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1
Abugharsa, Azza. "Sentiment Analysis in Poems in Misurata Sub-dialect." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 21 (September 15, 2021): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v21i.9105.
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Over the recent decades, there has been a significant increase and development of resources for Arabic natural language processing. This includes the task of exploring Arabic Language Sentiment Analysis (ALSA) from Arabic utterances in both Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and different Arabic dialects. This study focuses on detecting sentiment in poems written in Misurata Arabic sub-dialect spoken in Misurata, Libya. The tools used to detect sentiment from the dataset are Sklearn as well as Mazajak sentiment tool1. Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Naive Bayes (NB), and Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifiers are used with Sklearn, while the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is implemented with Mazajak. The results show that the traditional classifiers score a higher level of accuracy as compared to Mazajak which is built on an algorithm that includes deep learning techniques. More research is suggested to analyze Arabic sub-dialect poetry in order to investigate the aspects that contribute to sentiments in these multi-line texts; for example, the use of figurative language such as metaphors.
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Chetrit, Joseph. "Diversity of Judeo-Arabic Dialects in North Africa: Eqa:l, Wqal, kjal and ʔal Dialects". Journal of Jewish Languages 4, № 1 (2016): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340062.
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This study presents the diversity of North African Judeo-Arabic dialects documented in an extensive course of fieldwork concerning some one hundred and thirty Moroccan Jewish dialects, both urban and rural. Dozens of additional dialects from Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria complete the global repartitioning of these dialects into four distinct groups:Eqa:l,Wqal,kjal, andʔaldialects. The different dialects in each set share common phonetic, phonological, morphological, and grammatical features. All of them preserve the unvoiced realization of the stop /q/ and articulate it as a uvular [q] (Eqa:landWqal), a palato-velar [kj] (kjal), or a glottal [ʔ] (ʔal).Eqa:ldialects developed in Libya, Tunisia, and Eastern Algeria; they distinguish between long and short vowels.Wqaldialects developed in Western Morocco.Kjaldialects developed in northwestern Algeria and in southeastern Morocco.ʔaldialects developed in Moroccan cities, where Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal settled among native Jews.
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Benkato, Adam, and Christophe Pereira. "An annotated bibliography of Arabic and Berber in Libya." Libyan Studies 47 (September 19, 2016): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2016.3.
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AbstractThe Libyan varieties of both Arabic and Berber are among the least researched in their respective fields. In order to facilitate the study of these varieties, we present an annotated bibliography of all relevant research that could be identified up until the middle of 2016. With this, we aim to identify both the gaps in current and the possibilities for future research. Studies are grouped into Arabic and Berber sections, and subgrouped according to region. For Arabic, dialects of Tripoli and western regions, Benghazi and eastern regions, Fezzan and southern regions, as well as Jewish dialects, are treated. For Berber, varieties of Zwara, the Nafusa mountains, Sokna and El-Foqaha, and Awjila, and Tuareg are treated. Short introductions highlighting the most important studies precede bibliographic references and brief comments are given when of interest.
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Alqarhi, Awaad. "Arabic Phonology." English Linguistics Research 8, no. 4 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v8n4p9.
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The phenomenon seen in domains more than one is termed as Language Hybridization. Many languages have multiple dialects that tend to differ in the phonology concept. The Arabic language that is spoken in contemporary time can be more properly described as varieties having a continuum. The modern and standard Arabic language consists of twenty eight consonant phonemes along with six phonemes that might also be eight vowel in most of the modern dialects. Every phonemes have a contrast between non-emphatic consonants and uvularized or emphatic consonants. Few of the phonemes have also found to get coalesced into various other modern dialects whereas on the other hand, the new phonemes have already been introduced via phonemic splits or borrowing. The phonemic length and quality that applies to both consonants and vowels at the same time. There have been research that analyses how multicultural society in Australia gets operated only with a particular form of language generated in some linguistic environments. The scripts of English Language tend to have the capability of merging with other language that are native of a place for making it a complete new variety. The process is termed as Romanization. The hybrid or amalgamation of languages within the linguistic framework can be classified and characterized that makes its standardization easy. This paper aims to do a complete research on the linguistics of Arabic phonology.
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Bessou, Sadik, and Racha Sari. "Efficient Discrimination between Arabic Dialects." Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications 13, no. 4 (2020): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213275912666190716115604.
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Background: With the explosion of communication technologies and the accompanying pervasive use of social media, we notice an outstanding proliferation of posts, reviews, comments, and other forms of expressions in different languages. This content attracted researchers from different fields; economics, political sciences, social sciences, psychology and particularly language processing. One of the prominent subjects is the discrimination between similar languages and dialects using natural language processing and machine learning techniques. The problem is usually addressed by formulating the identification as a classification task. Methods: The approach is based on machine learning classification methods to discriminate between Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and four regional Arabic dialects: Egyptian, Levantine, Gulf and North-African. Several models were trained to discriminate between the studied dialects in large corpora mined from online Arabic newspapers and manually annotated. Results: Experimental results showed that n-gram features could substantially improve performance. Logistic regression based on character and word n-gram model using Count Vectors identified the handled dialects with an overall accuracy of 95%. Best results were achieved with Linear Support vector classifier using TF-IDF Vectors trained by character-based uni-gram, bi-gram, trigram, and word-based uni-gram, bi-gram with an overall accuracy of 95.1%. Conclusion: The results showed that n-gram features could substantially improve performance. Additionally, we noticed that the kind of data representation could provide a significant performance boost compared to simple representation.
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Rosenhouse, Judith K. "Arabic as an under-documented language: Distinctions between neighboring Arabic dialects." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 139, no. 4 (2016): 2217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4950641.
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Holes, Clive. "VARIATION IN THE MORPHOPHONOLOGY OF ARABIC DIALECTS." Transactions of the Philological Society 84, no. 1 (1986): 167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968x.1986.tb01052.x.
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Sugiyono, Sugeng. "SRUKTUR LISĀN ARAB: Memahami Pengertian Al-Qur`an sebagai Lisān ‘Arabiy." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 7, no. 1 (2008): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2008.07109.
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The speculation on the fact that Quranic language consists of 'ajam or non-Arab languages as well as dialects (lahjah, qira’āt) has been an issue on the matter of Quranic language. Yet, the Koran confirms itself that it was revealed as “lisānin arabiyyin mubīnin”. This paper aims at describing the terminology. It can be concluded that “Lisān Araby” is a mixture of Arabic eastern and western dialects. The nonArabic languages (‘ajam) have adapted the Arabic pattern and structure thus they has fused with Arabic, known as lahjah or Quraish dialects.
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Chaimae, Azroumahli, Yacine El Younoussi, Otman Moussaoui, and Youssra Zahidi. "An Arabic Dialects Dictionary Using Word Embeddings." International Journal of Rough Sets and Data Analysis 6, no. 3 (2019): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrsda.2019070102.
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The dialectical Arabic and the Modern Standard Arabic lacks sufficient standardized language resources to enable the tasks of Arabic language processing, despite it being an active research area. This work addresses this issue by firstly highlighting the steps and the issues related to building a multi Arabic dialect corpus using web data from blogs and social media platforms (i.e. Facebook, Twitter, etc.). This is to create a vectorized dictionary for the crawled data using the word Embeddings. In other terms, the goal of this article is to build an updated multi-dialect data set, and then, to extract an annotated corpus from it.
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Watson, Janet C. E. "Syllabification patterns in Arabic dialects: long segments and mora sharing." Phonology 24, no. 2 (2007): 335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675707001224.
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In Classical Arabic and many modern Arabic dialects, syllables ending in VVC or in the left leg of a geminate have a special status. An examination of Kiparsky's (2003) semisyllable account of syllabification types and related phenomena in Arabic against a wider set of data shows that while this account explains much syllable-related variation, certain phenomena cannot be captured, and several dialects appear to exhibit conflicting syllable-related phenomena. Phenomena not readily covered by the semisyllable account commonly involve long segments – long vowels or geminate consonants. In this paper, I propose for relevant dialects a mora-sharing solution that recognises the special status of syllables incorporating long segments. Such a mora-sharing solution is not new, but has been proposed for the analysis of syllables containing long segments in a number of languages, including Arabic (Broselow 1992, Broselow et al.1995), Malayalam, Hindi (Broselow et al.1997) and Bantu languages (Maddieson 1993, Hubbard 1995).
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Watson, Janet C. E. "The Directionality of Emphasis Spread in Arabic." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 2 (1999): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999554066.
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Many modern Arabic dialects exhibit asymmetries in the direction of emphasis (for most dialects, pharyngealization) spread. In a dialect of Yemeni Arabic, emphasis has two articulatory correlates, pharyngealization and labialization: within the phonological word, pharyngealization spreads predominantly leftward, and labialization spreads rightward, targeting short high vowels. Since asymmetries in the directionality of spread of a secondary feature are phonetically motivated and depend on whether the feature is anchored to the onset or the release phase of the primary articulation, it is argued that the unmarked directionality of spread should be encoded in the phonology as a markedness statement on that feature.
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Arif, Jasim Muna. "Alternation of consonants in the Iraqi "Baghdad" dialect." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no. 3A (2021): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202173a1430p.440-445.
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This article discusses the most beloved and creative dialect of the Arabs - the Iraqi dialect, despite its complexity, but it has a lot of beautiful foreign vocabulary. We followed a descriptive and historical approach, also tracked phonetic changes in this dialect, and then gave phonological explanations for these phenomena, trying to connect most of the phenomena with their historical roots in the standard Arabic "al-Fussha" and in ancient Arabic dialects. Most modern linguists have realized the need to study these dialects, since many of the modern dialect characteristics are only extensions of some ancient Arabic dialects, and do not refer them to the classical language. The study of modern Arabic dialects may be faced with a number of obstacles being in this important area of linguistic investigations, including the feeling that the study of modern dialects is a kind of encouragement and the desire to demonstrate and replace them with Classical Arabic.
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Younes, Jihene, Emna Souissi, Hadhemi Achour, and Ahmed Ferchichi. "Language resources for Maghrebi Arabic dialects’ NLP: a survey." Language Resources and Evaluation 54, no. 4 (2020): 1079–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10579-020-09490-9.
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Mitrovic, Andjelka. "WHICH VARIETIES OF ARABIC TO LEARN?" Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 10, no. 1 (2020): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.042009.
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Teaching Arabic as a foreign language is very specific for different reasons. The main obstacle in searching for the optimal and effective teaching model for the Arabic language is the pronounced diglossia, a situation in which two languages or two forms of a language are used simultaneously under different conditions, formal and functional in a community, that is to say “higher“ literary/standard Arabic and a “lower one“ which encompasses numerous regional dialects. As a foreign language, Arabic has been taught all over the world, primarily at the university level, but the priority has always been given to a “higher language“. It is also dominant in teaching nowadays but in creating curricula for teaching Arabic, more attention has been paid to relating the opposites of diglossia with the main speech dialects.
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Al-Jallad, A. "The Polygenesis of the Neo-Arabic Dialects." Journal of Semitic Studies 54, no. 2 (2009): 515–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgp011.
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Owens, Jonathan. "Pre-diaspora Arabic." Diachronica 22, no. 2 (2005): 271–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.22.2.03owe.
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Arabic dialects, the native spoken Arabic of about 250 million people, are spread over an immense, contiguous geographical area from Iran to Lake Chad, from Morocco to Yemen. Corresponding to this geographical spread is considerable linguistic diversity. An explanation for this diversity has proved elusive. The existence of variants found either in the modern dialects or in the Classical literature (or both), which are not self-evidently derivable from a normalized Classical Arabic (largely standardized by the ninth century), argues for a more diverse set of inputs into the Arabic which spread outwards from the Arabian Peninsula beginning in the seventh century. I elucidate this problem by comparing four varieties of Arabic located in widely separated areas and settled at different times. To account for the internal diversity of the areas compared, a dataset is established with 49 phonological and morphological features, which, using simple statistical procedures, permits a normalized comparison of the varieties. From this set of variables, two specific linguistic features are discussed in detail and reconstructions proposed, which place their origins in a pre-diaspora variety. I conclude that the Arabic which preceded the Arabic diaspora of the seventh century was considerably more diverse than interpretations of the history of Arabic traditionally allow for. Additional information and data: http://german.lss.wisc.edu/Diachronica/Owens/pdfs.htm
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Stokes, Phillip W. "A Historical Reconstruction of Some Pronominal Suffixes in Modern Dialectal Arabic." Languages 6, no. 3 (2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030147.
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The morphology of the pronominal suffixes in dialectal Arabic are of particular interest for scholars of the history of Arabic for two main reasons. First, multiple dialects attest suffixes that, from a comparative perspective, apparently retain final short vowels. The second and more complicated issue concerns the vowels which precede the suffixes in the dialects, which are thought to either have been case inflecting or epenthetic. In this paper, I take up Jean Cantineau’s “embarrassing question” of how to account for the development of the vowels of the pronominal suffixes. Based on data from dialectal tanwīn in modern dialects, and attestations from pre-modern texts as well, I will argue that the pre-suffix vowels did originate in case inflecting vowels, but that no historical model heretofore proposed can satisfactorily account for how the various dialectal forms might have arisen. I identify two major historical developments and propose models for each. First, I suggest that dialects in which the pre-suffixal vowels harmonized with the suffix vowels developed via a process of harmonization across morpheme boundaries before the loss of final short vowels. For dialects in which one vowel is generalized, I argue that a post-stress neutralization took place, which led to a single vowel both before suffixes and tanwīn as well. Finally, I rely on evidence from the behavior of the suffixes to argue that the final vowel of the 3fs suffix was originally long, but that those of the 3ms, 2ms, and 2fs were most likely short.
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Jarbou, Samir Omar. "Medial deictic demonstratives in Arabic." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 22, no. 1 (2012): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.22.1.04jar.
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This paper investigates two different views concerning the number of deictic degrees of demonstratives in Classical Arabic (CA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The first view claims that CA has a medial category of demonstratives in addition to proximals and distals; the second view postulates that there are only proximals and distals in CA. The study examines the dialectal origin of singular and dual CA demonstratives based on writings of ancient grammarians in addition to investigating the Semitic origin of these demonstratives. It is argued that the demonstrative system in CA is the result of a combination of two dialectal demonstrative systems: one of these had been used in Old ?ijaazi, while the other had been used in Old Tamiimi Arabic. Each of these dialects had only proximals and distals but no medials. Demonstratives in these dialects had dissimilar forms for distals. ?ijaazi distals had two suffixes attached to the proximal base, while Tamiimi ones had one suffix only. The presence of these different forms led grammarians representing the first view to the fallacy that demonstratives with one suffix are medials, while those with two suffixes are distals. However, the supposed medials are in fact the distals that were used in Old Tamiimi; their distance value is the same as that of Old Hijaazi distals.
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Zaidan, Omar F., and Chris Callison-Burch. "Arabic Dialect Identification." Computational Linguistics 40, no. 1 (2014): 171–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00169.
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The written form of the Arabic language, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), differs in a non-trivial manner from the various spoken regional dialects of Arabic—the true “native languages” of Arabic speakers. Those dialects, in turn, differ quite a bit from each other. However, due to MSA's prevalence in written form, almost all Arabic data sets have predominantly MSA content. In this article, we describe the creation of a novel Arabic resource with dialect annotations. We have created a large monolingual data set rich in dialectal Arabic content called the Arabic On-line Commentary Data set (Zaidan and Callison-Burch 2011). We describe our annotation effort to identify the dialect level (and dialect itself) in each of more than 100,000 sentences from the data set by crowdsourcing the annotation task, and delve into interesting annotator behaviors (like over-identification of one's own dialect). Using this new annotated data set, we consider the task of Arabic dialect identification: Given the word sequence forming an Arabic sentence, determine the variety of Arabic in which it is written. We use the data to train and evaluate automatic classifiers for dialect identification, and establish that classifiers using dialectal data significantly and dramatically outperform baselines that use MSA-only data, achieving near-human classification accuracy. Finally, we apply our classifiers to discover dialectical data from a large Web crawl consisting of 3.5 million pages mined from on-line Arabic newspapers.
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Wilmsen, David. "Croft’s cycle in Arabic: The negative existential cycle in a single language." Linguistics 58, no. 2 (2020): 493–535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0021.
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AbstractThe negative existential cycle has been shown to be operative in several language families. Here it is shown that it also operates within a single language. It happens that the existential fī that has been adduced as an example of a type A in the Arabic of Damascus, Syria, negated with the standard spoken Arabic verbal negator mā, does not participate in a negative cycle, but another Arabic existential particle does. Reflexes of the existential particle šay(y)/šē/šī/ši of southern peninsular Arabic dialects enter into a type A > B configuration as a univerbation between mā and the existential particle ši in reflexes of maši. It also enters that configuration in others as a univerbation between mā, the 3rd-person pronouns hū or hī, and the existential particle šī in reflexes of mahūš/mahīš. At that point, the existential particle šī loses its identity as such to be reanalyzed as a negator, with reflexes of mahūš/mahīš negating all manner of non-verbal predications except existentials. As such, negators formed of reflexes of šī skip a stage B, but they re-enter the cycle at stage B > C, when reflexes of mahūš/mahīš begin negating some verbs. The consecutive C stage is encountered only in northern Egyptian and southern Yemeni dialects. An inchoate stage C > A appears only in dialects of Lower Egypt.
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Al-Moslmi, Tareq, Mohammed Albared, Adel Al-Shabi, Nazlia Omar, and Salwani Abdullah. "Arabic senti-lexicon: Constructing publicly available language resources for Arabic sentiment analysis." Journal of Information Science 44, no. 3 (2017): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551516683908.
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Sentiment analysis is held to be one of the highly dynamic recent research fields in Natural Language Processing, facilitated by the quickly growing volume of Web opinion data. Most of the approaches in this field are focused on English due to the lack of sentiment resources in other languages such as the Arabic language and its large variety of dialects. In most sentiment analysis applications, good sentiment resources play a critical role. Based on that, in this article, several publicly available sentiment analysis resources for Arabic are introduced. This article introduces the Arabic senti-lexicon, a list of 3880 positive and negative synsets annotated with their part of speech, polarity scores, dialects synsets and inflected forms. This article also presents a Multi-domain Arabic Sentiment Corpus (MASC) with a size of 8860 positive and negative reviews from different domains. In this article, an in-depth study has been conducted on five types of feature sets for exploiting effective features and investigating their effect on performance of Arabic sentiment analysis. The aim is to assess the quality of the developed language resources and to integrate different feature sets and classification algorithms to synthesise a more accurate sentiment analysis method. The Arabic senti-lexicon is used for generating feature vectors. Five well-known machine learning algorithms: naïve Bayes, k-nearest neighbours, support vector machines (SVMs), logistic linear regression and neural network are employed as base-classifiers for each of the feature sets. A wide range of comparative experiments on standard Arabic data sets were conducted, discussion is presented and conclusions are drawn. The experimental results show that the Arabic senti-lexicon is a very useful resource for Arabic sentiment analysis. Moreover, results show that classifiers which are trained on feature vectors derived from the corpus using the Arabic sentiment lexicon are more accurate than classifiers trained using the raw corpus.
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Youssef, Islam. "Contrastive Feature Typologies of Arabic Consonant Reflexes." Languages 6, no. 3 (2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030141.
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Attempts to classify spoken Arabic dialects based on distinct reflexes of consonant phonemes are known to employ a mixture of parameters, which often conflate linguistic and non-linguistic facts. This article advances an alternative, theory-informed perspective of segmental typology, one that takes phonological properties as the object of investigation. Under this approach, various classificatory systems are legitimate; and I utilize a typological scheme within the framework of feature geometry. A minimalist model designed to account for segment-internal representations produces neat typologies of the Arabic consonants that vary across dialects, namely qāf,ǧīm,kāf, ḍād, the interdentals, the rhotic, and the pharyngeals. Cognates for each of these are analyzed in a typology based on a few monovalent contrastive features. A key benefit of the proposed typologies is that the featural compositions of the various cognates give grounds for their behavior, in terms of contrasts and phonological activity, and potentially in diachronic processes as well. At a more general level, property-based typology is a promising line of research that helps us understand and categorize purely linguistic facts across languages or language varieties.
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Yousuf B. AlBader. "Polysemy and Semantic Change in the Arabic Language and Dialects." Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik, no. 66 (2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13173/zeitarabling.66.0071.
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Wahab, Laode Abdul, and Aris Try Andreas Putra Putra. "Arabic Dialects of Lamomea and Pudahoa at Students in Gontor 4 and 7 Southeast Sulawesi." Script Journal: Journal of Linguistics and English Teaching 5, no. 2 (2020): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/sj.v5i2.495.
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Background:
 The symptom of using two languages in the local dialect of the Arabic speaking community in Southeast Sulawesi can be seen as an interesting phenomenon. This study aims to identify and reveal: (1) The Arabic language of local dialect “Pudahoa” at Pondok Putra 7 and “Lamomea” at Gontor Putri 4 in Southeast Sulawesi; (2) Coding variations in the communication of Arabic language in the local dialects of Lamomea and Pudahoa; and (3) the use of local Arabic dialects of Lamomea and Pudahoa.
 Methodology: 
 This research was conducted in the speaking community of Southeast Sulawesi who uses the local Arabic dialect located in Konawe Selatan at two focuses: (1) Arabic Lamomea; and (2) Arabic Pudahoa speaking community. The method used in this research is descriptive method qualitative. The descriptive method is an attempted research method to describe and interpret objects according to the circumstances.
 Findings: 
 This study found: first, the Arabic variation used in social interactions in Gontor Putri 4 is Arabic in the Lamomea dialect. Meanwhile, the Arabic variation used in social interactions in Gontor Putri 7 is Arabic in the Pudahoa dialect. The variations of code-switching that occur in the speech communities of Gontor Putri 4 and Gontor Putra 7 with the linguistic repertoire that exists in the community include first, code-switching in the form of language translation and second, code-switching in the form of speech level code-switching. Furthermore, the codes found in Arabic spoken by the Gontor Putri 4 and Putra 7 speaking community are in the form of phrases. Mix this code in the form of an Indonesian phrase into a sentence or speech. Lamomea and Pudahoa dialect Arabic as a subordinate standard language have several functions. Third, the use of Arabic in the local dialects of Lamomea and Pudahoa consists of the formal domain, kinship domain, religious domain, transactional use, social environment, informal environment, and non-formal domain.
 Conclusion: 
 There are variations of code-switching, and code-mixing in the Arabic speech communities of Lamomea and Pudahoa, Tthe Lamomea and Pudahoa dialects have local and regional characteristics and functions as a means of internal communication, a symbol of community identity and as a means of communication in formal, informal and non-formal situations. The author hopes that there will be further research that focuses on how patterns of influence between Arabic and local culture.
 Keywords: Arabic language form; coding variations; the dialect use.
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Taine-Cheikh, Catherine. "Expressiveness and evaluation in Arabic." Morphology and emotions across the world's languages 42, no. 1 (2018): 81–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.00004.tai.
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Abstract Old Arabic had many expressive derived forms: firstly, the forms with radical repetition, consonant reduplication and/or vowel lengthening; secondly, the forms with prefixes, suffixes or infixes. Most of these formatives survived in the Arabic dialects, but Arabic scholars generally focus on diminutive noun forms (nominal and adjectival forms) named taṣġīr in Arabic. This article presents the rules of formation of the diminutive in the Ḥassāniyya Arabic dialect, in which this derivation applies to the whole lexicon, including verbal forms. The derivational morphology of the diminutive constitutes a kind of double derivation, characterized mainly by the infixation of -(a)y- – the position of which varies depending on the patterns and on the nature of the base lexeme. The article then analyzes the use and meaning of diminutives in context, studied within two corpora: a corpus of traditional tales and a corpus of courteous poems. The study of these corpora shows that in Ḥassāniyya, pejorative uses of the diminutive are as prominent as meliorative ones. Finally, the article discusses the “root-and-pattern” mode of formation in Arabic and the diverse derivations attested in Arabic dialects, comparing their values with those reported for other languages in the world. Evaluative morphology is shown to be particularly prevalent in Ḥassāniyya, and it is hypothesized that this correlates with the pragmatic function endorsed by the diminutive in this language. This function allows for both positive or negative interpretations of diminutive forms, depending on the context, so that diminutives can express a broad range of emotions.
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Suaidi, Suaidi. "DIALEK-DIALEK BAHASA ARAB." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 7, no. 1 (2008): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2008.07105.
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In various Arabic literary works, especially the ones, which concern with Qoranic studies, it is argued that the Koran was recited in the dialect of Quraisy. All dialects of the Arabic language were renowned for their eloquence but the dialect of Quraisy was considered the most expressive and articulate, and thus over generations, it came to be known as the dialect of the Koran. Generally the dialects of classical Arabic can be classified into Hijaz, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, and Morocco. The variations on dialects are because of the following factors: first are the extrinsic factors, which consist of social, cultural, geographical, and political factors. Second are the intrinsic factors, which cover phonological, morphological, and syntactical factor. All of those factors have gone in the process of ibdāl, i’rab, binâ’, tashīh, ‘ilāl, itmām, naqs , etc.
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Guerrero Parrado, Jairo. "Reflexes of Old Arabic */ǧ/ in the Maghrebi Dialects." Arabica 66, no. 1-2 (2019): 137–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341521.
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Abstract The present paper discusses from a diachronic standpoint the realizations of Old Arabic */ǧ/ in the various Maghrebi dialects. It covers the following issues: reflexes of Old Arabic */ǧ/, phonetically conditioned shifts involving /ǧ/ and /ž/, discussion and conclusions. The remaining part of the study is devoted to a presentation and discussion of evidences suggesting that affricate /ǧ/ was formerly more widespread among first-layer dialects.
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Turner, Mike. "Definiteness Systems and Dialect Classification." Languages 6, no. 3 (2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030128.
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In this article I explore how typological approaches can be used to construct novel classification schemes for Arabic dialects, taking the example of definiteness as a case study. Definiteness in Arabic has traditionally been envisioned as an essentially binary system, wherein definite substantives are marked with a reflex of the article al- and indefinite ones are not. Recent work has complicated this model, framing definiteness instead as a continuum along which speakers can locate referents using a broader range of morphological and syntactic strategies, including not only the article al-, but also reflexes of the demonstrative series and a diverse set of ‘indefinite-specific’ articles found throughout the spoken dialects. I argue that it is possible to describe these strategies with even more precision by modeling them within cross-linguistic frameworks for semantic typology, among them a model known as the ‘Reference Hierarchy,’ which I adopt here. This modeling process allows for classification of dialects not by the presence of shared forms, but rather by parallel typological configurations, even if the forms within them are disparate.
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Muflihah, Muflihah. "al Lahjaat fii al Lughoh al ‘Arabiyah (Dirosah Tahliliyah ‘an Asbaab Ikhtilaaf al Lahjaat wa ‘Anaashiriha)." Jurnal Al Bayan: Jurnal Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 10, no. 2 (2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/albayan.v10i2.2837.
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ABSTRAKDialect, according to many Arabic linguists, refers to language and letters used by a particular community that cause differences in the pronunciation even in the way particular letters are used among different societies.Dialect is variation in language depending on the users, that is the language as it is commonly used by the language users. Dialect; therefore, is dependent upon who use the language and where the users of the language reside. The geographical aspects shape the regional dialect and the social aspects shape the social dialect.This descriptive quantitative research aims to investigate the factors and aspects that shape some dialects in Arabic.The findings demonstrate that the factors influencing dialects include the geographical width of the area, the cross-language interaction and the different strata of the society.Keywords: Dialect, Arabic linguists, Causes and Elements
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Aoun, Joseph, Elabbas Benmamoun, and Dominique Sportiche. "Further Remarks on First Conjunct Agreement." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 4 (1999): 669–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999554255.
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Aoun, Benmamoun, and Sportiche (ABS, 1994) propose an analysis of first conjunct agreement in VS sentences in Lebanese Arabic and Moroccan Arabic. On the basis of the distribution of number-sensitive items, they argue that this type of agreement is due to clausal coordination. Munn (1999) argues against ABS's account and proposes that first conjunct agreement in the Arabic dialects arises because coordination of NP subjects is semantically plural but syntactically singular. In this reply we show that Munn's alternative analysis is empirically inadequate.
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Abd Elwahab, Waleed. "The Effect of Local Arabic Dialects on Learning English Language Pronunciation." Arab World English Journal 11, no. 1 (2020): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol11no1.33.
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Al-Zebari, Aziz Emmanuel Eliya. "The Morphology of Adjectives in the Neo-Aramaic Dialects of ʿAqra". Aramaic Studies 19, № 2 (2021): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455227-bja10020.
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Abstract The present article presents a synchronic description of the morphology of adjectives in the highly endangered Neo-Aramaic dialects of ʿAqra in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. It discusses the morphology of adjectives in these dialects as used in the sixties of the last century. In particular, the article highlights adjectival patterns, inflectional features, and the adaptation of loanwords from Kurdish, Arabic, and Turkish. The article contributes to the description of the grammar of some 150 North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects in the Kurdistan region that are gradually falling into disuse, due to internal disputes, wars, economic crises, and globalisation.
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D’Anna, Luca. "Language Practice and Language Description among Arabic Grammarians from Sībawayhi to al-Šidyāq: the Case of Agreement." Quaderni di Studi Arabi 15, no. 1-2 (2020): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667016x-15010204.
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Abstract Agreement in Arabic has received, in the last few decades, considerable interest, resulting in a satisfactory illustration of the system obtaining in pre-Classical varieties of the language, Classical / Modern Standard Arabic and the spoken dialects. On the other hand, the descriptions of agreement in traditional Arabic grammars have not yet been the object of detailed analysis. The present paper represents a first step in that direction, analyzing agreement in two grammarians situated at the chronological extremes of traditional Arabic grammar, i.e. Sībawayhi (d. 180/796) and al-Šidyāq (1805-1887). The approach adopted in this paper is twofold. The grammatical treatises in which the descriptions of agreement are provided, in fact, are considered as both a source of metalinguistic reflection and as a written text from which samples of agreement are collected, in order to gauge the consistency between language description and language usage at the dawn and sunset of traditional Arabic grammar.
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Nassr, Z., N. Sael, and F. Benabbou. "PREPROCESSING ARABIC DIALECT FOR SENTIMENT MINING: STATE OF ART." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-4/W3-2020 (November 23, 2020): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-4-w3-2020-323-2020.
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Abstract. Sentiment Analysis concerns the analysis of ideas, emotions, evaluations, values, attitudes and feelings about products, services, companies, individuals, tasks, events, titles and their characteristics. With the increase in applications on the Internet and social networks, Sentiment Analysis has become more crucial in the field of text mining research and has since been used to explore users’ opinions on various products or topics discussed on the Internet. Developments in the fields of Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics have contributed positively to Sentiment Analysis studies, especially for sentiments written in non-structured or semi-structured languages. In this paper, we present a literature review on the pre-processing task on the field of sentiment analysis and an analytical and comparative study of different researches conducted in Arabic social networks. This study allowed as concluding that several works have dealt with the generation of stop words dictionary. In this context, two approaches are adopted: first, the manual one, which gives rise to a limited list, and second, the automatic, where the list of stop words is extracted from social networks based on defined rules. For stemming two, algorithms have been proposed to isolate prefixes and suffixes from words in dialects. However, few works have been interested in dialects directly without translation. The Moroccan dialect in particular is considered as the 5th dialect studied among Arabic dialects after Jordanian, Egyptian, Tunisian and Algerian dialects. Despite the significant lack in studies carried out on Arabic dialects, we were able to extract several conclusions about the difficulties and challenges encountered through this comparative study, as well as the possible ways and tracks to study in any dialects sentiment analysis pre-processing solution.
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Firdaus, Mochammad. "Problems in Expressing Arabic Language of Indonesian Students at Khartoum International Institute for Arabic Language." Izdihar : Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature 2, no. 1 (2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jiz.v2i1.7588.
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This study was started with disclosure of issues faced by Indonesian students in Khartoum International Institute of Arabic Language. The main objective of this research revealed the ta’bir problem afflicting Indonesian students in learning classical Arabic, identifying the causes and knowing the impact of these problems in educational situations. To achieve the objective of this study, the method used by the researcher is descriptive analytical method. The results of this research are: 1) The ways which Indonesian students learned Arabic language in their institution have become instruments in improving Arabic language, 2) The impacts of the Indonesian dialects made difficulties for students in forming the Arabic dialect, 3) Environment in which treated the students outside the University affecting their ability in speaking classical Arabic, and 4) Weakness in disclosure affected students’ academic achievement. Then the researcher suggested solutions to solve those problems such as: 1) To help the students to develop their process in traditional Arabic, it is needed to the students to take the benefits from any means, as teacher teaches them by reading newspaper, magazine and scientific journal which gave them increase the outcome of their linguistics ability, 2) The commitment from the lectures of all subjects to speak in well-structured Arabic and avoid using slank is needed.
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Larson, Bradley. "Arabic Conjunct-Sensitive Agreement and Primitive Operations." Linguistic Inquiry 44, no. 4 (2013): 611–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00140.
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In some Arabic dialects, preverbal coordinated subjects cause plural agreement on the verb while postverbal ones cause either plural agreement or singular agreement. This paradigm has been addressed by Aoun, Benmamoun, and Sportiche ( 1994 , 1999 ) and Munn (1999) , with varying degrees of success. This article offers an alternative to the previous analyses that utilizes the concept of decomposed Merge ( Hornstein 2009 ), whereby Merge is reanalyzed as two suboperations. Previously unexplained cases that flout the paradigm are explained here by a decomposition of the Extension Condition ( Chomsky 1995 ) and a derivational account of pronoun binding across coordination.
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Краснощёков, Е. В. "EXPRESSION OF POSSESSIVE RELATIONS IN THE ARABIC LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS USING PREPOSITIONS." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ И МЕТОДИКО-ДИДАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, no. 3(47) (October 24, 2020): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.69.10.001.
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Постановка задачи. В отличие от европейских языков в арабском языке выражение притяжательных отношений происходит иными способами, а именно приименными, в первую очередь это конструкции с идафой ( ´iḍāfah ), а также конструкции с предлогами. В данной работе мы рассматриваем конструкции с предлогами li - и min, как одно из средств выражения притяжательности в арабском языке. Результаты. Конструкции с предлогами li - и min наиболее часто используются в арабском языке для выражения поссессивных отношений, поскольку могут выражать различные случаи поссессивности. В функции предлогов для выражения притяжательных отношений, кроме этих предлогов, могут употребляться «несобственно предлоги», которые в качестве самостоятельных имен обычно не используются. Притяжательные отношения в арабском языке могут выражаться частицами, выполняющими роль предлогов ( inda ), также используются служебные слова ( siwa , gayra ). Подобная картина наблюдается и в арабских диалектах. В некоторых (мавританский) сохранились старые предлоги из литературного арабского языка. В других (марокканский) эту функцию выполняют служебные слова ( d, dyāl, mtāε ). Выводы. Предлоги принимают активное участие в выражении притяжательности в арабском языке и его диалектах. Функции предлогов в арабском языке перенимаются частицами. С помощью частиц и слов, выполняющих роль предлогов между компонентами словосочетаний, может осуществляться притяжательная связь. Синтаксически и семантически предлоги могут быть заменены родительным падежом или идафной конструкцией, но в некоторых случаях предложная группа предпочтительнее. Problem statement: In contrast to the European languages in Arabic, the expression of possessive relations occurs in other ways, namely, well-known, and in the first place these are constructions with idafa (´ iḍāfah ), as well as constructions with prepositions. In our work, we consider constructions with the preposition li- and the preposition min , as one of the means of expressing possession in the Arabic language. Results. In the function of prepositions to express possessive relations, in addition to the mentioned prepositions, “improper prepositions” can be used, which are usually not used as independent names. Possessive relations in the Arabic language can be expressed by particles playing the role of prepositions ( inda ), and official words ( siwa, gayra ) are also used. A similar pattern is observed in Arabic dialects. In some (Moorish) old prepositions from literary Arabic are preserved. In others (Moroccan), this function is performed by service words ( d, dyāl, mtāε ). Conclusion. Thus, prepositions take an active part in the expression of possession in the Arabic language and its dialects. The functions of prepositions in the Arabic language are taken over by particles. With the help of particles and words playing the role of prepositions between the components of phrases, a possessive connection can be made. Syntactically and semantically, prepositions can be replaced by the genitive or idafa construct, but in some cases the prepositional group is preferable.
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Abdelqader Hussein, Abbas, та Azza Adnan Ahmed. "وظيفة التغاير اللغوي للحركات في اللغة العربية". Journal Of Duhok University 23, № 2 (2020): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26682/hjuod.2020.23.2.7.
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This study deals with the function of the three movements (Al-Fatha, Al- Kasra, and Al- Dhamma) in bringing about linguistic change in two areas of the Arabic language. The first one is in the heard voices where the movements play an important role in the Arabization of many foreign expressions that are foreign to the language by moving the inhabitant in it with a specific movement or changing a movement with another movement, which leads to the creation of a new language for these words that are completely different from their original language. The second: in the Arabic dialects, where the movements assume the function of a linguistic change between one dialect and another, when two or more words share the same shape, structure and arrangement of letters, their meaning is one in two dialects, the difference between them is only by movements, and this study comes within the framework of the lexical lesson. The research plan included an introduction and an introduction in which it dealt with the concepts of the terms of the study, namely (linguistic variation, Arabization, and local language), then the topic of the study is divided into two sub-topics: The first topic dealt with linguistic frequency in Arabized expressions. The second topic dealt with the linguistic variation in the Arabic dialects in addition to a conclusion that included the most important research results.
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BANI AMER, Mamoun Issa Falah. "Linguistic Nuances of Arabic Spoken in the North of Jordan, Irbid Region." International Journal of Linguistics 11, no. 5 (2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v11i5.15345.
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All major languages in the world have minor, categorical counterparts known as dialects. Although there exists one standardized version of the language, the dialects share features with that language that are common and some which are distinctly different. This paper talks about the linguistic dynamic extant amongst the population in the North Jordanian city of Irbid. Through a phonological, morpho-syntactic analysis of their speech in contrast with the so called standardized Jordanian, This paper attempts to discover certain feature distinctions in the North Jordanian speech and more specifically in the Arabic Spoken in Irbid region.
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El-Fakhri, MustafaM, and SalmaA Bukhatwa. "Higher education in Libya: Challenges and future plans (in Arabic language)." Libyan International Medical University Journal 1, no. 1 (2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21502/limuj.004.01.2016.
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Benmamoun, Elabbas, Abdulkafi Albirini, Silvina Montrul, and Eman Saadah. "Arabic plurals and root and pattern morphology in Palestinian and Egyptian heritage speakers." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4, no. 1 (2014): 89–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.4.1.04ben.
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This study investigates heritage speakers’ knowledge of plural formation in their colloquial varieties of Arabic, which use both concatenative and non-concatentative modes of derivation. In the concatenative derivation, a plural suffix attaches to the singular stem (muhandis ‘engineer-sg.’ → muhandis-iin ‘engineer-pl’); in the non-concatenative, the relation between the singular (gamal ‘camel’) and the plural (gimaal ‘camels’) typically involves vocalic and prosodic alternations with the main shared similarity between the two forms being the consonantal root (e.g., g-m-l). In linguistic approaches, non-concatenative patterns have been captured in different ways, though the earliest and most recognizable approach involves the mapping of a consonantal root onto a plural template. We investigated heritage speakers’ knowledge of the root and pattern system in two independent experiments. In Experiment 1, oral narratives were elicited from 20 heritage speakers and 20 native speakers of Egyptian and Palestinian Arabic. In Experiment 2, another group of 24 heritage speakers and 24 native speakers of the same dialects completed an oral picture-description task. The results of the two experiments show that heritage speakers’ knowledge of the root and pattern system of Arabic is not target-like. Yet, they have a good grasp of the root and template as basic units of word formation in their heritage Arabic dialects. We discuss implications for debates about the acquisition of the root and pattern system of Arabic morphology.
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Dawood, Mohamed. "ATSAR AL-QUR’AN AL-KARIM FI AL-LUGHAH AL-‘ARABIYYAH FI DAU ‘ILM AL-LUGHAH AL-HADIS." Indonesian Journal of Islamic Literature and Muslim Society 4, no. 1 (2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/islimus.v4i1.1541.
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This article discussed the influence of the Quran on Arabic in the perspective of modern linguistics. With a linguistic approach, this article finds seven aspects of language that occur in the impact of the Quran on Arabic, namely: preservation of Arabic, the stability of Arabic, the unification of Arabic dialects, enrichment and development of Arabic, refinement of Arabic and the spread of Arabic. These seven linguistics aspects certainly make Arabic the only language in the world whose linguistic rules do not change, both in terms of phonology, morphology, syntax or semantics, which does not occur in any word in the world. In this world, there have been many languages that have died because of the death of their owners, or languages that are weak because of the weakness of their owners. This condition is different from Arabic, which is the language of the Quran. The language relations between Arabic and the Qur'an have made this language sustainable until then.
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Ghuma, Dr Masoud. "Unrecognised Dyslexia Features by First Language Teachers in Libya." مجلة جامعة صبراتة العلمية 1, no. 2 (2017): 19–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.47891/sabujhs.v1i2.37.
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In inclusive education classrooms, teachers’ knowledge of the disabilities of their students is an important aspect in language teaching. Of these disabilities is dyslexia. Little research has been conducted about teachers’ awareness of dyslexia but almost none about the knowledge of the themes or the specific characteristics of dyslexics. The researcher has noticed that some first language teachers (Arabic) seem not aware of some crucial characteristics of dyslexia. To find out about which of these characteristics are not clear for first language teachers the researcher explored 14 first language (Arabic) teachers’ knowledge of the characteristics of this disability through a matrix questionnaire. Findings of this study add to literature in that they highlight the general themes and the specific areas of dyslexics’ characteristics that first language teachers are not aware of. Although the participants claimed their knowledge of dyslexia, the results revealed that most of them are not aware of some major characteristics of it. In addition to highlighting the unrecognised characteristics of dyslexics, the results emphasise previous studies conclusions such as (Lin 2009; Aladwani & Shaye Spring 2012; Thompson 2013; Jusufi 2014; Tillotson Summer 2011). These findings call for immediate actions from stakeholders in education to develop training programs for teachers about dyslexia. Moreover, teachers need to be introduced to the appropriate methodologies to deal with such cases in classroom. More research is needed in this context to find out about the possible causes underlie this misconception and unawareness of dyslexia.
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Omar, Abdulfattah, and Mohammed Aldawsari. "Lexical Ambiguity in Arabic Information Retrieval: The Case of Six Web-Based Search Engines." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 3 (2020): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n3p219.
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In recent years, both research and industry have shown an increasing interest in developing reliable information retrieval (IR) systems that can effectively address the growing demands of users worldwide. In spite of the relative success of IR systems in addressing the needs of users and even adapting to their environments, many problems remain unresolved. One main problem is lexical ambiguity which has negative impacts on the performance and reliability of IR systems. To date, lexical ambiguity has been one of the most frequently reported problems in the Arabic IR systems despite the development of different word sense disambiguation (WSD) techniques. This is largely attributed to the limitations of such techniques in addressing the issue of linguistic peculiarities. Hence, this study addresses these limitations by exploring the reasons for lexical ambiguity in IR applications in Arabic as one step towards reliable and practical solutions. For this purpose, the performances of six search engines Google, Bing, Baidu, Yahoo, Yandex, and Ask are evaluated. Results indicate that lexical ambiguities in Arabic IR applications are mainly due to the unique morphological and orthographic system of the Arabic language, in addition to its diglossia and the multiple colloquial dialects where sometimes mutual intelligibility is not achieved. For better disambiguation and IR performances in Arabic, this study proposes that clustering models based on supervised machine learning theory should be trained to address the morphological diversity of Arabic and its unique orthographic system. Search engines should also be adapted to the geographic location of the users in order to address the issue of vernacular dialects of Arabic. They should also be trained to automatically identify the different dialects. Finally, search engines should consider all varieties of Arabic and be able to interpret the queries regardless of the particular language adopted by the user.
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Kafi, Fina Aunul. "اللغة العربية ولهجات القبائل المشهورة (الدراسة المقارنة بين لهجة قبيلة قريش، تميم، وأسد)". Al-Fusha : Arabic Language Education Journal 1, № 2 (2020): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/alfusha.v1i2.346.
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Arabic is famous for having several tribes. Each tribe has different dialect. Now the most famous leaves only three dialects, namely Quraysh, Tamim, and Asad. Many data reported that those dialects were not only different in terms of phonetics, but also other linguistic aspects. This study aimed to find the different dialect characteristics of the three popular dialects so that it could make it easier to understand the language that was generally used in Arab's community. The result showed that the three dialects most commonly used were Quraysh and Tamim dialects. In contrary, Asad’s dialect was only in small communities. All three dialects had differences in phonetic terms and sentences. This result indicates that phonetics and sentences of Quraysh dialect can be changed into other forms in Tamim and Asad dialects with several categories.
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Harrak, Amir, and Dionisius A. Agius. "Auxiliary Particles Preceding the Imperfective Aspect in Arabic Dialects." Arabica 34, no. 2 (1987): 164–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005887x00261.
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Coghill, Eleanor. "The grammaticalization of prospective aspect in a group of Neo-Aramaic dialects." Diachronica 27, no. 3 (2010): 359–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.27.3.01cog.
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This paper examines the development of a future (more precisely ‘prospective’) auxiliary from a motion verb in a small group of Neo-Aramaic dialects spoken in Iraq. The long written record of Aramaic allows us to follow the grammaticalization process in some detail, and recent documentation of dialects has shown that various stages co-exist synchronically. The Neo-Aramaic case challenges the theory that future auxiliaries from a verb ‘to go’ should derive from an imperfective in languages which have one. The development of the auxiliary also involves the reanalysis of a present perfect as an immediate future: this apparently surprising development is explained and possible parallels to it in other languages given. The prospective construction exists alongside another future tense and the differences in form and function can be seen to reflect the different origins and ages of the two constructions. There are strong indications that the prospective construction has developed as a result of contact with a similar vernacular Arabic construction. The distribution and level of maturity of the construction in the different dialects can be explained by an origin in a village close to the Arabic-speaking area, and thence diffusion to the neighbouring villages.
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Horesh, Uri. "Stylistic variation in read Arabic." Language Ecology 4, no. 1 (2020): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/le.00009.hor.
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Abstract The study of variation in Arabic vernaculars has come a long way since its beginnings as a misguided endeavor to compare features in these contemporary dialects to cognate features in Standard Arabic (Classical or Modern) and view any differences as results of language change. We now recognize that the dialects and Standard Arabic have had different trajectories in different places and over a long period of time. The current study attempts to assess variation in a local variety of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and explore the methodological and theoretical advantages to consider what we already know about variation in the vernacular spoken by the same community whose reading in the Standard we are investigating. The paper draws a distinction between Prescribed MSA and a local variety thereof, as attested in recordings of a text read aloud by speakers of a Palestinian dialect, which were collected as part of a broader battery of sociolinguistic interviews in the speakers’ two dominant languages, Arabic and Hebrew. This is a pilot study, in which variationist methods of quantification and contextual analysis were employed, with the hope for setting the stage for more elaborate studies on the various stylistic repertoires available to speakers of Arabic.
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Tarmom, Taghreed, William Teahan, Eric Atwell, and Mohammad Ammar Alsalka. "Compression versus traditional machine learning classifiers to detect code-switching in varieties and dialects: Arabic as a case study." Natural Language Engineering 26, no. 6 (2020): 663–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135132492000011x.
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AbstractThe occurrence of code-switching in online communication, when a writer switches among multiple languages, presents a challenge for natural language processing tools, since they are designed for texts written in a single language. To answer the challenge, this paper presents detailed research on ways to detect code-switching in Arabic text automatically. We compare the prediction by partial matching (PPM) compression-based classifier, implemented in Tawa, and a traditional machine learning classifier sequential minimal optimization (SMO), implemented in Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis, working specifically on Arabic text taken from Facebook. Three experiments were conducted in order to: (1) detect code-switching among the Egyptian dialect and English; (2) detect code-switching among the Egyptian dialect, the Saudi dialect, and English; and (3) detect code-switching among the Egyptian dialect, the Saudi dialect, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), and English. Our experiments showed that PPM achieved a higher accuracy rate than SMO with 99.8% versus 97.5% in the first experiment and 97.8% versus 80.7% in the second. In the third experiment, PPM achieved a lower accuracy rate than SMO with 53.2% versus 60.2%. Code-switching between Egyptian Arabic and English text is easiest to detect because Arabic and English are generally written in different character sets. It is more difficult to distinguish between Arabic dialects and MSA as these use the same character set, and most users of Arabic, especially Saudis and Egyptians, frequently mix MSA with their dialects. We also note that the MSA corpus used for training the MSA model may not represent MSA Facebook text well, being built from news websites. This paper also describes in detail the new Arabic corpora created for this research and our experiments.
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Jamal Al-Maznaei, Rana. "A contrastive study on thanking in Arabic dialects and English." Bulletin of Advanced English Studies 6, no. 1 (2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/baes2021.6.1.1.
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Cross-Cultural Pragmatics (CCP) is a field of study that focuses on the interaction of people from various cultures. It is to clarify cultural distinctions between languages that acquire meaning through context and sociocultural embedding, resulting in a pragmatic communication failure. This study determines whether the Arabic language, because of dialectical variation, contains more thanking methods than English. Additionally, it aims to investigate the face-threatening strategies used by Arabs and native English speakers. Besides, it aims to determine whether contextual variables affect thanking expressions. The data collection instrument was an open-ended questionnaire in two versions Arabic and English. The results were then analyzed quantitatively using SPSS software version 26.0, following Cheng's classification of thanking. The findings indicate that dialectical diversity is not associated with an increase in thanking strategies that are more prevalent in English. Additionally, religion affects the Arabs speaking, their manner of thanking does not exclude religious expressions, which are their preferred method of expressing their politeness and gratitude. In terms of face-threatening strategies, both native Arabic and English speakers preferred negative politeness to positive politeness, which focuses on minimizing the FTA's particular imposition. Concerning contextual variables such as familiarity and social status, both affect how the thanking speech act is performed. It will be worthwhile to investigate thanking in Arabic and English with a specific factor such as social distance. Additionally, it is beneficial to examine thanking in Arabic dialects regarding civilization's cultural influence and the dialect's proximity to standard Arabic.