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Ferrari, Giorgia. "Teaching and learning Arabic variation through vocabulary." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/34217.
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The field of Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language (TAFL) has seen in recent decades a growing interest in portraying and teaching one of the most salient and intrinsic features of Arabic: language variation. This thesis takes a position in contrast to approaches that portray the two varieties as being distinct and well-defined dichotomic units, in favour of an approach that interprets them as two heterogeneous language varieties within one singular linguistic system. The two language varieties are embodied by Standard and Colloquial Arabic and it is argued here for the teaching of both varieties to students of Arabic as a foreign language. In this light, this thesis sets out to investigate the development of two language skills, vocabulary knowledge and language awareness, in a diglossic learning environment. Moreover, it explores the attitudes and perceptions of the students towards Arabic variation. Two experimental methods based on focus-on-form instruction are used in this research to teach Colloquial Arabic to students of Arabic as a foreign language at higher-education level, and the empirical research is conducted within a semi-embedded research design in which qualitative and quantitative data are collected. Students from three universities participate in this research: the Universities of Exeter, Genoa and Milan. This allows for the comparison of results from students of different mother tongues. The main research question that this thesis sets out to answer is: does focus-on-form instruction lead to vocabulary development in two diglossic varieties, namely Standard and Colloquial Arabic, more effectively when it focuses on the two varieties separately or when it links their forms? Two sub-questions investigate which of the two methods of focus-on-form instruction lead more efficiently to the development of language awareness, and the impact they have on students’ attitudes towards Arabic variation. The last sub-question asks to what extent the development of the diglossic language skills and attitudes is a consequence of the method of instruction received. The results of this study suggest that the answer lies in focusing predominantly on one variety at a time with additional consolidation exercises that compare the forms of the two varieties. The main contributions of this thesis are both theoretical, to the literature of TAFL, and empirical, regarding the development of the language skills and attitudes measured.
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Al-Hazemi, Hassan Ali Al-Ghasir. "Low-level EFL vocabulary tests for Arabic speakers." Thesis, Swansea University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.570245.
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Grenat, Mohamed Hasan. "Argument structure and the Arabic Masdar." Thesis, University of Essex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309770.
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Salah, Shereen Maher. "The Relationship Between Vocabulary Knowledge and Reading Comprehension of Authentic Arabic Texts." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2508.pdf.
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Alhailawani, Mohammad. "Nominal structure and ellipsis in Jordanian Arabic." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/53588.
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This thesis investigates the structure of DPs in Jordanian Arabic (JA) focusing on Nominal Ellipsis (NE). Cross-linguistically, research on NE has produced a number of perspectives on the mechanisms involved in the licensing of NE. I argue that most of the mainstream approaches to NE cannot capture the full set of the ellipsis facts in JA, and that the ellipsis data in JA can be best captured under the ellipsis and stranding approach of Saab and Lipt ak (2016). I show that ellipsis takes place at two levels inside the DP, and that pronominalization arises as a by-product of a stranded affix scenario due to the application of ellipsis at the lower NP level. The investigation of NE in JA has implications for the structure of DPs containing numerals and for possessive DPs. It will be shown that that two classes of numerals in JA occupy different structural positions in the extended nominal projection giving rise to different agreement patterns and affecting the possibilities of ellipsis. As concerns possessive DPs, I investigate the behaviour of the Construct State and Free State constructions under ellipsis. I argue that the two constructions behave differently under ellipsis, and that the possessor DP merges in different positions. Overall, this thesis contributes signi cantly to the debate on the necessary conditions(s) for ellipsis licensing in the DP. It also has implications for the structure of the DP in Arabic.
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Alzaidi, Muhammad Swaileh A. "Information structure and intonation in Hijazi Arabic." Thesis, University of Essex, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.653066.
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There is irrefutable evidence that many languages use intonation to express the aspects of the information structure of an utterance. Recently evidence has emerged that languages differ in how information structure (IS) is marked intonationally. This thesis presents experimental work on the prosodic encoding of Information Focus and Contrastive Focus (aspects of IS, that is, concepts relating to the distribution of 'new' and 'contrast' information) in Hijazi Arabic (an under-researched language). It provides both a phonetic and a phonological analysis of the experimental data, the latter couched in Autosegmental-Metrical Approach. It aims to (i) provide an analysis of the word order in Hijazi Arabic (HA) and how it is used to express IS, and (ii) provide an in-depth and systematic analysis of the ways that intonation is used both phonologically and phonetically to encode neutral focus, information focus, in-situ contrastive focus and ex-situ contrastive focus in four focus structures: sentence-focus, predicate-focus, argument-focus and focus-preposing structure. Based on insights from recent research, we propose two categories of Focus: information focus and contrastive focus. We show how these categories are reflected in HA word order and in intonation. The results show that intonation and not word order is crucial and useful in identifying the focus of the HA utterance. They show that focus has local and global effects on the utterance. Focus attracts the nuclear pitch accent, and compresses the pitch accent(s) of the following word(s). Excursion size and the maximum Fa are found to be the two main acoustic correlates of prosodic focus in HA. Focused words have significantly expanded excursion size, post-focus words have significantly lowered Fa, but pre-focus words lack systematic changes.
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AlQahtani, Saleh Jarallah. "The Structure and Distribution of Determiner Phrases in Arabic: Standard Arabic and Saudi Dialects." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35081.
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This thesis investigates the syntactic structure of determiner phrases (DP) and their distribution in pre- and postverbal subject positions in Standard Arabic (SA) and Saudi dialects (SUD). It argues that indefinite DPs cannot occupy preverbal subject positions unless they are licensed by modification. Working within the theory of syntactic visibility conditions (visibility of the specifier and/or the determiner) put forth by Giusti (2002) and Landau (2007), I propose that adjectives, diminutives or construct states (CS) together with nunation can license indefinite DPs in preverbal subject positions. The syntactic derivation of the licensed indefinite DP depends on its complexity. In other words, in the case of simple DPs (e.g., a noun followed by an adjective), the correct linear word order is achieved by the syntactic N-to-D movement which takes place in the syntax proper. By contrast, if the DP is complex as in diminutives or CSs, the narrow syntax may not be able to derive the correct linear order. Therefore, I propose a novel analysis that
accounts for the mismatches between the spell out of the syntax and the phonological form. I argue that the derivation of diminutives and CSs is a shared process between the narrow syntax and the phonological component (PF). I show that movement operations after-syntax (Lowering and Local-dislocation) proposed by Embick and Noyer (1999, 2001, 2007), in the sense of Distributed Morphology (DM), can account for the mismatch. The last theoretical chapter of the thesis investigates the linguistic status of nunation. I argue that nunation is an indefinite marker that performs half of determination with a full lexical item satisfying the other half. As far as the subject position is concerned, the current thesis includes two experimental studies that investigate processing of syntactic subjects in different word orders (SVO/VSO) by two groups: Native speakers (NSs) and Heritage speakers (HSs) of Arabic whose dominant language is English. The first study aims to answer two questions: a) which word order is more preferred by NSs, SVO or VSO? and b) which word order requires more processing? The second study aims to answer the same questions but with different participants, HSs. It also aims to check whether or not the dominant language grammar affected the heritage language grammar. Results showed that VSO is more preferred than SVO by both groups. As far as processing is concerned, NSs significantly processed subjects in VSO faster the SVO; they showed no significant difference when processing postverbal subjects in definite and indefinite VSO. By contrast, HSs processed subjects in SVO faster than VSO; however, the difference was not significant. The slow processing of VSO shown by HSs might be attributed to the effect of the dominant language which has a different word order from the heritage language.
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Araik, Fahad A. I. "The modernisation of Arabic vocabulary : a survey of linguistic and cultural aspects of lexical development." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15385.
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Since the nineteenth century, the modernisation of Arabic vocabulary has been subject of a great concern for Arab scholars who are loyal to the language while aware of the need to adapt it to the demands of the modern world. This thesis attempts to present a comprehensive view of the subject by examining linguistic and extra-linguistic aspects of the process of lexical development in Modern Standard Arabic. The thesis comprises six chapters: Chapter One: is a brief introduction to the emergence of the movement for cultural and linguistic revival in the Arab world, leaders of linguistic reform, and the Arabic language academies. Chapter Two: examines the phenomenon of Ishtiqāq (Derivation) in Arabic, and its role in providing the language with native means of generating new lexical items. Chapter Three: discusses the assimilation of foreign words. It investigates the concept of borrowing in both classical and modern theory, and presents a description and analysis of this process as adopted for Modern Standard Arabic. Chapter Four: deals with the methods of Tarkīb and Naẖt (Compounding and Blending), and assesses their significance in the growth of Arabic vocabulary. Chapter Five: gives a brief introduction to the question of terminology formation and reviews the terminological activities in the Arab world which, aim at the standardization of current terminological work and the creation of a unified Arabic vocabulary. Chapter Six: provides a brief summary of the conclusions and findings of this study.
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Haddad, Saed. "The abstraction of Arabic musical vocabulary, spiritual and cultural values into contemporary Western music." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2005. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-abstraction-of-arabic-musical-vocabulary-spiritual-and-cultural-values-into-contemporary-western-music(8c213c74-bc46-42ef-a68a-a96d0c1dfc82).html.
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Aldokhayel, Reyadh S. "The event structure metaphor : the case of Arabic." Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1395454.
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This research is a further step towards a crosslinguistic generalization concerning the metaphor cluster called the Event Structure Metaphor (ESM). Cognitive linguists (e.g. Lakoff 1990; 1993; Lakoff & Johnson 1980; 1999) have speculated that ESM, among other conceptual metaphors, may be a candidate for a metaphorical universal because of its universal experiential motivation.In ESM, various aspects of events, such as STATES, CHANGES, PROCESSES, ACTIONS, CAUSES, PURPOSES, DIFFICULTIES, and MEANS are systematically conceptualized in terms of the concrete concepts of space, motion, and force. This study investigates whether ESM, with its OBJECT-LOCATION duality, exists in Arabic, just as it does in English, Chinese, and Hungarian, and whether Arabic exhibits the same or different submappings as those realized in English, hence same or different patterns of metaphorical abstract reasoning. Investigating the existence of ESM in Arabic, a language from yet another linguistic family, should provide more insight into the nature of ESM and its potential universality.This study suggests that metaphor in general is central to the comprehension of abstract and complex concepts. ESM, in particular, is found to be generally manifested in Arabic as well. The notions incorporated in ESM seem to be systematically conceptualized in Arabic and English in the same way; in general, they are comprehended in terms of the concrete, image-schematic concepts of space, motion, and force. Further, the study suggests that speakers of different languages appear to have similar cognitive structures, especially at the higher, generic levels of the inheritance hierarchy. However, as conceptualizations move down the hierarchy, they may diverge crosslinguistically so as to reflect culture-specific models.The potentially universal conceptualizations are a consequence of the sensorimotor, image-schematic experience that is common to all human-beings, and which is bound to surface linguistically in the same way at the higher, generic levels. This research, therefore, strengthens earlier claims about the potential universality of ESM.Department of English
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Al-Rawi, Maather Mohammed. "The structure of determiner phrases in standard Arabic." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413926.
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Hwaidi, Tamader. "Syllable structure and syllabification in Al'ain Libyan Arabic." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3271.
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The variety of Arabic under investigation is one of the dialects spoken in a town on the Western Mountain (Nafuusa Mountain) in Libya. Its phonological characteristics are clearly different from what Harrama (1993) called the “Al-Jabal dialect,” which the inhabitants of the Western Mountain claim to speak. The current study is concerned with a variety spoken in the town of Riyayna (Or Alriyayna); mainly, Al’ain (henceforth identified as ALA). The objective of this thesis is to contribute a description of the phonology of a previously unexamined dialect, under a moraic approach. This approach has been adopted as the prominent role of the mora that has been established in literature by accounting for various phonological phenomena, such as vowel epenthesis (Itô, 1989) and compensatory lengthening (Hayes, 1989) (see Watson 2002). Thus, it is claimed for example, that the loss of the glottal stop in ALA is repaired by compensatory lengthening in words, such as: /biːr/ ~ /bɪʔr/, /raːs/ ~ /rʌʔs/, /juːmɪn/ ~ /joʔmɪn/ to satisfy the minimal moraicity requirement, or by gemination: /mɪjjah ~ mɪʔah/, /rɪjjah/ ~ /rɪʔah/ to satisfy the restriction of vowel-initial syllables, utterance-internally. Although, the main aim of the thesis is to examine the syllable inventories and syllabification process in ALA, focus is placed on initial consonant clusters that are claimed to exist in a cluster-resistant dialect, where it is argued that such clusters strictly occur in certain environments. Emphatics and emphatic allophones are also phonologically investigated claiming that, in addition to the four emphatic consonants, emphatic vowels (/ʌ/ and /ɑː/ in ALA) also exist in the dialect and similarly cause emphasis spread. Vowel-initial syllables is another issue whose existence in ALA is asserted in this study demonstrating that although they might surface with a glottal-stop-like gesture, they should still be treated as underlying onsetless syllables because their behaviour is different from syllables that underlyingly begin with a glottal stop. Finally, stress assignment procedures in ALA are interesting in following many North African dialects by ignoring, in many cases, syllable weight and having a tendency to stress final syllables. This is also expressed in the study.
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Meto, Salah Masoud A.-S. "Issues in the Introduction of New Technical Vocabulary in Arabic, With Special Reference to Libya." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392078.
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The issue of lexical modernisation in Arabic, particularly in the area of science and technology, has been raised for a long time with concentration mainly on the methods of lexical expansion adopted by language planning agencies (language academies and other language planning organisations) or individuals concerned in this process such as dictionary compilers and translators. The problem of lexical modernisation does not lie solely in finding ways of word creation and inventing lists and glossaries of new words. More important is whether these words are being adopted and used by the language community or not, and if not, why and what are the possible reasons behind accepting or rejecting certain terms. This study is an attempt to answer these questions making use of the vocabulary produced and/or co-ordinated by Arabic language planning agencies or individuals, a list of which is included in the bibliography. The study is divided into seven chapters commencing with a discussion of some major aspects of language planning in general and Arabic language planning in particular. In attempting to answer the above questions, it is believed that there are two kinds of factors that might affect the acceptability of newly introduced vocabulary: (1) linguistic factors, which include the features of the term itself i.e. word length, ease of pronunciation, transparency, and the factor of diglossia, and (2) extralinguistic factors, those to do with the planners such as lack of authority and financial resources to distribute, or the speakers including lack of motivation, illiteracy or other factors such as contact with foreign languages with considerable prestige. The researcher relied mainly on some questionnaires conducted in the University of Tripoli in Libya, and among specialised groups of speakers, in addition to consulting speakers with intensive contact with technical vocabulary. For the problem of terminology disunification, a survey of some lexicons and glossaries was conducted.
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Almeman, Khalid Abdulrahman. "Reducing out-of-vocabulary in morphology to improve the accuracy in Arabic dialects speech recognition." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5763/.
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This thesis has two aims: developing resources for Arabic dialects and improving the speech recognition of Arabic dialects. Two important components are considered: Pronunciation Dictionary (PD) and Language Model (LM). Six parts are involved, which relate to building and evaluating dialects resources and improving the performance of systems for the speech recognition of dialects. Three resources are built and evaluated: one tool and two corpora. The methodology that was used for building the multi-dialect morphology analyser involves the proposal and evaluation of linguistic and statistic bases. We obtained an overall accuracy of 94%. The dialect text corpora have four sub-dialects, with more than 50 million tokens. The multi-dialect speech corpora have 32 speech hours, which were collected from 52 participants. The resultant speech corpora have more than 67,000 speech files. The main objective is improvement in the PDs and LMs of Arabic dialects. The use of incremental methodology made it possible to check orthography and phonology rules incrementally. We were able to distinguish the rules that positively affected the PDs. The Word Error Rate (WER) improved by an accuracy of 5.3% in MSA and 5% in Levantine. Three levels of morphemes were used to improve the LMs of dialects: stem, prefix+stem and stem+suffix. We checked the three forms using two different types of LMs. Eighteen experiments are carried out on MSA, Gulf dialect and Egyptian dialect, all of which yielded positive results, showing that WERs were reduced by 0.5% to 6.8%.
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Al-Shuwairekh, Saleh. "Vocabulary learning strategies used by AFL (Arabic as a Foreign Language) learners in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2001. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/187/.
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This study investigates vocabulary learning strategies used by AFL learners in Saudi Arabia. It seeks to explore the relationship between vocabulary strategy use and success. Further, the study - aims to examine the effect of certain individual, situational and social factors on the use of vocabulary learning strategies. The methodological approach adopted for this study is a combination of a 'multiple cases' approach and survey. The purpose of the multiple cases is to identify vocabulary learning strategies employed by successful and less successful learners of Arabic. The survey, on the other hand, has been conducted to examine variations in vocabulary strategy use according to the following factors: students' first language, proficiency level, level of achievement, course type, the variety of Arabic used out of class, and religious identity. The results of the multiple cases demonstrate that there are major differences between the two groups of students in the seven categories of vocabulary learning adopted in this study, namely, non-dictionary strategies for discovering the meanings of new words, dictionary use, note-taking, memorization, practice, metacognitive strategies, and expanding lexical knowledge. Moreover, the data of the multiple cases identified three levels of strategies. The first level is termed the 'main strategy level', which includes the seven main categories mentioned above. The second and third levels are termed the 'strategy level' and the 'substrategy level' respectively. The multiple cases data also show that students seem to use vocabulary learning strategies in particular combinations and certain orders. The results of the survey indicate that the two situational factors (course type and variety of Arabic used out of class)investigated in this study seem to have a fairly strong relationship with vocabulary strategy use. The individual factors (students' first language proficiency level and level of achievement) examined in this study,on the other hand, appear to have a very weak relationship with the use of vocabulary learning strategies and finally the social factor (religious identity) appears to have some relationship with vocabulary strategy use.
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Alkhudiry, Reham. "Exploring the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension in L1 Arabic learners of English." Thesis, University of Reading, 2018. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/77710/.
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Developing a large enough vocabulary is an essential element in L2 acquisition in order to be able to read and write and participate in various topics of conversation. It is also assumed that reading is an important skill for academic success in first language (L1) and second language (L2) learning (Elley, 1991; Pulido, 2003). Many studies have focused on the contribution of vocabulary size to reading in L1 and L2 (e.g., Nation, 2006; Hsueh-chao & Nation, 2000), and conversely, on the extent to which learners can learn words incidentally from reading (Horst, Meara & Cobb, 1998; Waring & Takaki, 2003; Pigada & Schmitt, 2006). However, we know much less about the relationship between the depth of vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension (Qian, 2002). Jiang (2000) proposed a three-stage model of lexical development in L2: at the first stage, the L2 learner’s focus is on the formal aspects of the word, then at the second stage the L1 meaning and syntactic information is transferred into the L2 lexeme, and at the last stage, the L2 semantic syntactic information can be integrated into the new L2 lexical entry. Study 1 focuses on a) exploring which aspects of words (meaning, form and use) L2 learners can retain through reading, based on Jaing’s (2000) model, b) how depth and size of vocabulary knowledge can explain variance in reading comprehension performance, and c) whether frequency of occurrence explains learning and retention of new words from reading. Two offline tests were used to measure depth and size of word knowledge among 30 L1 Arabic learners of English and 30 native English speakers, and one online lexical decision task measured form recognition. The target words were four non-words which replaced four existing nouns in two stories from the YARC reading comprehension test. The results show that the L2 learners are better at retaining word forms than word meanings of these non-words. Vocabulary depth (knowledge about a word’s meaning and use) explains a significant variance in summarising the stories from the YARC. The target non-words occurring more frequently (eight times) have positively explained the form recognition of these words, however, this appears to decline over time for the L1 Arabic learners of English group. Study 2 is an intervention study, designed after obtaining Study 1 results in order to examine the role of a specific technique in explaining L2 retention of the meaning of new words among 40 L1 Arabic learners of English. It is based on Laufer and Hulstijn’s (2001) Involvement Load Hypothesis (ILH) and examines how an elaboration task (ET), as a post reading activity with high involvement component, can improve L2 readers’ retention of the meaning of new words. Based on Jiang’s (2000) model, it further aims to investigate connections between L2 words and conceptual representation, and particularly whether the group which had carried out an elaboration task with these target non-words were better at gaining the L2 lemma than those who had not carried out this task. It also investigates whether frequency of occurrence explained students’ ability to learn words from reading. The same two stories from the YARC were used, in which the same four target non-words replaced existing words. An offline test was used to measure knowledge of meaning and use of the target non-words and one online Semantic Priming Task measured respondents’ accuracy and speed in recognising the meaning of target non-words. The regression analysis shows that an ET with a high involvement component significantly contributes to L2 learning and retention of the meaning of new words. Based on Jiang’s (2000) model, L2 learners could link the L2 meaning to the L2 English form, but this seems to disappear one week later. In terms of the ET groups, L2 who took the ET involving the target non-word continued to link the L2 lemma semantic information to the target L2 form, but this also appears to decline over time. Target non-words occurring more frequently are better retained, however, this disappears one week later. These findings have significant theoretical and pedagogical implications for enhancing L2 vocabulary learning and retention.
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Bull, Brian E. "The non-linear phonological structure of Moroccan colloquial Arabic." Thesis, University of London, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370024.
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Maiteq, Tareq Bashir. "Prosodic constituent structure and anticipatory pharyngealisation in Libyan Arabic." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8870.
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This study examines anticipatory pharyngealisation (i.e., emphasis) in Libyan Arabic, across a hierarchy of prosodic boundary levels (syllable vs. word vs. phonological phrase vs. intonation phrase ‘IP’) in order to quantify the magnitude, and identify the planned domain of anticipatory pharyngealisation. The acoustic manifestation of pharyngealisation is lowering in the second formant (F2) in pharyngealised contexts compared to their plain cognates. To investigate speech production models of how pharyngealisation is anticipated in advance, F2 measurements were taken at onset, mid and offset points of both vowels (V) in a word-final VCV sequence, in the context [VbV # Emphatic trigger]. The strength of [#], a prosodic boundary, was varied syntactically to manipulate the presumed hierarchical strength of that boundary from zero (where the VbV and the trigger are in the same word) up to an intonational phrase boundary. We expect that the stronger the boundary, the greater the resistance to the spread of pharyngealisation. The duration of the final vowel (i.e., the pre-trigger vowel) was also measured to assess if pharyngealisation magnitude on it and on the first vowel is influenced by the temporal proximity to the emphatic trigger. Results show (1) that within word boundaries pharyngealisation effects are present on both vowels, and (2) there are effects of pharyngealisation on the final vowel, i.e. the pre-trigger across word and phrase boundaries, and (3) there is no evidence of pharyngealisation across an IP boundary. An examination of the pre-trigger vowel + pause duration suggests that the lack of coarticulatory effects on the final vowel, i.e., pre-trigger vowel, across an IP boundary may be due to the temporal distance from the trigger: all tokens in this condition had a pre-trigger pause. For word and phrase boundary conditions, F2 was higher the greater the temporal distance from the pharyngealised trigger. These results suggest that anticipatory pharyngealisation is qualitatively different within the word as compared to across word boundaries. More clearly, the magnitude of pharyngealisation is categorical within word boundaries, and gradient across prosodic boundaries higher than the word. These findings suggest that pharyngealisation within the word is phonological, whereas across word boundaries it is primarily a phonetic process, conditioned by the temporal proximity to the pharyngealised trigger. Results also show that the planned domain of [pharyngealisation] is the word. However, additional phonetic pharyngealisation effects can extend across word boundaries as a result of coarticulation.
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Hamrouni, Nadia. "Structure and Processing in Tunisian Arabic: Speech Error Data." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195969.
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This dissertation presents experimental research on speech errors in Tunisian Arabic (TA). The central empirical questions revolve around properties of `exchange errors'. These errors can mis-order lexical, morphological, or sound elements in a variety of patterns. TA's nonconcatenative morphology shows interesting interactions of phrasal and lexical constraints with morphological structure during language production and affords different and revealing error potentials linking the production system with linguistic knowledge.The dissertation studies expand and test generalizations based on Abd-El-Jawad and Abu-Salim's (1987) study of spontaneous speech errors in Jordanian Arabic by experimentally examining apparent regularities in data from real-time language processing perspective. The studies address alternative accounts of error phenomena that have figured prominently in accounts of production processing. Three experiments were designed and conducted based on an error elicitation paradigm used by Ferreira and Humphreys (2001). Experiment 1 tested within-phrase exchange errors focused on root versus non-root exchanges and lexical versus non-lexical outcomes for root and non-root errors. Experiments 2 and 3 addressed between-phrase exchange errors focused on violations of the Grammatical Category Constraint (GCC).The study of exchange potentials for the within-phrase items (experiment 1) contrasted lexical and non-lexical outcomes. The expectation was that these would include a significant number of root exchanges and that the lexical status of the resulting forms would not preclude error. Results show that root and vocalic pattern exchanges were very rare and that word forms rather than root forms were the dominant influence in the experimental performance. On the other hand, the study of exchange errors across phrasal boundaries of items that do or do not correspond in grammatical category (experiments 2 and 3) pursued two principal questions, one concerning the error rate and the second concerning the error elements. The expectation was that the errors predominantly come from grammatical category matches. That outcome would reinforce the interpretation that processing operations reflect the assignment of syntactically labeled elements to their location in phrasal structures. Results corroborated with the expectation. However, exchange errors involving words of different grammatical categories were also frequent. This has implications for speech monitoring models and the automaticity of the GCC.
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Al-Saad, Salman. "Conditional structure in Classical Arabic : a general descriptive study." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2010. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28736/.
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This work investigates the structure of the conditional sentence in Arabic under different headings, following a descriptive method and analysing the topic through elements, uses, functions and meanings. This method will develop statistics regarding the frequency of occurrence of these structures in the Qur'an. The purpose of utilising the descriptive approach is to provide a picture of the use of each particle in the Qur'an and other classical Arabic texts. In doing so, this study aims to derive some general conclusions which can help us begin to focus in on more accurate interpretations, and similarly help us to avoid common pitfalls. Four major headings are covered in this work. Firstly, an investigation is conducted into the list of the conditional particles provided by the grammarians. The particles are divided into two groups according to certain rules within the conditional structure. Certain particles are investigated in detail and others discussed in terms of views relating to their acceptability or unacceptability, including the author's contributions to this field. In doing so, statistics on the frequency of the appearance of these particles in the text of the Qur'an, which was chosen as the main source for examples, are listed in brief tables at the end of the discussion of each particle. This study of the conditional particles analyses the material via typological classification, examines methods of connecting the two clauses of conditional sentences, and undertakes a structural review of the word order and syntactical position of each element of the conditional sentence. Secondly, some common conditional structures that do not occur with all the particles are covered. Examples of these are the use of the fa- as an apodosis introducer with the 'in conditional particle, or the emphatic lm with the law conditional structure and the interrupting conditional sentence. Thirdly, I discuss the functional position of the conditional sentence within given Qur'anic texts. Finally, the thesis concludes with a study of discourse function which contributes to modern linguistics studies on the subject. The thesis represents a broad investigation of the sources on this subject and an examination of selected data, and it is intended for use as reference for further studies not possible within scope of this work.
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Pyle, Doraina D. "Teaching Vocabulary Meaningfully With Language, Image, and Sound." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2875.pdf.
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AlKhateeb, Jawad Hasan Yasin. "Word based off-line handwritten Arabic classification and recognition : design of automatic recognition system for large vocabulary offline handwritten Arabic words using machine learning approaches." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4440.
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The design of a machine which reads unconstrained words still remains an unsolved problem. For example, automatic interpretation of handwritten documents by a computer is still under research. Most systems attempt to segment words into letters and read words one character at a time. However, segmenting handwritten words is very difficult. So to avoid this words are treated as a whole. This research investigates a number of features computed from whole words for the recognition of handwritten words in particular. Arabic text classification and recognition is a complicated process compared to Latin and Chinese text recognition systems. This is due to the nature cursiveness of Arabic text. The work presented in this thesis is proposed for word based recognition of handwritten Arabic scripts. This work is divided into three main stages to provide a recognition system. The first stage is the pre-processing, which applies efficient pre-processing methods which are essential for automatic recognition of handwritten documents. In this stage, techniques for detecting baseline and segmenting words in handwritten Arabic text are presented. Then connected components are extracted, and distances between different components are analyzed. The statistical distribution of these distances is then obtained to determine an optimal threshold for word segmentation. The second stage is feature extraction. This stage makes use of the normalized images to extract features that are essential in recognizing the images. Various method of feature extraction are implemented and examined. The third and final stage is the classification. Various classifiers are used for classification such as K nearest neighbour classifier (k-NN), neural network classifier (NN), Hidden Markov models (HMMs), and the Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN). To test this concept, the particular pattern recognition problem studied is the classification of 32492 words using ii the IFN/ENIT database. The results were promising and very encouraging in terms of improved baseline detection and word segmentation for further recognition. Moreover, several feature subsets were examined and a best recognition performance of 81.5% is achieved.
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AlKhateeb, Jawad H. Y. "Word based off-line handwritten Arabic classification and recognition. Design of automatic recognition system for large vocabulary offline handwritten Arabic words using machine learning approaches." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4440.
Full textAbstract:
The design of a machine which reads unconstrained words still remains an unsolved problem. For example, automatic interpretation of handwritten documents by a computer is still under research. Most systems attempt to segment words into letters and read words one character at a time. However, segmenting handwritten words is very difficult. So to avoid this words are treated as a whole. This research investigates a number of features computed from whole words for the recognition of handwritten words in particular. Arabic text classification and recognition is a complicated process compared to Latin and Chinese text recognition systems. This is due to the nature cursiveness of Arabic text.
The work presented in this thesis is proposed for word based recognition of handwritten Arabic scripts. This work is divided into three main stages to provide a recognition system. The first stage is the pre-processing, which applies efficient pre-processing methods which are essential for automatic recognition of handwritten documents. In this stage, techniques for detecting baseline and segmenting words in handwritten Arabic text are presented. Then connected components are extracted, and distances between different components are analyzed. The statistical distribution of these distances is then obtained to determine an optimal threshold for word segmentation. The second stage is feature extraction. This stage makes use of the normalized images to extract features that are essential in recognizing the images. Various method of feature extraction are implemented and examined. The third and final stage is the classification. Various classifiers are used for classification such as K nearest neighbour classifier (k-NN), neural network classifier (NN), Hidden Markov models (HMMs), and the Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN). To test this concept, the particular pattern recognition problem studied is the classification of 32492 words using
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the IFN/ENIT database. The results were promising and very encouraging in terms of improved baseline detection and word segmentation for further recognition. Moreover, several feature subsets were examined and a best recognition performance of 81.5% is achieved.
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Khater, Mariam. "The relationship between nonword repetition, root and pattern effects, and vocabulary in Gulf Arabic speaking children." Thesis, City, University of London, 2016. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19767/.
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Nonword repetition has received great attention in the last three decades due to its ability to distinguish between the performance of children with language impairment and their typically developing peers and due to its correlation with variety of language abilities, especially vocabulary skills. This study investigates early phonological skills, as represented by nonword repetition (NWR), in TD Gulf Arabic speaking children and those with language impairment and tries to examine findings in relation to two important NWR hypotheses, namely the phonological short term memory account (PSTM, Gathercole& Baddeley, 1990a) and the linguistic account of Snowling, Chiat & Hulme (1991). In the first experiment, a new Arabic word and nonword test (WNRep) was developed and conducted with 44 TD children and a clinical group (CL) that consisted of 15 children with language impairment. The participants’ ages were between two and four years old. The results show that the TD group scored significantly higher than the CL group on the WNRep and across one, two and three syllable words/nonwords and that NWR scores correlated significantly with receptive and expressive vocabulary tests. Apart from its ability to differentiate between TD and those with language impairment, NWR results revealed significant differences in groups’ performance even on one syllable word and nonwords, which differs from findings in other languages. These results raise questions about whether these findings relate to the characteristic root and pattern morphology in Arabic. Therefore, the second experiment in chapter 5 was conducted to investigate the effects of roots and patterns on TD children’s repetition skills and their relation to receptive and expressive vocabulary tests. A root and pattern nonword repetition test (RAP-NWR) was developed to measure this effect. The RAP-NWR consisted of three different types of root and pattern combinations (real root and nonpattern nonwords, real pattern and nonroot nonwords and nonpattern and nonroot nonwords). All 89 participants were TD Gulf Arabic speaking children aged two to seven years old and divided into six age bands. Results showed that these children’s repetitions were sensitive to the presence of roots but not patterns and that RAP-NWR scores were significantly correlated with both vocabulary tests. Findings from both studies show that while phonological storage may explain some of the results of children’s performance on NWR, there are a myriad of phonological and morphological factors that could have significant effects on NWR, such as the effects of roots and patterns, and it seems that roots more important role to play as it roots awareness emerges earlier than pattern awareness. Based on these findings, clinical utility of root and pattern NWR tests is discussed and further investigations of effects of roots and patterns on NWR are recommended.
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Al, Hashim Abdulrahman Saad. "THE EFFECT OF L1 TRANSLATION VS. L2 DEFINITION ON THE IMMEDIATE RECALL OF VOCABULARY WORDS." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1785.
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Throughout the history of language teaching and its pedagogy, many researchers have turned a blind eye to the pedagogical role of the first language (L1) in the second language (L2) classroom. However, the pendulum has recently swung the other way to indicate possible and effective integration of the (L1) in (L2) classrooms. This study sets out to explore the effect of the L1 and L2 on the recall of ESL vocabulary among low-advanced Saudi learners of English in the U.S. For the purpose of the study, 30 Saudi ESL students were recruited and divided into two groups (L1 translation group and L2 definition group). The L1 translation group received a list of English words translated into Arabic whereas the L2 definition group were given the same list of English words but with English definitions. Participants in both groups were asked to study and memorize the target words along with the meaning of each word. Afterwards, an immediate fill-in-the-blank post-test was given to examine whether L1 translation helps participants recall the given L2 vocabulary. Prior to the post-test, participants were given a questionnaire to indicate the most frequently used strategy when learning L2 vocabulary. After the data were analyzed quantitatively employing an independent t-test, the resultant findings showed that L1 translation indeed promotes the immediate recall of L2 vocabulary among Saudi ESL learners. The data elicited from the questionnaire also provided enough evidence that Saudi ESL learners frequently use Arabic more than other strategies to access and understand English. This study showed that L1 translation has a great positive effect on the learning of L2 vocabulary among low-advanced Saudi ESL learners.
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Sawalha, Majdi Shaker Salem. "Open-source resources and standards for Arabic word structure analysis : fine grained morphological analysis of Arabic text corpora." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2165/.
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Morphological analyzers are preprocessors for text analysis. Many Text Analytics applications need them to perform their tasks. The aim of this thesis is to develop standards, tools and resources that widen the scope of Arabic word structure analysis - particularly morphological analysis, to process Arabic text corpora of different domains, formats and genres, of both vowelized and non-vowelized text. We want to morphologically tag our Arabic Corpus, but evaluation of existing morphological analyzers has highlighted shortcomings and shown that more research is required. Tag-assignment is significantly more complex for Arabic than for many languages. The morphological analyzer should add the appropriate linguistic information to each part or morpheme of the word (proclitic, prefix, stem, suffix and enclitic); in effect, instead of a tag for a word, we need a subtag for each part. Very fine-grained distinctions may cause problems for automatic morphosyntactic analysis – particularly probabilistic taggers which require training data, if some words can change grammatical tag depending on function and context; on the other hand, finegrained distinctions may actually help to disambiguate other words in the local context. The SALMA – Tagger is a fine grained morphological analyzer which is mainly depends on linguistic information extracted from traditional Arabic grammar books and prior knowledge broad-coverage lexical resources; the SALMA – ABCLexicon. More fine-grained tag sets may be more appropriate for some tasks. The SALMA –Tag Set is a theory standard for encoding, which captures long-established traditional fine-grained morphological features of Arabic, in a notation format intended to be compact yet transparent. The SALMA – Tagger has been used to lemmatize the 176-million words Arabic Internet Corpus. It has been proposed as a language-engineering toolkit for Arabic lexicography and for phonetically annotating the Qur’an by syllable and primary stress information, as well as, fine-grained morphological tagging.
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Edwards, Malcolm Howell. "A generalised phrase structure grammar analysis of colloquial Egyptian Arabic." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247629.
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This thesis proposes and defends a let of analyses of various aspects of the phrase structure of colloquial Egyptian Arabic (EA) clause structure, using the Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG) framework of Gazdar, Klein, Pullum and Sag (1985). In the first chapter the constituency of simple clause types is examined and it is argued that EA is a "configurational" SVO language with a VP constituent. These two proposals form the basis for the analyses developed in subsequent chapters. The second chapter pursues the themes of the first, examining the syntax of so-called "nominal" (verbless) sentences, and offering a unified account of both verbal and nominal sentence types. Chapter 3 is concerned with clausal complementation, and shows that under certain assumptions motivated in earlier chapters, the GPSG framework allows for a concise account of a number of hitherto problematic constructions. Chapter 4 is devoted to the syntax of subjects, and in particular to a discussion of "pro-drop" in EA. The relationship between the possibility of missing subjects, word order, and inflection is investigated, and an analysis of cliticisation is proposed which has implications for other areas of the grammar especially relative clauses, which are the subject of Chapter 5.The final chapter is concerned exclusively with the synta~ of relative clauses. A grammar for relative clauses is formulated, in which resumptive pronouns are generated using the feature SLASH. Under the analysis of relative clauses proposed here, the syntax of both subject and object relatives falls out from the interaction of a number of independent facts about EA grammar, and requires no special statement. Throughout the work the aim is to highlight important issues in the syntax of EA, and to offer accounts of these aspects of the grammar which involve the smallest amount of syntactic machinery and achieve maximum generality.
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Faqeehi, Muhammad Ali. "Exploring the effects of combined strategies on English vocabulary learning among Saudi Arabian university freshmen." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1263924.
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Al-Qarni, Ibrahim R. "Rote repetition in Saudi Arabian foreign language vocabulary acquisition." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1263922.
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This study was designed to examine the impact of rote repetition strategies (RRSs) on the retention of newly learned vocabulary items on both immediate recall test (IRT) and delayed recall test (DRT) in the Saudi Arabian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context. The RRSs included in this study were the following:1. Silent repetition (SR): repeating the foreign word with its first language (Ll) translation silently2. Verbal repetition (VR): repeating the foreign word with its first language (L1) translation out loud3. Silent-written repetition (SWR): repeating the foreign word with its first language (Ll) translation silently while writing it down4. Verbal-written repetition (VWR): repeating the foreign word with its first language (L1) translation out loud while writing it downThe following hypotheses were investigated in this study:1. For Saudi EFL college learners rote repetition (RR) is an effective learning strategy in vocabulary learning for both short and long term retention.2. In terms of their impact on short-and-long-term retention, the four RR strategies investigated in this study are predicted to be ranked as follows: VWR > SWR > VR > SR.Four treatment groups with a total of one hundred and thirty three freshmen Saudi students majoring in English language and translation participated in this study. Each group was introduced to one of the above repetition strategies, trained to use the strategy, and instructed to carry out a vocabulary learning task using the specified strategy. The learning task was a memorization task of new English words with their Arabic equivalent translations. An iaanediate recall test (IRT) was administered right after the learning task was carried out followed by a one-week delayed recall test (DRT).The results obtained from participants' scores on both recall tests indicate that rote repetition strategies are effective strategies for Saudi EFL college students and help them in increasing their retention scores. The results also indicate that the SWR and VWR are more effective memorization strategies than VR and SR. The former strategies yielded better retention not only on the IRT but also on the DRT.College of ArchitectureDepartment of English
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El-Shiyab, Said. "The structure of argumentation in Arabic : editorials as a case study." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/884.
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This thesis attempts to investigate the structure of Arabic argumentative discourse in general and 'editorials' as an argumentative text-form in particular and the problems this discourse raises for translators. This investigation includes the identification of editorials' main constituents, the types of clause relations typical of this form of argumentation and their contribution to meaning continuity of such discourse, and certain textual phenomena, i.e repetition, parallelism, thematization, paragraphing, etc., and their unequivocal significance in translation. To this effect, random samples were taken from three different Arabic newspapers, i.e Al-Ahräm, Al-Ra'y, Al-Iqatan, to show how the structure of these texts gives rise to ambiguity when translated (literally) into English. To achieve these objectives, this study uses a semantic, structural, and pragma-semio-textual approach to analyze and then translate the texts chosen, as language in this study is considered to be a form of behaviour (Halliday 1973) that cannot be studied in isolation from its social, cultural, and contextual contexts in which it is used. Our textual analyses have shown some interesting results. First, editorials have their own generic structure, and such structure is presented in specific stages. Second, editorials as well as other argumentative texts are dominated by semantic causal relations; these relations tend to have a psychological impact on text-readers and should be accounted for in translation. Third, editorials favour the cohesive type of lexical repetition not only for cohesion purposes but also for persuasive functions as well. Fourth, editorials use many parallel constructions for conviction and persuasive functions. Fifth, editorials have semantic structures and stylistic features that cause problems for the English reader. These features require attention during the process of translation. All these issues tend to reflect the nature of editorials within argumentation and their unequivocal significance within the study of discourse.
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Turlik, Jan. "A longitudinal study of vocabulary in L2 academic English writing of Arabic first-language students: development and measurement." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486367.
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This corpus based study investigates the lexical development of forty-two 'English as a Second language' (ESL) university students, using 340 formal examination essays, written at regular intervals over a period of twenty-seven months. One of the main research questions is how vocabulary growth during this twenty-seven month period can be modelled. It was assumed, after Laufer (1994), thjilt the growth of basic words would . follow a curvilinear pattern and flatten out towards the end of the period, whereas the learning curve for advanced words would follow a linear pattern with constant growth, continuing perhaps even at higher proficiency levels. A further question was whether, and to what extent, trained and experienced English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers (and International English Language Testing System (IElTS) raters) would base their ratings of the essays on vocabulary richness. Earlier research (Malvern & Richards 2002) indicates that teacher judgements in oral interviews might not be influenced by the lexical diversity of the candidate's performance. The question is whether this might also apply.to written texts. The handwritten essays were all transcribed, verbatim, and prepared for processing within predetermined parameters. Measures of development included the use of advanced words (AWL), Malvern and Richards' lexical diversity D (LDV) (requiring the texts to be put into the CHAT format), P_Lex (PL), Guiraud (G), Guiraud Advanced (GA) and Limiting Relative Diversity (LRD). Several regression analyses show that almost all measures display a similar pattern of development and log-linear fitted lines did increase the explained variance slightly. Against the general pattern of vocabulary development, the study also examines individual differences and finds that these do not conform to the same pattern as the group, which leads to a high amount of unexplained variance in the regression analyses. Lexical development as shown by the measures was compared to raters' assessments of vocabulary. Holistic ratings were also given in an attempt to gauge deployment and use of the vocabulary, and some significant correlations were found between the ratings and some measures. This suggests that raters are influenced by other factors such as organisation and grammar and that rating is not based on lexical richness, which agrees with the findings on oral interviews, found in the literature. A high correlation between the lexical and holistic ratings suggests perhaps that raters do not judge vocabulary richness separately but give only holistic judgments.
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Alghamdi, Sally Abdullah. "Intentional and incidental learning of vocabulary among L1 Arabic learners of English using word cards and graded readers." Thesis, University of Reading, 2018. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/79709/.
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Intentional learning can result in higher retention rates than incidental learning (Elgort, 2011; Horst, Cobb, & Nicolae, 2005; Hulstijn, 2001; Laufer, 2005; Nation, 2013; Prince, 1996). The current study explored the proportion of target words learned by L1 Arabic learners of English intentionally by using word cards and compared it with the proportion of the same target words learned incidentally by participants using graded readers and a control group who received no vocabulary guidance. Word cards techniques have the intentional learning advantages and are more effective than other vocabulary-learning techniques because of their distinctive characteristics such as learning the form and meaning of many vocabulary items in a short time (Hung, 2015; Mondria, 2007; Mondria & Mondria-De Vries, 1994; Nakata, 2008; Nation, 2001; Waring, 2004). Conversely, graded readers, despite the limited number of vocabulary items that can be retained through their use, provide an effective way to learn vocabulary (Day, Omura, & Hiramatsu, 1991; Dupuy & Krashen, 1993; Horst, Cobb, & Meara, 1998; Mason & Krashen, 1997; Pitts, White, & Krashen, 1989). Very few studies have investigated the characteristics of vocabulary retention one to two weeks after the experimental phase, in order to measure longer-term retention or ‘long-term’ recall of vocabulary (Godwin- Jones, 2010; Pellicer-Sánchez & Schmitt 2010). The current study investigated the effect of spaced repetition techniques, on the retention of the forms and meanings of forty-five low frequency target words (i.e. 6000 onwards according to British National Corpus (BNC)) immediately after each learning session and after a two-week delay. To evaluate learners’ vocabulary knowledge, it is important to use different vocabulary measures to investigate the different dimensions and degrees of knowing a word (Daller, Milton, & Treffers-Daller, 2007; Hulstijn, 2010; Milton, 2009; Nation, 2013; Schmitt, 2010). Three tests administrated during the learning phase and a delayed post-test were used to measure vocabulary receptive knowledge by using a Lexical Decision Task (LDT), and productive vocabulary knowledge using a gap-fill test. The overall performance of the word card group was superior to the graded readers and control group in the three testing phases and in the post-test.
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Beebe, Caroline. "Bridging the semantic gap : exploring descriptive vocabulary for image structure /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3234479.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Library and Information Science, 2006.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-09, Section: A, page: 3205. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 30, 2008). Adviser: Elin K. Jacob.
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Shagmani, Abulgasem Muftah. "The structure of Libyan Arabic discourse as depicted in two Arabic interviews recorded by the Libyan Jiha'd Studies Centre in Tripoli." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1588/.
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This thesis attempts to investigate the structure of Libyan Arabic discourse in general and interviews as a text-genre text-form in particular. This investigation includes conjunctions and their influence on the cohesion of interviews and certain other textual phenomena, i.e. repetition, parallelism and their unequivocal significance in text cohesion. To this effect, random samples were taken from two Libyan Arabic interviews, i.e. sample text 1 and sample text 2 to who how the structure of these texts is made up. To achieve these objectives, this study uses a semantic, structural and pragma-semio-textual approach to analyse and then translate the texts chosen, as language in this study is considered to be a form of behaviour (Halliday 1973) that cannot be studied in isolation from its social, cultural and contextual contexts in which it is used. Our textual analysis has shown interesting results. First, interviews have their own generic structure and such structure is presented in specific stages. Second, interviews favour the cohesive type of lexical repetition not only for cohesion purposes but also for persuasive functions as well. Third, interviews use many parallel constructions for conviction and persuasive functions.
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Al-Kenai, J. B. S. "Some linguistic and cultural problems of English-Arabic translation and their implications for a strategy of Arabization." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233516.
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Al-Jayrudy, Lubna. "Ideological representations in English and Arabic news reports : a thematic structure analysis." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2459.
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The broad aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of Theme/Rheme analysis in identifying underlying ideologies in English and Arabic news reports. The study takes as its starting point the assumption that the different choices of Theme/Rheme, their organization at the local and global structures and the presentation of Given/New information can elucidate ideological factors that underlie news presentation in English and Arabic. This thesis designs a conceptual framework which combines structural, ideological and linguistic approaches to Discourse Analysis. It also develops an innovative methodological model to analyse Theme/Rheme in Arabic Verbal and Nominal clauses and enhances the linguistic tools to analyse the thematic structures in English and Arabic texts. The thesis applies the developed model, methods and tools to a selected corpus of English and Arabic news reports in order to identify ideological representations of Syria in mainstream online news media. The study seeks to analyse and compare the different choices of Theme/Rheme, nominalization and lexical variations in the thematic structures, on the one hand, and their implications and attribution of causality and responsibility, on the other hand. These issues are investigated in a corpus of English and Arabic news reports during times of political assassinations in Lebanon and the implication of Syrian involvement. Based on the recurrent preferences in the thematic structures of the selected corpus, the study concludes that developed model, methods and tools help identify underlying ideologies in the presentations of Syria in both English and Arabic news reports.
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Fatani, Amin Y. "The treatment of culture-specific vocabulary in dictionaries for translating from English to Arabic : a critical and empirical exploration." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284622.
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Atgié, Marina. "Composition and structure of gum Arabic in solution and at oil-water interfaces." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0024/document.
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La gomme arabique est un exsudat d’arbre qui est essentiellement utilisée pour ses propriétés stabilisantes et émulsifiantes. Ce produit naturel est un mélange complexe de protéines et de polysaccharides liés de façons covalentes, qui différent de part leur masse molaire et leur hydrophobicité. Malgré le grand nombre d’études existantes dans littérature sur la structure et les propriétés interfaciales de la gomme arabique, la compréhension de la relation entre la composition interfaciale, la structuration interfaciale et la métastabilité d’émulsions restent mal comprises à ce jour compliquée. La gomme arabique est classiquement décrite comme un mélange de trois fractions : une fraction riche en polysaccharide (arabinogalactan), une fraction composée de conjugués protéine-polysaccharides et enfin des glycoprotéines. Les propriétés émulsifiantes et stabilisantes de la gomme sont attribuées à la fraction de conjugués dont la partie protéinée s’adsorbe à la surface des gouttes d’huiles et les espèces carbonées apportent des répulsions stériques entre les gouttes. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié le comportement microscopique des espèces de la gomme en solution et aux interfaces huile/eau. La première étape a consisté à caractériser la structure des molécules de la gomme en solution. Une séparation bi-dimensionnelle de la gomme a été réalisée par exclusion stérique suivie d’une séparation par affinité hydrophobe, ce qui nous a permis de confirmer la nature très hétérogène de la gomme. Des expériences de diffusion des rayons-X et des neutrons aux petits angles sur la gomme arabique et ses fractions nous ont amené à proposer un modèle structural des espèces conjuguées. Nous avons ensuite étudié la composition de films de gomme arabique adsorbés en émulsion en la comparant avec celle de la gomme en solution. Une augmentation du taux de protéine dans le film interfacial a montré le rôle crucial des espèces polypeptidiques sur l’adsorption. Nous avons observé que la composition du film adsorbé diffère de la gomme en solution mais reste hétérogène en taille et en hydrophobicité. Un bilan massique a révélé une forte dépendance entre la formulation d’émulsion (concentration en gomme et paramètres physicochimiques) et la concentration surfacique alors que la composition de l’interface a très peu changé. Ces résultats suggèrent une modification de conformation des espèces adsorbées en fonction des conditions d’émulsification. Dans un troisième temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux mécanismes de stabilisation provenant de l’adsorption des espèces amphiphiles de la gomme arabique. Pour cela, nous avons développé une méthode permettant de récupérer les espèces adsorbées dans une émulsion huile dans eau. Cette méthode nous a permis de mettre à jour une structuration du film adsorbé. Les espèces récupérées de l’interface ont montré la présence d’une agrégation, dont l’intensité dépend directement du taux de couverture et du taux de protéine de l’interface. La métastabilité d’émulsions stabilisées par de la gomme arabique est ainsi favorisée par l’augmentation de la structuration interfaciale, i.e. quand le taux d’agrégation des espèces adsorbées augmente. Un tel comportement n’a pas encore été reporté dans la littérature et nous pensons qu’il s’agit d’un mécanisme clef dans le cadre d’émulsions stabilisées par la gomme arabique. Enfin, des expériences de diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles (avec un contraste identique entre les phases continue et dispersée) ont révélé des différences de structuration entre deux régimes de concentration surfacique. Ces observations ont été discutées au regard des spectres de diffusion de la gomme en solution. Pour conclure, cette thèse porte sur la relation entre composition et structuration dans des émulsions stabilisées par la gomme arabique et démontre notamment un mécanisme original de stabilisation qui joue un rôle important dans ce système complexeGum arabic, a tree exudate, is essentially used for its binding and emulsifying properties. This natural product is a complex mixture of covalently linked proteins and charged polysaccharides moieties, differing in their molecular mass and hydrophobicity. A large body of literature now exists on the structure and interfacial properties of gum Arabic but a comprehensive description of the relationship between interfacial composition, interfacial structuration and emulsion metastability remains elusive. In the literature, gum Arabic is described as a mixture of three fractions: an arabinogalactan rich polysaccharide fraction, a polysaccharide-protein conjugates fraction and a fraction of glycoproteins. The conjugate fraction is thought to be responsible for the emulsifying and stabilizing properties of the gum, with the protein part adsorbing at oil droplets surface and the carbohydrate moieties providing steric repulsion between droplets. In this work, we have investigated the microscopic behavior of the gum species in solution and at oil/water interfaces. The first step was to characterize the structure of gum Arabic species in solution. A twodimensional separation of the gum molecules was performed using size exclusion chromatography followed with by hydrophobic interaction separation, which confirmed the highly heterogeneous composition of the gum. Small angle X-ray and neutron scattering measurements on the gum and its fractions led us to propose a structural representation of the gum conjugated moieties. Then the composition of adsorbed gum Arabic films as compared to gum Arabic solutions has been investigated. An increase in the protein rate of the interfacial film showed the crucial role of the polypeptide moieties on the adsorption. The composition of the adsorbed film was shown to differ from the bulk but remained heterogeneous in size and hydrophobicity. A mass balance revealed a strong dependence between the emulsion formulation (gum concentration and physico-chemical parameters) and the surface concentration, while the composition of the interface was only slightly changed. These results suggest that gum Arabic adsorbing species must adopt conformational changes depending on emulsification conditions. In a third stage, we have addressed the stabilization mechanisms resulting from the adsorption of gum Arabic amphiphilic species. For that purpose, we have developed a method to recover the adsorbed species within an oil-in-water emulsion. This method allowed us to unveil a structuration of the adsorbed film. Species recovered from the interface displayed aggregation, the magnitude of which directly depended on the coverage density and protein rate of the adsorbed film. The metastability of emulsions, stabilized with gum Arabic, increased upon promoting interfacial structuration, i.e. when the aggregation rate of adsorbed species was enhanced. Such behavior has not been reported so far in the literature and we believe that it is a key mechanism of gum Arabic-based on emulsions. Finally, small angle neutron scattering experiments (contrast match between the continuous and dispersed phases) disclosed differences of structuration between two regimes of interface coverage. These observations were discussed in the light of the comparison with the scattering spectra of gum Arabic solutions. To conclude, this thesis revolves around the composition/structuration relationship in gum Arabic-stabilized emulsion stabilized and demonstrates that an original mechanism is at play in this complex system
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Moser, Janelle Nicole. "Bringing the lexical approach to TAFL: Evaluating the primary lexicon in Part One of the Al-Kitaab fii Ta'allum Al-'Arabiyya Arabic as a Foreign Language textbook series." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292701.
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This study proposes two models for exploring the lexical contents of Part One of the most popular Arabic as a Foreign Language textbook series, Al-Kitaab fii Ta'allum Al-`Arabiyya. Through the lens of a word families framework, this study hypothesizes on the contents and arrangement of the L2 Arabic mental lexicon after completing the textbook. Through counting lexemes, lemmas, and word family members, it is possible to gain insight into the quantity of vocabulary items present within the textbook outside of traditional measures like the triconsonantal root. Through a frequency-based framework, this study analyzes textbook vocabulary items in light of the 5,000 most frequent lemmas in the language from a corpus of 30 million tokens from A Frequency Dictionary of Arabic (Buckwalter and Parkinson: 2011). A comparison between textbook vocabulary and frequency data points to the relationship between the vocabulary studied by AFL learners and the most widely used forms in the language as a whole. While this study gives special consideration to frequency data up to the 3,000 word level, the sheer amount of lexical knowledge necessary for reading Arabic newspapers and novels necessitates integration of frequency-derived data at even the novice level. A lexical and frequency-based approach to AFL instruction and curriculum design may prove helpful in decreasing the decidedly large vocabulary burden (Nation: 1990, cited in Young: 2011) for learners of Arabic as a Foreign Language.
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Al-Hadlaq, Mohammed S. "Retention of words learned incidentally by Saudi EFL learners through working on vocabulary learning tasks constructed to activate varying depths of processing." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1263891.
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This study investigated the effectiveness of four vocabulary learning tasks on 104 Saudi EFL learners' retention of ten previously unencountered lexical items. These four tasks were: 1) writing original sentences (WS), 2) writing an original text (i.e. composition) (WT), 3) filling-in-the-blank of single sentences (FS), and 4) filling-in-the-lank of a text (FT). Different results were obtained depending on whether the amount of time required by these tasks was considered in the analysis or not. When time was not considered in the analysis, the WT group outperformed the other groups while the FS group obtained the lowest score. No significant differences were found between WS and FT. The picture, however, changed dramatically when time was considered in the analysis. The analysis of ratio of score to time taken revealed no significant differences between the four groups except between FT and FS, and it was in favor of FT. The differences in vocabulary gains between the four groups were ascribed to the level (or depth) of processing these tasks required the subjects to do and to the richness of the context available in two of the four exercises, namely WT and FT. The researcher concluded that composition writing was the most helpful task for vocabulary retention and also for general language learning, followed by FT. Sentence fill-in was considered the least useful activity in this regard.Department of English
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Abdoh, Eman Mohammed Abdulrahman. "A study of the phonological structure and representation of first words in Arabic." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10221.
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This research studies the phonological structure and representation of first words in Hijazi Arabic. It investigates the representational nature of early words and the developmental stages of their syllable and word internal structure within the framework of the Prosodic Theory (McCarthy & Prince 1986, 1990). The issues raised relate to the relation between child and adult phonology, and whether the subjects follow a universal path or influenced by their language-specific phonology (Ferguson & Farewell, 1975; Vihman, 1991; Fikkert, 1994; Demuth, 1995; Ota, 2003; Lleo, 2006). The discussion has been accompanied by considering child-adult differences and cross-linguistic comparisons between child Arabic and child Germanic languages (English, Dutch), child Romance languages (French, Spanish, and Catalan), and child Japanese. Cross-sectional spontaneous data were collected from twenty two monolingual children (aged from 1;0 to1;9) living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia by recording their speech using the object-naming technique in near natural settings and analyzed using a qualitative approach. The results show that the subjects’ segmental inventories are very limited at the onset of speech, which determines the shape of their early words. The subjects often employ phonological processes (e.g. reduplication, consonant harmony, substitution, truncation) when their templates cannot accommodate all the segmental material of the target words. The data provide evidence that the phonological structure of their early words has the same organizational units of adult phonology and governed by its prosodic principles. The subjects go through similar stages of prosodic word development to those reported in the literature: a minimal word stage (1;0-1;6), where their outputs display bimoraic and disyllabic forms, followed by a maximal stage (between 1;7-1;9), where more complex structures are produced. Despite the universality of many aspects of word acquisition in child Arabic, the study emphasizes the importance of investigating the impact of the ambient language and the role of language specific phonologies.
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Alqahtani, Mufleh Salem M. "Syllable structure and related processes in optimality theory : an examination of Najdi Arabic." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2757.
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This study is an investigation of syllable structure and related processes in one variety of Saudi Arabic. This is the variety spoken by inhabitants of Riyadh and villages near this city in Najd province, henceforth referred to as Najdi Arabic (NA). Although this dialect has been analysed by scholars including Johnstone (1963, 1967), Lehn (1967), Ingham (1971, 1982, 1994), Abboud (1979), Al-Sweel (1987, 1990), Prochazka (1988), Kurpershoek (1999), Alezets (2007), Alessa (2008), and Alghmaiz (2013), syllable structure and related processes in this dialect have not been accounted for within Optimality Theory (OT). Therefore, the main goal of this thesis is to show how OT, as an analytical framework, is utilized to produce a better understanding syllable structure and related processes such as CV metathesis, epenthesis, vowel shortening, and syncope in NA. Accordingly, the fundamental aims of this thesis are to examine phonological processes that have an impact on the syllable structure in this dialect and to show the insights about NA syllable structures and related processes that can be gained through OT analyses. The research draws on previous work on NA as well as other Arabic varieties more generally. Thus, the theoretical literature on syllables, syllable structures and syllable typologies are taken into consideration in the analysis of NA data. The data for this study are drawn from articles, essays, theses, and journals. These sets of data underwent my own judgment as an NA native speaker. In addition, 15 native speakers of NA were interviewed and consulted on the NA set of data in this thesis. There are four findings in this study. The first deals with the comprehensive analysis of syllable structure in NA, focusing on the types of onsets and codas as well as the weight of syllables in this dialect. The second extends to the comprehensive analysis that deals with the main phonological processes in NA, focusing on CV-metathesis, epenthesis, vowel shortening, and syncope. The third sheds light on the unified set of OT constraints that has been established to explain NA syllable structure and related processes within OT. Finally, the capability of OT to account for cross-linguistic variation is demonstrated by showing how language-specific constraint rankings based on one set of constraints accounts for CV metathesis, vowel epenthesis, and syncope in Najdi and Urban Hijazi Arabic (UHA).
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Gashua, Ibrahim Babale. "An investigation of the molecular structure, composition and biophysical properties of gum Arabic." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/608784.
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Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal are important agroforestry cash crops indigenous to several countries of sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. The gum exudate produced by these species is termed gum Arabic which is an approved food additive (E414), primarily used as an emulsifier. In the current study, the molecular structure, composition and biophysical properties of gum samples harvested from mature trees of Acacia senegal at two specific ecolocations in Nigeria (NG1 and NG2), have been investigated together with two previously characterised gum samples harvested from A. senegal and A. seyal originating from Sudan. The monosaccharide sugar composition analyses have shown that the A. seyal gum had a lower rhamnose and glucuronic acid content than the A. senegal gum, but had higher arabinose content. No significant difference was observed between the sugar composition of the A. senegal gums from Sudan and Nigeria. The total protein content of the Nigerian gum samples were significantly higher than recorded for the Sudanese samples. The principal amino acids present in all the gum samples are hydroxyproline, serine, aspartame, threonine and proline which is in agreement with literature values. The hydrodynamic size of the molecules present in the gums was studied using dynamic light scattering and it was found that molecular association occurred in solution over time which was inhibited in the presence of an electrolyte. The comparison of droplet size distribution for emulsions prepared with A. senegal (NG1) and A. seyal gum samples showed that A. senegal sample was a better emulsifier than the A. seyal. Multilayer adsorption of the samples onto polystyrene latex particles was observed, which resulted in an increase in thickness of the adsorbed layer as a consequence of the interaction between the protein and carbohydrate within the molecules adsorbed on the emulsion surface. Preliminary analyses of the gums using transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of varied macromolecules, ranging in size from ~12 - ~60 nm. Immuno-gold negative staining (using JIM8 monoclonal antibody) indicated clear labelling of arabinogalactan-proteins present in the gums harvested from A. senegal, the labelling of the A. seyal sample was inconclusive. In summary, the data presented represents the first detailed comparison of the structure, composition and physicochemical characteristics of Nigerian Acacia gum exudates versus Sudanese samples (main global supplier) which have shown that gum obtained from Nigerian sources is a viable alternative to ensure future supply of this valuable natural resource.
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EL-NABIH, HASSAN AHMED. "The Acquisition of the English Causative-Inchoative Alternation by Arabic Native Speakers." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:101759.
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Thesis advisor: Patrick ProctorThis study is an investigation of Arabic native speakers' (ANSs) acquisition of the English causative-inchoative alternation (e.g. Tom broke the vase vs. The vase broke). Emphasis is placed on the relationship between English proficiency, language transfer, and Universal Grammar mechanisms in ANSs' interlanguage representations. Four central research questions guide the study: (1) Does the English causative-inchoative alternation pose a learnability problem for ANSs? (2) Do ANSs distinguish between unaccusative and unergative verbs in English? (3) Are there L1 transfer effects on ANSs' acquisition of the English causative-inchoative alternation? (4) Are there differences across English proficiency levels with respect to the answers to questions 1-3? To address these questions, an acceptability judgment and correction task was administered to a total of 119 ANSs (from the Gaza Strip, Palestine) of different English proficiency levels. Additionally, 23 American native speakers of English served as controls. The results obtained from data analyses indicated that the English causative-inchoative alternation posed a learnability problem for the Arab participants. They exhibited four major non-target behaviors: overpassivization (both ungrammatical and unnatural), overcausativization, underpassivization, and undercausativization. It is argued that these errors can largely be attributed to L1 transfer, since Arabic is significantly different from English in terms of how to encode the causative-inchoative alternation. The results also revealed sensitivity to the unaccusative-unergative distinction in English, which supports the hypothesis that ANSs have access to the innate mechanisms of Universal Grammar. Moreover, while interlanguage development towards target-like behavior was observed across proficiency groups, certain test conditions revealed a strong influence of L1 transfer on even the high proficiency participants. The findings from the study are inconsistent with the modular view of L1 transfer (Montrul, 2000), but they lend support to the hypothesis that L1 transfer operates not only on morphology, but on lexical argument structure as well (Whong-Barr, 2005). The study is an attempt to fill a gap in the literature, since no research has specifically investigated the acquisition of the English causative-inchoative alternation by ANSs
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Curriculum and Instruction
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Obiedat, Nawaf. "The presentation of thematic structure in the translation of English and Arabic political discourse." Thesis, Durham University, 1994. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1437/.
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Alrashed, Abdulmajeed S. "Descriptive Analysis of Qassimi Arabic| Phonemic Vowels, Syllable Structure and Epenthetic Vowels, and Affrication." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10752080.
Full textAbstract:
The present study seeks to provide a descriptive analysis of three phonological topics in Qassimi Arabic (QA)—a local variety of Najdi Arabic spoken mainly in Qassim, Saudi Arabia—based on data collected from a total of twenty-two native QA speakers. The topics are phonemic vowels, syllable structure and epenthetic vowels, and affrication. The participant recruitment was the same for all the three topics, but each topic was investigated using its own materials and methods.
Regarding the phonemic vowels in QA, the study based the results on 157 words collected from three native Qassimi speakers. Previous studies have claimed that QA has eight phonemic vowels—three short and five long. However, the findings argue that QA has nine phonemic vowels—four short vowels and five long ones. The four-short vowel system is an empirical claim since previous studies indicated that /a/ is a conditioned allophone, which is challenged in the present study by providing clear minimal pairs, such as /daf/ ‘warm up’ and /daf/ ‘he pushed’. It also indicates that short vowels have narrow vowel space compared to their long counterparts.
As for the syllable structure and epenthetic vowels, the study based its results on the analysis of 419 words targeting the syllable structure, and 72 words targeting epenthetic vowels. The results reveal that QA has 12 syllable structures, which are CV, CVV, CCV, CCVV, CVC, CVVC, CCVC, CCVVC, CVCC, VC, and VCC. The latter two structures are empirical findings to the study since the previous body of research claim that QA has the first ten structures. Regarding the location epenthetic vowels, the results suggest that they can occur, in a sequence of multiple consonants, after the first consonant, after the second consonant, and after the third consonant. These different locations are conditioned by the surrounding environment and/or the syllable structure. In addition, the quality of epenthetic vowels seems to be inconsistent, in coda group, since the participants inserted either [i], [a], [ϵ], or [i], while it is consistent in across-stem group.
In discussing the affrication, the present study investigates the environment that triggers the affrication process in the Qassimi Arabic (QA), and explores whether the syllabic structure or position in the word play a role in the process. It also investigates the phonological domain of the affrication, and the activeness of the affrication process. Based on the 282 words that have the sounds /ts, dz, k, g/, the study has identified important counter evidence to the claim that the affrication process is triggered by front vowels. This study shows that the alveolar affricates /ts/ and /dz/ occur in the environment of almost all vowels since it is occurred before/after [i, e, a, “special character omitted”, o] as well as providing multiple contrastive environments including several minimal pairs, (e.g. [j
I
mkI
n] ‘maybe’ [jI
mtsI
n] ‘overtake’). It also provides counter evidence for the claim that geminate consonants block the affrication. This study also demonstrates that the syllabic structure is irrelevant to the affrication process since it occurs in onset and coda position in monosyllabic and multisyllabic words. Finally, the study reveals that the affrication process cannot be triggered by affixation, even if the claimed environment is met, which might indicate that to domain of the affrication is the stem in which all the affricated words are monomorphemic words.In sum, the present study suggests that Najdi varieties should be studied individually since they tend to have specific features that might not be shared with other varieties. That is, just because a feature may be found to exist in one type of Najdi Arabic, it cannot be assumed that feature is also attested in all other closely related varieties.
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Schluter, Kevin Thomas. "Hearing Words Without Structure: Subliminal Speech Priming and the Organization of the Moroccan Arabic Lexicon." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301752.
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This dissertation investigates the mental representation of the root in the Moroccan dialect of spoken Arabic. While morphemes like roots have traditionally been defined as the smallest unit of sound-meaning correspondence, this definition has been long known to be problematic (Hockett, 1954). Other theories suggest that roots may be abstract units devoid of phonological or semantic content (Pfau, 2009; Harley, 2012) or that words are the basic unit of the mental lexicon (Aronoff, 1994, 2007; Blevins, 2006). The root of Moroccan words is examined with auditory priming experiments, using auditory lexical decision tasks, including the subliminal speech priming technique (Kouider and Dupoux, 2005). Chapter 2 shows that the subliminal speech priming technique should be modified with primes compressed uniformly to 240ms for Moroccan Arabic (the compression rate varies to achieve the uniform 240ms prime duration).Chapters 3 and 4 apply supraliminal and subliminal speech priming technique to Moroccan Arabic. The priming effect of words that share a root are found to be robust and distinct from words which simply share semantic or phonological content. Furthermore, roots which are instantiated as novel coinages produce priming effects, which further suggests that the root is a structural unit. Each related word in a morphological family, however, does not prime all of its relatives, contradicting the idea of a root as a structural unit. These subliminal effects also differ from supraliminal effects, where overlap in phonological form between the prime and target results in facilitation when identifying the target. The results of these experiments suggest that the word is the basic unit of speech perception, rather than the root. The root is is not an mental unit but a property of words or relationship among a morphological family. Competition from phonological neighbors is a late effect, since shared phonology facilitates only with the supraliminal technique but not the subliminal technique. Finally, realizational theories of morphology are supported, since take the word as the basic unit of the lexicon. While the root may not have phonological content per se, root phonology is important for deriving morphological families. Chapter 4 uses weak roots (which do not consistently show three root consonants in each derived form) to show that semi-vowels are encoded as root consonants.
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Al-Ageli, Hussein M. "Syllabic and metrical structure in Tripolitanian Arabic : a comparative study in standard and optimality theory." Thesis, University of Essex, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294669.
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Mohammed, Ali Aousouk. "Agreement in relative clauses and the theory of phrase structure : a study of Standard Arabic." Thesis, Bangor University, 2004. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/agreement-in-relative-clauses-and-the-theory-of-phrase-structure--a-study-of-standard-arabic(427cf53f-65f8-46f3-8466-2ee54c6b0fb3).html.
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This dissertation is primarily concerned with the structure of relative clauses in Standard Arabic (SA) within the framework of phrase structure proposed in Kayne (1994). According to Kayne, relative clauses are assigned the structure [D CP] where D is base-generated externally and takes CP as complement. This study emphasises that D in SA originates within the relative clause and moves with its NP complement to SpecCP. The moved DP enters into Spec-head agreement with the complementizer since both the head and Spec carry the same [c]-features, in addition to [+defj and, sometimes, [+Case]. The subject trace in main clauses, which I assume to be a null resumptive pronoun, is properly governed by the complementizer which agrees both with the antecedent and the verb. Object extraction, in some cases, requires an overt resumptive pronoun. In such cases, we adopt the analysis that treats resumptive pronouns as spell-out traces. We have proposed that in cases where a resumptive pronoun appears, the "head" moves to SpecCP but its [c]-features remain in the extraction site. When a gap appears, the "head" and its features move together to SpecCP. Subject relativization from ? an-embedded clauses is different from subject relativization from ? anna-embedded clauses. The former takes place from the postverbal position to avoid the Empty Category Principle (ECP). We adopt the Split-CP hypothesis (Rizzi 1997) and assume that subject extraction in ? annaembedded clauses takes place from SpecTop. The extraction site is obligatorily filled with a resumptive pronoun. The object, too, can be extracted from SpecTop or from its base-position. In both cases, an obligatory resumptive pronoun occupies the extraction site. We have shown that the intermediate CP is not a proper landing site for the extracted subject or object. The reason is that the head of the intermediate CP does not bear the features of the antecedent and therefore movement to the Spec of the intermediate CP is not legitimate. We have proposed that free relatives also involve movement to SpecCP. This proposal is based on the fact that 11adhii can be overt only if DP occupies its Spec position. We therefore have proposed that features of a null DP must occupy the Spec position in this type of relatives. Thus Spec-head agreement in these relatives is also realised. Reduced (participial) relatives are analysed as full relatives and therefore are assigned the same structure apart from the fact that they contain a functional head which I call partA° (Participle Affix). We have proposed that the morpheme preceding the participle is a reduced form of the complementizer lladhii. This assumption is supported by the fact that it can only be preceded by a DP whether overt or null. Here again we have Spec-head agreement as in full relative clauses.
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Al-Qahtani, Nayilah Mesfer. "The role of morphological structure during word reading in Arabic-English bilinguals : effects of bilingual profile." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7890/.
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When bilinguals process words in one of their languages, the words in their other language are also activated. This activation can be due to shared conceptual representations or to direct cross- linguistic links between the words at the lexical level. The nature of the activation is affected by the bilingual profile of the speaker, with more proficient L2 speakers activating conceptual representations directly while less proficient speakers arc more dependent on lexical level links. The aim of my research is to investigate the role of bilingual profile in the lexical organization of Arabic-English bilinguals. Bilingual profile refers to relative status of the two languages, which can depend on a number of factors for example, language dominance, age of acquisition and proficiency. In this thesis I test the lexical processing of Arabic-English bilinguals in masked and visible priming of lexical decision to written words. Arabic and English have different scripts and also differ in their morphological structure making them ideal languages for testing lexical level cross-linguistic activation. I examine the effect bilingual profile on the effect of morphological and semantically related Arabic primes and targets and the effect of Arabic morphological and translation primes on the processing of English targets.