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Journal articles on the topic 'Arabic language in Iraq'
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1
Kadhim Abid, Aoda. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IRAQI LANGUAGE WRITING PROFICIENCY ON FOREIGN LANGUAGE PERFORMANCE (ENGLISH) IN THE WRITING SKILL OF PREPARATORY SCHOOL PUPILS IN IRAQ." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 6 (December 19, 2019): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.76122.
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Purposes: This study aims at investigating the relationship between the Effectiveness of Iraqi Language Writing Proficiency on Foreign Language Performance (English) in the Writing Skill of Preparatory School Pupils in Iraq.
Novelty: Despite the linguistic distance between English and Arabic, it is postulated that Arabic writing skills can be transferred positively to the target language (English).
Methodology: The researchers used the composition prompt test instrument for this purpose; one test was in Arabic and the other was in English. The population was from two preparatory schools in the general directorate of Thi-Qar. The participants were 25 male students who were chosen on the basis of the students' achievement in the previous years.
Results: That is, the participants proved to be proficient writers in Arabic after they had had a pretest in which they were asked to write a short paragraph about themselves. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that there is no statistically significant relationship between the two languages. Those students who got high marks and were proficient in the Iraq language (Arabic) writing performed well in the counter skill (English).
Implication/Application: This result supports the theoretical views of Cummins' threshold hypothesis and Chomskian's Interdependence theory. The results of the study indicate that there is no need for integrating the instruction of writing skills between the two languages in textbooks so that the writing level of students in the foreign language (English) can be improved.
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Alobaidy, Miaad Ahmed, and Sundus Khaleel Ebraheem. "Application for Iraqi sign language translation on Android system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 5227. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i5.pp5227-5234.
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Deaf people suffer from difficulty in social communication, especially those who have been denied the blessing of hearing before the acquisition of spoken language and before learning to read and write. For the purpose of employing mobile devices for the benefit of these people, their teachers and everyone who has contact with them, this research aims to design an application for social communication and learning by translating Iraqi sign language into text in Arabic and vice versa. Iraqi sign language has been chosen because of a lack of applications for this field. The current research, to the best of our knowledge, is the first of its kind in Iraq. The application is open source; words that are not found in the application database can be processed by translating them into letters alphabetically. The importance of the application lies in the fact that it is a means of communication and e-learning through Iraqi sign language, reading and writing in Arabic. Similarly, it is regarded as a means of social communication between deaf people and those with normal hearing. This application is designed by using JAVA language and it was tested on several deaf students at Al-Amal Institute for Special Needs Care in Mosul, Iraq. It was well comprehended and accepted.
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Khan, Geoffrey. "The Neo-Aramaic dialect spoken by Jews from the region of Arbel (Iraqi Kurdistan)." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 62, no. 2 (June 1999): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00016682.
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Aramaic-speaking Jewish communities used to be found in various towns and villages throughout north-eastern Iraq, north-western Iran and southern Turkey before the mass exodus of Iraqi Jewry to the state of Israel in 1950–51. In Iraq, the Aramaic speakers were found in an area that may be denned as the land lying above a line drawn on a map across the country through the towns of Musil and Kirkuk. Aramaic was not the first language of all Jews of the area. In the large towns of Musil, Kirkuk, Aqra, as well as Arbel, Arabic was the Jewish vernacular. In some villages the Jews spoke Kurdish as their first language. In Iran, Aramaic-speaking Jewish communities were found as far south as Kerend. The northern limits of the Jewish Aramaic area were formed by communities in the region of lake Van in southern Turkey and those around lake Urmia in north-west Iran (Hopkins, 1993: 62–4).
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Dweik, Bader S., and Tiba A. Al-Obaidi. "Language Contact, Use And Attitudes Among The Chaldo-Assyrians Of Baghdad, Iraq: A Sociolinguistic Study." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 3, no. 3 (April 5, 2014): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v3i3.5212.
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This study aimed at investigating the language situation among the Chaldo-Assyrians in Baghdad. The study attempted to answer the following questions: In what domains do the Chaldo-Assyrians of Baghdad use Syriac and Arabic? What are their attitudes towards both languages? To achieve the goal of this study, the researchers selected a sample that consisted of (135) Chaldo-Assyrians of different age, gender and educational background. The instruments used in this study were interviews and a questionnaire which comprised two different areas: domains of language use and language attitudes. The researchers concluded that the Chaldo-Assyrians in Baghdad used Syriac in different domains mainly at home, in religious settings and in their inner speech; and used it side by side with Arabic in many other social domains such as neighborhood, place of work, media and other public places. The study revealed that the attitudes of the Chaldo-Assyrians towards Syriac and Arabic were highly positive. Finally, the researchers recommended conducting similar studies on other ethnic groups in Baghdad like Turkumans, Kurds, Armenians and Sabians.
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Shuriquie, Nasser. "Military psychiatry – a Jordanian experience." Psychiatric Bulletin 27, no. 10 (October 2003): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0955603600003184.
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Jordan is a Middle-Eastern country, located North West of Saudia Arabia. The total area is 93 300 sqkm. Jordan has borders with Iraq, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria and the West Bank. Regarding ethnic groups, about 98% of population are Arabs, 1% Circassian and 1% Armenian. Moslems make up around 94% of the population and the remaining 6% are Christians. Jordan is a constitutional Monarchy that became independent from British administration in 1946. The population of Jordan is 5 307 740 (July 2002 estimate), the capital is Amman and the language is Arabic.
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Shuriquie, Nasser. "Military psychiatry – a Jordanian experience." Psychiatric Bulletin 27, no. 10 (October 2003): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.27.10.386.
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Jordan is a Middle-Eastern country, located North West of Saudia Arabia. The total area is 93 300 sqkm. Jordan has borders with Iraq, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria and the West Bank. Regarding ethnic groups, about 98% of population are Arabs, 1% Circassian and 1% Armenian. Moslems make up around 94% of the population and the remaining 6% are Christians. Jordan is a constitutional Monarchy that became independent from British administration in 1946. The population of Jordan is 5 307 740 (July 2002 estimate), the capital is Amman and the language is Arabic.
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Fathi Sidig Sidgi, Lina, and Ahmad Jelani Shaari. "The Effect of Automatic Speech Recognition EyeSpeak Software on Iraqi Students’ English Pronunciation: A Pilot Study." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.2p.48.
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The use of technology, such as computer-assisted language learning (CALL), is used in teaching and learning in the foreign language classrooms where it is most needed. One promising emerging technology that supports language learning is automatic speech recognition (ASR). Integrating such technology, especially in the instruction of pronunciation in the classroom, is important in helping students to achieve correct pronunciation. In Iraq, English is a foreign language, and it is not surprising that learners commit many pronunciation mistakes. One factor contributing to these mistakes is the difference between the Arabic and English phonetic systems. Thus, the sound transformation from the mother tongue (Arabic) to the target language (English) is one barrier for Arab learners. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of using automatic speech recognition ASR EyeSpeak software in improving the pronunciation of Iraqi learners of English. An experimental research project with a pretest-posttest design is conducted over a one-month period in the Department of English at Al-Turath University College in Baghdad, Iraq. The ten participants are randomly selected first-year college students enrolled in a pronunciation class that uses traditional teaching methods and ASR EyeSpeak software. The findings show that using EyeSpeak software leads to a significant improvement in the students’ English pronunciation, evident from the test scores they achieve after using EyeSpeak software.
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Farina, Michele. "Iraq: la battaglia della lingua." FUTURIBILI, no. 2 (September 2009): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/fu2008-002013.
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- Lost in translation in Baghdad: five years of conflict seen as a language conflict, or a missed encounter. A poor grasp of Arabic - often an inability or refusal to utter the even the simplest greeting - and the scarcity of decent interpreters in the American forces have proved to be a significant and long-neglected factor in the widening divide between the invader-liberators and the local population. And consequently in the difficulty in winning over hearts and minds at the expense of the insurgents. This is a study of the language factor in the resolution, or the festering, of asymmetrical wars past and present.
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Edzard, Lutz. "Stylistic Elements in the Use of Arabic as Language in Diplomacy: Recent Developments in United Nations Context." Die Welt des Islams 36, no. 1 (1996): 25–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570060962597652.
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AbstractIn this paper, a number of stylistic features of contemporary diplomatic Arabic will be investigated. These are the interference of historical and contemporary Arab-Islamic thought and terminology with accepted stylistic standards in international documents as well as certain metaphorical, including euphemistical, elements of style that are germane to Arabic. Subject of the discussion will be bi- and multilateral treaties that are either concluded in Arabic or in which Arabic is one of the official languages. Furthermore, diplomatic correspondence that originates in Arabic will be considered. Certain linguistic features of Arabic as surfacing in the said documents, independently of any religious implications, will be closely followed, if relevant for the interpretation of the documents under discussion. One of the main foci of attention will be the vast diplomatic correspondence that has been surrounding the Iraq-Kuwait-crisis. Finally, the unique case of an Arabic diplomatic poem will be cited.
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Ameen, R. M. "Language Attitude among the Displaced People in the Kurdistan Region." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 1060–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-4-1060-1068.
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This paper focuses on the language attitudes of the displaced people who fled to the Kurdistan region of Iraq due to having the daily threats on their life by the terrorist groups since 2003. These people are mostly from Arabic nation and came from the different parts of the country, the language of analysis and the chosen social group contributing to the novelty of the research. The research aims at exploring the level of attitudes and the factors which affected the motivation of these people either towards their ethnic languages or Kurdish (the language of the majority in the region). It is shown that the majority of the displaced people in the region still have a positive attitude towards their ethnic language, are proud of it while having quite normal attitudes towards Kurdish, and believe that it is necessary for communication with other constituents, for getting jobs and conducting business and in order to spread social and cultural values of the Kurdish society. Here can be seen that the migrated people, who had about a hundred year history of ethnic problems with the Kurds of Iraq, nowadays have a normal attitudes towards Kurdish language.
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Albuarabi, Saja. "A Linguistic History of Iraqi Arabic (Mesopotamian Arabic)." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 9 (May 30, 2018): 1371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v9i0.7391.
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The objective of this work is to investigate the linguistic structure of Iraqi Arabic or what is known as Mesopotamian Arabic. The paper presents an overview of some of the fundamental analyses of Iraqi Arabic - Mesopotamian Arabic. This article is concentrated on the most important parts of the language which are the phonological, morphological, and syntactical features. The paper not only examines the linguistic feature of Iraqi Arabic but it also, discusses how Iraqi Arabic dialect is different from Modern Standard Arabic with data that are not considered before and with certain new theoretical proposals. The researcher analysis the three dialects, which are Baghdadi, Southern, and Maslawi dialect and provides an important data for each dialect. Unlike Modern Standard Arabic, Iraqi Arabic went through many changes. Phonologically, Iraqi Arabic has more consonants than Modern Standard Arabic, and a few additional long vowels. Many sounds have been replaced with different sounds. In addition, the words in Iraqi Arabic does not end with vowels. Therefore, words end with consonants rather than vowels in Iraqi Arabic. Morphologically, Iraqi Arabic is different from Modern Standard Arabic in the present progressive tense. In Iraqi Arabic, the tenses are formed by adding a prefix to the conjugated stem of the verb, which cannot be found in Modern Standard Arabic. Syntactically, Iraqi Arabic differs from Modern Standard Arabic in two ways: first, there is no case marking; Iraqi Arabic does not show overt cases as it is found in Modern Standard Arabic. Second, Iraqi Arabic lacks agreement. Iraqi Arabic does not always follow the structure of verb-subject order as found in Modern Standard Arabic. The verb usually has full agreement with the subject in both orders, subject-verb, and verb-subject. Finally, Iraqi Arabic has an interesting feature which is head movement that cannot be found in Modern Standard Arabic as Soltan argues. This is can be shown in the following example: [The student seems that ____ he read the book.] Among the other issues that the author discusses in this study is the history of Iraqi Arabic. In addition to the features of Iraqi Arabic and the effects of other languages, such as Turkish and Semitic languages on Iraqi dialects.
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Igaab, Zainab Kadim. "The Pragmatics of Blackmail in English and Iraqi-Arabic." International Linguistics Research 4, no. 3 (September 18, 2021): p72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v4n3p72.
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Verbal offences are language crimes that are committed by mere utterances of certain words or expressions whether they are accompanied by physical acts or not. One of those crimes is blackmail. This crime has been studied and compared legally but its linguistic aspect has not been given much attention. This study tries to emphasize this crime pragmatically and contrastively in English and Arabic. No study has shed light on such aspects concerning the study under investigation. The researcher has not found any previous related study to get a benefit from about this topic. There is an attempt to achieve the following aim which is shedding light on the similarities and differences in strategies of blackmail between English and Arabic in terms of speech act, implicature and impoliteness theories. The present study hypothesizes the following: English and Arabic are different from each other in expressing blackmail in terms of speech act theory, implicature and impoliteness. To support or refute the hypothesis of the study, data consisting of 20 complaints in English and Arabic were collected from Courts of Appeal in Iraq, Britain and the United States. They are analyzed in terms of an eclectic model. The results arrived at are: English and Arabic are different in blackmail in terms of the locutionary acts and illocutionary acts. Concerning impoliteness, the same strategies are applied to the verbal offence in both languages. As far as implicature is concerned, the two languages are different in blackmail.
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Elimelekh, Geula. "Disintegration and Hope for Revival in the Land of the Two Rivers as Reflected in the Novels of Sinan Antoon." Oriente Moderno 97, no. 2 (October 5, 2017): 229–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340150.
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Abstract This article deals with three metafictional novels by the Iraqi-American writer Sinan Antoon: Iʿǧām (An Iraqi Rhapsody, 2004), Yā Maryam (Hail Mary, 2012), and Waḥdahā šaǧarat al-rummān (The Pomegranate Alone, 2010), author-translated into English as The Corpse Washer (2013). The novels are set in Iraq during Ṣaddām Ḥusayn’s dictatorship and in the aftermath of America’s invasion. Antoon juxtaposes the terror of Iraqi life against characters seeking to survive through their mind-bending determination to see beauty in their fragmented world. To achieve his paradox, Antoon transports readers of his narrative’s here-and-now into transcendent unrealities by using magical realism. A kind of three-dimensional dialectic operates between the natural and supernatural, and rationality and irrationality in which characters’ find in their dreams respite by suspending accepted definitions of time, place, and identity. Writing in Arabic, Antoon highlights two conflicting functions of language and letters as vehicles of destruction and creativity. Antoon’s three novels, each from its own perspective, reflect his belief that although Iraq is presently in a state of disintegration, the Iraqi people are resolute in their willingness to overcome hardship and to resurrect their nation in their lifetime.
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Bashkin, Orit. "HYBRID NATIONALISMS:WAṬANĪANDQAWMĪVISIONS IN IRAQ UNDER ʿABD AL-KARIM QASIM, 1958–61." International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 2 (April 8, 2011): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743811000079.
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AbstractThis paper analyzes Iraqi national narratives in the years from 1958 to 1961 to consider how innovative definitions of Arab nationalisms were affected by worldwide processes of decolonization. It demonstrates how Pan-Arabism was transformed in Qasimite Iraq because of its hybridization with Iraqi patriotism and, concurrently, how various elements of Arabist discourses were integrated into local and patriotic perceptions of Iraqi nationalism. Examining cultural idioms shared by Iraqi intellectuals belonging to different political groups, especially the communists and the Baʿthists, destabilizes a typology that assumes each ideological camp subscribed to a rigidly defined set of well-known historical narratives. The Pan-Arabists in this period often cultivated the notion that Arab nationalism did not entail an ethnic origin but rather the ability to adopt the Arabic language, as well as Arab history and culture, as a marker of one's national and cultural identity. The attempts to adapt Pan-Arab discourses to the specificities of the Iraqi milieu and to build coalitions with as many of the nation's groups as possible meant that the sectarian, anti-Shiʿi, and anti-Kurdish notions that colored Baʿthist discourses in later years were not as prominent in this period.
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Suaidi, Suaidi. "DIALEK-DIALEK BAHASA ARAB." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 7, no. 1 (July 31, 2008): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2008.07105.
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In various Arabic literary works, especially the ones, which concern with Qoranic studies, it is argued that the Koran was recited in the dialect of Quraisy. All dialects of the Arabic language were renowned for their eloquence but the dialect of Quraisy was considered the most expressive and articulate, and thus over generations, it came to be known as the dialect of the Koran. Generally the dialects of classical Arabic can be classified into Hijaz, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, and Morocco. The variations on dialects are because of the following factors: first are the extrinsic factors, which consist of social, cultural, geographical, and political factors. Second are the intrinsic factors, which cover phonological, morphological, and syntactical factor. All of those factors have gone in the process of ibdāl, i’rab, binâ’, tashīh, ‘ilāl, itmām, naqs , etc.
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Owens, Jonathan. "Pre-diaspora Arabic." Diachronica 22, no. 2 (December 7, 2005): 271–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.22.2.03owe.
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Arabic dialects, the native spoken Arabic of about 250 million people, are spread over an immense, contiguous geographical area from Iran to Lake Chad, from Morocco to Yemen. Corresponding to this geographical spread is considerable linguistic diversity. An explanation for this diversity has proved elusive. The existence of variants found either in the modern dialects or in the Classical literature (or both), which are not self-evidently derivable from a normalized Classical Arabic (largely standardized by the ninth century), argues for a more diverse set of inputs into the Arabic which spread outwards from the Arabian Peninsula beginning in the seventh century. I elucidate this problem by comparing four varieties of Arabic located in widely separated areas and settled at different times. To account for the internal diversity of the areas compared, a dataset is established with 49 phonological and morphological features, which, using simple statistical procedures, permits a normalized comparison of the varieties. From this set of variables, two specific linguistic features are discussed in detail and reconstructions proposed, which place their origins in a pre-diaspora variety. I conclude that the Arabic which preceded the Arabic diaspora of the seventh century was considerably more diverse than interpretations of the history of Arabic traditionally allow for. Additional information and data: http://german.lss.wisc.edu/Diachronica/Owens/pdfs.htm
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Ali, Asem Shehadeh. "Teaching Arabic for Professional Purpose: Develop a Pilot Course for Humanitarian Volunteers in Malaysia (Mengajar Bahasa Arab untuk Tujuan Profesional: Mengembangkan kursus perintis untuk sukarelawan kemanusiaan di Malaysia)." Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN 2289-8077) 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v17i4.1006.
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Presently there are very few Malaysian Volunteers. The former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato 'Sri Najib Abdul Razzaq, had encouraged volunteerism as a multi-ethnic Malaysian social lifestyle, to make Malaysia a center and volunteer model. Showing statistics released by UNHCR in Malaysia in October 2018, there are about 8645 registered refugees in Malaysia coming from Arab countries including Yemen, Syria, Iraq and Palestine. The refugees are increasing every day, and this situation paves the way for Malaysians to participate in voluntary work. This study aims to achieve the following objectives; Statement of language requirements in the field of humanitarian work, to demonstrate skills to focus on humanitarian volunteers and to design the standard statement of Arabic language for professional purposes in the field of humanitarian work. Keywords: Arabic for special purposes, Arabic for Professional Purposes, humanitarian volunteers, Curriculum. Abstrak Pada masa ini terdapat sangat sedikit Sukarelawan Malaysia. Mantan Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Dato 'Sri Najib Abdul Razzaq, telah mendorong kesukarelaan sebagai gaya hidup sosial pelbagai etnik Malaysia, untuk menjadikan Malaysia sebagai pusat dan model sukarelawan. Menunjukkan statistik yang dikeluarkan oleh UNHCR di Malaysia pada Oktober 2018, terdapat sekitar 8645 pelarian berdaftar di Malaysia yang berasal dari negara-negara Arab termasuk Yaman, Syria, Iraq dan Palestin. Pelarian semakin meningkat setiap hari, dan keadaan ini membuka jalan bagi rakyat Malaysia untuk mengambil bahagian dalam pekerjaan sukarela. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mencapai objektif berikut; Pernyataan keperluan bahasa dalam bidang pekerjaan kemanusiaan, untuk menunjukkan kemahiran untuk menumpukan perhatian kepada sukarelawan kemanusiaan dan merancang pernyataan standard bahasa Arab untuk tujuan profesional dalam bidang pekerjaan kemanusiaan. Kata Kunci: Bahasa Arab untuk tujuan khas, Bahasa Arab untuk Tujuan Profesional, sukarelawan kemanusiaan, Kurikulum.
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Mhamdi, Chaker. "Translating News Texts During Wars and Conflicts: Challenges and Strategies." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 28/2 (September 20, 2019): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.28.2.08.
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This paper examines the characteristics of news translation during wars and conflicts. There is limited research available concerning the issues of English-Arabic news translation, especially during conflicts. Based on an analysis of 11 CNN news headlines and Al-Jazeera parallel translations during the 2003 Iraq War, this study discusses the mechanics of news translation and interpretation and the strategies and challenges involved. Particularly, the paper explores news translation in the context of global information flows across the boundaries of space, language and culture. Building on existing research on news translation, and employing critical discourse and framing analyses, the study shows how news coverage of the Iraq War was framed to serve the competing narratives of war chroniclers as active participants in the conflict.
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ALI, AFAQ. "Evaluation of literary appreciation Skills of Students of the college of Education university of wasit." Journal Ishraqat Tanmawya 27 (June 2021): 587–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.51424/ishq.27.22.
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The study aimed to evaluate The literary appreciation Skills of the Students of the Department of Arabic Language at the college of Human Education at the university of wasit , the research sample consisted of (90) students of the Arabic Language Department of (45) Students in the third stage . To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher prepared atest to measure Literary appreciation skills consisted of (19) Paragraphs . After verifying the validity of the perform ance after presenting it to agroup of experts and Speciaists ,the Stability of the performance was also calculated by the method of repetition ,and it reached the Coefficient of Consistency. The researcher developed a number of treatments that Contribute to Solving this problem . Among the most important proposals are to Conduct a study to know the level of literary ,analysis among students of the Arabic Language Department in Iraqi universities to Conduct a study to identify the difficulties ,that Students of the Arabic language Department face in Studying literature. And to Conduct A Comparative Study to find out the level of literary appreciation and the level of literary Criticism among Students of the Arabic Language Department in universities Iraqi. ,Students ,the department Evaluation ,Skills ,Literary taste Key words: . Of Arabic language
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Varhola, Christopher. "Commentary the U.S. Military in Iraq: Are We Our Own Worst Enemy?" Practicing Anthropology 26, no. 4 (September 1, 2004): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.26.4.j15374u771672785.
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Peacekeeping, even more than civil administration, requires significant adjustments by a military force. Although military forces have certain advantages, such as a centralized chain of command and a flexible decision-making apparatus, they also have certain disadvantages, including the focus on combat operations, sometimes to the exclusion of an understanding of indigenous power structures and socio-economic considerations. In Iraq, this was magnified by the military's lack of training in both the Arabic language and support activities, such as local law enforcement, government administration, and post-conflict reconstruction tasks ranging from maintenance of irrigation systems to the rebuilding of factories.
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Muawanah, Risalatul, and Aulia Faqih Rifa'i. "Analisis Kedudukan I’rab Kalimah Bahasa Arab Pada Kitab Al - Imrithi Menggunakan Algoritma Breadth First Search (BFS)." JISKA (Jurnal Informatika Sunan Kalijaga) 3, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jiska.2018.31-06.
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Alquran and hadist are the source of life guidance for muslims, and books of scolars as the proponents. The structure of contents use Arabic language, so studying of Arabic language recommended to all of muslims in islam. Difficutly of understanding structure of Arabic languageis in analyzing Irab. Errors in determining harakat offen occur.This research was conducted tobuild the system in determining Irob position consisting of from, category, Irob and position ofkalimah by implemting Artificial Intelligence especially with Breadth First Search.Refer to theresult of the test that research do with so samples of simple sentence, about 90% this systemis able run well. The result test questionnaire , useful from 35 respondents showed 41.0% ofthem strongly agreed, 44.5% agreed, and 14.3% choosen neutral. Keywords : Al Imrithi, Breadth First Search, Arabic Language, Irab Analysis
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Baram, Amatzia. "Saddam’s Word: Political Discourse in Iraq. By Ofra Bengio. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. 266p. $49.95." American Political Science Review 95, no. 2 (June 2001): 491–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401532025.
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Ofra Bengio's book is a scholarly and methodical endeavor to analyze the way in which Ba`thi Iraq (1968-present) has been using (or misusing) the Arabic language, symbolism, history, and myths in order to legitimize its rule and policies. Bengio demonstrates how language has been twisted and manipu- lated in an attempt to terrorize political enemies, paralyze and enchant the vast majority of the Iraqis, induce them to perform or tolerate atrocities, and risk their lives in battle for leader and country. Sometimes, the regime is entrapped in its own rhetoric. The book shows how discourse, art, and symbols have been used to construct a cult of personality for Saddam Husayn, unmatched in the contemporary Middle East.
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Al-Zebari, Aziz Emmanuel Eliya. "The Morphology of Adjectives in the Neo-Aramaic Dialects of ʿAqra." Aramaic Studies 19, no. 2 (June 17, 2021): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455227-bja10020.
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Abstract The present article presents a synchronic description of the morphology of adjectives in the highly endangered Neo-Aramaic dialects of ʿAqra in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. It discusses the morphology of adjectives in these dialects as used in the sixties of the last century. In particular, the article highlights adjectival patterns, inflectional features, and the adaptation of loanwords from Kurdish, Arabic, and Turkish. The article contributes to the description of the grammar of some 150 North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects in the Kurdistan region that are gradually falling into disuse, due to internal disputes, wars, economic crises, and globalisation.
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Kaye, Alan S. "Modern Iraqi Arabic: A Textbook (review)." Language 78, no. 3 (2002): 604–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2002.0165.
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Kaye, Alan S. "WALLACE M. ERWIN, A basic course in Iraqi Arabic; A short reference grammar of Iraqi Arabic." WORD 55, no. 3 (December 1, 2004): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2004.12098214.
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Henry, Julia, Christian Beruf, and Thomas Fischer. "Access to Health Care for Pregnant Arabic-Speaking Refugee Women and Mothers in Germany." Qualitative Health Research 30, no. 3 (September 18, 2019): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732319873620.
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Refugee women often encounter multiple barriers when accessing ante-, peri-, and postnatal care. The aim of this study was to investigate how premigration experiences, conceptions about pregnancy and childbirth, health literacy, and language skills influence access to health care, experiences of health care, and childbirth. A total of 12 semi-structured interviews with refugee women from Iraq, Syria, and Palestine were conducted in the city of Dresden. Content analysis was applied using Levesque’s access model as a framework. Results indicate that conceptions of pregnancy and childbirth and premigration experiences influence women’s behaviors and experiences of pregnancy and childbirth. They contribute to barriers in accessing health care and lead to negative health outcomes. In view of limited health literacy, poor language skills, lack of information, and missing translators, female relatives in countries of origin remain an important source of information. Improved access to services for refugee women is needed.
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Badinjki, Taher. "The Challenge of Arabization in Syria." American Journal of Islam and Society 11, no. 1 (April 1, 1994): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v11i1.2457.
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The eclipse of Arabic that took place in the last part of the eighteenthand the early nineteenth century was caused by several factots. This paperlooks at the mxons for this eclipse and also sheds light on the revival ofArabic in the Arab world in general and in Syria in particular.The conquest of Syria and Egypt by Salim I in 1516 and 1517 marksa definite stage in the extension of Ottoman sway over the Arab world.His crushing victories made him the master of Iraq and Syria and enabledhim to enter Cairo and establish his rule over Egypt. Under his successor,Sulaymh the Magnificent, the subjection of the Arab world was extendedwestward along the North African coast and southward as far as Yemenand Aden. Upon Stdaymiin’s death in 1566, the Ottomans ruled the Arabworld from Algeria to the Arabian Gulf, and from Aleppo to the IndianOcean. In addition to the sacred cities of Makkah, Madinah, and Jerusalem,it embraced Damascus, the fitst capital of the Arab empire, andBaghdad, whose sciences had once illuminated the world. With varyingfortunes, and frequently accompanied by war and revolt, the OttomanEmpire maintained itself in these territories until the end of the eighteenthcentury and the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire witnesseda movement of reform and reorganization under Abmad III(1703-30) and his successors. However, the Arab world did not seem to benefitvery much from it. In addition, these reforms, intended primarily to arrestthe Empire’s decline and restore vitality to its system, sought to establishTurldsh as the language of instruction. Later on, Arabic was abandonedand Turkish became the language of instruction in government schoolsand educational institutions.‘ Only Arabic grammatical rules, which wereindispensable for an understanding of Ottoman literature, were taught and,quite often, by Turkish teachers ...
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Jabber, Khalid Wahaab, and Aymen Adil Mahmood. "Non-verbal Communication between Two Non-native English Speakers: Iraqi and Chinese." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1002.06.
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This study investigates non-verbal communications used by an Iraqi speaker to transfer meaning to a Chinese speaker and vice versa. Different situations, from Chinese environment, have been chosen and analyzed according to the body language movements. The study found out that although the two languages, Iraqi Arabic and Chinese, are differentiated in verbal languages; the two speakers can communicate and understand each other nonverbally. It is also evidence that non-verbal communication between the Iraqi and Chinese speakers is somewhat similar in spite of their two differentiated cultures, they could understand each other’s facial expression, gestures, proxemics, haptics, and Tactile.
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DAYAN, Serdar. "Problems Encountered in Teaching Turkish to Arabs: the Case of Baghdad." Journal of Research in Turkic Languages 2, no. 2 (November 15, 2020): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34099/jrtl.224.
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Many nationsfused withone anotherin history and felt the need to learn each other’s languages due tothis fusion. Turks and Arabs have lived together for centuries and united under the roofs of the same states due to their intersection in many common aspects. Their mutual efforts to learn each other’s languages as a result of developing relations and common grounds havepersevered till the present. In addition to Turks’ efforts to learn Arabic, there have been intense efforts of Arabas to learn Turkish. The endeavors to learn and teach Turkish, which rose with Divan-u Lugati’t-Turk in the past, are now carried out in an abundance of resources in modern areas through technological tools.Although Arabs and Turks lived together for many years, they have had difficulties and problems in learning each other’s languages as their language come from different language families. This study focused on problems encountered in teaching Turkish to Arab students. Data on the problemsexperienced by Turkishlanguage teachers who teach in schools and training centers in Baghdad were collected through interviews. Exam papers, homework, and other works of the students were examined. A survey for teachers was conducted in this regard. The study focused on the problems identified as 14 items in line with the examinations.Keywords: Foreign language, Teaching Turkish, Teaching Turkish in Baghdad.IntroductionOur world is developing rapidly in every aspect. Interactions on matters such as social, economic, education, etc., among nations are at a high level. These interactions have created the need to learn foreign languages. The need for foreign language increased the importance of foreign language education. There have always been problems in teaching language to foreigners. In general, students experience difficulties in differences between their language and the foreign language they try to learn. The problems in this study usually consisted of such problems. Comparison between the foreign language to be learned,and the native language will make it easier to determine the will arise later. Comparisons allow the teacherand the learner to anticipate the difficulty,make preparations,and carry out studies accordingly(Bölükbaş, 2001).Teaching Turkish to the Arabs beganwith the Divan-ü Lügati't-Türk,written by Kasgarli Mahmut. Turks and Arabs felt the need to learn each other's languages because they have lived together for many years.Among the reasons for long life and fusion, there were reasons such as common religion, common land, trade, common goals, cultural affinity, and social life similarity. Both languages have affected each other with the impact of living together. The influence of Turkish on Arabic is seen in the dialects of Arabic rather than the academic Arabic called “Fusha.”The abundance and still intense use of Turkish words in Iraqi dialect among the public revealed the influence of Turkish. As it is known, there were more expeditions to the eastern countries during the reign of Yavuz Sultan Selim,and the Arab population in the Ottoman State increased as a result of these campaigns. However, the most important event of this period was thatthe
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Fathi Sidig Sidgi, Lina, and Ahmad Jelani Shaari. "The Usefulness of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) Eyespeak Software in Improving Iraqi EFL Students’ Pronunciation." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.1p.221.
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The present study focuses on determining whether automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology is reliable for improving English pronunciation to Iraqi EFL students. Non-native learners of English are generally concerned about improving their pronunciation skills, and Iraqi students face difficulties in pronouncing English sounds that are not found in their native language (Arabic). This study is concerned with ASR and its effectiveness in overcoming this difficulty. The data were obtained from twenty participants randomly selected from first-year college students at Al-Turath University College from the Department of English in Baghdad-Iraq. The students had participated in a two month pronunciation instruction course using ASR Eyespeak software. At the end of the pronunciation instruction course using ASR Eyespeak software, the students completed a questionnaire to get their opinions about the usefulness of the ASR Eyespeak in improving their pronunciation. The findings of the study revealed that the students found ASR Eyespeak software very useful in improving their pronunciation and helping them realise their pronunciation mistakes. They also reported that learning pronunciation with ASR Eyespeak enjoyable.
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Dessouki, Ali E. Hillal. "The whirlwind in the Arab nation, 2014–15: from regime change to state collapse." Contemporary Arab Affairs 8, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 295–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2015.1057426.
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This article is based on the executive summary of a book in the Arabic language, The State of the Arab Nation 2014–2015, edited by Ali E.Hillal Dessouki and published by the Center for Arab Unity Studies. The book analyzes events in the Arab region from 2014 to the first part of 2015. The chapters examine the international order, the Arab regional system, and domestic conditions in the Arab states and neighbouring countries, such as Turkey and Iran. There is also particular focus on the countries of the Arab Spring and the remaining Arab countries, as well as the outlook for the youth in Arab countries and their role in future. Other chapters consider economic developments and their link to political developments and issues relating to science, technology and digital technologies. The final chapters cover the major political hotspots in the region, namely Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Libya and Yemen. The conclusion points to the main challenges facing the Arab nation in 2015.
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Abu-Haidar, Farida. "Are Iraqi women more prestige conscious than men? Sex differentiation in Baghdadi Arabic." Language in Society 18, no. 4 (December 1989): 471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500013865.
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ABSTRACTInvestigators have found in Arabic-speaking communities that men's speech, and not women's, approximated the standard variety. More recent studies have challenged the assumption that prestige and standard spoken Arabic are one and the same. These studies have found that there are, in some Arab communities, prestige varieties of spoken Arabic which are not in the direction of standard Arabic, and that, contrary to what had been previously concluded, it is mostly women who speak the prestige dialects. This article, based on an investigation of the speech of a group of Baghdadi men and women, shows that in Baghdad the prestige variety of spoken Arabic is in the direction of the standard, and that women, more than men, tend to favor this variety. Using the findings of a previous research project in Baghdad, the article also draws attention to the fact that in the past, when Baghdadi women did not have the same access to standard Arabic as men, it was men, and not women, who spoke a dialect approximating the standard variety. (Standard literary Arabic, dialectal Arabic, linguistic prestige norms, style shifting)
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Coghill, Eleanor. "The grammaticalization of prospective aspect in a group of Neo-Aramaic dialects." Diachronica 27, no. 3 (November 1, 2010): 359–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.27.3.01cog.
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This paper examines the development of a future (more precisely ‘prospective’) auxiliary from a motion verb in a small group of Neo-Aramaic dialects spoken in Iraq. The long written record of Aramaic allows us to follow the grammaticalization process in some detail, and recent documentation of dialects has shown that various stages co-exist synchronically. The Neo-Aramaic case challenges the theory that future auxiliaries from a verb ‘to go’ should derive from an imperfective in languages which have one. The development of the auxiliary also involves the reanalysis of a present perfect as an immediate future: this apparently surprising development is explained and possible parallels to it in other languages given. The prospective construction exists alongside another future tense and the differences in form and function can be seen to reflect the different origins and ages of the two constructions. There are strong indications that the prospective construction has developed as a result of contact with a similar vernacular Arabic construction. The distribution and level of maturity of the construction in the different dialects can be explained by an origin in a village close to the Arabic-speaking area, and thence diffusion to the neighbouring villages.
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Al-Saedi, Hayder Tuama Jasim. "An Analytic Study of Ironic Statements in Ahlam Mistaghanmi’s Their Hearts with Us While Their Bombs Launching towards Us." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 8, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0806.06.
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The study investigates the hidden (figurative) meaning behind the literal meaning of the ironic statements in the Arabic texts. The linguistic and psychological literature shows the controversy around the theory of Irony. The data had been collected from “Their Hearts with us while Their Bombs Launching Towards us,” which is written by the Arabic writer Ahlam Mistaghanmi. The book is full of the ironic statements, which address the Iraqi situation. The data had been translated to Arabic by an English-Arabic translator. The data being analyzed is based on Irony. The conclusions find out that the selected data show that there is an intended/ hidden message behind each statement, which is conveyed to her readers ironically.
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Masliyah, S. "Oaths in spoken Iraqi Arabic." Journal of Semitic Studies 44, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/44.1.83.
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Jubair Kadhim, Basim, and Fareed Hameed Al-Hindawi. "Pragmatics of Ostensible Invitations in Iraqi Arabic: Function Analysis." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 6 (December 25, 2017): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.6p.132.
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This paper deals with the pragmatic functions of ostensible invitations as used by Iraqi Arabic speakers. Iraqi society is known of the traditions in which pragmatic language is highly considered that Iraqi Arabic speakers use speech acts in order to pay compliments among each other. The issuance of various ostensible speech acts is to convey other purposes than those conveyed by the genuine ones. It is believed that it is vital to dig deep in the functions of the speech act of invitation as this speech act is mostly used by the Iraqi Arabic speakers in an ostensible manner. So, depending on a test formulated and administered to Iraqi Arabic speakers represented by college students, data have been collected and analyzed to show the strategies and functions used peculiarly by Iraqi Arabic speakers in addition to those stipulated by Clark and Isaac whose model is adapted in the analysis. In terms of the strategies used in addition to the seven ones mentioned in the model, new ones emerged and are believed to be peculiar to the Iraqi Arabic speakers, for they are strongly related to the social norms of the Iraqi society. On the level of pragmatic functions, Iraqi Arabic speakers tend to use ostensible speech act of invitation for various purposes; chief among them are compliment, polite strategy, mitigation devices and others.
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Mohammed, A. F. "LANGUAGE AND CULTURE: CONTEXTS IN BRITISH ENGLISH AND IRAQI ARABIC." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 9, no. 3 (2018): 761–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2018-9-3-761-773.
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Al Salami, Lecturer Akram Nadhim Raheem. "A Socio-pragmatic Study of Hedging in Iraqi Arabic." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 3599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1314.
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Among the different types of linguistic means are the expressions of fuzziness and uncertainty which are used by speakers widely. These types of expressions are called hedges. Many scholars have studied this phenomenon from both semantic and pragmatic perspectives. Hyland (1998:1) defines hedges as Devices used to convey tentativeness to reflect uncertainty. Lakoff, Brown and Levinson (1987) develop different perspectives on the basis of speech act theory and consider hedges as strategies for minimizing the threat to face.Hedges are considered a very important part in languages and they play an effective role in communication. Hedges are universal, that is, they are found in all languages and according to this type of expressions Many Iraqi people use them in their daily speech and we are unaware of the use of this phenomenon in Iraqi language. e.g / what are the functions, the strategies or the types that are used the most.To The best of the researcher's knowledge, hedges have not been dealt with in Iraqi Arabic. Hence, this study addresses the following questions:How do Iraqi people use hedges? And What type of hedges do Iraqi people use the most?This study aims atthe identification of the pragmatic types of hedging, shedding light on the functions of such a pragmatic phenomenon. Therefore, it is hypothesized thatIt is hypothesized that: hedging is used in Iraqi Arabic serving identifiable pragmatic functions. As far as the use of hedging is concerned, the present study is limited to the use of hedges in Iraqi Arabic. To serve the aims of the study, a data including a number of educated and uneducated Iraqis is chosen is selected for this purpose.
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Al-Waili, Dr Suad Abdulkareem, Assist Teacher Ali Hanun Jassim, and Assist Teacher Bilal Khalid Khudha. "The Extent of the Arabic language Teachers Practice in the Intermediate Stage for the Modern Teaching Skills from the point of view of the Managers and Supervisors in Iraq." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 226, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v226i3.100.
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The study aims to know the extent of the Arabic language teachers practice in the intermediate stage for the modern teaching skills from the point of view of the managers and supervisors in Iraq. The study sample consisted of (125) teachers within Maysan Education Directorate, they were 65 female teachers, 60 male teachers. To apply the study, the researchers prepared the study subject representing by questionnaire of modern teaching skills. The point of view of the managers and the supervisors in Iraq was medium, where the first stage was the Field of Planning with an average of (3.02), second stage was the Field of Class Administration with an average of (2.95), the Field of Implementation came in the third stage with an average of (2.93), the fourth stage was the Field of Calendar with an average of (2.91)and finally in the fifth stage was the Field of Activities and Teaching Aids with an average of (2.88).There are differences due to the gender, educational qualification and teaching experience. For the results, the study produced many recommendations and suggestions.
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Tucker, Matthew A. "Roots and prosody: The Iraqi Arabic derivational verb." Recherches linguistiques de Vincennes, no. 39 (December 1, 2010): 31–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rlv.1833.
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Masyhud, Fathin. "TADZAWWUQ AL-LAHAJÂT AL-'ARABIYYAH 'ABR AL-TA'LÎM AL-ILIKTRÛNÎ : TADRÎS KITÂB AL-'ARABIYYAH AL-MU'ÂSHIRAH NAMÛDZAJAN." Arabi : Journal of Arabic Studies 2, no. 2 (March 17, 2018): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.24865/ajas.v2i2.59.
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The book al-Arabiyah al-Muashirah by German Leipziq University is a new phenomenon in Arabic teaching for non-Arabs using modern and easy methods coupled with animated voice and video recording through e-learning programs in the digital age. Direct dialectic instruction starts from the fourth theme which includes the Syrian, Iraq, Morocco and Egyptian dialect. With this method, the students can compare the four dialects to understand and distinguish between them. State Islamic University Sunan Ampel is among the Islamic universities that implements the program in its Language Development Center. Learning dialectics with the book al-Arabiyah al-Muashirah was proved effective in giving the students a sense of pronunciation that differs from one resident to another.
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Guardi, Jolanda. "Ḥammūd Ramaḍān: Modernity and Poetry in Algeria." Oriente Moderno 99, no. 1-2 (June 17, 2019): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340207.
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Abstract Starting from Pierre Bourdieu’s claim that “the impetus for change” — what I identify with modernity — “resides in the struggles that take place in the corresponding fields of production” (Bourdieu 1995: 81), and from a reading of literary texts I discussed elsewhere (Guardi 2016), in this paper I will present the life and work of Ḥammūd Ramaḍān (1906–1945). My aim is to highlight the “impetus for change” that occurred in the Algerian literary field long before 1962. Ḥammūd Ramaḍān, an Algerian poet and intellectual, thoroughly discussed the role of poetry in society and proposed new ways of writing in a changing era. He can be considered the first Arab poet who challenged the classic mode of Arabic language poetry in Algeria, and this happened before the emergence of the free verse movement in Iraq. His work will be analysed not only within the general framework of Arab modernity with the aim to provide a new definition of the Arab modernity’s canon, but also within the framework of Algerian literary production in Arabic. My main focus will be on some of his theoretical writings, in which he urges his fellow poets and intellectuals to make fundamental changes in their use of language in poetry so as to get closer to society. Although well versed in classical Arabic and in the Arab-Muslim classical heritage, Ramaḍān sees all this not as a chain that keeps the poet tethered to the past, but as a springboard to jump into the future.
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Tuama, Ali A. "Lexicon-based Sentiment Analysis for Iraqi Vernacular/Arabic Language Using KNN, Naive Bayes and Rough Set Theory." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, SP8 (July 30, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp8/20202501.
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Arif, Jasim Muna. "Alternation of consonants in the Iraqi "Baghdad" dialect." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no. 3A (September 10, 2021): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202173a1430p.440-445.
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This article discusses the most beloved and creative dialect of the Arabs - the Iraqi dialect, despite its complexity, but it has a lot of beautiful foreign vocabulary. We followed a descriptive and historical approach, also tracked phonetic changes in this dialect, and then gave phonological explanations for these phenomena, trying to connect most of the phenomena with their historical roots in the standard Arabic "al-Fussha" and in ancient Arabic dialects. Most modern linguists have realized the need to study these dialects, since many of the modern dialect characteristics are only extensions of some ancient Arabic dialects, and do not refer them to the classical language. The study of modern Arabic dialects may be faced with a number of obstacles being in this important area of linguistic investigations, including the feeling that the study of modern dialects is a kind of encouragement and the desire to demonstrate and replace them with Classical Arabic.
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Shefer-Mossensohn, M., M. Shefer-Mossensohn, and K. Abou Hershkovitz. "Early Muslim Medicine and the Indian Context: A Reinterpretation." Medieval Encounters 19, no. 3 (2013): 274–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12342139.
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Abstract The past few decades have witnessed a remarkable shift in the way scholars study the field of sciences in Muslim societies. Up to the 1980s, research focused on Muslim scientists’ role as transmitters of science to the West, and as contributors to Western science. The Muslim world was commonly viewed as a link between ancient Greece and Latin Christendom, its scholars serving as translators of Greek treatises, and as preservers of Greek knowledge. Recently, the theme of Indian-Muslim cultural-scientific relations has attracted growing attention. Following this trend, we maintain that the eighth and ninth centuries reveal an interaction between Indian and Muslim medicine and physicians. Building on the past work of scholars such as Michael W. Dols and more recently Kevin van Bladel, we reinterpret medieval Arabic sources to reveal that the interest in Asian science was not a brief and untypical phenomenon that lacked long-lasting implications. By rereading Arabic chronicles and biographical dictionaries, we will portray how a rather brief contact between ʿAbbāsid Iraq and India proved to yield enduring influences. We will focus on two aspects of Muslim medical practice for demonstrating the Indian connection: the presence of Indian physicians in Baghdād in and around the ʿAbbāsid court, and the emergence of early Muslim hospitals.
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Masliyah, S. "Curses and insults in Iraqi Arabic." Journal of Semitic Studies 46, no. 2 (September 1, 2001): 267–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/46.2.267.
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Al-Thubaiti, Kholoud A. "Pre-emption of L1 properties in the L2 acquisition of English wh-interrogatives: Effects of L2 proficiency and age of onset." International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 58, no. 4 (November 26, 2020): 443–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iral-2016-0128.
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AbstractThis study investigates whether second language (L2) speakers can pre-empt a first language (L1) property which involves uninterpretable features, such as resumption. The Interpretability Hypothesis predicts persistent L1 effects in L2 grammars because uninterpretable features resist resetting beyond some critical period (Tsimpli and Dimitrakopoulou 2007). Unlike English, Saudi Arabic allows grammatical resumption in complex wh-interrogatives, which is highly preferred with (D)iscourse-linked wh-forms (e. g. ʔayy-NP ‘which-NP’) but disallowed with non-D-linked ones (e. g. ʔeeʃ ‘what’). The study was conducted with fifteen native English speakers and 34 (very)-advanced Saudi Arabic L2 speakers of English with age of onset (AO 1–13 years). In a bimodal, timed acceptability judgment task, their accuracy judgments of 32 (un)grammatical wh-interrogatives were tested. As predicted, results show that L2 speakers of very advanced levels inaccurately accepted resumption especially with D-linked wh-interrogatives. The results also show non-significant differences between AO 1–6 and 7–13 years in their rejection accuracy of resumption.
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Ceron, Andrea, Luigi Curini, and Stefano M. Iacus. "ISIS at Its Apogee: The Arabic Discourse on Twitter and What We Can Learn From That About ISIS Support and Foreign Fighters." SAGE Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 215824401878922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018789229.
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We analyze 26.2 million comments published in Arabic language on Twitter, from July 2014 to January 2015, when Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)’s strength reached its peak and the group was prominently expanding the territorial area under its control. By doing that, we are able to measure the share of support and aversion toward the Islamic State within the online Arab communities. We then investigate two specific topics. First, by exploiting the time granularity of the tweets, we link the opinions with daily events to understand the main determinants of the changing trend in support toward ISIS. Second, by taking advantage of the geographical locations of tweets, we explore the relationship between online opinions across countries and the number of foreign fighters joining ISIS.
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Alazzawie, Abdulkhaliq. "؟adi as a Discourse Marker in Spoken Iraqi Arabic." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 5, no. 7 (July 25, 2015): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0507.06.
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Perry, John R. "Language Reform in Turkey and Iran." International Journal of Middle East Studies 17, no. 3 (August 1985): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800029214.
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Of all man's cultural badges, that of language is perhaps the most intimately felt and tenaciously defended. Even chauvinists who are prepared to concede under pressure that language, race, and culture are not the same thing—that their national ethnicity may be mixed, their religion imported, their culture synthetic to a degree—will still cling to the national language as the last bastion of irrational totemic pride. Hence, one of the most controversial features of the programs of westernization and modernization fostered by Kemal Atatürk in Turkey and Reza Shah in Iran was that of state-sponsored language reform, characterized chiefly by attempts to “purify” Turkish and Persian of their centuries-old accretion of Arabic loanwords. A case study of this process also affords some insight into the differing attitudes to national social reforms in Turkey and in Iran, and among the respective regimes, intelligentsia, and masses, which might help to explain why on balance one “succeeded” while the other “failed.”