as "reverse syntax dictionaries", are more recent to be prepared, the history of encyclopedic dictionaries such as "Divanu Lugati't-Türk" dates back to older times. Verse grammar books and dictionaries have been found since the eleventh century. The first examples of verse dictionaries in the Anatolian field are Arabic-Persian and were written in the 14th century. Due to many reasons, especially political and demographic factors, Greek was undoubtedly the language in which the most written material was produced after Arabic and Persian as a foreign language in the Ottoman state. There are plenty of examples from all kinds of written products: newspapers, magazines, textbooks, dictionaries, etc. These are Tuhfe-i Rumi, Tuhfetu'l-Uşşak, Tuhfe-i Vehbi, Lugat-i Nuriye and Hafız İbrahim Lugati. In this study, we will give information about the Turkish-Greek verse dictionary called Tuhfe-i Rumî, of which we have identified three copies so far, and we will reveal the text publication by examining the features of the work.
5
Sidad Anwar Mohammed, Prof Dr. "Molière dans les dictionnaires de littérature française Moliere in the dictionaries of French literature." لارك 3, no. 46 (June 30, 2022): 9–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/lark.vol3.iss46.2538.
Full textAbstract:
Molière is considered the most famous genius of French theater and of French comedy in particular. Nothing predisposed Jean-Baptiste Poquelin to become a man of the theater: neither his birth in 1622 into a bourgeois family, whose father held the office of upholsterer to the king; nor his studies at the Jesuit college, then law in Orleans, if not the eagerness and enthusiasm he has for this literary genre. At a time dominated by religious fanaticism and marked by the classical order, Moliere wanted to immerse his audience in entertainment and laughter. Among his priorities was to create a balance between the pressures of life and what the human soul needs. Indeed, with his ingenuity and wit, Moliere managed to win the appeal and support of the public by addressing the fundamental problems of society and trying to criticize them with a reformist ideology.
Founder of «The Illustrious Theater", Moliere distinguished himself by his prolific theatrical production. He wrote more than thirty comic plays, the most famous of which are: Tartuffe, The Miser, The doctor despite Himself, The Misanthrope, Wise women, Dom Juan and The imaginary sick. He was the writer closest to King Louis XIV.
Our study is based on the receptive approach, which is part of the trinity: the writer, the literary work and the reader. The receiving relationship is direct with the reader. When the writer finishes his book and publishes it, this process is equivalent to the loss of the work, that is to say, the book leaves the private and enters the social domain. Thus, it will be exposed to many different readings and subjected to varied, even sometimes contradictory points of view. In this case, the role of the reader is essential and sometimes goes beyond that of the writer: the writer writes, but the reception of what he writes varies from one reading to another and from one era to another.
The research problem calls for an answer to the reception of Moliere in dictionaries of French literature and to the reasons for his worldwide fame from the point of view of article writers.
This study is divided into three parts. The first studies the reasons for the theatrical debut of Moliere, who hoped to become a famous lawyer or succeed his father in the profession of upholsterer. The second deals with the characteristics of Moliere's comedy, its most striking themes and the characters in its plays. While the third sheds light on the reasons for Moliere's fame and universality.
The results of the study show that Moliere's fame comes mainly from his strong attachment to the theater, so his fame came from his love and affection for the theater. The subjects he covered, the characters and the tongue-in-cheek style played an important role in his worldwide fame. His goal of reforming his society came to justify his means of expression.
This study, “The reception of Moliere in dictionaries of French literature”, is considered the preliminary to a second study dealing with the reception of Moliere in Arabic dictionaries and encyclopedias.
6
Hanaoka, Mimi. "The World in a Book: Al-Nuwayri an the Islamic Encyclopedic Tradition." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 35, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v35i3.482.
Full textAbstract:
Elias Muhanna’s The World in a Book: Al-Nuwayri and the Islamic Ency- clopedic Tradition is an erudite, scrupulously researched, and eminently readable book that marks a significant contribution to studies in Arabic lit- erature, Mamluk history, and the production and circulation of knowledge in the medieval Islamicate world. Muhanna successfully analyzes—over the course of 232 pages with almost a dozen images and as many tables—the monumental, 31-volume encyclopedic compendium that consists of over two million words, titled Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab (The Ultimate Ambition in the Arts of Erudition), composed by Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhāb al-Nuwayrī, an Egyptian bureaucrat and scholar, during the early fourteenth century. Muhanna’s goals are to consider why al-Nuwayrī composed his ambi- tious work; to analyze the disciplines al-Nuwayrī’s work encompassed and the models, sources, and methods that guided its composition; and to trace its reception among al-Nuwayrī’s contemporaries as well as its later recep- tion in Europe and the Islamicate world. Centering these questions on The Ultimate Ambition, Muhanna analyzes Arabic encyclopedism, a phenom- enon that reached its zenith in Egypt and Syria during the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. Muhanna challenges the argument that the rise in encyclopedism re- flected anxiety about the Mongol invasions and fears about the obliteration of civilization’s knowledge and heritage. He instead argues that encyclope- dists such as al-Nuwayrī were motivated by various factors, “chief among them the feeling of an overcrowding of authoritative knowledge in Cairo and Damascus, the great school cities of the empire” (3) which, coupled with the expansion of higher education and the migration patterns of scholars in West and Central Asia, meant that there were “new texts available for study and prompting the formation of new genres and knowledge practices” (3). The story of al-Nuwayrī is, thus, a story about the production, reception, and transmission of knowledge. Muhanna’s primary raconteurs are schol- ars of Mamluk history and historiography, Islamicate literature, and studies in the transmission of knowledge, including T. Bauer, J. Berkey, A. Blair, M. Chamberlain, L. Guo, K. Hirschler, H. Kilpatrick, D. Little, L. Northrup, C. Petry, J. Schmidt, M. van Berkel, and G. van Gelder. The World in a Book is both sweeping and specific, and it considers al-Nuwayrī’s compendium directly—not merely as a source to reconstruct Mamluk history—and assesses why encyclopedism surged during the thir- teenth through fifteenth centuries. Amongst the genres of medieval Arabic Islamicate literature to which scholars have directed their attention during the past several decades—such as adab, poetry, mirrors for princes, histo- ries, chronicles, hadith collections, and pilgrimage manuals—relatively few have studied Arabic encyclopedism. Chapter 1, “Encyclopedism in the Mamluk Empire,” explores why al-Nuwayrī compiled his work. Muhanna offers a useful distinction be- tween “encyclopedism and encyclopedia” (pp. 11-13) and grounds his ap- proach in encyclopedism, which is the idea that there is a “spectrum…upon which we might situate a variety of works belonging to different premodern genres and possessing different principles of order, structure, focus, agen- da, audience, and modes of reading” (12). The merit of this approach is that it casts a wider, less restrictive net, since “reading these texts as tokens of a similar knowledge practice rather than members of a common genre per- mits us to see the continuities between strategies of knowledge-ordering that cut across different bibliographical categories” (12). Given the fluc- tuating and complex notions of genre—the genre of medieval Arabic and Persian tārīkh, for example, encompasses a heterogeneous variety of texts, from local histories, chronicles, biographical dictionaries, and often some combination of all of the above—encyclopedism is a compelling conceptual approach to this body of literatures. Muhanna argues that while al-Nuwayrī himself situated his work within the tradition of adab, his inspirations and sources belonged to other genres, which lead to the rise of this hybrid genre of encyclopedism. Al-Nuwayrī was an esteemed copyist who directly ad- dressed the scribal arts in The Ultimate Ambition, which “both described the expectations of the scribe and provided the content of his education: it styled itself as an encyclopedic guide for an encyclopedic education” (21). Chapter 2, “Structures of Knowledge,” offers a 30,000ft view of al-Nu- wayrī’s work, including its arrangement, structure, and overall composi- tion, and compares it to other Mamluk encyclopedic texts and to earlier adab works. This chapter is particularly useful to scholars who want an introduction into The Ultimate Ambition and Arabic encyclopedism, which Muhanna argues was itself a mélange of other extant genres: the work is “not recognizably a literary anthology, a cosmographical compendium, a chronicle, a pharmacopia, or a scribal manual, but an amalgam of all of these genres” (49). Chapter 3, “Sources of Knowledge,” contextualizes al-Nuwayrī’s com- pendium by situating it within the scholarly milieu of centers of learning within the Mamluk Empire, particularly Cairo and Damascus, during the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. By situating al-Nuwayrī within the Nā- siriyya madrasa in Cairo and the intellectual, familial, and professional connections he cultivated and from which he benefitted, the author brings a granular depth to al-Nuwayrī and his work. This chapter is of particular interest to scholars of the production and circulation of knowledge. In Chapter 4, “Encyclopedism and Empire,” Muhanna turns to the im- perial and administrative scaffolding of the Mamluk Empire. The author argues that since compilers like al-Nuwayrī were part of the Mamluk bu- reaucracy, they “were particularly attuned to the processes of centralization and consolidation that transformed the politics of their time (4),” and wrote for an audience that reflected the nexus between literary encyclopedism and the imperial Mamluk state. Muhanna considers administrative knowl- edge and scholarly knowledge as separate but related spheres, arguing that “gathering vast quantities of information, collating sources, and synthe- sizing diverse types of knowledge represented the core activities of both the administrator and the large-scale compiler… a career in bureaucracy helped develop the skills of archiving and itemization that any compiler would have possessed…What set the two domains apart, however, was a difference in the types of knowledge that were valued. The world of admin- istration was one of contemporary, mutable information” (104). Muhanna’s more important argument in this chapter, however, is his claim about the unique position of Mamluk bureaucrats to be curators of knowledge and practices in the Mamluk Empire. He argues, “The common thread uniting the diverse professionals that comprised the administra- tion…was the importance attached to gathering data in the service of the state… By virtue of their access to demographic, financial, historical, and legal materials about the empire’s subjects, institutions, and communities, the bureaucratic class was in a unique position to shape the politics of their day in a manner that no other professional group could achieve” (104). As a bureaucrat-turned-scholar and an expert copyist, al-Nuwayrī embodied the related spheres of knowledge gathering, organization, and transmission in Mamluk Cairo. Chapter 5, “Working Methods,” delves into the manuscript tradition and reconstructs the composition history of al-Nuwayrī’s work. Muhanna addresses the strategies of collation, edition, and the management of sourc- es involved in the production of large compilations during the Mamluk period. The Chapter 6, “The Reception of the Ultimate Ambition,” addresses the literary afterlife of al-Nuwayrī’s work by discussing its reception in the Islamicate world and in Europe, with particular attention to the Dutch re- ception. By considering reception history of al-Nuwayrī’s work, Muhanna’s brief but engaging final chapter considers the impact of Mamluk encyclo- pedism in shaping the way Islamicate thought was perceived both within Europe and the Islamicate world. Muhanna’s appendices will prove valuable to scholars. “Appendix A: The Contents of the Ultimate Ambition” is extremely useful for those who do not share Muhanna’s patience to delve into the 31-volume work itself. In Appendix B, Muhanna compares the tables of contents of the two editions of The Ultimate Ambition: that of the standard Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya edition, which was begun in 1923 but only completed in 1997, which is dif- ficult to access; and the more recent Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya edition, pub- lished in Beirut in 2004, which is more widely available. The 11 figures that Muhanna intersperses throughout his book are attractive additions to his work, but it is the 13 tables that showcase Muhanna’s service to organize, divide, and categorize the sources, focusing primarily on al-Nuwayrī’s Ulti- mate Ambition itself. Some of these tables include: identifying The Ultimate Ambition’s chapter word counts for the Cairo and Beirut editions; outlining the arrangement of seven classical adab encyclopedias; and identifying and listing the sources of The Ultimate Ambition in its books 1, 3, and 4. These are valuable sources that the author has produced to help scholars and stu- dents make better sense and use of al-Nuwayrī’s massive tome. The World in a Book is a valuable contribution to studies in Arabic lit- erature, Mamluk history, and the production and circulation of knowledge in the medieval Islamicate world. Specialists will benefit most from this work, but its excellent readability makes it a valuable volume for graduate and undergraduate students as well as those interested in the production of knowledge in the Middle East more broadly.
Mimi HanaokaAssociate Professor of Religious StudiesUniversity of Richmond
7
Hanaoka, Mimi. "The World in a Book: Al-Nuwayri an the Islamic Encyclopedic Tradition." American Journal of Islam and Society 35, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v35i3.482.
Full textAbstract:
Elias Muhanna’s The World in a Book: Al-Nuwayri and the Islamic Ency- clopedic Tradition is an erudite, scrupulously researched, and eminently readable book that marks a significant contribution to studies in Arabic lit- erature, Mamluk history, and the production and circulation of knowledge in the medieval Islamicate world. Muhanna successfully analyzes—over the course of 232 pages with almost a dozen images and as many tables—the monumental, 31-volume encyclopedic compendium that consists of over two million words, titled Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab (The Ultimate Ambition in the Arts of Erudition), composed by Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhāb al-Nuwayrī, an Egyptian bureaucrat and scholar, during the early fourteenth century. Muhanna’s goals are to consider why al-Nuwayrī composed his ambi- tious work; to analyze the disciplines al-Nuwayrī’s work encompassed and the models, sources, and methods that guided its composition; and to trace its reception among al-Nuwayrī’s contemporaries as well as its later recep- tion in Europe and the Islamicate world. Centering these questions on The Ultimate Ambition, Muhanna analyzes Arabic encyclopedism, a phenom- enon that reached its zenith in Egypt and Syria during the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. Muhanna challenges the argument that the rise in encyclopedism re- flected anxiety about the Mongol invasions and fears about the obliteration of civilization’s knowledge and heritage. He instead argues that encyclope- dists such as al-Nuwayrī were motivated by various factors, “chief among them the feeling of an overcrowding of authoritative knowledge in Cairo and Damascus, the great school cities of the empire” (3) which, coupled with the expansion of higher education and the migration patterns of scholars in West and Central Asia, meant that there were “new texts available for study and prompting the formation of new genres and knowledge practices” (3). The story of al-Nuwayrī is, thus, a story about the production, reception, and transmission of knowledge. Muhanna’s primary raconteurs are schol- ars of Mamluk history and historiography, Islamicate literature, and studies in the transmission of knowledge, including T. Bauer, J. Berkey, A. Blair, M. Chamberlain, L. Guo, K. Hirschler, H. Kilpatrick, D. Little, L. Northrup, C. Petry, J. Schmidt, M. van Berkel, and G. van Gelder. The World in a Book is both sweeping and specific, and it considers al-Nuwayrī’s compendium directly—not merely as a source to reconstruct Mamluk history—and assesses why encyclopedism surged during the thir- teenth through fifteenth centuries. Amongst the genres of medieval Arabic Islamicate literature to which scholars have directed their attention during the past several decades—such as adab, poetry, mirrors for princes, histo- ries, chronicles, hadith collections, and pilgrimage manuals—relatively few have studied Arabic encyclopedism. Chapter 1, “Encyclopedism in the Mamluk Empire,” explores why al-Nuwayrī compiled his work. Muhanna offers a useful distinction be- tween “encyclopedism and encyclopedia” (pp. 11-13) and grounds his ap- proach in encyclopedism, which is the idea that there is a “spectrum…upon which we might situate a variety of works belonging to different premodern genres and possessing different principles of order, structure, focus, agen- da, audience, and modes of reading” (12). The merit of this approach is that it casts a wider, less restrictive net, since “reading these texts as tokens of a similar knowledge practice rather than members of a common genre per- mits us to see the continuities between strategies of knowledge-ordering that cut across different bibliographical categories” (12). Given the fluc- tuating and complex notions of genre—the genre of medieval Arabic and Persian tārīkh, for example, encompasses a heterogeneous variety of texts, from local histories, chronicles, biographical dictionaries, and often some combination of all of the above—encyclopedism is a compelling conceptual approach to this body of literatures. Muhanna argues that while al-Nuwayrī himself situated his work within the tradition of adab, his inspirations and sources belonged to other genres, which lead to the rise of this hybrid genre of encyclopedism. Al-Nuwayrī was an esteemed copyist who directly ad- dressed the scribal arts in The Ultimate Ambition, which “both described the expectations of the scribe and provided the content of his education: it styled itself as an encyclopedic guide for an encyclopedic education” (21). Chapter 2, “Structures of Knowledge,” offers a 30,000ft view of al-Nu- wayrī’s work, including its arrangement, structure, and overall composi- tion, and compares it to other Mamluk encyclopedic texts and to earlier adab works. This chapter is particularly useful to scholars who want an introduction into The Ultimate Ambition and Arabic encyclopedism, which Muhanna argues was itself a mélange of other extant genres: the work is “not recognizably a literary anthology, a cosmographical compendium, a chronicle, a pharmacopia, or a scribal manual, but an amalgam of all of these genres” (49). Chapter 3, “Sources of Knowledge,” contextualizes al-Nuwayrī’s com- pendium by situating it within the scholarly milieu of centers of learning within the Mamluk Empire, particularly Cairo and Damascus, during the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. By situating al-Nuwayrī within the Nā- siriyya madrasa in Cairo and the intellectual, familial, and professional connections he cultivated and from which he benefitted, the author brings a granular depth to al-Nuwayrī and his work. This chapter is of particular interest to scholars of the production and circulation of knowledge. In Chapter 4, “Encyclopedism and Empire,” Muhanna turns to the im- perial and administrative scaffolding of the Mamluk Empire. The author argues that since compilers like al-Nuwayrī were part of the Mamluk bu- reaucracy, they “were particularly attuned to the processes of centralization and consolidation that transformed the politics of their time (4),” and wrote for an audience that reflected the nexus between literary encyclopedism and the imperial Mamluk state. Muhanna considers administrative knowl- edge and scholarly knowledge as separate but related spheres, arguing that “gathering vast quantities of information, collating sources, and synthe- sizing diverse types of knowledge represented the core activities of both the administrator and the large-scale compiler… a career in bureaucracy helped develop the skills of archiving and itemization that any compiler would have possessed…What set the two domains apart, however, was a difference in the types of knowledge that were valued. The world of admin- istration was one of contemporary, mutable information” (104). Muhanna’s more important argument in this chapter, however, is his claim about the unique position of Mamluk bureaucrats to be curators of knowledge and practices in the Mamluk Empire. He argues, “The common thread uniting the diverse professionals that comprised the administra- tion…was the importance attached to gathering data in the service of the state… By virtue of their access to demographic, financial, historical, and legal materials about the empire’s subjects, institutions, and communities, the bureaucratic class was in a unique position to shape the politics of their day in a manner that no other professional group could achieve” (104). As a bureaucrat-turned-scholar and an expert copyist, al-Nuwayrī embodied the related spheres of knowledge gathering, organization, and transmission in Mamluk Cairo. Chapter 5, “Working Methods,” delves into the manuscript tradition and reconstructs the composition history of al-Nuwayrī’s work. Muhanna addresses the strategies of collation, edition, and the management of sourc- es involved in the production of large compilations during the Mamluk period. The Chapter 6, “The Reception of the Ultimate Ambition,” addresses the literary afterlife of al-Nuwayrī’s work by discussing its reception in the Islamicate world and in Europe, with particular attention to the Dutch re- ception. By considering reception history of al-Nuwayrī’s work, Muhanna’s brief but engaging final chapter considers the impact of Mamluk encyclo- pedism in shaping the way Islamicate thought was perceived both within Europe and the Islamicate world. Muhanna’s appendices will prove valuable to scholars. “Appendix A: The Contents of the Ultimate Ambition” is extremely useful for those who do not share Muhanna’s patience to delve into the 31-volume work itself. In Appendix B, Muhanna compares the tables of contents of the two editions of The Ultimate Ambition: that of the standard Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya edition, which was begun in 1923 but only completed in 1997, which is dif- ficult to access; and the more recent Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya edition, pub- lished in Beirut in 2004, which is more widely available. The 11 figures that Muhanna intersperses throughout his book are attractive additions to his work, but it is the 13 tables that showcase Muhanna’s service to organize, divide, and categorize the sources, focusing primarily on al-Nuwayrī’s Ulti- mate Ambition itself. Some of these tables include: identifying The Ultimate Ambition’s chapter word counts for the Cairo and Beirut editions; outlining the arrangement of seven classical adab encyclopedias; and identifying and listing the sources of The Ultimate Ambition in its books 1, 3, and 4. These are valuable sources that the author has produced to help scholars and stu- dents make better sense and use of al-Nuwayrī’s massive tome. The World in a Book is a valuable contribution to studies in Arabic lit- erature, Mamluk history, and the production and circulation of knowledge in the medieval Islamicate world. Specialists will benefit most from this work, but its excellent readability makes it a valuable volume for graduate and undergraduate students as well as those interested in the production of knowledge in the Middle East more broadly.
Mimi HanaokaAssociate Professor of Religious StudiesUniversity of Richmond
8
Khodjaeva`, Rano Umarovna. "The Role Of The Central Asians In The Socio-Political And Cultural Life Of Mamluk Egypt." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 10 (October 29, 2020): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue10-38.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers the strengthening of the Turkic factor in Egypt after the Mamluk Emirs, natives from the Khwarezm, Turkmen and Kipchak tribes, who came to power in the second half of the XIII century. The influence of the Turkic factor affected all aspects of life in Egypt. Under the leadership of the Turkic Emirs, the Egyptians defeated the crusaders who invaded Egypt in 1248. This defeat of the 7th crusade marked the beginning of the General collapse of the Crusades. Another crushing defeat of the Mamluks led by Sultan Kutuz caused the Mongols, stopping their victorious March through the Arab world. As a result of these brilliant victories, Egypt under the first Mamluk Sultans turned into a fairly strong state, which developed agriculture, irrigation, and foreign trade. The article also examines the factors contributing to the transformation of Egypt in the 13-14th centuries in the center of Muslim culture after the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate. Scientists from all over the Muslim world came to Egypt, educational institutions-madrassas were intensively built, and Muslim encyclopedias were created that absorbed the knowledge gained in various Sciences (geography, history, philology, astronomy, mathematics, etc.). Scholars from Khwarezm, the Golden Horde, Azerbaijan, and other Turkic-speaking regions along with Arab scholars taught hadith, logic, oratory, fiqh, and other Muslim Sciences in the famous madrassas of Egypt. In Mamluk Egypt, there was a great interest in the Turkic languages, especially the Oguz-Kipchak dialect. Arabic and Turkic philologists write special works on the vocabulary and grammar of the Turkic languages, and compile Arabic-Turkic dictionaries. In Egypt, a whole layer of artistic Turkic-language literature was created that has survived to the present day. The famous poet Saif Sarayi, who came from the lower reaches of the Syr Darya river in Mawaraunnahr was considered to be its founder. He wrote in Chigatai (old Uzbek) language and is recognized a poet who stands at the origins of Uzbek literature. In addition to his known the names of eight Turkish-speaking poets, most of whom have nisba “al-Khwarizmi”. Notable changes occurred in Arabic literature itself, especially after the decline of Palace Abbasid poetry. There is a convergence of literature with folk art, under the influence of which the poetic genres, such as “zazhal”, “mavval”, “muvashshah”, etc. emerge in the Egyptian poetry. In Mamluk Egypt, the genre of “adaba” is rapidly developing, aimed at bringing up and enlightening the good-natured Muslim in a popular scientific form. The works of “adaba” contained a large amount of poetic and folklore material from rivayats and hikayats, which makes it possible to have a more complete understanding of medieval Arabic literature in general. Unfortunately, the culture, including the fiction of the Mamluk period of Egypt, has been little studied, as well as the influence of the Turkic factor on the cultural and social life of the Egyptians. The Turkic influence is felt in the military and household vocabulary, the introduction of new rituals, court etiquette, changing the criteria for evaluating beauty, in food, clothing, etc. Natives of the Turkic regions, former slaves, historical figures such as the Sultan Shajarat ad-Durr, Mamluk sultans as Kutuz and Beybars became national heroes of the Egyptian people. Folk novels-Sirs were written about their deeds. And in modern times, their names are not forgotten. Prominent Egyptian writers have dedicated their historical novels to them, streets have been named after them, monuments have been erected to them, and series and TV shows dedicated to them are still shown on national television. This article for the first time examines some aspects of the influence of the Turkic factor on the cultural life of Mamluk Egypt and highlights some unknown pages of cultural relations between Egypt and Mawaraunnahr.
9
Costa, Roger Vinícius da Silva. "Dictionaries and encyclopedias of suicide." Domínios de Lingu@gem 17 (November 21, 2023): e1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/dlv17a2023-57.
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There are some studies that analyze definitions of the term “suicide” in academic works, as well as in generalist dictionaries and encyclopedias in several languages, but there still seems to be no investigation focused on specialized dictionaries and encyclopedias (SDEs) on this topic. Hence the general objective of this study was to describe the suicide SDEs available in the literature. To accomplish this purpose, a basic, quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, bibliographical and documental method was used. The 12 criteria proposed by John Humbley in 2018 for the analysis of SDEs were determined as the main theoretical foundation. From 2017 to 2022, through an integrative review in 6 languages and 4 databases, 8 SDEs were excluded. The 4 included ones were 2 dictionaries and 2 encyclopedias published between 2003 and 2016, 3 in English and 1 in Spanish. One of the most relevant findings was the fact that the SDEs examined try to address the various aspects of this object, instead of adopting a reductionist perspective. However, as only 4 books were analyzed, it was not possible to identify a clear pattern about all 12 criteria and all 4 sources. For example, it is not known which terms would be more feasible to include in a work of this nature nor the optimal way to predicate them. Even so, this paper is a relevant contribution to the studies on language and suicide, providing elements for the evolution of dictionaries and encyclopedias specialized on this binomial.
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Features Submission, Haworth Continuing. "Chapter 1: Subject Dictionaries and Encyclopedias." Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian 5, no. 3-4 (May 14, 1987): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j103v05n03_12.
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ZHELEZNIAK, Mykola, Oleksandr ISHCHENKO, and Sergii BORTNYK. "UKRAINIAN ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND DICTIONARIES IN VIEW OF SPREADING GEOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 4 (103) (2023): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.103.03.
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Encyclopedic literature and dictionaries devoted to geological sciences were overviewed in the article. The authors emphasize the lack of basic Ukrainian geological encyclopedia and provide arguments for the necessity of its appearance. They substantiate the importance of dictionaries representing specific subject lexicon, in particular geological terminology: "Dictionary of Geological Terminology" (1923), "Russian-Ukrainian Geological Dictionary" (1959), "Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary of Geological Terms" (1993), "Russian-Ukrainian Geological dictionary" (2011), "Ukrainian-French-English Dictionary of Geology, Geophysics, Well Drilling, and Oil, & Gas industry" (2011), "Russian-Ukrainian Geological Dictionary" (2016), "Geological Dictionary: Open Educational and Scientific Web Resource" (2017), "Russian-Ukrainian Geological Dictionary" (2018), "Ukrainian-Russian-English Dictionary of Geological Terms" (2020), and other mineralogical, geodetic, mining, petrographic dictionaries. The results show that Ukrainian encyclopedic and lexicographic literature does not provide knowledge of all geological sciences despite a fairly large number of encyclopedias and dictionaries (in total, over 40 sources were found), as there are dictionaries and encyclopedias encompassing only some particular geological fields. The authors also reflect on the issue of the distribution of subject encyclopedias and dictionaries in educational sphere today, when Wikipedia is considered to be the most popular online reference work in the world. The authors conclude that it is necessary to build a modern geological encyclopedia as a unified Ukrainian language source of reliable reference knowledge on geology.
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Abdurahmonova, Olmosxon. "History and Development of the Discussion Genre." Golden scripts 2, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.gold.2020.4/osie5262.
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The article is devoted to the level of development and perfection of the genre of debate in fiction. It also answers questions about the meaning of the word debate and what its function is, and its place in literature. Depending on the meanings of the term debate in annotated and encyclopedic dictionaries, they are divided into types. The opinions expressed by scholars in the genre of debate are summarized and come to a unified conclusion. The article covers the history of debate, the creation of the debate. The literature of the peoples of the West and the East has been studied comparatively, and the considerations have been made on a scientific basis. That is, the debate is based on scientific evidence that the Mesopotamian civilization, from which the first record appeared, has come a long way from the Sumerian-Akkadian period to the present day.It is also said that although the debate originated in Arabic literature, it reached great heights in Persian-Tajik literature. The first example of this is the dispute between the ancient written monument “Drakhti Asurik” (Goat and Palm tree) and the disputes of later periods.The genre of debate in Uzbek classical literature is mainly divided into two types: Other literary genres are studied as an integral part and as an independent genre. This has had a significant impact on the development of the debate genre.Literary ties are as ancient as the cultural ties of nations. Their socio-political, historical and cultural conditions, customs, and literary connections were common in terms of ethnic composition. When we study the literature of these peoples, we see that they have done a great job in the genre of debate. In particular, the work on the genre of debate in the literature of Azerbaijan and the Turkic peoples is of particular importance.
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Abramson, Charles I., and Aaron J. Place. "Note regarding the Word ‘Behavior’ in Glossaries of Introductory Textbooks, Dictionaries, and Encyclopedias Devoted to Psychology." Perceptual and Motor Skills 101, no. 2 (October 2005): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.2.568-574.
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Glossaries of introductory textbooks in psychology, biology, and animal behavior were surveyed to find whether they included the word ‘behavior’. In addition to texts, encyclopedias and dictionaries devoted to the study of behavior were also surveyed. Of the 138 tests sampled across all three fields, only 38 (27%) included the term ‘behavior’ in their glossaries. Of the 15 encyclopedias and dictionaries surveyed, only 5 defined ‘behavior’. To assess whether the term ‘behavior’ has disappeared from textbook glossaries or whether it has usually been absent, we sampled 23 introductory psychology texts written from 1886 to 1958. Only two texts contained glossaries, and the word ‘behavior’ was defined in both. An informal survey was conducted of students enrolled in introductory classes in psychology, biology, and animal behavior to provide data on the consistency of definitions. Students were asked to “define the word ‘behavior’.” Analysis indicated the definition was dependent upon the course. We suggest that future introductory textbook authors and editors of psychology-based dictionaries and encyclopedias include ‘behavior’ in their glossaries.
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Eden, Bradford Lee. "RILM Music Encyclopedias: The Definitive Global Repository of Music Encyclopedias and Dictionaries." Reference Reviews 30, no. 7 (September 19, 2016): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr-05-2016-0139.
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Larkin, Peter, Annie M. Brewer, and Marie Browne. "Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Other Word-Related Books." Yearbook of English Studies 15 (1985): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3508559.
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Isachenko, Tatiana A. ""Russian World and Slavdom. Writing, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias" (Conference in Memory of Academician O. Trubachev)." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 6 (December 10, 2010): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2010-0-6-120-122.
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King, J. E. "Crises and Cycles in Economics Dictionaries and Encyclopedias." European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 19, no. 3 (June 2012): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2012.685228.
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Aspromourgos, Tony. "Crises and Cycles in Economics Dictionaries and Encyclopedias." European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 19, no. 3 (June 2012): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2012.685229.
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Bakry, Saad Haj, and Tawfik Al-Kusayer. "Informatics in Arabic Dictionaries." Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences 8 (1996): I—XXIV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1319-1578(96)80001-2.
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Patela, Rekson, and Ismail Fahri. ""إستخدام قاموس العربية العامة في ترجمة الكتب العربية "عند طلاب الجامعة الحكومية بجامبي." Al-Uslub: Journal of Arabic Linguistic and Literature 4, no. 02 (July 3, 2020): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30631/al-uslub.v4i02.56.
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In the Arabic language department in Jambi, there is an Arabic book translation activity that is done using Arabic dictionaries to know the meaning and Improve The Ability and Advice in using the dictionary. The activity of learning the procedure of opening a dictionary, searching for specific vocabulary and sentences by using dictionaries in the translation process. The targets/respondents of this study were students majoring in Arabic Language and Satra who were in Jambi college in The Class/Semester III and V. Data collection techniques by disseminating questionnaires, Observations, And Interviews. Data Analysis is done qualitatively. The results of this study found the difficulty and ease of Students in using Arabic dictionaries and Providing Improvement, knowledge, and advice to students on how to use dictionaries as translation tools for Arabic books. Through this research, the activity is intended as an Evaluation of The Proficiency of Arabic Language Students in Using dictionaries as translation tools. Thus, the result of the study is to know the establishment of students in using dictionaries as a translation tool for Arabic books
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Krysztopa-Czupryńska, Barbara. "Ignacy Krasicki in nineteenth-century British encyclopedias and dictionaries." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 299, no. 1 (April 6, 2018): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134917.
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The article shows how the figure of Ignacy Krasicki was presented in nineteenth-century British general publications, ie encyclopedias, and dictionaries. The biographies of Ignacy Krasicki published in British encyclo�pedias carried a different cognitive value and had a different degree of originality. There were quite fairly well-de�signed biographical notes among them, but there were also superficial or extremely short biographical entries. There were also biographical notes copied from other publications. Nevertheless, the English-language reader had a number of possibilities to find information about Krasicki, particularly since the name appeared not only in gen�eral publications. Relatively often the person of the bishop-poet was also present on the pages of other publications appearing in the nineteenth century in Great Britain. Many texts about the history and culture of Poland, which appeared at that time, came from the quills of Poles who appeared in Great Britain after the collapse of the 1830 uprising. Among these emigrants, a large group of people were literates who, with a great knowledge of the subject, wrote about figures and events important to their country - at this time no longer existing on the map of Europe
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Fulton, Tara Lynn. "Encyclopedias, Dictionaries and Handbooks of Interest to Teacher Educators." Teaching Education 7, no. 2 (January 1995): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047621950070216.
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Sayyid Megawer Sakran, Megawer. "المستويات اللغوية في المعاجم الحديثة بين المحافظة والتطوّر." Jurnal CMES 11, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.11.1.25996.
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<p>Arabic scholars from the classical to the modern period paid attention to the disciplines of Arabic lexicography. A great attention was given to lexicography, which was fundamentally helpful for active users and speakers of the Arabic language since the era of Khalil bin Ahmad (786 AD) who wrote the Al-‘Ain dictionary to Ahmad Mukhtar Umar's (2003) period with his dictionary Muʻjamu al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah al-Muʻāshirah. Modern linguistic studies then produce language levels found in Arabic dictionaries. This level of language is certainly different in the view of Arab lexicographers. Some see it from the perspective of a language level that includes syntax, morphology and phonology, mostly referred to by classical and modern dictionaries. Some others see the language levels typically a variety of languages ammiyyah (al-‘āmmī/colloquial Arabic) and various foreign languages (al-aʻjamī/foreign language). Both of these varieties have seized the attention of Arabic dictionaries through a number of explanations either explicitly or implicitly in these dictionaries. Language levels <br />additionally includes the treasure of language (turāts) literary works are assessed as the basic foundation for language users and reviewers. In addition to turāts, the level of spoken language used daily is also found in Arabic dictionaries. This language level undergoes articulation changes in a number of vocabularies in the form of changes at the vowel marks (charakat). This article outlines these four levels of language by modern Arabic dictionaries which aim to show the extent to which modern Arabic dictionaries make use of the classical Arabic lexicography paradigm and its contribution to the development of descriptions of language vocabulary for current language speakers and modern Arabic dictionary users.</p>
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AYDIN, MUSTAFA. "ARABIC DICTIONARIES AND INDEX BOOKS." TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL OF DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 725–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7456/10804100/01.
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AYDIN, MUSTAFA. "ARABIC DICTIONARIES AND INDEX BOOKS." TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL OF DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 725–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7456/10804100/011.
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Susiawati, Iis, Ahmad Royani, and Ahmad Dardiri. "Arabic Lexicology: Systematics of Compiling an Arabic Dictionary and Its lexicologists." HuRuf Journal : International Journal of Arabic Applied Linguistic 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/huruf.v1i1.4923.
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<p>This article discusses the Arabic codification process, the systematic compilation of Arabic dictionaries and the stories of Arabic lexicologists and their works from time to time. This study uses a library approach, with data collection techniques through reviewing and searching for library materials from books, journals and other relevant sources. The data collected were analyzed by the text study method with the aim of describing the content in detail and aiming to find out the contribution of dictionaries to the development of lexicology, how the process of compiling dictionaries was carried out by lexicologists, and the characteristics of dictionaries from time to time with their advantages and disadvantages. The results are: 1) The dictionary as a reference book in finding the meaning of words is certainly very helpful in the development of lexicology. 2) Lexicologists in producing dictionaries have struggled so hard, tirelessly, traveling from one corner of the village to another to get and understand the meaning of a word. 3) The works of lexicologists with various systematics of compiling dictionaries have characteristics with their respective advantages and disadvantages which are a major contribution to the development of lexicology as part of linguistics, especially Arabic linguistics and literature.</p><p dir="RTL">يناقش هذا المقال عملية تدوين اللغة العربية والتجميع المنهجي للقواميس العربية وقصص علماء المعاجم العربية وأعمالهم من وقت لآخر. تستخدم هذه الدراسة نهج المكتبة ، مع تقنيات جمع البيانات من خلال المراجعة والبحث عن مواد المكتبة من الكتب والمجلات والمصادر الأخرى ذات الصلة. تم تحليل البيانات التي تم جمعها باستخدام طريقة الدراسة النصية بهدف وصف المحتوى بالتفصيل بهدف معرفة مساهمة القواميس في تطوير المعجم ، وكيف تم تنفيذ عملية تجميع القواميس من قبل علماء المعاجم ، وخصائص المعجم. قواميس من وقت لآخر مع مزاياها وعيوبها. النتائج هي: 1) القاموس ككتاب مرجعي في العثور على معنى الكلمات بالتأكيد مفيد جدا في تطوير علم المعاجم. 2) لقد ناضل علماء المعجم في إنتاج القواميس بشدة ، بلا كلل ، وهم يسافرون من زاوية في القرية إلى أخرى للحصول على معنى الكلمة وفهمها. 3) إن أعمال علماء المعاجم مع مختلف نظم تجميع القواميس لها خصائص مع مزايا وعيوب كل منها والتي تعد مساهمة كبيرة في تطوير علم المعاجم كجزء من علم اللغة ، وخاصة اللسانيات والأدب العربي.</p>
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Hild, Anne, and Anna Stisser. "Erziehungswissenschaftliche Lexika als Material zur Erforschung der Disziplingeschichte? Theoretisch-methodologische Überlegungen und inhaltliche Einblicke." Pedagógiatörténeti Szemle 1, no. 4 (April 11, 2017): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22309/ptszemle.2015.4.3.
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Schlüsselwörter: Bildungsreformen, Bildungssystem, gesellschafts- und wirtschaftspolitische MotivenEine etablierte erziehungswissenschaftliche Lexikonforschung gibt es noch nicht. Doch haben einige Studien in den letzten Jahren auf den besonderen Stellenwert von Lexika (vgl. z. B. Lenzen und Rost, 1999; Brachmann 2008; Tenorth, 2001; Herzog, 2005, Rost, 2008; Großkopf, 2012), Handwörterbüchern und Enzyklopädien im wissenschaftlichen Kommunikationszusammenhang hingewiesen. Demnach können (fach-)lexikalische Formate als Wissensspeicher beschrieben werden, die sie für verschiedene Analysen fruchtbar macht. Wir wollen hier der Frage nachgehen, inwiefern sich Lexika für die Erhellung disziplingeschichtlicher Fragestellungen eignen.Keywords: lexicon research in educational science, knowledge repositories, significance of encyclopedias for scienceThere is no substantial encyclopedia research in educational science, but many studies in recent years pointed out the particular significance of reference works, concise dictionaries and encyclopedias for the scientific community and exchange (e. g. Lenzen/Rost, 1999; Brachmann 2008; Tenorth, 2001; Herzog, 2005, Rost, 2008; Großkopf, 2012). According to these works encyclopedias can be seen as knowledge repositories prolific for different research questions. In this article we ask to what extent encyclopedias can offer opportunities to enlight research in the history of education(al science).
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Szymański, Tomasz. "Le dictionnaire comme champ de lutte idéologique : les idées de religion naturelle et de religion universelle dans les dictionnaires du siècle des lumières 1764–1775." Romanica Wratislaviensia 63 (October 11, 2016): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0557-2665/63.7.
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THE DICTIONARY AS AN IDEOLOGICAL BATTLEFIELD: NATURAL RELIGION AND UNIVERSAL RELIGION IDEAS IN THE DICTIONARIES OF THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT 1764–1775 The article is a reflection on the dictionary as an ideological battleground illustrated with the example of thematic dictionaries or encyclopedias of the Age of Enlightenment. The perspective of the study is philosophical and religious, centred on the ideas of natural and universal religion as elements of conflicting worldviews. We will discuss the controversy surrounding the Philosophical Dictionary by Voltaire, who was attacked by Catholic clergymen such as Chaudon, Paulian, François or Nonnotte.
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Al-Kuran, Mohammad. "Perceptions of Vowels and Consonants in Arabic and English: Implications for Translators and Dictionary Users." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 13, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 1573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1306.27.
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This paper investigates Arabic terms used as equivalents for English consonants and vowels. The Arabic terms, namely harf sakin (consonants) and harakat (vowels), are specifically tailored for the study of Arabic linguistic items. In bilingual dictionaries, Arabic terms do not truly reflect the linguistic realities represented by English vowels and consonants. The aim of the study is therefore to identify the linguistic realities that the Arabic terms represent within the Arabic linguistic environment. A sketch of contrastive analysis of vowels and consonants in English and Arabic helps in clarifying the linguistic meanings, which are absent from bilingual dictionaries. The findings of the study show that Arabic lexical equivalents are simply sense- indicators and thus not sufficient, as the totality of the conceptual meaning of the item is not provided in bilingual dictionaries. The study concludes by briefly discussing some of the study’s implications for translators and other dictionary users.
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Mabrak, Sami. "Le dictionnaire historique arabe au service de la traduction juridique français – arabe." Traduction et Langues 21, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 246–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v21i1.886.
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The Arabic Historical Dictionary at the service of French - Arabic legal translation
Legal translation plays an important role today, especially in the context of open globalisation and intensive immigration. Translators working in the legal field increasingly require the deployment of translation tools that guarantee maximum scientific accuracy and transparency, such as dictionaries in general and legal dictionaries in particular. Through the compilation and publication of historical dictionaries, the legal translator will have access not only to the description of the language as it is used today, but also to the semantic and morphological evolution of its lexicon. Historical dictionaries are also a very important source for the cultural, social, economic, scientific and civilisational aspects of the use of the language in question in societies. Thus, lexicographers today are moving towards outsourcing the scientific tasks of compiling and deploying historical dictionaries in the various fields of human activity. Consequently, after being considered as end products for several decades, historical dictionaries are nowadays reusable and exploitable tools in many fields, such as the legal field, as our article shows. The present study analyses the added value of the Historical Dictionary of the Arabic Language (DHLA) to French-Arabic legal translation. To do so, we applied an analytical and comparative method. We have constituted a corpus from terms related to civil status; more specifically in the field of marriage and divorce. In addition, we have used three other bilingual dictionaries of specialised language in the legal field in this study, namely The French - Arabic Legal Dictionary, Lexique des termes juridiques and Vocabulaire juridique. Thus, since our work focuses on French - Arabic legal translation, we used the online translator "Reverso" as a means of comparing the translation of civil status terms from French into Arabic. After analysing and comparing the definition and usage of these terms with their Arabic translation, we found that the French terms and their Arabic translation still do not refer to the same concepts and usages. We were able to explain this finding by the fact that the French civil status code reflects a Western culture and tradition expressed in French that is different and divergent from that expressed in Arabic via the civil status code in the Arab world. Moreover, by referring to the definitions of the Arabic translation of these terms, the Historical Dictionary of the Arabic Language reveals numerous elements of terminological and semantic divergence between the French terms and their Arabic translation. These elements of divergence, particularly on the semantic level, could lead to situations of injustice for the people concerned by the translation. Following this observation, the Historical Dictionary of the Arabic Language constitutes an indispensable tool to revise the current Arabic translation of French legal terms; to propose new lexies as translations for more terminological precision, more semantic clarity, consequently more fidelity and transparency in the field of translation of legal texts, and finally more justice in the application of these texts. Finally, the study also highlighted the possibility of exploiting the corpora of the French and Arabic historical dictionaries through the design of IT solutions ensuring interoperability between the lexicographical data of the two historical dictionaries. The online version of the Historical Dictionary of the Arabic.
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Karpova, Olga. "English Author Dictionaries as Contribution to National Heritage." Respectus Philologicus, no. 39 (44) (April 23, 2021): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2020.39.44.73.
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The paper is devoted to cultural heritage dictionaries with special reference to the oldest branch of English lexicography – author lexicography, comprising three hundred reference books of different types: concordances, glossaries, lexicons, indices, thesauri, etc. The article describes the main trends in developing author linguistic dictionaries for general and special purposes to single and complete works of G. Chaucer, W. Shakespeare, J. Milton, other famous English writers since the 16th c. up to the present days. The architecture of author encyclopedic dictionaries (guides, encyclopedias, companions) and onomasticons (dictionaries of characters and place names, who is who in … series) and their significant contribution to the English language, culture and society are discussed. The main accent is made on the digital era of English heritage lexicography, innovative features of modern printed and Internet author reference resources, aimed at certain target groups users’ needs and demands.
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Wojan, Katarzyna. "Z polskiej leksykografii biograficznej, nekrologicznej i komemoratywnej. Rosja i ZSRS a Polska – ofiary antycywilizacji. (Bibliografia prac z lat 1832–2021 – w wyborze)." Studia Rossica Gedanensia, no. 9 (December 31, 2022): 201–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/srg.2022.9.12.
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From Polish biographical, obituary and commemorative lexicography. Russia and the USSR versus Poland – victims of anti-civilization. (A bibliography of selected works from 1832-2021) The paper presents selected issues in the area of Polish biographical lexicography from the genological perspective. The author proposes to distinguish a new type – obituary and commemorative lexicography. She states that no monographic work on biographical lexicography has been published within the Polish scholarly society. The existing publications are only in the form of thematic/problem and review articles. The second part of the paper contains a list of 379 Polish dictionaries; the bibliography covers the years 1832–2021. The data presented are considered statistically important. The bibliographic list includes various types/forms of dictionaries – strictly biographical dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopedias, dictionary-encyclopedias, encyclopedic guides, reference books (e.g. Who is who?), directories of people (e.g. The Book of Siberians), personal loss books, cemetery books, lists of people, alphabetical lists of people, lists of surnames, nicknames, registers of the dead, deported and others, indexes of people (e.g. of repressed people) and others, inventories (e.g. names of labor camps), etc. Formally, publications of this type meet the requirements of studies in the field of lexicography because: 1/ they constitute a linearly ordered set (by lexicographic order), and 2/ they are specific databases storing specific information.
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Zakhra Begmatova, Sadullayeva Nodira, and Usmonova Nasiba. "THE SCHOOLS OF ARABIC LEXICOGRAPHY." International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, no. 2(14) (February 28, 2019): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/28022019/6372.
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By writing this article, it is intended to give information about when lexicography, one of the branches of Arabic linguistics, emerged and how it developed; what kinds of dictionaries were more attractive to Arabic linguists; which school scholars, who were engaged in lexicography, belonged to and what their popular dictionaries are.
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Avetisyan, Ani. "Ms № 1467 Of Arabic Script Manuscripts Collection Of The Matenadaran As A Newfound Example Of The "Collection Of Verse Dictionaries"." BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES, no. 1 (July 22, 2022): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52837/27382702-2022.1-147.
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The present article touches upon a series of Ottoman Turkish manuscripts from the Mate-nadaran's Arabic script manuscripts collection, an example of a unique collection in Ottoman Turkish manuscripts known as the "Collection of Verse Dictionaries" MS No. 1467, in order to provide the first detailed study. These collections were compiled at the religious-educational institutions called tekke or dergāh, and the medrese. They were compiled as language textbooks, in order to provide easy learning of languages (Arabic, Persian, Ottoman Turkish) through the simultaneous use of several verse dictionaries and to be engaged in the process of learning languages by heart. The unique copy of the Matenadaran’s "Collection of Verse Dictionaries" includes 3 complete copies of bilingual (Arabic-Ottoman Turkish) and trilingual (Arabic-Persian-Ottoman Turkish) verse dictionaries of the 14th-15th, 17th and 19th-century writers: copies of Ferişteoġlu ʽAbdullaṭīf ibn Melek’s (proper name was ʽAbdullaīf ʽİzzeddīn et-Tirevī) "Luġat-i Ferişteoġlū" and Bosnalı Ebū̕ l-Fāżl Muḥammed (Meḥmed) ibn Aḥmed er-Rūmī's "Ṣubha-i Ṣıbyān" Arabic-Ottoman Turkish and also complete copy of Adanalı Ḫōca Meḥmed Ḥayret's (propar name was Meḥmed Behāeddīn Ḥayret) "Tuḥfe-i Zībā" (known with another titles as "Tuḥfe-i Dürrī" or "Tuḥfe-i Ḥayret" or "Tuḥfe-i Se Zebān") Arabic-Persian-Ottoman Turkish verse dictionaries. The article presents in detail the works included in the collection. At the same time, it has touched upon the methodology of writing verse dictionaries in classical Turkish literature, their structural features, the significance and role of dictionaries in Turkish society, religion, literature and education. The purposes of writing verse dictionaries in all cases were to teach languages, to develop and spread literary speech, and to practice in prosody (especially in ʽArūż meter). The comprehensive presentation of the collection is even sufficient for it to become a part of the manuscripts of the four collections, already known in foreign collections as the "Collection of Verse Dictionaries", in order to become a source of new research opportunities for local and foreign specialists.
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Jurkowski, Roman. "Współczesne białoruskie, polskie i rosyjskie badania biograficzne dotyczące dziejów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w XIX wieku." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.5461.
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Common past of Belarusians, Poles and Russians create the history of the Eastern lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Historical biographical dictionaries play an important role in studies of the historians from these lands. The article discusses 4 Belarusian, 3 Polish and 2 Russian biographical dictionaries describing important people from the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. In this article, two encyclopedias devoted to the Russian State Duma and the State Council reformed after 1906 were also assessed. The whole article shows the meaning of the historical biography in the progress of the scientific research over the past ages.
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Ali, Mohamed, Moustafa Elshafei, Mansour Al-Ghamdi, and Husni Al-Muhtaseb. "Arabic Phonetic Dictionaries for Speech Recognition." Journal of Information Technology Research 2, no. 4 (October 2009): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2009062905.
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Phonetic dictionaries are essential components of large-vocabulary speaker-independent speech recognition systems. This paper presents a rule-based technique to generate phonetic dictionaries for a large vocabulary Arabic speech recognition system. The system used conventional Arabic pronunciation rules, common pronunciation rules of Modern Standard Arabic, as well as some common dialectal cases. The paper gives in detail an explanation of these rules as well as their formal mathematical presentation. The rules were used to generate a dictionary for a 5.4 hour corpus of broadcast news. The rules and the phone set were tested and evaluated on an Arabic speech recognition system. The system was trained on 4.3 hours of the 5.4 hours of Arabic broadcast news corpus and tested on the remaining 1.1 hours. The phonetic dictionary contains 23,841 definitions corresponding to about 14232 words. The language model contains both bi-grams and tri-grams. The Word Error Rate (WER) came to 9.0%.
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Ni'mah, Umi Nurun. "PERKEMBANGAN ‘ILM AL-ṢARF DALAM LEKSIKOLOGI ARAB." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 3, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2019.03102.
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This paper seeks to discover the relationship between the development of ‘ilm al-ṣarf and of the Arabic lexicography. The analysis is made based on the entries of the Arabic dictionaries—which are the samples of this research. The dictionaries taken as the samples are those produced between the second century (first generation) and the twentieth century of Hijriya. The three concepts of ‘ilm al-ṣarf— tajrīd, i’lāl, and binā—are applied to analyse them. This article aims to trace and elucidate the development of the three concepts as they appear in the dictionaries. Based on the analysis, it is found that ilm al-ṣarf has evolved through time even though its basic principles had been applied from the first edition of the Arabic dictionaries.
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Bahumaid, Showqi. "Strategies of Translating Idioms in English-Arabic Dictionaries." International Journal of Arabic-English Studies 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33806/ijaes2000.11.1.9.
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This study examines the strategies of translating English idioms into Arabic in three of the most widely used general English-Arabic dictionaries. A total of fifty English idioms have been selected by a panel of three professors of linguistics and translation out of a hundred idioms culled from various English-Arabic translation studies on idioms in the light of an operational definition of idioms attempted by the researcher. It was found that of the five commonly used strategies of translating idioms, paraphrase was the most dominant one counting for 73-87% of the renditions of the idioms listed in those dictionaries. The second commonest strategy was "using equivalent idioms that are dissimilar in words and structure to their English counterparts", followed by "calquing". The adequacy of the translation strategies employed in rendering those idioms and the extent of appropriateness of the Arabic renditions proposed in such dictionaries as equivalent to those idioms as well as their usefulness to the translator are then discussed. The researcher concludes by making some recommendations aimed at a more adequate handling of English idioms in English-Arabic dictionaries and a more efficient utilization, by translators, of such dictionaries in rendering English idioms occurring in different types of texts..
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Chouchen, Samed. "“Ceramic” in Arabic dictionaries and some foreign dictionaries In addition to specialized investigations." International Uni-Scientific Research Journal 5, no. 1 (2024): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.59271/s45296.024.1405.4.
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The term “ceramic” is still a problematic topic in the visual arts at the level of concept and terminology, specially at the level of what is related to the primary ceramic materials, its techniques, and its many and varied aesthetics. This requires putting some matters related to its connotations and meaning into perspective. For example, the word “porcelain” in the Arabic language needs some clarification, because of the generalizations it denotes, and what its synonyms mean in terms of similarity, difference, convergence, and contrast in meaning between the various dictionaries of the Arabic language, or between the dictionaries of neighboring languages of Greek and Latin origins. French, Italian, Greek, or even English itself. In view of the disparity in accuracy between Arabic dictionaries in particular, and the developments that have occurred in the concept of the word and its synonyms in them throughout the ages of the language, and the interaction between its systems and adjacent linguistic systems, it has become a necessity for research to monitor the differences in the uses of the word “porcelain” and its synonyms, in order to control Its connotations historically, and scrutinizing its concept linguistically and terminologically. In order to define this term, limit its meaning, and monitor the development that has occurred in the history of the Arabic language, this research relies on the most important Arabic dictionaries. By arranging them chronologically, he seeks to highlight similarities and differences historically, and the surrounding considerations that go back to the reality of employing the concept of “ceramics” and its fields and developments. To link the word to its era, this research refers to the dictionary and the history of its adoption in the language. The research seeks to monitor the diachronic contents of these dictionaries in order to clarify the similarities, differences, differences, and developments dictionary by dictionary, and chronologically according to chronological order.
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H. Heliel, Mohamed. "Lexicography and Translation:The Case of Bilingual Arabic-English Dictionaries." International Journal of Arabic-English Studies 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33806/ijaes2000.3.1.5.
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The paper aims at pinpointing the defects in three unabridged Arabic English dictionaries: Modern Written Arabic (MWA) ( 1961), al-Mawrid (1988) and the latest one al-Mughni (1999). My hope is to remedy certain defects and help produce a dictionary that may assist the Arabic-English translator. It is true that the three dictionaries do not specifically set out the targeted readers or the functions they serve. MWA states that the targeted readers are not only 'English and American users but also orientalists throughout the world who are more at home with English than with German'. Al-Mawrid is totally silent about the targeted reader and the purpose it serves. Al-Mughni "aims to help in teaching Arabic through English, to help the reader through equivalents understand the Arabic language" (the preface). Though none of the compilers thinks of "translator" as a category of users, the three dictionaries, in the absence of an Arabic-English dictionary specially tailored for translators, are the only tools available for Arabic-English translators, whether native or non-native speakers. To improve the quality of these dictionaries and to benefit from the long and rich experience of their compilers, we shall illustrate different types of translation problems encountered by Arab university students as well as by translators and how these dictionaries could be used to solve them. We shall also provide suggestions for the improvement of certain lexicographic features directly related to translation..
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Van Vaerenbergh, Leona. "Polysemy and synonymy." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.19.2.05van.
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The use of the same term with different meanings and the use of different terms with somewhat analogous meanings are not exceptional phenomena in scientific language. This article deals with polysemy and synonymy, and consists of three parts. The introductory part gives a brief description of the dictionaries and encyclopedias published up to the present time and justifies the choice of the examples in this case study, namely the polysemic term coherence and four synonymous pairs of concepts and terms: documentary/instrumental translation, overt/covert translation and interlingual interpretive/interlingual descriptive communication as well as direct/indirect translation. The second part offers a comparison between the various dictionaries and encyclopedias and shows how the polysemic term coherence and the related pairs of concepts/terms are dealt with. It also indicates how the profusion of terminology could more effectively meet the needs of everyone who is engaged in translation and Translation Studies. The purpose of the third part is to demonstrate that in the training of translators, it is necessary to dispose of a metalanguage and that terminological diversity as a reflection of theoretic-conceptual diversity may be seen as an opportunity.
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M. Ali al-Ubaidy, Sundus, and Mahdi I. Kareem Al-Utbi. "Approaches to Lexicography in English and Arabic." لارك 1, no. 7 (May 30, 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/lark.vol1.iss7.935.
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Lexicography, the art and craft of dictionary-making, is as old as writing. Since its very early stages several thousands of years ago, it has helped to serve basically the every-day needs of written communication among individuals in communities speaking different languages or different varieties of the same language. Two general approaches are distinguished in the craft of dictionary-making: the semasiological and the onomasiological. The former is represented by usually-alphabetical dictionaries as such, i.e. their being inventories of the lexicon, while the latter is manifested in thesauruses.
English and Arabic have made use of both approaches in the preparation of their dictionaries, each having a distinct aim ahead. Within the confines of each language, an approach may yield various trends as to, for instance, the arrangement of entries within a dictionary.
The present paper aims at distinguishing the various trends in writing dictionaries in both English and Arabic. By so doing, it is hoped that the bases on which variation has relied are arrived at in order to provide the appropriate explanations of how and why differences have followed. To achieve this aim, an expository critical account of the approaches to the compilation of monolingual dictionaries in English and Arabic is presented; reference to bi-lingual dictionaries is going to be made appropriately, however. These trends, or schools, within each approach followed a certain system in compiling its representative dictionaries.
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Syaifullah, Muhammad, Siti Mubarokah, Nailul Izzah, Wakhidati Nurrohmah Putri, Kholida Nur, and Syuhadak Syuhadak. "The Media Thematic Dictionary and Its Application in Improving Speaking Skills l Wasa’il al-Qamus al-Maudhu‘i wa Tathbiqu fi Tarqiyati Maharah al-Kalam." Jurnal Al Bayan: Jurnal Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 15, no. 2 (November 27, 2023): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/albayan.v15i2.15524.
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The Islamic Boarding School of Nahdlotul Ulum Metro faces challenges in teaching Arabic to elementary school students, resulting in limited vocabulary and boredom. This research aims to enhance students' speaking skills and vocabulary by employing thematic dictionaries. Conducted through qualitative field research, data was collected via observation, interviews with the head of the Islamic Boarding School, an Arabic teacher, and eight students, along with documentation. Employing technical and temporal triangulation, the researcher cross-verified information. After applying thematic dictionaries to improve speaking skills, students exhibited significant progress. They mastered Arabic letter writing, including recognizing letters at the beginning, middle, or end of words. The school's method of teaching alphabet basics and gradually introducing word formation contributed to this success. Students progressed from letter recognition to practical application in constructing words and speaking in Arabic. The positive outcomes underscore the effectiveness of thematic dictionaries in enhancing beginners' vocabulary and speaking skills. The research also presents a storyboard detailing the successful application of thematic dictionaries, offering a valuable resource for educators. This study contributes to addressing the initial challenges faced by the Islamic Boarding School, providing insights into practical methods for improving Arabic language instruction for elementary school students.
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Dehqan, Mustafa. "Kurdish Writers in Arabic Biographical Dictionaries." Journal of Religious & Theological Information 7, no. 3-4 (April 2009): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10477840902988437.
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Hussein, Riyad F., and Richard Lingwood. "Strategies used in translating English binomials into Arabic." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 57, no. 2 (July 21, 2011): 168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.57.2.03hus.
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The present study investigates Jordanian students’ ability to translate English binomials into Arabic and explores the strategies used when translating them into Arabic. It also investigates the usefulness of English–Arabic dictionaries. For this purpose, a 25-item translation test was developed and distributed to two groups; an advanced group including 30 MA students, and an intermediate group comprising 50 undergraduate students studying English at Jordanian universities. The study revealed that the subjects’ general performance on the translation test was unsatisfactory. The percentage of correct answers on all items for all subjects was approximately 44%. This means that more than half of the test items in the translation test were erroneously rendered. The subjects used different strategies to translate English binomials into Arabic. The most frequently used strategy was contextualized guessing, followed by avoidance, literal translation, incomplete translation and least used, semantic approximation. Finally, with regard to the incorporation of English binomials along with their equivalents in Arabic in the English Arabic dictionaries, it was found that they were the highest in Al-Mawrid Dictionary 72%, followed by Atlas Dictionary 60%, and finally Oxford Wordpower 52%. Some binomials were included in one dictionary, others were included in only two dictionaries. Five binominals, or 20% of binomials under investigation, namely for and against, ifs and buts, heart and hand, here and now and nuts and bolts were missing in all of the dictionaries. This indicates the need to compile specialized English–Arabic dictionaries to address multi-word units such as collocations, idioms, and binomials, or at least to upgrade or enrich the currently used ones.
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UZUN, Ayşe. "Hicrî İlk Dört Asırda Tefsir-Sözlük İlişkisi." ULUM 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54659/ulum.801132.
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This study on the field of early Tafsir (Qur’anic exegesis) history deals with the correlation between tafsir and classical Arabic dictionaries in the first four centuries of the Hijri. Examining the contact between the two disciplines allows the direction, nature and character of the relationship between the tafsir litera-ture and dictionaries to be revealed. For this purpose, the dictionaries and commentary materials of the first four centuries are first examined using the text analysis method. The strength of Arabic lexico-graphical activities in the first four centuries is evident from the many strong texts that were produced. The plentiful works from this period have made the preference of Arabic dictionaries necessary with their high representational value. The preference of dictionaries that can provide abundant data on Qur’anic interpretation is due to the fact that the main subject of the thesis is the study of the tafsir-dictionary relationship. The temporal limitation of the study being the first four centuries AH required a halt at the stage described as the peak age of Arabic dictionaries. Considering this temporal scheme has a positive effect on the point of observing the effect of historical periods. Moreover, if the sharh and hashiye period of dictionaries started in the 5th century AH, encountering a wide range of tafsir data in the first four centuries is to be expected. However, limiting the scope of the study to the first four centuries of the Hijri also has a negative side. The negative effect of this temporal limitation is the difficulty of determin-ing the relationship between species. This situation arises from the distribution of the types of works produced in this process. In other words, while commentaries in the first four centuries are generally positioned at the beginning of this process, the part concentrating on dictionaries corresponds to the end of this process. Therefore, while examining the effect of commentaries on dictionaries is possible, exam-ining the opposite effect of dictionaries on commentaries is difficult. Therefore, in order to observe the effect of dictionaries belonging to the first four centuries on tafsirs, examining tafsirs produced after the fourth century becomes necessary. As a matter of fact, linguistic commentaries having emerged in the fourth century is no coincidence, as this considered to be the period dictionaries emerged. For these works and their types to be free from the chain of interaction is unimaginable. Such exegeses focus on word analysis, Zamakhshari’s (d. 538/1144) al-Kashshāf, Abu Hayyan’s (d. 745/1344) al-Bahr al-muḥiṭ and Qurṭubī’s (d. 671/1273) al-Jāmiʻ li-aḥkām al-Qur’ān, indicate that past lexical accumulation had prepared the necessary conditions for the writing linguistic commentaries. The main aim of this doctoral dissertation in the field of tafsir is to reinforce the existence of the interactions between classical Arabic dictionaries and tafsirs from the first four centuries of the Hijri. Evidence of this shows, lexicography to have been open to the direction of tafsir reveals its intensive work on tafsir. Arabic dictionaries use of Qur’anic vers-es as a material for istishad had the aim of strengthening their own data. However, Qur’anic verses in the dictionaries were not used just to reinforce data. Istishad with Qur’anic verses also prepares a space for their interpretation. Therefore, rich data on tafsir, appear in classical Arabic dictionaries.
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Zinhom, Haithm, Mohammed Drif, and Manal Faraj Almarri. "An Arabic Lexical Platform: The Meta-linguistic Model." Migration Letters 21, S1 (December 22, 2023): 119–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.59670/ml.v21is1.5984.
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The dictionary is an essential foundation of language, as it preserves the fundamental structure of the language. However, the Arabic library in general, and the Arab world in particular, have suffered from a clear deficiency in the field of lexicography. Lexicographic studies have taken two approaches: the first focuses on revising the works of previous scholars, while the second examines the principles of modern lexicography and their availability in traditional Arabic dictionaries.
The advent of technology has exacerbated the problem, as it has facilitated the development and accessibility of many technological applications with non-Arabic languages, especially those written from left to right. This has led to the availability of linguistic dictionaries that enrich these languages. Meanwhile, the Arabic language and its lexicographers have lagged behind the goals achieved by their predecessors through their dictionaries. This has created a temporal gap that hinders the progress and adaptation of the Arabic language to advancements and technology, with the language being accused of difficulty and technological deviance.
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Loveland, Jeff. "When History Caught Up with Historians." Eighteenth-Century Life 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 47–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-8793934.
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Thanks in part to the influence of Friedrich Brockhaus’s Konversations-Lexikon, a German encyclopedia inaugurated in 1796, biographies of the living had become unremarkable in Europe’s encyclopedias by the early nineteenth century. Today, they are pervasive. Between 1674 and 1750, they remained rare and controversial in the alphabetical ancestors of the modern encyclopedia. In this article, I explain why, and show how encyclopedists’ practices evolved in the period in which the historical dictionary and other alphabetical proto-encyclopedias burst onto the European literary scene, that is, the late seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth. I begin by exploring early encyclopedists’ motives for not treating the living. My second section then examines the most influential historical dictionaries as well as the encyclopedia that best covered the living, tracking how practices regarding contemporary biographies evolved. Finally, I consider some of the broader social and cultural changes, both internal and external to the history of encyclopedia-making, that are reflected in encyclopedias’ growing coverage of the living and the recently deceased.
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DREBOT, Oksana, and Andriy GADZALO. "INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT OF NATURE MANAGEMENT: PROBLEMS OF TERMINOLOGY." Economy of Ukraine 2018, no. 5 (May 10, 2018): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2018.05.073.
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Economists and sociologists have repeatedly raised the problem of defining the concepts of “institute” and “institutions”, “institutionality” and “institutionalism”. This is due to informal mix of terms, epistemology of institutionalism and different translation of foreign sources. However, attempts to draw attention to delimitation of these concepts in various scientific sources did not give an actual result – in fact, until now there has not been formed a system for defining, specifying and clearly articulating specific terms. Hence, all the works of this semantic nature did not get practical implementation. Thus, the authors assume that in the science of institutionalism, due to misinformation of the main terms, there is a gap in understanding their meaning, degree of study and adequacy, significance. During the processing of official scientific and reference publications, it was suggested that plurality of explanation and use of the category “institute” was due to a number of reasons, one of which is etymological one. The publications included: scientific articles on the subject, monographs, extended abstracts of thesis and thesis, textbooks, encyclopedias, as well as dictionaries: bilingual, dictionaries of foreign words, terminological, etymological, encyclopedic, interpretative, academic, dictionaries-reference books. It is also important that, besides scientific publications, the definitions studied are also found in reference dictionaries, reference books, encyclopedias, etc., which to a certain extent testifies to the official interpretation of these concepts. Accordingly, based on the analysis of reference encyclopedic literature, terms and literary sources were grouped based on similarity of interpretation. However, it is not always possible to equate one rule to all adjacent processes in scientific theories. And since the institutional theory relates to several scientific areas (for example, social, economic, legal, theoretical and methodological, state-building, etc.), the authors consider it appropriate to separate the role of concepts depending on their functional purpose.
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Boufellagua, Mohammed saif alislam. "The Linguistic Struggle and Volunteering to Serve the Arabic Lan Eguage - Highlights on Distinguishedxperiences [In Arabic]." Milev Journal of Research and Studies 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.58205/mjrs.v8i2.94.
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This research, tagged with: “The Linguistic Struggle and Volunteering to Serve the Arabic Language - Highlights on Distinguished Experiences,” strives to monitor multiple, overlapping issues that are of great importance in our time; In the first part, it deals with a number of issues related to linguistic pride and identity in the era of globalization. As for the second part of the research; The researcher presents a set of successful experiences in the field of dictionaries, dictionaries and linguistic maintenance.