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Abdul-Hassan, Raad Shakir. "Variation in the educated spoken Arabic of Iraq : a sociolinguistic study." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/982/.
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In this sociolinguistic study an attempt is made to relate different levels of use of variant features of Educated Spoken Arabic (ESA) of Iraq to speakers' attitudes, and to link these variables with sex and regional differences in a group of informants. The informants are a number of educated Iraqis who are available in the U. K. In the study of language attitude the methods used involved a questionnaire on attitudes and an analysis of subjects' reaction to samples of ESA containing the variant features to be studied which used semantic differential technique. Factor analysis was adopted as a data analysis device. In the attitude study a presentation of the attitudes of the informants towards different regional speech styles, of Iraq, was provided. The study showed significant differences between the attitudes of the male and the female informants as well as among the informants who belong to the three regions of Iraq. The second part of the study investigated the distribution of chosen phonological variables. The effect of the sex and the region of the speakers on their choice of standard / stigmatized (colloquial) variants was studied. The methodology adopted in this part involved recordings of unprepared and unscripted speech by the informants discussing various informal topics. The data analysis involved the use of a text analysis package, Oxford Concordance Program (OCP). The study established that the male speakers chose more standard and less stigmatized variants than the female speakers. This result contrasted with the findings of some studies which have been conducted in the western world but agreed with other studies conducted in similar Arab speech communities. The study also revealed some differences among speakers from different regions in the choice of the variants.
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Nichols, Jennifer Lynn. "Motivation and Affective Variables in Arabic Language Learning for Iraq War Veterans: Language Learning Experiences Inside and Outside the Classroom." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1274056937.
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Napiorkowska, Lidia Ewa. "A grammar of the Neo-Aramaic dialect of Christian Diyana-Zariwaw." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707996.
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Ridha, Mohaned. "Crosslinguistic influence in the Arabic of Iraqi Arabic-Swedish bilingual children (5-7) in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-268559.
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The aim of this study is to investigate crosslinguistic influence in the Arabic language of Iraqi Arabic-Swedish bilingual children (5-7) who live in Sweden. The scope is to study lexical, morphological and syntactic uses in the children’s speech that do not belong to the Iraqi Arabic variety (IAV). The used research method was interview method that has been applied in a descriptive framework without any normative evaluations. The interviews were based on a series of narrative pictures that had already been designed for the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN). The primary material is a corpus which totals 164 recorded minutes that were obtained from twelve Iraqi Arabic-Swedish bilingual children who are 5-7 years old. The secondary material was sociolinguistic background information that was obtained from the children’s parents by using a questionnaire. The results revealed the following main points: (1) Most of the children’s linguistic uses that did not belong to IAV occurred mainly on the lexical level, less on the morphological level and least on the syntactic level. (2) Not all linguistic uses that do not belong to the IAV indicate a crosslinguistic influence in the children’s language development, because some of these uses occur occasionally. (3) Many linguistic uses that do not belong to the IAV were related to Modern standard Arabic (MSA), other Arabic varieties and Swedish, but some of them, e.g. morphological observations, were not related to a specific language. (4) Diglossia and bilingualism have led to different crosslinguistic influences on the children’s speech. Diglossia has led to lexical influence and bilingualism has led to lexical and syntactic influence. (5) The combination of diglossia and bilingualism can increase the crosslinguistic influence on the bilingual children compared to other bilingual children that do not experience this combination of both phenomena. (6) The fact that the children use MSA spontaneously along with their mother tongue shows that they learn MSA before they start school. (7) Use of other Arabic varieties by the children along with their mother tongue can bring these different Arabic varieties closer to the IAV and may also create a mixed variety in the future, if there is continuous and intensive language contact. (8) The results indicate the possible types of language acquisition for all children’s languages/varieties but without normative evaluation as the following: IAV as L1 (first language/mother tongue), Swedish as L1 or ESLA (early second language acquisition), MSA as ESLA or L2, and other Arabic varieties as ESLA or L2.
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Hamstra, Eric J. "Information operations in Iraq the Mufsiddoon versus the U.S. and Coalition forces /." Quantico, VA : Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA491182.
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Mohammed, Fuad. "Social network integration and language change in progress in Iraqi Arabic : a sociophonetic study of dialect levelling in the Hīti dialect." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21338/.
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This study investigates the linguistic outcomes of war-induced dialect contact between speakers of two dialects of Iraqi Arabic (IA): the qiltu dialect spoken in Hīt (HIA) and the gilit dialect spoken by migrants from the gilit areas to Hīt. It differs from previous contact-based studies on Arabic dialects in that it investigates dialect change in the speech of the local residents rather than in the speech of the migrants. The HIA dialect has been noted for the loss of certain local linguistic features at the expense of gilit features with a wider areal distribution (Al-Ani, 1978; Khan, 1997). The thesis provides a quantitative sociophonetic description of the speech of 36 male and female HIA speakers and of their accommodation to the gilit dialect by examining the impact of four independent variables (age, gender, Social Network Integration (SNI), and speakers’ attitudes) on the use of four phonological variables (two consonantal and two vocalic). At the consonantal level, variation in the use of the uvular stop (q) and the velar stop (k) are examined. At the vocalic level, the variation in the insertion of the epenthetic vowel [i] within onset consonant clusters in word initial positions and the lowering of the short high vowel /i/ into [a] in the context of pharyngeal consonants is examined. This is the first quantitative sociophonetic study of its kind to be conducted on HIA to examine whether dialect levelling is taking place and to compare the findings to those of other sociolinguistic studies on IA qiltu dialects (e.g. Mosuli Iraqi Arabic) spoken in communities that have undergone similar sociodemographic changes as Hīt. Over the course of the last three decades, Hīt has seen high levels of internal migration of people from gilit-speaking cities, namely the capital Baghdad. Previous research has suggested that as a consequence of spatial mobility and dialect contact, language features with a wider socio-spatial currency become more widely used at the expense of more locally specific features (Britain, 2009). This mobility disrupts large-scale close-knit localised networks, which have over time retained highly systematic and intricate sets of socially built linguistic standards (Milroy, 2002). This study shows that speakers’ age, gender and SNI have an important impact on the acquisition of gilit features, with SNI being the most important independent variable. HIA speakers with more open friendship networks i.e. high scorers on the SNI scale were the leaders in adopting gilit features. There is sound change in progress and gilit features spread faster among the younger generation. In all age groups, male speakers produced more gilit features than female speakers did. The results suggest that the spread of the gilit features at the expense of the HIA local features is determined by social, linguistic and social-psychological factors. It was shown that speakers’ attitudes play an important role in their linguistic behaviour. Socially salient phonological variables such as (k) are levelled only minimally and the vocalic features are levelled more and adopted more frequently than the consonantal features. Epenthesis of the vowel [i] is restricted to monosyllabic words. Vowel lowering is not limited to the context of velar and pharyngeal consonants. The outcome of dialect contact is levelling, which involves the replacement of local linguistic forms with other linguistic features with a wider geographical spread (Cheshire et al., 1999:1) and motivated by individuals having open networks to people outside their community.
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Kashou, Hanan Hussam. "War and Exile In Contemporary Iraqi Women’s Novels." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1386038139.
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Al-Shams, Noor. "Étude des changements phonétiques et syntaxiques intervenus dans le parler de Bagdad depuis les années 1980." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040206.
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Cette étude montre l'effet sociolinguistique de l’arabe dialectal d' Al-'aCz:amîyah sur l’arabe dialectal des Irakiens déplacés au niveau phonologique et syntaxique de la langue. Les Irakiens déplacés sont ceux qui sont arrivés au quartier d' Al-'aCz:amîyah, depuis les années quatre-vingt jusqu’ à nos jours. L'étude propose d’élucider la relation qui lie les variables sociolinguistiques au comportement linguistique des intervenants, objet de notre étude, en choisissant trois variables phonologiques et une variable syntaxique, en fonction des trois variables sociales du sexe, de l'âge et de l'éducation. L'échantillon de l'étude comprend 113 informateurs. Ces informateurs sont considérés comme étant un échantillon représentatif des Irakiens déplacés et des habitants d'origine d’Al-'aCz:amîyah. La méthode d'analyse quantitative est utilisée pour examiner et interpréter les données collectées. Le logiciel SPSS, Progiciel de statistique pour les sciences sociales, a été utilisé pour nous aider à traiter les données et évaluer l'importance de cette variation linguistique. La présente étude est structurée en quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre est consacré à discuter le contexte sociolinguistique. La méthodologie de cette étude est abordée dans le deuxième chapitre où nous présentons les démarches suivies dans notre étude. Dans le chapitre trois et quatre, nous essayons de décrire comment les caractéristiques linguistiques de l’arabe dialectal des Irakiens déplacés se chevauchent et subissent des interactions avec les caractéristiques de l’arabe dialectal d’Al-'aCz:amîyah, et comment ces dialectes subissent des influences réciproques dans une période donnée. Ainsi, pour pouvoir comparer les deux populations celle de d’Al-'aCz:amîyah et celle des Irakiens déplacés, nous les séparons en deux chapitres. Dans le troisième chapitre, les résultats statistiques qui sont affichés et interprétés montrent les changements phonétiques et syntaxiques intervenus dans le parler arabe des habitants originaires, et dans le quatrième chapitre, les résultats affichent les changements phonétiques et syntaxiques intervenus dans le parler arabe des habitants déplacésThis study reveals the sociolinguistic effect of Al-'aCz:amîyah dialect on Iraqi displaced’s dialect in the phonological and syntactic level of language. Iraqis displaced are those who have come to d' Al-'aCz:amîyah neighborhood since the 1980s to the present day. The study shows the relationship which links the sociolinguistic variables to the linguistic behavior by choosing four phonological variables and one syntactic variable as far as the three social variables of sex, age and education are concerned. The sample of the study includes 113 informants. These informants are considered the representative sample of the Iraqis displaced and the original inhabitants of d'Al-'aCz:amîyah. The quantitative analysis method is employed to analyze and interpret the data collected. The SPSS (StatisticalPackage for the Social Sciences) software can be used to help us process the data and assess the significance of this linguistic variation. The present study is structured in four chapters: the first is devoted to discuss the sociolinguistic context. The methodology of this study was discussed in the second chapter where we present our own way that we use in our study. In chapter three and four , we try to describe how the linguistic features of the Arabic dialect of displacedIraqis overlap and undergo interactions with the features of the Arabic dialect of Al-'aCz:amîyah, how these dialects undergo reciprocal influences within a specified time limit. So to compare the two population that of Al-'aCz:amîyah and that of the Iraqis displaced, we divid them into two chapters: in the first, statistical results that are displayed and interpreted show the phonetic and syntactic changes in local dialect of the original inhabitants. While in the second chapter, these results indicate the phonic and the syntactic changes in the local dialect of the Iraqis displaced
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Majeed, Amira. "L'enseignement de la traduction arabe en Irak : réalités et perspectives : méthodologies et manuels de traduction dans le cadre universitaire." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAC007.
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Cette thèse explore les méthodologies de la traduction arabe et la place qu’occupent les manuels de traduction dans son enseignement. À partir de l’étude des manuels irakiens et de l’enquête menée auprès des enseignants et des étudiants, nous présentons le portrait des méthodes de cet enseignement dans les universités irakiennes. Pour les réévaluer, elles sont mises en perspective avec la pédagogie de la traduction arabe hors de l’Irak par le biais de l’étude d’un échantillon de manuels de traduction français-arabe et du projet d’étude de l’École de traduction (l’ÉTIB) de Beyrouth. Puis, l’examen des principales approches pédagogiques de la traduction permet de revisiter la notion de l’acte de traduire et les compétences requises pour l’exercice de la traduction sous l’optique pédagogique en ces temps-ci, et d’établir un ensemble de propositions visant à optimiser la formation des traducteurs et l’élaboration des manuels de traduction en IrakThis thesis explore the situation of methodologies of teaching Arabic translation and the role of textbooks in teaching translation in Iraqi universities by studying translation textbooks and conducting interviews with teachers and students. In order to reevaluate the Iraqi teaching methods, they have been compared to their respective counterparts out of Iraq’s borders. By using the samples of French-Arabic translation textbooks and the study project of the School of Translators and Interpreters of Beirut, we reach a clear understanding of translation methods which are used in teaching the foreign language or training Arabic translators. A survey of the principal approaches of teaching translation resulted in revisiting the concept of translation and the necessary skills to translate in the present time from a new standpoint. Thus, a set of suggestions were established so as to optimize the methods of teaching translation in Iraqi universities
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Almohimeed, Abdulaziz. "Arabic text to Arabic sign language example-based translation system." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/345562/.
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This dissertation presents the first corpus-based system for translation from Arabic text into Arabic Sign Language (ArSL) for the deaf and hearing impaired, for whom it can facilitate access to conventional media and allow communication with hearing people. In addition to the familiar technical problems of text-to-text machine translation,building a system for sign language translation requires overcoming some additional challenges. First,the lack of a standard writing system requires the building of a parallel text-to-sign language corpus from scratch, as well as computational tools to prepare this parallel corpus. Further, the corpus must facilitate output in visual form, which is clearly far more difficult than producing textual output. The time and effort involved in building such a parallel corpus of text and visual signs from scratch mean that we will inevitably be working with quite small corpora. We have constructed two parallel Arabic text-to-ArSL corpora for our system. The first was built from school level language instruction material and contains 203 signed sentences and 710 signs. The second was constructed from a children's story and contains 813 signed sentences and 2,478 signs. Working with corpora of limited size means that coverage is a huge issue. A new technique was derived to exploit Arabic morphological information to increase coverage and hence, translation accuracy. Further, we employ two different example-based translation methods and combine them to produce more accurate translation output. We have chosen to use concatenated sign video clips as output rather than a signing avatar, both for simplicity and because this allows us to distinguish more easily between translation errors and sign synthesis errors. Using leave-one-out cross-validation on our first corpus, the system produced translated sign sentence outputs with an average word error rate of 36.2% and an average position-independent error rate of 26.9%. The corresponding figures for our second corpus were an average word error rate of 44.0% and 28.1%. The most frequent source of errors is missing signs in the corpus; this could be addressed in the future by collecting more corpus material. Finally, it is not possible to compare the performance of our system with any other competing Arabic text-to-ArSL machine translation system since no other such systems exist at present.
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Al-Khonaizi, Mohammed Taqi. "Natural Arabic language text understanding." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1999. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6096/.
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The most challenging part of natural language understanding is the representation of meaning. The current representation techniques are not sufficient to resolve the ambiguities, especially when the meaning is to be used for interrogation at a later stage. Arabic language represents a challenging field for Natural Language Processing (NLP) because of its rich eloquence and free word order, but at the same time it is a good platform to capture understanding because of its rich computational, morphological and grammar rules. Among different representation techniques, Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) theory is found to be best suited for this task because of its structural approach. LFG lays down a computational approach towards NLP, especially the constituent and the functional structures, and models the completeness of relationships among the contents of each structure internally, as well as among the structures externally. The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, such as knowledge representation and inferencing, enhances the capture of meaning by utilising domain specific common sense knowledge embedded in the model of domain of discourse and the linguistic rules that have been captured from the Arabic language grammar. This work has achieved the following results: (i) It is the first attempt to apply the LFG formalism on a full Arabic declarative text that consists of more than one paragraph. (ii) It extends the semantic structure of the LFG theory by incorporating a representation based on the thematic-role frames theory. (iii) It extends to the LFG theory to represent domain specific common sense knowledge. (iv) It automates the production process of the functional and semantic structures. (v) It automates the production process of domain specific common sense knowledge structure, which enhances the understanding ability of the system and resolves most ambiguities in subsequent question-answer sessions.
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Sharīf, Muḥammad Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn. "al-Sharṭ wa-al-inshāʼ al-naḥwī lil-kawn baḥth fī al-usus al-basīṭah al-muwallidah lil-abniyah wa-al-dalālāt /." Tūnis : Jāmiʻat Manūbah, Kullīyat al-Ādāb, 2002. http://books.google.com/books?id=1BhjAAAAMAAJ.
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Soliman, Abdelmeneim. "The changing role of Arabic in religious discourse a sociolinguistic study of Egyptian Arabic /." Open access to IUP's electronic theses and dissertations, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2069/110.
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Almoaily, Mohammad. "Language variation in Gulf Pidgin Arabic." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1859.
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works such as Smart 1990, Hobrom 1996, Wiswal 2002, Gomaa 2007, Almoaily 2008, Naess 2008, Bakir 2010, and Alshammari 2010. Importantly, since GPA is spoken by a non-indigenous workforce over a wide geographical area in a multi-ethnic speech community, language variation seems inevitable. However, to date, there is no account of variation in GPA conditioned by substrate language or length of stay. Therefore, in this thesis I analyse the impact of the first language of the speakers and the number of years of residency in their location in the Gulf as potential factors conditioning language variation in GPA. The data-base for the study consists of interviews with sixteen informants from three linguistic backgrounds: Malayalam, Bengali, and Punjabi. Interviews were conducted in two cities in Saudi Arabia: Riyadh and Alkharj. Half of the data is produced by informants who have spent five or less years in the Gulf while the other half has spent ten or more years in the Gulf by the time they were interviewed. The analysis is based on ten morpho-syntactic phenomena: free or bound object or possessive pronoun, presence or absence of the Arabic definiteness marker, presence or absence of Arabic conjunction markers, presence or absence of the GPA copula, and presence or absence of agreement in the verb phrase and the noun phrase. Given the fact that most of the current theories on contact languages have been made on the basis of Indo-European language based pidgins and creoles, analysing the above features in an Arabic-based pidgin promises to be a great addition to the literature of pidgins and creoles. Results of this thesis show that both first language and number of years of stay in the Gulf seem to have little effect on my informants’ choices as regards the studied morpho-syntactic features. There is a significant adaptation to the system of Gulf Arabic (the lexifier language) only with respect to one feature: conjunction markers. This finding could be taken to support Universalist theories of the emergence of contact languages. However, some substratal effect can still be noticed in the data.
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Mustafa, Ali Mohammed. "Mixed-Language Arabic- English Information Retrieval." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6421.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis attempts to address the problem of mixed querying in CLIR. It proposes mixed-language (language-aware) approaches in which mixed queries are used to retrieve most relevant documents, regardless of their languages. To achieve this goal, however, it is essential firstly to suppress the impact of most problems that are caused by the mixed-language feature in both queries and documents and which result in biasing the final ranked list. Therefore, a cross-lingual re-weighting model was developed. In this cross-lingual model, term frequency, document frequency and document length components in mixed queries are estimated and adjusted, regardless of languages, while at the same time the model considers the unique mixed-language features in queries and documents, such as co-occurring terms in two different languages. Furthermore, in mixed queries, non-technical terms (mostly those in non-English language) would likely overweight and skew the impact of those technical terms (mostly those in English) due to high document frequencies (and thus low weights) of the latter terms in their corresponding collection (mostly the English collection). Such phenomenon is caused by the dominance of the English language in scientific domains. Accordingly, this thesis also proposes reasonable re-weighted Inverse Document Frequency (IDF) so as to moderate the effect of overweighted terms in mixed queries.
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Fahim, Donia. "Developmental language impairment in Egyptian Arabic." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445435/.
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Three longitudinal case studies were conducted to investigate developmental language impairment (1)1.1) in Egyptian Arabic (EA). While there have been descriptions of adult acquired aphasic deficits in Arabic, this study details the linguistic characteristics of children with impairments specific to language. To select the subjects, an exclusionary checklist was used based on the criteria used for specific language impairment (SLI, Ixronard, 1998). The subjects consisted of two males and one female, first seen at less than 5 (X) years and recorded longitudinally (21 -36 months). Data from 12 normally developing children, aged between 1 00 4,04 years, was also collected for comparative purposes and to detail normal developmental errors in EA. Patterns of language impairment and development were investigated using spontaneous language measures and specific structured tasks. The language samples were phonetically transcribed from video tapes during non-directive therapy and parent child play sessions. The spontaneous language measures included, Mean Morphemes per Unit (MPU), percent structural errors, functional analysis of utterances and an error analysis of specific grammatical morphemes. 'Ihe three EA-DLI children shared similar patterns of errors although cognitively they had different strengths. 'Their patterns of impairment reflected primarily morpho-syntactic difficulties. Many of the linguistic characteristics observed in the EA-DLI children's language were also produced by the controls, but less frequendy. The EA-DLI children's MPUs were found to be restricted with higher percentages of morphological errors than the language matched controls. An unmarked default verb form resembling the Imperfective-stem was a frequent substitution error. The functional analysis revealed that the EA-DLI children were similar to the controls in their use of requests and labels, however they produced more Learnt Repetitive phrases and disordered sentences and fewer Intravcrbals due to their difficulties with abstract verbal reasoning. 'ihe difficulties described in this study compnse of some linguistic features specific to EA and other features that have been reported in cross-linguistic studies of SLI. The shared features included difficulty with grammatical morphology, lack of master)' at expected developmental stages and limited use of inflectional morphology leading to agreement errors. Verbs were difficult, percentages of errors were high and fewer verbs were produced than nouns. In contrast to the findings of SLI in other languages Tense and Aspectual marking was not problematic, but difficulty was with subject verb agreement for gender, number and person. Prepositions, pronouns, plurals and negative particles were either omitted or substituted resulting in error patterns. The grammatical theories developed to account for SLI reported in English, German and Swedish (Hakansson et al., 2003 Clahsen and Hansen, 1997 van der Lely, 2002) were judged against the evidence acquired in this study on the three EA-DLI children. The limitations of these theories are discussed and alternative interpretations are provided.
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Kammensjö, Helene. "Discourse connectives in Arabic lecturing monologue /." Göteborg : Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014821132&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Sāgir, ʻAbd al-Raḥīm. "Ẓāhirat al-isbāq fī al-judhūr al-ʻArabīyah dirāsah muʻjamīyah fī iṭār naẓarīyat al-qawālib wa-al-uthūl /." Agādīr : Jāmiʻat Ibn Zuhr, Kullīyat al-Ādāb wa-al-ʻUlūm al-Insānīyahbi-Akādīr, 2002. http://books.google.com/books?id=oA9jAAAAMAAJ.
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Al-Nashashibi, May Y. A. "Arabic Language Processing for Text Classification. Contributions to Arabic Root Extraction Techniques, Building An Arabic Corpus, and to Arabic Text Classification Techniques." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6326.
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The impact and dynamics of Internet-based resources for Arabic-speaking users is increasing in significance, depth and breadth at highest pace than ever, and thus requires updated mechanisms for computational processing of Arabic texts. Arabic is a complex language and as such requires in depth investigation for analysis and improvement of available automatic processing techniques such as root extraction methods or text classification techniques, and for developing text collections that are already labeled, whether with single or multiple labels.
This thesis proposes new ideas and methods to improve available automatic processing techniques for Arabic texts. Any automatic processing technique would require data in order to be used and critically reviewed and assessed, and here an attempt to develop a labeled Arabic corpus is also proposed. This thesis is composed of three parts: 1- Arabic corpus development, 2- proposing, improving and implementing root extraction techniques, and 3- proposing and investigating the effect of different pre-processing methods on single-labeled text classification methods for Arabic.
This thesis first develops an Arabic corpus that is prepared to be used here for testing root extraction methods as well as single-label text classification techniques. It also enhances a rule-based root extraction method by handling irregular cases (that appear in about 34% of texts). It proposes and implements two expanded algorithms as well as an adjustment for a weight-based method. It also includes the algorithm that handles irregular cases to all and compares the performances of these proposed methods with original ones. This thesis thus develops a root extraction system that handles foreign Arabized words by constructing a list of about 7,000 foreign words. The outcome of the technique with best accuracy results in extracting the correct stem and root for respective words in texts, which is an enhanced rule-based method, is used in the third part of this thesis. This thesis finally proposes and implements a variant term frequency inverse document frequency weighting method, and investigates the effect of using different choices of features in document representation on single-label text classification performance (words, stems or roots as well as including to these choices their respective phrases). This thesis applies forty seven classifiers on all proposed representations and compares their performances. One challenge for researchers in Arabic text processing is that reported root extraction techniques in literature are either not accessible or require a long time to be reproduced while labeled benchmark Arabic text corpus is not fully available online. Also, by now few machine learning techniques were investigated on Arabic where usual preprocessing steps before classification were chosen. Such challenges are addressed in this thesis by developing a new labeled Arabic text corpus for extended applications of computational techniques.
Results of investigated issues here show that proposing and implementing an algorithm that handles irregular words in Arabic did improve the performance of all implemented root extraction techniques. The performance of the algorithm that handles such irregular cases is evaluated in terms of accuracy improvement and execution time. Its efficiency is investigated with different document lengths and empirically is found to be linear in time for document lengths less than about 8,000. The rule-based technique is improved the highest among implemented root extraction methods when including the irregular cases handling algorithm. This thesis validates that choosing roots or stems instead of words in documents representations indeed improves single-label classification performance significantly for most used classifiers. However, the effect of extending such representations with their respective phrases on single-label text classification performance shows that it has no significant improvement. Many classifiers were not yet tested for Arabic such as the ripple-down rule classifier. The outcome of comparing the classifiers' performances concludes that the Bayesian network classifier performance is significantly the best in terms of accuracy, training time, and root mean square error values for all proposed and implemented representations.Petra University, Amman (Jordan)
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Brashi, Abbas S. "Arabic collocations implications for translations /." View thesis, 2005. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/20062.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2005."A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, Education and Social Sciences, School of Languages and Linguistics, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2005." Includes bibliographical references and appendices.
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Mahdi, Q. R. "The spoken Arabic of Basra, Iraq : a descriptive study of phonology, morphology and syntax." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332105.
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Al-Nashashibi, May Yacoub Adib. "Arabic language processing for text classification : contributions to Arabic root extraction techniques, building an Arabic corpus, and to Arabic text classification techniques." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6326.
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The impact and dynamics of Internet-based resources for Arabic-speaking users is increasing in significance, depth and breadth at highest pace than ever, and thus requires updated mechanisms for computational processing of Arabic texts. Arabic is a complex language and as such requires in depth investigation for analysis and improvement of available automatic processing techniques such as root extraction methods or text classification techniques, and for developing text collections that are already labeled, whether with single or multiple labels. This thesis proposes new ideas and methods to improve available automatic processing techniques for Arabic texts. Any automatic processing technique would require data in order to be used and critically reviewed and assessed, and here an attempt to develop a labeled Arabic corpus is also proposed. This thesis is composed of three parts: 1- Arabic corpus development, 2- proposing, improving and implementing root extraction techniques, and 3- proposing and investigating the effect of different pre-processing methods on single-labeled text classification methods for Arabic. This thesis first develops an Arabic corpus that is prepared to be used here for testing root extraction methods as well as single-label text classification techniques. It also enhances a rule-based root extraction method by handling irregular cases (that appear in about 34% of texts). It proposes and implements two expanded algorithms as well as an adjustment for a weight-based method. It also includes the algorithm that handles irregular cases to all and compares the performances of these proposed methods with original ones. This thesis thus develops a root extraction system that handles foreign Arabized words by constructing a list of about 7,000 foreign words. The outcome of the technique with best accuracy results in extracting the correct stem and root for respective words in texts, which is an enhanced rule-based method, is used in the third part of this thesis. This thesis finally proposes and implements a variant term frequency inverse document frequency weighting method, and investigates the effect of using different choices of features in document representation on single-label text classification performance (words, stems or roots as well as including to these choices their respective phrases). This thesis applies forty seven classifiers on all proposed representations and compares their performances. One challenge for researchers in Arabic text processing is that reported root extraction techniques in literature are either not accessible or require a long time to be reproduced while labeled benchmark Arabic text corpus is not fully available online. Also, by now few machine learning techniques were investigated on Arabic where usual preprocessing steps before classification were chosen. Such challenges are addressed in this thesis by developing a new labeled Arabic text corpus for extended applications of computational techniques. Results of investigated issues here show that proposing and implementing an algorithm that handles irregular words in Arabic did improve the performance of all implemented root extraction techniques. The performance of the algorithm that handles such irregular cases is evaluated in terms of accuracy improvement and execution time. Its efficiency is investigated with different document lengths and empirically is found to be linear in time for document lengths less than about 8,000. The rule-based technique is improved the highest among implemented root extraction methods when including the irregular cases handling algorithm. This thesis validates that choosing roots or stems instead of words in documents representations indeed improves single-label classification performance significantly for most used classifiers. However, the effect of extending such representations with their respective phrases on single-label text classification performance shows that it has no significant improvement. Many classifiers were not yet tested for Arabic such as the ripple-down rule classifier. The outcome of comparing the classifiers' performances concludes that the Bayesian network classifier performance is significantly the best in terms of accuracy, training time, and root mean square error values for all proposed and implemented representations.
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Nouhi, Youssef. "Wh-constructions in Moroccan Arabic." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9463.
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This thesis is designed to study various Moroccan Arabic (MA) wh-constructions both within the Government and Binding (GB) framework and the Minimalist Program (MP). It is, specifically, confined to relative clause formation, left dislocation (topicalization) and questions. A detailed analysis of relative clause formation is provided. It is particularly argued that the resumptive pronoun insertion in relatives is a last resort strategy which is used only where movement fails. It is also shown that resumptive pronouns function as variables which are bound by null operators in LF. In the course of this analysis, the issues of the Binding Theory and of the A$\sp\prime$-disjointness requirement with respect to resumptive pronouns are also discussed. Subsequently, an examination of yes-no questions is given. Additionally, Cheng's (1991) generalization that the availability of question particles correlates with the lack of syntactic wh-movement is investigated in detail. Finally, the recent minimalist version (Chomsky 1995) is applied to the issue of optionality in word orders and to certain wh-constructions. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Alosh, Muhammad Mahdi. "The perception and acquisition of pharyngealized fricatives by American learners of Arabic and implications for teaching Arabic phonology." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1239970783.
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Aransa, Walid. "Statistical Machine Translation of the Arabic Language." Thesis, Le Mans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEMA1018/document.
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La traduction automatique de texte arabe a reçu beaucoup d'attention au cours de la dernière décennie. La langue arabe, langue officielle de plus de 25 pays, est parlée par plus de 290 millions de personnes. Les changements politiques engendrés par les révolutions arabes ont mis sur le devant de la scène cette langue et ses multiples dialectes. Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet BOLT dont le but est d'améliorer les performances des systèmes de traduction arabe-anglais pour des domaines spécifiques (SMS, parole conversationnelle, etc.)Dans cette thèse, j'ai enrichi le système de traduction à base de segments du LIUM à maints égards. Les systèmes à base de segments fournissent actuellement les meilleures performances. Ces systèmes sont basés sur deux modèles statistiques : le modèle de traduction et le modèle de langage. Dans l'objectif d’améliorer la qualité de traduction de l'arabe, nous avons mis l'accent sur trois aspects. Le premier aspect est la réduction des mots inconnus dans la sortie de traduction. Le second aspect de mon travail de thèse est l'adaptation au domaine ou à la tâche de la table de traduction. Finalement, je me suis intéressé à l'amélioration de la modélisation linguistique avec des réseaux de neurones. Ces modèles sont utilisés pour re-évaluer les n-meilleures hypothèses de traduction.Toutes les techniques développées ont été minutieusement incorporées dans le système du LIUM et évaluées dans trois campagnes d’évaluation internationales dans le cadre du projet BOLTThe Arabic language received a lot of attention in the machine translation community during the last decade. It is the official language of 25 countries and it is spoken by more than 380 million people. The interest in Arabic language and its dialects increased more after the Arab spring and the political change in the Arab countries. In this thesis, I worked on improving LIUM's machine translation system for Arabic-English in the frame-work of the BOLT project.In this thesis, I have extend LIUM's phrase-based statistical machine translation system in many ways. Phrase-based systems are considered to be one of the best performing approaches. Basically, two probabilistic models are used, a translation model and a language model.I have been working on improving the translation quality. This is done by focusing on three different aspects. The first aspect is reducing the number of unknown words in the translated output. Second, the entities like numbers or dates that can be translated efficiently by some transfer rules. Finally, I have been working on the transliteration of named entities. The second aspect of my work is the adaptation of the translation model to the domain or genre of the translation task.Finally, I have been working on improved language modeling, based on neural network language models, also called continuous space language models. They are used to rescore the n-best translation hypotheses.All the developed techniques have been thoroughly evaluated and I took part in three international evaluations of the BOLT project
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Harrama, Abdulgialil Mohamed. "Libyan Arabic morphology: Al-Jabal dialect." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186157.
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This study deals with the morphological structure of one of Libyan Arabic varieties called al-Jabal Dialect of Libyan Arabic (JDLA). The main concern of this study is the morphological component of JDLA though a general overview of the phonological system along with major phonological processes have been presented and accounted for. Such a presentation of the phonological processes is justified by the fact that phonology and morphology do interplay greatly in many points in the grammar. This dissertation is the first study of JDLA. The presentation of this dissertation is conducted in the following way. Chapter I is an introduction. Chapter II deals in brief with the phonological system of the dialect. This includes the consonants and vowels, syllable structure, stress rules and the major phonological processes of JDLA. Phonological processes include syncope, epenthesis, assimilation, metathesis, vowel length, vowel harmony, etc. Chapter III introduces the morphology of verbs where the derivation and inflection of triliteral and quadriliteral verbs are presented in detail. This includes the derivational and inflectional processes of sound, doubled, hollow and defective verbs ... etc. JDLA morphology is a root-based morphology where different morphological categories are produced through the interdigitation of roots and vowels which might be accompanied by affixes. Such a process is a very productive method in word creation as has been pointed out in the main body of this work. Chapter IV is devoted to the morphology of nouns. The derivation and inflection of verbal nouns, instance nouns, unit nouns, feminine nouns, instrumental nouns, locative nouns, etc. are elaborated upon. Chapter V concerns with the morphology of adjectives. The derivational and inflectional processes of verbal adjectives, positive adjectives, elative adjectives and adjectives of color and defect are introduced and accounted for. Chapter VI deals with pronouns where independent and suffixed personal pronouns along with other pronouns have been dealt with. Chapter VII concludes the study by presenting the salient features of JDLA as well as recommendations for future research.
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Al, Kohlani Fatima A. "The function of discourse markers in Arabic newspaper opinion articles." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/647187186/viewonline.
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Lian, Chaoqun. "Language planning and language policy of Arabic language academies in the twentieth century." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708632.
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Ihsheish, Shaher. "Morphological aspects of Arabic verb in translation /." Campbelltown, N.S.W. : University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, Faculty of Education and Lnaguages, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030806.094016/index.html.
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Saeed, Aziz T. "The pragmatics of codeswitching from Fusha Arabic to Aammiyyah Arabic in religious-oriented discourse." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1063206.
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This study investigated the pragmatics of codeswitching from FuSHa Arabic, the high variety of Arabic (FA), to Aammiyyah Arabic, the low variety or vernacular (AmA), in the most formal type of discourse, namely religious-oriented discourse.The study posited the following five hypotheses:1) CS occurs with considerable frequency in religious discourse; 2) these switches are communicatively purposeful; 3) frequency of CS is related to the linguistic make-up of the audience addressed, 4) to the AmA of the speaker, and 5) to the section of the discourse delivered.To carry out the investigation, the researcher analyzed 18 audio and videotapes of religious discourse, delivered by 13 Arabic religious scholars from different Arab countries. Ten of these tapes were used exclusively to show that CS occurs in religious discourse. The other eight tapes were used to investigate the other hypotheses. The eight tapes involved presentations by three of the most famous religious scholars (from Egypt, Kuwait, and Yemen) delivered 1) within their home countries and 2) outside their home countries.Three of the five hypotheses were supported. It was found that: CS from FA to AmA occurred in religious discourse with considerable frequency; these switches served pragmatic purposes; and the frequency of the switches higher in the question/answer sections than in the lecture sections.Analysis showed that codeswitches fell into three categories: iconic/rhetorical, structural, and other. The switches served numerous communicative functions, some of which resemble the functions found in CS in conversational discourse.One finding was the relationship between the content of the message and the attitude of the speaker toward or its source. Generally, what the speakers perceived as [+positive] was expressed by the H code, and whatever they perceived as [-positive] was expressed by the L code. Scrutiny of this exploitation of the two codes indicated that FA tended to be utilized as a means of upgrading, whereas AmA was used as a means of downgrading.Department of English
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Al, Jumaili Abbas Kadhum. "Al Ta'azi performance in Iraq : a study of their literary, social and political significance." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311187.
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Ghūl, Maḥmūd Alī Al-Ghul Omar. "Early southern Arabian languages and classical Arabic sources a critical examination of literary and lexicographical sources by comparison with the inscriptions /." Irbid, Jordan : Yarmouk University Publications, Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies, 1993. http://books.google.com/books?id=42tjAAAAMAAJ.
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Ridha, Mohaned. "The negation in Muslim Baghdad Arabic." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-234363.
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The aim of the thesis is to study the negation in Muslim Baghdad Arabic variety. Iraqi Arabic variety has several different varieties because of the different ethnicities and religions in Iraq therefore the scope of the thesis has been limited to investigate just one type of Baghdad Arabic variety which is Muslim Baghdad Arabic (MBA). I used text analysis as a method in order to investigate the negation (system) in Muslim Baghdad Arabic variety. The material used was a book by McCarthy (1965) ‘Spoken Arabic of Baghdad, Anthology of text’. I also used Abu-Haidar’s article ‘Negation in Iraqi Arabic’ which is the most relevant work to my thesis as a starting point and for comparison with my discussion. The thesis has presented three different types of results. (i) There were some similar results that have been presented in both my thesis and the previous studies. (ii) There were some different results about some matters between my thesis and the previous studies. (iii) There were some new results in this thesis that have not been presented in any other studies.
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Mutzafi, Hezy. "The Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Koy Sanjaq (Iraqi Kurdistan)." Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39976378t.
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Blair, Leslie Alison. "Arabic/English bilingual proficiency in language minority students." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ49558.pdf.
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Morsi, Ranya Ahmad Abdelaziz. "Specific Language impairment in Egyptian Arabic : Apreliminary investigation." Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519869.
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Faraj, Saad Fadel. "Étude des manifestations de contact de langues en contexte irakien." Montpellier 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON30015.
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Notre recherche porte sur le contact des langues en Irak. Elle fait l’objet d’une analyse des pratiques bilingues (kurde faylî/arabe dialectal irakien et arabe standard/arabe dialectal irakien) et plus précisément de l’emploi du code-switching par les locuteurs irakiens dans différentes situations sociales. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans une approche sociolinguistique interactionnelle. En nous appuyant sur un corpus d’interactions, enregistrées et transcrites, nous avons dégagé les motivations de l’emploi du code-switching en situationOur research focuses on language contact in Iraq. The main subject of this study is an analysis of bilingualism ; more specifically, the use of code-switching by Iraqi speakers in diffrent social situations: faylî Kurdish/Iraqi Arabic dialect and standard Arabic/Iraqi Arabic dialect. This research is part of an interactional sociolinguistics approach. Based upon a set of recorded and transcribed interactions, we were able to identify the motives of the use of code-switching in each context
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Soliman, Rasha Kadry Abdelatti Mohamed. "Arabic cross-dialectal conversations with implications for the teaching of Arabic as a second language." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9119/.
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This research is divided into two interlinked parts. The first part reviews literature on the diglossia and variability of the Arabic language and investigates how mutual intelligibility is achieved in informal conversations between speakers of different Arabic dialects. 11 conversations were recorded between speakers of 12 Arabic dialects. Instances of borrowing from Modern Standard Arabic were observed and analysed. The participants were also interviewed after the recorded conversations in order to get more insight into the listening comprehension strategies that they applied to achieve intelligibility. The results show that the native speakers tend to rely mostly on their native dialect in cross-dialectal interaction with a much smaller number of borrowings from Modern Standard Arabic in comparison with previous studies. A number of listening strategies were observed to be used in order to aid intelligibility. These strategies included making use of the context, ignoring non-content words and making use of their linguistic knowledge and the root and pattern system in Arabic as a frame of reference in comprehending unfamiliar cognates. The analysis also showed that dialect familiarity has a major role in aiding comprehension between the native speakers of different Arabic dialects. The second part, first, examines the needs of learning Arabic as a second language in Higher Education, then presents a case study that tests the advanced Arabic learners’ level of cognate recognition in unfamiliar dialects and whether explicit strategy teaching and lexical training can improve their dialectal lexical comprehension. Five final year university students of Arabic with an advanced level in MSA and exposure to a dialect participated in this study. Pre and post-tests of dialectal listening comprehension were administered. The results of a higher score in the post-test confirmed that the explicit strategy training helped the Arabic students to achieve better comprehension of cognates in unfamiliar dialects.
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Kosoff, Zoe M., and Zoe M. Kosoff. "Register variation in Arabic translations of the WPAI: Balancing localization standards and Arabic language norms." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626393.
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How does localized translation relate to the Arabic language? According to the Localization Industry Standards Association, localization “involves taking a product and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target locale (country/region and language) where it will be used and sold,” (Esselink 2000a, p. 3). In monoglossic situations, localized translation involves producing translations that reflect regional language variation. Localizing Arabic translations presents a greater challenge because the Arabic language is characterized by both register variation and regional variation (Badawi 1973/2012; Bassiouney 2009; Ferguson 1959/1972).
Existing literature addresses both localized translation and Arabic translation, but does not address localized Arabic translation specifically. Within the field of outcomes research, a public health subfield that studies patient populations health and well-being, prior studies that analyze Arabic translations of outcomes research documentation focus solely on the validity of universal, not localized translations. Studies in other specialized fields such as law also fail to include analysis of localized Arabic translation.
This study analyzes register and regional variation in one universal and twenty-seven localized Arabic translations of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI), a clinical outcome assessment that is frequently localized for use in internationally sited clinical trials (Margaret Reilly Associates 2013). To determine the degree to which the Arabic WPAIs are localized, twenty-one variables including linguistic lexical items, morphological forms, and syntactic structures were coded as either salient Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or localized. Localized variables include salient Levantine Arabic (LA), Gulf Arabic (GA), and Egyptian Arabic (EA) features, shared MSA/LA/GA/EA variables and simplified variables. Then residual analysis of the expected and observed frequencies of each variable determined the overall degree of localization for each variable. Results indicate that salient MSA variables and localized variables are used in all twenty-eight WPAIs while localized salient LA, GA, and EA variables are completely absent. Although the inconsistent use of localized shared and simplified variables throughout the one universal and twenty-seven L-, G-, and E-WPAIs indicates that localization standards are met inconsistently, all twenty-eight WPAIs are successful within a functionalist framework because the use of salient MSA, shared, and simplified variables ensures that the text is accessible to a lay audience, which is the ultimate function of the target text (TT).
This study sheds light on the inherent challenges of localized Arabic translation, which is caught between localization standards and Arabic language norms. Motivations for using salient MSA, shared, and simplified variables are discussed and implications of this study include improving methods for producing localized Arabic translations.
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Al-Hassan, Hawraa. "Propaganda literature in Baʻthist cultural production (1979-2003) : the novels of Saddam Hussein as a case study." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648424.
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Shaheen, Muhammad. "Theories of translation and their applications to the teaching of English/Arabic-Arabic/English translating." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 1991. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/637.
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Walldoff, Amanda. "Arabic in Home Language Instruction : Language Acquisition in a Fuzzy Linguistic Situation." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för Asien-, Mellanöstern- och Turkietstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145519.
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This thesis investigates the command 8th-graders in Arabic home language instruction have of written Modern Standard Arabic and if the type of instruction they have received and/or contact with written Arabic affect their performance. Background chapters discuss variables connected to the Arabic language (diglossia, research on reading and writing in Arabic) and variables connected to HLI in Sweden (set-up, steering documents). The testing material consisted of a translation test from Swedish to Arabic combined with a questionnaire that addressed various factors of relevance to language acquisition. The translations were analysed on three levels: (1) handwriting, (2) spelling and (3) morphosyntax. The main result of the analysis was that the participants were highly heterogeneous: some participants produced incomplete translations in handwriting that was barely legible, whereas others had good results for all measures. Many of the participants relied on a phonological strategy for spelling. For example, even short, high-frequency words such as personal pronouns and prepositions had not been spelled correctly. The results for handwriting, spelling and morphosyntax were checked against the variables (1) years of HLI, (2) extra instruction in Arabic outside of HLI and (3) contact with written Arabic in the free time. The results for the effect of participation in HLI were inconclusive. However, many, but not all, of the participants with good results on the translation test had received extra instruction in Arabic, either in Sweden or prior to coming to Sweden. Reading Arabic in the free time was not in all cases connected to good results, but not reading Arabic in the free time was in most cases connected to a low command of written Arabic. Regarding these results, it is suggested that additional factors (motivation, support from the family, etc.) could be at play. Previous research has addressed the question of heterogeneity in HLI classes. The findings of this thesis illustrate how great the heterogeneity can in fact be, and thus have implications for the set-up of Arabic HLI in Sweden.
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Elesseily, Nagat Hassan. "Subject extraction from embedded clauses in standard Arabic." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25385.
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Standard Arabic exhibits 'that trace' effect in one instance in the extraction of the subject from an 'anna' clause while the extraction of the object and the subject of an 'an' clause may be extracted freely in the formation of WH-question. The extraction of the subject of an 'anna' clause may not be extracted unless the extracted position is marked by a clitic on the complementizer 'anna'. If the clitic appears in place of the moved NP in an 'an' clause it renders the sentence ungrammatical.
The adoption of the Government and Binding Framework, Chomsky (1981), (1982) and in particular Case Theory, Government theory and the Empty Category Principle (ECP) enable us to explain this distinct behaviour in the extraction of the subject of an 'anna' clause and show that the appearance of the clitic is predicted by the proposed analysis. It is argued that the clitic appears in the extraction of the subject of an 'anna' clause in order to properly govern the trace left by the extracted subject, and so as not to violate ECP. Since verbs are proper governors in SA, extraction of the subject of an 'an' clause must apply from a governed position. In fact this is exactly what our analysis predicts. Since 'an' is not a case assigner and since we are assuming that government and case are assigned only to the right, AGR and verb preposing are obligatory in an 'an' clause to assign case to the subject NP. Therefore extraction of the subject leaves a trace properly governed by the verb. In the extraction of the subject of an 'anna' clause on the other hand, since 'anna' is a case assigner and assigns a cusative case to its subject, AGR and verb preposing may not apply. Thus, the extraction of the subject leaves a trace which is not properly governed in violation of ECP, and the clitic must appear in order to properly govern the trace left by movement.Arts, Faculty of
Linguistics, Department of
Graduate
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Alabbas, Maytham Abualhail Shahed. "Textual entailment for modern standard Arabic." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/textual-entailment-for-modern-standard-arabic(9e053b1a-0570-4c30-9100-3d9c2ba86d8c).html.
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This thesis explores a range of approaches to the task of recognising textual entailment (RTE), i.e. determining whether one text snippet entails another, for Arabic, where we are faced with an exceptional level of lexical and structural ambiguity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to carry out this task for Arabic. Tree edit distance (TED) has been widely used as a component of natural language processing (NLP) systems that attempt to achieve the goal above, with the distance between pairs of dependency trees being taken as a measure of the likelihood that one entails the other. Such a technique relies on having accurate linguistic analyses. Obtaining such analyses for Arabic is notoriously difficult. To overcome these problems we have investigated strategies for improving tagging and parsing depending on system combination techniques. These strategies lead to substantially better performance than any of the contributing tools. We describe also a semi-automatic technique for creating a first dataset for RTE for Arabic using an extension of the ‘headline-lead paragraph’ technique because there are, again to the best of our knowledge, no such datasets available. We sketch the difficulties inherent in volunteer annotators-based judgment, and describe a regime to ameliorate some of these. The major contribution of this thesis is the introduction of two ways of improving the standard TED: (i) we present a novel approach, extended TED (ETED), for extending the standard TED algorithm for calculating the distance between two trees by allowing operations to apply to subtrees, rather than just to single nodes. This leads to useful improvements over the performance of the standard TED for determining entailment. The key here is that subtrees tend to correspond to single information units. By treating operations on subtrees as less costly than the corresponding set of individual node operations, ETED concentrates on entire information units, which are a more appropriate granularity than individual words for considering entailment relations; and (ii) we use the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm to automatically estimate the cost of edit operations for single nodes and subtrees and to determine thresholds, since assigning an appropriate cost to each edit operation manually can become a tricky task.The current findings are encouraging. These extensions can substantially affect the F-score and accuracy and achieve a better RTE model when compared with a number of string-based algorithms and the standard TED approaches. The relative performance of the standard techniques on our Arabic test set replicates the results reported for these techniques for English test sets. We have also applied ETED with ABC to the English RTE2 test set, where it again outperforms the standard TED.
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Al-Seghayar, Mohamed Saad. "On the syntax of small clauses in Arabic." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5224.
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Al-Abdullah, Hamed H. Kh H. "Some aspects of Arabic/Islamic political thought in Iraq (4th - 8th centuries A.H./ 10th - 14th centuries A.D.)." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329553.
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Gruber-Miller, Ann Marie. "Internal developments in the loss of Arabic case endings /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487694389395422.
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Khawaja, Anastasia. "Occupation and Displacement of Palestinian Multilinguals: Language Emotional Perception, Language Practice, and Language Experiences in Palestine and in the Diaspora." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7830.
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This study explores the emotional perceptions, language practices, and language experiences of Palestinian multilinguals in Palestine, and the more under-studied population in the diaspora - focusing on Arabic, English, and Hebrew. A total of 47 participants filled out the adapted Bilingual Emotional Questionnaire (Dewaele & Pavlenko, 2001-2003) in order to compare and contrast positive and negative emotional perception of participant reported languages via a Likert scale, and overall language practices and experiences via open-ended questions. Several independent sample t-tests were run by location of participants in order to determine significant differences in emotional perception, and a thematic analysis was run on selected open-ended responses in order to synthesize and better understand language practices and experiences. The findings of this study revealed that overall, there were very few differences between Palestinians in Palestine and in the diaspora with regard to emotional perception, and very similar categories revealed with regard to language practices and experiences. This study concludes with a call to further research the complexities of location regarding the reality of occupation and its impact regarding the role of languages.
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Hosseini, Habib Mir Mohamad. "Analysis and recognition of Persian and Arabic handwritten characters /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh8288.pdf.
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Al-Qahtani, Saad H. "Arabization in written discourse in Saudi Arabia." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1177981.
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In this study I investigate Arabization as a quasi ideological-linguistic phenomenon in Saudi Arabia. First, the study examines decisions and policies employed in Arabization on the planning level. Second, it evaluates empirically the extent to which a set of Arabized words (288 words) is implemented in written discourse. The study addresses also the linguistic processes of coining Arabic derived words for the replacement of foreign terms.Employing a corpus-linguistic framework, a written corpus of 1,068,263 words was compiled from three Saudi newspapers-Al-Jazirah, Ar-Riyadh, and A1-Massaiah. Using a Microsoft-Access database developed for the purpose of the study, the corpus was searched for instances of 288 Arabized words. The results show that Arabized words occur with reasonable frequency in written discourse in Saudi Arabia.Two main variables were found to be significant in the frequency of Arabized words: context (i.e. topic), and method of coinage (the method by which a word was coined into Arabic). For example, Arabized words are more frequent in scientific discourse than in religious discourse, and words that are coined by morphological derivation are more frequent than those made by compounding. Original (English) forms of some Arabized words do occur (14.23%). On the planning level, the study provides a critical evaluation of Arabization in Saudi Arabia, and on the technical level, it provides statistically-supported indications of how such variables i.e. method of coinage and context affect the frequency of Arabized words in the actual language use.Department of English