Relevant bibliographies by topics / Arabic language in Iraq

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Arabic language in Iraq'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Arabic language in Iraq"

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Kadhim Abid, Aoda. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IRAQI LANGUAGE WRITING PROFICIENCY ON FOREIGN LANGUAGE PERFORMANCE (ENGLISH) IN THE WRITING SKILL OF PREPARATORY SCHOOL PUPILS IN IRAQ." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 6 (December 19, 2019): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.76122.

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Purposes: This study aims at investigating the relationship between the Effectiveness of Iraqi Language Writing Proficiency on Foreign Language Performance (English) in the Writing Skill of Preparatory School Pupils in Iraq. Novelty: Despite the linguistic distance between English and Arabic, it is postulated that Arabic writing skills can be transferred positively to the target language (English). Methodology: The researchers used the composition prompt test instrument for this purpose; one test was in Arabic and the other was in English. The population was from two preparatory schools in the general directorate of Thi-Qar. The participants were 25 male students who were chosen on the basis of the students' achievement in the previous years. Results: That is, the participants proved to be proficient writers in Arabic after they had had a pretest in which they were asked to write a short paragraph about themselves. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that there is no statistically significant relationship between the two languages. Those students who got high marks and were proficient in the Iraq language (Arabic) writing performed well in the counter skill (English). Implication/Application: This result supports the theoretical views of Cummins' threshold hypothesis and Chomskian's Interdependence theory. The results of the study indicate that there is no need for integrating the instruction of writing skills between the two languages in textbooks so that the writing level of students in the foreign language (English) can be improved.
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Alobaidy, Miaad Ahmed, and Sundus Khaleel Ebraheem. "Application for Iraqi sign language translation on Android system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 5227. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i5.pp5227-5234.

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Deaf people suffer from difficulty in social communication, especially those who have been denied the blessing of hearing before the acquisition of spoken language and before learning to read and write. For the purpose of employing mobile devices for the benefit of these people, their teachers and everyone who has contact with them, this research aims to design an application for social communication and learning by translating Iraqi sign language into text in Arabic and vice versa. Iraqi sign language has been chosen because of a lack of applications for this field. The current research, to the best of our knowledge, is the first of its kind in Iraq. The application is open source; words that are not found in the application database can be processed by translating them into letters alphabetically. The importance of the application lies in the fact that it is a means of communication and e-learning through Iraqi sign language, reading and writing in Arabic. Similarly, it is regarded as a means of social communication between deaf people and those with normal hearing. This application is designed by using JAVA language and it was tested on several deaf students at Al-Amal Institute for Special Needs Care in Mosul, Iraq. It was well comprehended and accepted.
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Khan, Geoffrey. "The Neo-Aramaic dialect spoken by Jews from the region of Arbel (Iraqi Kurdistan)." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 62, no. 2 (June 1999): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00016682.

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Aramaic-speaking Jewish communities used to be found in various towns and villages throughout north-eastern Iraq, north-western Iran and southern Turkey before the mass exodus of Iraqi Jewry to the state of Israel in 1950–51. In Iraq, the Aramaic speakers were found in an area that may be denned as the land lying above a line drawn on a map across the country through the towns of Musil and Kirkuk. Aramaic was not the first language of all Jews of the area. In the large towns of Musil, Kirkuk, Aqra, as well as Arbel, Arabic was the Jewish vernacular. In some villages the Jews spoke Kurdish as their first language. In Iran, Aramaic-speaking Jewish communities were found as far south as Kerend. The northern limits of the Jewish Aramaic area were formed by communities in the region of lake Van in southern Turkey and those around lake Urmia in north-west Iran (Hopkins, 1993: 62–4).
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Dweik, Bader S., and Tiba A. Al-Obaidi. "Language Contact, Use And Attitudes Among The Chaldo-Assyrians Of Baghdad, Iraq: A Sociolinguistic Study." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 3, no. 3 (April 5, 2014): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v3i3.5212.

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This study aimed at investigating the language situation among the Chaldo-Assyrians in Baghdad. The study attempted to answer the following questions: In what domains do the Chaldo-Assyrians of Baghdad use Syriac and Arabic? What are their attitudes towards both languages? To achieve the goal of this study, the researchers selected a sample that consisted of (135) Chaldo-Assyrians of different age, gender and educational background. The instruments used in this study were interviews and a questionnaire which comprised two different areas: domains of language use and language attitudes. The researchers concluded that the Chaldo-Assyrians in Baghdad used Syriac in different domains mainly at home, in religious settings and in their inner speech; and used it side by side with Arabic in many other social domains such as neighborhood, place of work, media and other public places. The study revealed that the attitudes of the Chaldo-Assyrians towards Syriac and Arabic were highly positive. Finally, the researchers recommended conducting similar studies on other ethnic groups in Baghdad like Turkumans, Kurds, Armenians and Sabians.
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Shuriquie, Nasser. "Military psychiatry – a Jordanian experience." Psychiatric Bulletin 27, no. 10 (October 2003): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0955603600003184.

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Jordan is a Middle-Eastern country, located North West of Saudia Arabia. The total area is 93 300 sqkm. Jordan has borders with Iraq, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria and the West Bank. Regarding ethnic groups, about 98% of population are Arabs, 1% Circassian and 1% Armenian. Moslems make up around 94% of the population and the remaining 6% are Christians. Jordan is a constitutional Monarchy that became independent from British administration in 1946. The population of Jordan is 5 307 740 (July 2002 estimate), the capital is Amman and the language is Arabic.
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Shuriquie, Nasser. "Military psychiatry – a Jordanian experience." Psychiatric Bulletin 27, no. 10 (October 2003): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.27.10.386.

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Jordan is a Middle-Eastern country, located North West of Saudia Arabia. The total area is 93 300 sqkm. Jordan has borders with Iraq, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria and the West Bank. Regarding ethnic groups, about 98% of population are Arabs, 1% Circassian and 1% Armenian. Moslems make up around 94% of the population and the remaining 6% are Christians. Jordan is a constitutional Monarchy that became independent from British administration in 1946. The population of Jordan is 5 307 740 (July 2002 estimate), the capital is Amman and the language is Arabic.
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Fathi Sidig Sidgi, Lina, and Ahmad Jelani Shaari. "The Effect of Automatic Speech Recognition EyeSpeak Software on Iraqi Students’ English Pronunciation: A Pilot Study." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.2p.48.

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The use of technology, such as computer-assisted language learning (CALL), is used in teaching and learning in the foreign language classrooms where it is most needed. One promising emerging technology that supports language learning is automatic speech recognition (ASR). Integrating such technology, especially in the instruction of pronunciation in the classroom, is important in helping students to achieve correct pronunciation. In Iraq, English is a foreign language, and it is not surprising that learners commit many pronunciation mistakes. One factor contributing to these mistakes is the difference between the Arabic and English phonetic systems. Thus, the sound transformation from the mother tongue (Arabic) to the target language (English) is one barrier for Arab learners. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of using automatic speech recognition ASR EyeSpeak software in improving the pronunciation of Iraqi learners of English. An experimental research project with a pretest-posttest design is conducted over a one-month period in the Department of English at Al-Turath University College in Baghdad, Iraq. The ten participants are randomly selected first-year college students enrolled in a pronunciation class that uses traditional teaching methods and ASR EyeSpeak software. The findings show that using EyeSpeak software leads to a significant improvement in the students’ English pronunciation, evident from the test scores they achieve after using EyeSpeak software.
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Farina, Michele. "Iraq: la battaglia della lingua." FUTURIBILI, no. 2 (September 2009): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/fu2008-002013.

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- Lost in translation in Baghdad: five years of conflict seen as a language conflict, or a missed encounter. A poor grasp of Arabic - often an inability or refusal to utter the even the simplest greeting - and the scarcity of decent interpreters in the American forces have proved to be a significant and long-neglected factor in the widening divide between the invader-liberators and the local population. And consequently in the difficulty in winning over hearts and minds at the expense of the insurgents. This is a study of the language factor in the resolution, or the festering, of asymmetrical wars past and present.
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Edzard, Lutz. "Stylistic Elements in the Use of Arabic as Language in Diplomacy: Recent Developments in United Nations Context." Die Welt des Islams 36, no. 1 (1996): 25–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570060962597652.

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AbstractIn this paper, a number of stylistic features of contemporary diplomatic Arabic will be investigated. These are the interference of historical and contemporary Arab-Islamic thought and terminology with accepted stylistic standards in international documents as well as certain metaphorical, including euphemistical, elements of style that are germane to Arabic. Subject of the discussion will be bi- and multilateral treaties that are either concluded in Arabic or in which Arabic is one of the official languages. Furthermore, diplomatic correspondence that originates in Arabic will be considered. Certain linguistic features of Arabic as surfacing in the said documents, independently of any religious implications, will be closely followed, if relevant for the interpretation of the documents under discussion. One of the main foci of attention will be the vast diplomatic correspondence that has been surrounding the Iraq-Kuwait-crisis. Finally, the unique case of an Arabic diplomatic poem will be cited.
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Ameen, R. M. "Language Attitude among the Displaced People in the Kurdistan Region." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 1060–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-4-1060-1068.

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This paper focuses on the language attitudes of the displaced people who fled to the Kurdistan region of Iraq due to having the daily threats on their life by the terrorist groups since 2003. These people are mostly from Arabic nation and came from the different parts of the country, the language of analysis and the chosen social group contributing to the novelty of the research. The research aims at exploring the level of attitudes and the factors which affected the motivation of these people either towards their ethnic languages or Kurdish (the language of the majority in the region). It is shown that the majority of the displaced people in the region still have a positive attitude towards their ethnic language, are proud of it while having quite normal attitudes towards Kurdish, and believe that it is necessary for communication with other constituents, for getting jobs and conducting business and in order to spread social and cultural values of the Kurdish society. Here can be seen that the migrated people, who had about a hundred year history of ethnic problems with the Kurds of Iraq, nowadays have a normal attitudes towards Kurdish language.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Arabic language in Iraq"

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Abdul-Hassan, Raad Shakir. "Variation in the educated spoken Arabic of Iraq : a sociolinguistic study." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/982/.

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In this sociolinguistic study an attempt is made to relate different levels of use of variant features of Educated Spoken Arabic (ESA) of Iraq to speakers' attitudes, and to link these variables with sex and regional differences in a group of informants. The informants are a number of educated Iraqis who are available in the U. K. In the study of language attitude the methods used involved a questionnaire on attitudes and an analysis of subjects' reaction to samples of ESA containing the variant features to be studied which used semantic differential technique. Factor analysis was adopted as a data analysis device. In the attitude study a presentation of the attitudes of the informants towards different regional speech styles, of Iraq, was provided. The study showed significant differences between the attitudes of the male and the female informants as well as among the informants who belong to the three regions of Iraq. The second part of the study investigated the distribution of chosen phonological variables. The effect of the sex and the region of the speakers on their choice of standard / stigmatized (colloquial) variants was studied. The methodology adopted in this part involved recordings of unprepared and unscripted speech by the informants discussing various informal topics. The data analysis involved the use of a text analysis package, Oxford Concordance Program (OCP). The study established that the male speakers chose more standard and less stigmatized variants than the female speakers. This result contrasted with the findings of some studies which have been conducted in the western world but agreed with other studies conducted in similar Arab speech communities. The study also revealed some differences among speakers from different regions in the choice of the variants.
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Nichols, Jennifer Lynn. "Motivation and Affective Variables in Arabic Language Learning for Iraq War Veterans: Language Learning Experiences Inside and Outside the Classroom." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1274056937.

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Napiorkowska, Lidia Ewa. "A grammar of the Neo-Aramaic dialect of Christian Diyana-Zariwaw." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707996.

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Ridha, Mohaned. "Crosslinguistic influence in the Arabic of Iraqi Arabic-Swedish bilingual children (5-7) in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-268559.

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The aim of this study is to investigate crosslinguistic influence in the Arabic language of Iraqi Arabic-Swedish bilingual children (5-7) who live in Sweden. The scope is to study lexical, morphological and syntactic uses in the children’s speech that do not belong to the Iraqi Arabic variety (IAV). The used research method was interview method that has been applied in a descriptive framework without any normative evaluations. The interviews were based on a series of narrative pictures that had already been designed for the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN). The primary material is a corpus which totals 164 recorded minutes that were obtained from twelve Iraqi Arabic-Swedish bilingual children who are 5-7 years old. The secondary material was sociolinguistic background information that was obtained from the children’s parents by using a questionnaire. The results revealed the following main points: (1) Most of the children’s linguistic uses that did not belong to IAV occurred mainly on the lexical level, less on the morphological level and least on the syntactic level. (2) Not all linguistic uses that do not belong to the IAV indicate a crosslinguistic influence in the children’s language development, because some of these uses occur occasionally. (3) Many linguistic uses that do not belong to the IAV were related to Modern standard Arabic (MSA), other Arabic varieties and Swedish, but some of them, e.g. morphological observations, were not related to a specific language. (4) Diglossia and bilingualism have led to different crosslinguistic influences on the children’s speech. Diglossia has led to lexical influence and bilingualism has led to lexical and syntactic influence. (5) The combination of diglossia and bilingualism can increase the crosslinguistic influence on the bilingual children compared to other bilingual children that do not experience this combination of both phenomena. (6) The fact that the children use MSA spontaneously along with their mother tongue shows that they learn MSA before they start school. (7) Use of other Arabic varieties by the children along with their mother tongue can bring these different Arabic varieties closer to the IAV and may also create a mixed variety in the future, if there is continuous and intensive language contact. (8) The results indicate the possible types of language acquisition for all children’s languages/varieties but without normative evaluation as the following: IAV as L1 (first language/mother tongue), Swedish as L1 or ESLA (early second language acquisition), MSA as ESLA or L2, and other Arabic varieties as ESLA or L2.
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Hamstra, Eric J. "Information operations in Iraq the Mufsiddoon versus the U.S. and Coalition forces /." Quantico, VA : Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA491182.

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Mohammed, Fuad. "Social network integration and language change in progress in Iraqi Arabic : a sociophonetic study of dialect levelling in the Hīti dialect." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21338/.

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This study investigates the linguistic outcomes of war-induced dialect contact between speakers of two dialects of Iraqi Arabic (IA): the qiltu dialect spoken in Hīt (HIA) and the gilit dialect spoken by migrants from the gilit areas to Hīt. It differs from previous contact-based studies on Arabic dialects in that it investigates dialect change in the speech of the local residents rather than in the speech of the migrants. The HIA dialect has been noted for the loss of certain local linguistic features at the expense of gilit features with a wider areal distribution (Al-Ani, 1978; Khan, 1997). The thesis provides a quantitative sociophonetic description of the speech of 36 male and female HIA speakers and of their accommodation to the gilit dialect by examining the impact of four independent variables (age, gender, Social Network Integration (SNI), and speakers’ attitudes) on the use of four phonological variables (two consonantal and two vocalic). At the consonantal level, variation in the use of the uvular stop (q) and the velar stop (k) are examined. At the vocalic level, the variation in the insertion of the epenthetic vowel [i] within onset consonant clusters in word initial positions and the lowering of the short high vowel /i/ into [a] in the context of pharyngeal consonants is examined. This is the first quantitative sociophonetic study of its kind to be conducted on HIA to examine whether dialect levelling is taking place and to compare the findings to those of other sociolinguistic studies on IA qiltu dialects (e.g. Mosuli Iraqi Arabic) spoken in communities that have undergone similar sociodemographic changes as Hīt. Over the course of the last three decades, Hīt has seen high levels of internal migration of people from gilit-speaking cities, namely the capital Baghdad. Previous research has suggested that as a consequence of spatial mobility and dialect contact, language features with a wider socio-spatial currency become more widely used at the expense of more locally specific features (Britain, 2009). This mobility disrupts large-scale close-knit localised networks, which have over time retained highly systematic and intricate sets of socially built linguistic standards (Milroy, 2002). This study shows that speakers’ age, gender and SNI have an important impact on the acquisition of gilit features, with SNI being the most important independent variable. HIA speakers with more open friendship networks i.e. high scorers on the SNI scale were the leaders in adopting gilit features. There is sound change in progress and gilit features spread faster among the younger generation. In all age groups, male speakers produced more gilit features than female speakers did. The results suggest that the spread of the gilit features at the expense of the HIA local features is determined by social, linguistic and social-psychological factors. It was shown that speakers’ attitudes play an important role in their linguistic behaviour. Socially salient phonological variables such as (k) are levelled only minimally and the vocalic features are levelled more and adopted more frequently than the consonantal features. Epenthesis of the vowel [i] is restricted to monosyllabic words. Vowel lowering is not limited to the context of velar and pharyngeal consonants. The outcome of dialect contact is levelling, which involves the replacement of local linguistic forms with other linguistic features with a wider geographical spread (Cheshire et al., 1999:1) and motivated by individuals having open networks to people outside their community.
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Kashou, Hanan Hussam. "War and Exile In Contemporary Iraqi Women’s Novels." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1386038139.

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Al-Shams, Noor. "Étude des changements phonétiques et syntaxiques intervenus dans le parler de Bagdad depuis les années 1980." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040206.

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Cette étude montre l'effet sociolinguistique de l’arabe dialectal d' Al-'aCz:amîyah sur l’arabe dialectal des Irakiens déplacés au niveau phonologique et syntaxique de la langue. Les Irakiens déplacés sont ceux qui sont arrivés au quartier d' Al-'aCz:amîyah, depuis les années quatre-vingt jusqu’ à nos jours. L'étude propose d’élucider la relation qui lie les variables sociolinguistiques au comportement linguistique des intervenants, objet de notre étude, en choisissant trois variables phonologiques et une variable syntaxique, en fonction des trois variables sociales du sexe, de l'âge et de l'éducation. L'échantillon de l'étude comprend 113 informateurs. Ces informateurs sont considérés comme étant un échantillon représentatif des Irakiens déplacés et des habitants d'origine d’Al-'aCz:amîyah. La méthode d'analyse quantitative est utilisée pour examiner et interpréter les données collectées. Le logiciel SPSS, Progiciel de statistique pour les sciences sociales, a été utilisé pour nous aider à traiter les données et évaluer l'importance de cette variation linguistique. La présente étude est structurée en quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre est consacré à discuter le contexte sociolinguistique. La méthodologie de cette étude est abordée dans le deuxième chapitre où nous présentons les démarches suivies dans notre étude. Dans le chapitre trois et quatre, nous essayons de décrire comment les caractéristiques linguistiques de l’arabe dialectal des Irakiens déplacés se chevauchent et subissent des interactions avec les caractéristiques de l’arabe dialectal d’Al-'aCz:amîyah, et comment ces dialectes subissent des influences réciproques dans une période donnée. Ainsi, pour pouvoir comparer les deux populations celle de d’Al-'aCz:amîyah et celle des Irakiens déplacés, nous les séparons en deux chapitres. Dans le troisième chapitre, les résultats statistiques qui sont affichés et interprétés montrent les changements phonétiques et syntaxiques intervenus dans le parler arabe des habitants originaires, et dans le quatrième chapitre, les résultats affichent les changements phonétiques et syntaxiques intervenus dans le parler arabe des habitants déplacés
This study reveals the sociolinguistic effect of Al-'aCz:amîyah dialect on Iraqi displaced’s dialect in the phonological and syntactic level of language. Iraqis displaced are those who have come to d' Al-'aCz:amîyah neighborhood since the 1980s to the present day. The study shows the relationship which links the sociolinguistic variables to the linguistic behavior by choosing four phonological variables and one syntactic variable as far as the three social variables of sex, age and education are concerned. The sample of the study includes 113 informants. These informants are considered the representative sample of the Iraqis displaced and the original inhabitants of d'Al-'aCz:amîyah. The quantitative analysis method is employed to analyze and interpret the data collected. The SPSS (StatisticalPackage for the Social Sciences) software can be used to help us process the data and assess the significance of this linguistic variation. The present study is structured in four chapters: the first is devoted to discuss the sociolinguistic context. The methodology of this study was discussed in the second chapter where we present our own way that we use in our study. In chapter three and four , we try to describe how the linguistic features of the Arabic dialect of displacedIraqis overlap and undergo interactions with the features of the Arabic dialect of Al-'aCz:amîyah, how these dialects undergo reciprocal influences within a specified time limit. So to compare the two population that of Al-'aCz:amîyah and that of the Iraqis displaced, we divid them into two chapters: in the first, statistical results that are displayed and interpreted show the phonetic and syntactic changes in local dialect of the original inhabitants. While in the second chapter, these results indicate the phonic and the syntactic changes in the local dialect of the Iraqis displaced
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Majeed, Amira. "L'enseignement de la traduction arabe en Irak : réalités et perspectives : méthodologies et manuels de traduction dans le cadre universitaire." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAC007.

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Cette thèse explore les méthodologies de la traduction arabe et la place qu’occupent les manuels de traduction dans son enseignement. À partir de l’étude des manuels irakiens et de l’enquête menée auprès des enseignants et des étudiants, nous présentons le portrait des méthodes de cet enseignement dans les universités irakiennes. Pour les réévaluer, elles sont mises en perspective avec la pédagogie de la traduction arabe hors de l’Irak par le biais de l’étude d’un échantillon de manuels de traduction français-arabe et du projet d’étude de l’École de traduction (l’ÉTIB) de Beyrouth. Puis, l’examen des principales approches pédagogiques de la traduction permet de revisiter la notion de l’acte de traduire et les compétences requises pour l’exercice de la traduction sous l’optique pédagogique en ces temps-ci, et d’établir un ensemble de propositions visant à optimiser la formation des traducteurs et l’élaboration des manuels de traduction en Irak
This thesis explore the situation of methodologies of teaching Arabic translation and the role of textbooks in teaching translation in Iraqi universities by studying translation textbooks and conducting interviews with teachers and students. In order to reevaluate the Iraqi teaching methods, they have been compared to their respective counterparts out of Iraq’s borders. By using the samples of French-Arabic translation textbooks and the study project of the School of Translators and Interpreters of Beirut, we reach a clear understanding of translation methods which are used in teaching the foreign language or training Arabic translators. A survey of the principal approaches of teaching translation resulted in revisiting the concept of translation and the necessary skills to translate in the present time from a new standpoint. Thus, a set of suggestions were established so as to optimize the methods of teaching translation in Iraqi universities
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Almohimeed, Abdulaziz. "Arabic text to Arabic sign language example-based translation system." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/345562/.

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This dissertation presents the first corpus-based system for translation from Arabic text into Arabic Sign Language (ArSL) for the deaf and hearing impaired, for whom it can facilitate access to conventional media and allow communication with hearing people. In addition to the familiar technical problems of text-to-text machine translation,building a system for sign language translation requires overcoming some additional challenges. First,the lack of a standard writing system requires the building of a parallel text-to-sign language corpus from scratch, as well as computational tools to prepare this parallel corpus. Further, the corpus must facilitate output in visual form, which is clearly far more difficult than producing textual output. The time and effort involved in building such a parallel corpus of text and visual signs from scratch mean that we will inevitably be working with quite small corpora. We have constructed two parallel Arabic text-to-ArSL corpora for our system. The first was built from school level language instruction material and contains 203 signed sentences and 710 signs. The second was constructed from a children's story and contains 813 signed sentences and 2,478 signs. Working with corpora of limited size means that coverage is a huge issue. A new technique was derived to exploit Arabic morphological information to increase coverage and hence, translation accuracy. Further, we employ two different example-based translation methods and combine them to produce more accurate translation output. We have chosen to use concatenated sign video clips as output rather than a signing avatar, both for simplicity and because this allows us to distinguish more easily between translation errors and sign synthesis errors. Using leave-one-out cross-validation on our first corpus, the system produced translated sign sentence outputs with an average word error rate of 36.2% and an average position-independent error rate of 26.9%. The corresponding figures for our second corpus were an average word error rate of 44.0% and 28.1%. The most frequent source of errors is missing signs in the corpus; this could be addressed in the future by collecting more corpus material. Finally, it is not possible to compare the performance of our system with any other competing Arabic text-to-ArSL machine translation system since no other such systems exist at present.
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Books on the topic "Arabic language in Iraq"

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Iraqi phrasebook: The essential language guide for contemporary Iraq. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004.

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Nasrallah, Nawal. Beginner's Iraqi Arabic with 2 audio cds: An introduction to the spoken language of Iraq. New York: Hippocrene Books, 2006.

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Phillips, Matti. Iraqi dialect versus standard Arabic: Iraqi dialect usage analysis : ʻIrāqī. Monterey, Calif: Monterey International Institute, 2006.

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Modern Iraqi Arabic with MP3 files: A textbook. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2006.

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al-Khiṭāb al-Ḥusaynī fī Maʻrakat al-Ṭaff: Dirāsah lughawīyah wa-taḥlīl. Karbalāʼ: Qism al-Shuʼūn al-Fikrīyah wa-al-Thaqāfīyah fī al-ʻAtabah al-Ḥusaynīyah al-Muqaddasah, 2009.

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Werner, Jürgen. Emphatische Syntax: Zur Funktionalität oraler Syntagmen ; eine komparative Studie am Beispiel des Bairischen und des Iraq-Arabischen mit einer einführenden Diskussion der relevanten Termini. Tübingen: Narr, 1995.

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Khan, Geoffrey. The Jewish neo-Aramaic dialect of Sulemaniyya and Ḥalabja. Leiden: Brill, 2004.

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The Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Amadya. Leiden: Brill, 2010.

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Mubarrad, Muḥammad ibn Yazīd. al- Kāmil. Bayrūt: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1986.

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Ṣaddām lam yuʻdam wa-ʻUday wa-Quṣay lam yuqtalā: Akādhīb Amrīkā wa-luʻbat al-shabīh. al-Qāhirah: Maktabat Madbūlī, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Arabic language in Iraq"

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Procházka, Stephan. "3.2. The Arabic dialects of northern Iraq." In The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia, edited by Geoffrey Haig and Geoffrey Khan, 243–66. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110421682-008.

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Musolff, Andreas. "The Nation as a Body or Person in L1 Language Samples from Middle Eastern Countries: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Algeria, Morocco, Turkey, Israel, Pakistan." In National Conceptualisations of the Body Politic, 143–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8740-5_10.

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Nielsen, Helle Lykke. "“Arabic-as-Resource” or “Arabic-as-Problem”?" In The Routledge Handbook of Heritage Language Education, 363–78. New York, NY ; Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, [2017] | Series: Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315727974-26.

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Badawi, ElSaid M. "Educated Spoken Arabic." In Scientific and Humanistic Dimensions of Language, 15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.22.09bad.

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Ben Amor, Taoufik. "Language through literature." In Arabic Literature for the Classroom, 96–106. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315451657-7.

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Bar, Kfir, Mona Diab, and Abdelati Hawwari. "Arabic Multiword Expressions." In Language, Culture, Computation. Computational Linguistics and Linguistics, 64–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45327-4_5.

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Baldwin, Jennifer Joan. "Three Strategic Languages: Russian, Korean and Arabic." In Language Policy, 137–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05795-4_6.

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Suleiman, Camelia. "Modernisation, Globalisation and Citizenship in Israel." In The Politics of Arabic in Israel. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474420860.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses the difficult position of the Arabic language from the point of view of the ‘volatile conditions’ of Arab citizenship in Israel. Azmi Bishara’s political career is a good example of the limits of citizenship for the Arabs in Israel. The chapter also discusses the meaning of ‘official’ languages, the role of language academies, the language arrangement in bilingual schools, and lastly the new imagined nationality of ‘Aramean’ and its genealogical connection to Aramaic. This new identity is in line with the state’s continuous attempts to fracture the Palestinian community in Israel, but at the same time it is drawing inspiration from the fragmentation of Arab communities in surrounding states such as Syria, Lebanon and Iraq.
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Eskander, Saad B. "Gertrude Bell and the Formation of the Iraqi State: The Kurdish Dimension." In Gertrude Bell and Iraq, edited by Paul Collins and Charles Tripp. British Academy, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266076.003.0009.

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Almost all scholars agree that Gertrude Bell played a key role in the establishment of an Arab state in Mesopotamia, following the end of the First World War. But it is little known that her attitudes had a fateful effect on the political future of Southern Kurdistan (the present Iraqi Kurdistan). Some political analysts attribute the present ethnic and religious troubles in Iraq to Bell’s unrealistic plans. This chapter looks at Bell's position on the Kurdish situation within the context of the formation of the Arab state. It will examine how Bell’s insistence on subjecting Southern Kurds to Arab Hashemite rule was influenced not only by political and strategic considerations, but also by personal, cultural and social factors, her friendships with Arab notables and leaders, and her deep knowledge and appreciation of Arabic language, traditions and history.
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Bassiouney, Reem. "Language ideology and policy in a colonial and postcolonial context." In Colonial and Decolonial Linguistics, 199–213. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793205.003.0012.

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This chapter discusses the animosity against Arabic elements in Persian in present-day Iran. I argue that this phenomenon can be seen as a continuation of the modern anti-Arabism that appeared in Iran in the nineteenth century as a direct result of the domination of European culture, rooted in European racial thought and linguistic beliefs and ideologies. The chapter first outlines the historical background of anti-Arabism in Iran. This is followed by a discussion on the controversy around the rise of the Persian language, while also highlighting the significance of this language as an aspect of Iranian national identity. The chapter finally addresses language-related anti-Arabism and focuses on the hostility that can be observed in scientific scholarship.
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Conference papers on the topic "Arabic language in Iraq"

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Alshargi, Faisal, Shahd Dibas, Sakhar Alkhereyf, Reem Faraj, Basmah Abdulkareem, Sane Yagi, Ouafaa Kacha, Nizar Habash, and Owen Rambow. "Morphologically Annotated Corpora for Seven Arabic Dialects: Taizi, Sanaani, Najdi, Jordanian, Syrian, Iraqi and Moroccan." In Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4615.

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Kirchhoff, Katrin, Yik-Cheung Tam, Colleen Richey, and Wen Wang. "Morphological Modeling for Machine Translation of English-Iraqi Arabic Spoken Dialogs." In Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/n15-1102.

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AlJuburi, Prof Dr May. "Arabic Language Allophones." In 2nd Annual International Conference on Language, Literature and Linguistics (L3 2013). Global Science and Technology Forum Pte Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3566_l313.70.

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Malmasi, Shervin, and Mark Dras. "Arabic Native Language Identification." In Proceedings of the EMNLP 2014 Workshop on Arabic Natural Language Processing (ANLP). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-3625.

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Ahmed, Abdelmoty M., Reda Abo Alez, Gamal Tharwat, Wade Ghribi, Ahmed Said Badawy, Suresh Babu Changalasetty, B. Belgacem, and Ahmad M. J. Al Moustafa. "Gestures Arabic Sign Language Conversion to Arabic Alphabets." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccic.2018.8782315.

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Ukasha, A. A. "Arabic Language Letters Contour Compression." In ACIT - Information and Communication Technology. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2010.691-073.

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Taha, Muhammad, Tarek Helmy, and Reda Abo Alez. "Agent Based Arabic Language Understanding." In 2007 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology - Workshops. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wiiatw.2007.4427622.

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Taha, Muhammad, Tarek Helmy, and Reda Abo Alez. "Agent Based Arabic Language Understanding." In 2007 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology - Workshops. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wi-iatw.2007.56.

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Mukhametshina, Evelina, Tatiana Morozova, and Farida Shigapova. "TEACHING ARABIC LANGUAGE VIA ENGLISH." In 14th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.1803.

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El Kah, Anoual, Imad Zeroual, and Abdelhak Lakhouaja. "Application of Arabic language processing in language learning." In BDCA'17: 2nd international Conference on Big Data, Cloud and Applications. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3090354.3090390.

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Reports on the topic "Arabic language in Iraq"

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Tratz, Stephen C. Arabic Natural Language Processing System Code Library. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada603814.

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El-Sherbiny, A., M. Farah, I. Oueichek, and A. Al-Zoman. Linguistic Guidelines for the Use of the Arabic Language in Internet Domains. RFC Editor, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5564.

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Davidson, Robert B., and Richard L. Hopely. Foreign Language Optical Character Recognition, Phase II: Arabic and Persian Training and Test Data Sets. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada325444.

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