Academic literature on the topic 'Arable crop'
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Journal articles on the topic "Arable crop"
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Eyre, M. D., and C. Leifert. "Crop and field boundary influences on the activity of a wide range of beneficial invertebrate groups on a split conventional/organic farm in northern England." Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000398.
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AbstractActivity of 12 beneficial invertebrate groups was assessed in 2005 and 2006 on a farm in northern England split into conventional and organic management halves, using pitfall and pan traps set in both crops and field boundaries. Management, crop and boundary structure influences on invertebrate activity were assessed, as was the relationship between crop and boundary type. Classification of crop and boundary assemblages produced three and two groups, respectively, in both years. Organic arable crops had well-defined assemblages in both years; and, while grass and grass/clover fields were separated from conventional arable fields in 2005, there was mixing in 2006. One boundary group, in both years, was dominated by conventional arable fields with tall herbaceous boundary vegetation. The other group had more organic arable and grassy fields with shorter boundary vegetation. Redundancy analyses showed that a number of groups (Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Proctotrupoidea, Lycosidae) were more active in organic arable fields with more Staphylinidae in conventional arable crops and no obvious trend with Carabidae, Hemiptera, Neuroptera and Linyphiidae. Activity of some groups, especially Coccinellidae, Syrphidae and parasitic wasps, was strongly related to weed cover. Staphylinidae were most active in tall herbaceous boundaries by conventional arable crops with more of a number of groups (Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, parasitic wasps) in short herbaceous boundaries by organic arable crops. Organic management produced most differences in aerially-dispersed invertebrates, and management had a profound effect on activity in field boundaries. Possible management prescriptions to increase invertebrate activity include changing sowing times, weed cover manipulation and field boundary and margin management.
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Ahmed, Olowoyo Olamide, and Deji Olanike Fasilat. "Gender Differentials on the Challenges of Land Acquisition Among Arable Crop Farmers in Southwest Nigeria." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 8, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024920914783.
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The study took place in Southwest Nigeria and assessed the gender differentials on the challenges of land acquisition among male and female arable crop farmers. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 168 male arable crop farmers and 168 female arable crop farmers to make a total of 336 respondents. Analysis of the quantitative data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics, while content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. The results show that male and female arable crop farmers faced the challenges of high population of land users, inadequate credit facilities to acquire land, family dispute on land, poor soil fertility and high costs of rent in acquiring land, while female arable crop farmers faced the challenge of spouse restriction in acquiring land. There was a significant difference between male and female arable crop farmers’ challenges of land acquisition. It was concluded that male, as well as female, arable crop farmers in the study area face one challenge or the other in acquiring land for arable crop production, but female arable crop farmers face more challenges compared to their male counterparts. Gender-responsive policy formulation and implementation was recommended to ease access to land for male and female arable crop farmers.
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Aravind, Krishnaswamy R., Purushothaman Raja, and Manuel Pérez-Ruiz. "Task-based agricultural mobile robots in arable farming: A review." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 15, no. 1 (April 20, 2017): e02R01. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2017151-9573.
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In agriculture (in the context of this paper, the terms “agriculture” and “farming” refer to only the farming of crops and exclude the farming of animals), smart farming and automated agricultural technology have emerged as promising methodologies for increasing the crop productivity without sacrificing produce quality. The emergence of various robotics technologies has facilitated the application of these techniques in agricultural processes. However, incorporating this technology in farms has proven to be challenging because of the large variations in shape, size, rate and type of growth, type of produce, and environmental requirements for different types of crops. Agricultural processes are chains of systematic, repetitive, and time-dependent tasks. However, some agricultural processes differ based on the type of farming, namely permanent crop farming and arable farming. Permanent crop farming includes permanent crops or woody plants such as orchards and vineyards whereas arable farmingincludestemporary crops such as wheat and rice. Major operations in open arable farming include tilling, soil analysis, seeding, transplanting, crop scouting, pest control, weed removal and harvesting and robots can assist in performing all of these tasks. Each specific operation requires axillary devices and sensors with specific functions. This article reviews the latest advances in the application of mobile robots in these agricultural operations for open arable farming and provide an overview of the systems and techniques that are used. This article also discusses various challenges for future improvements in using reliable mobile robots for arable farming.
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Šroller, J., J. Pulkrábek, D. Novák, and O. Faměra. "The effect of perennial forage crop on grain yields in submontane regions." Plant, Soil and Environment 48, No. 4 (December 11, 2011): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4214-pse.
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The structure of crop production (areas under crops, crop yields, fertilization) in 15 agricultural farms in potato-production and mountain regions of the Czech Republic was analyzed to evaluate the relations between NPK fertilization level, percentage of perennial forage crops on arable land and grain yields as the basic indicator of crop production output. A multifactor analysis based on simple regression equations indicated direct relations between the two above-mentioned factors and yield. Correlation and regression analyses demonstrated a close correlation between grain yields and percentage of perennial forage crops on arable land especially when lower nutrient rates in fertilizers were used (below 100 kg NPK.ha arable land). This relation was expressed for the whole set of initial data by the equation: Grain yield t.ha<sup>–1</sup> = log<sup>2</sup> (NPK rate in kg.ha<sup>–1</sup> arable land + X% of perennial forage crops). The coefficient of perennial forage crop effect (X) in the range of 0–1.47 can be explained by soil enrichment with nitrogen, mobilization of other nutrients, improvement of soil structure and reduction in the weed infestation of soil. The effect of perennial forage crops on grain yield increase was quantified (estimated) from the whole set of data using the above equation at X = 0 by the value +0.42 t.ha<sup>–1</sup>. The yield increase per 1 kg NPK.ha<sup>–1 </sup>of arable land amounts to 0.0501 t.ha<sup>–1</sup>, i.e. every 1% of forage crops on arable land increases the grain yield by 0.023 t.ha<sup>–1</sup> within the set. The relation between actual and theoretical yield of the whole set is demonstrated by correlation coefficient (r = 0.9332) if the effect of perennial forage crops is estimated by coefficient X = 0.95, if the effect is estimated by coefficient X = 1.47, the correlation coefficient is even higher (r = 0.9977).
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Alabdulkader, A. M., A. I. Al-Amoud, and F. S. Awad. " Optimization of the cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia using a mathematical programming sector model." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 58, No. 2 (March 5, 2012): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8/2011-agricecon.
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A mathematical sector model has been formulated to optimize the cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia aiming at maximizing the net annual return of the agricultural sector in Saudi Arabia and ensuring the efficient allocation of the scarce water resources and arable land among the competing crops. The results showed the potential for Saudi Arabia to optimize its cropping pattern and to generate an estimated net return equivalent to about 2.42 billion US$ per year. The optimized cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia has been coupled with about 53% saving in the water use and about 48% reduction in the arable land use compared to the base-year cropping pattern. Comparable weights was given to different crop groups by allocating about 48.4%, 35.4%, 13.1%, and 3.2% to grow cereals, fruits, forages, and vegetables, respectively. These findings were in line with the national strategy to rationalize the cultivation of water-intensive crops in favour of highly water-efficient crops.
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Gobin, A. "Impact of heat and drought stress on arable crop production in Belgium." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 6 (June 18, 2012): 1911–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1911-2012.
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Abstract. Modelling approaches are needed to accelerate understanding of adverse weather impacts on crop performances and yields. The aim was to elicit biometeorological conditions that affect Belgian arable crop yield, commensurate with the scale of climatic impacts. The regional crop model REGCROP (Gobin, 2010) enabled to examine changing weather patterns in relation to the crop season and crop sensitive stages of six arable crops: winter wheat, winter barley, winter rapeseed, potato, sugar beet and maize. The sum of vapour pressure deficit during the growing season is the single best predictor of arable yields, with R2 ranging from 0.55 for sugar beet to 0.76 for wheat. Drought and heat stress, in particular during the sensitive crop stages, occur at different times in the crop season and significantly differ between two climatic periods, 1947–1987 and 1988–2008. Though average yields have risen steadily between 1947 and 2008, there is no evidence that relative tolerance to stress has improved.
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Jaggard, Keith W., Aiming Qi, and Eric S. Ober. "Possible changes to arable crop yields by 2050." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1554 (September 27, 2010): 2835–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0153.
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By 2050, the world population is likely to be 9.1 billion, the CO 2 concentration 550 ppm, the ozone concentration 60 ppb and the climate warmer by ca 2°C. In these conditions, what contribution can increased crop yield make to feeding the world? CO 2 enrichment is likely to increase yields of most crops by approximately 13 per cent but leave yields of C4 crops unchanged. It will tend to reduce water consumption by all crops, but this effect will be approximately cancelled out by the effect of the increased temperature on evaporation rates. In many places increased temperature will provide opportunities to manipulate agronomy to improve crop performance. Ozone concentration increases will decrease yields by 5 per cent or more. Plant breeders will probably be able to increase yields considerably in the CO 2 -enriched environment of the future, and most weeds and airborne pests and diseases should remain controllable, so long as policy changes do not remove too many types of crop-protection chemicals. However, soil-borne pathogens are likely to be an increasing problem when warmer weather will increase their multiplication rates; control is likely to need a transgenic approach to breeding for resistance. There is a large gap between achievable yields and those delivered by farmers, even in the most efficient agricultural systems. A gap is inevitable, but there are large differences between farmers, even between those who have used the same resources. If this gap is closed and accompanied by improvements in potential yields then there is a good prospect that crop production will increase by approximately 50 per cent or more by 2050 without extra land. However, the demands for land to produce bio-energy have not been factored into these calculations.
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Pickett, J. A. "Pest semiochemicals in arable crop protection." Pesticide Science 54, no. 3 (November 1998): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(1998110)54:3<290::aid-ps803>3.0.co;2-d.
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Polovyi, V. M., and Т. М. Kolesnyk. "Control the transformation of organic matter in the soils of Western Polesie." Interdepartmental thematic scientific collection "Agriculture" 2, no. 95 (December 22, 2018): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/zem.95.55-62.
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The peculiarities of agricultural production organization in Ukraine, which are found of the land fund and agricultural lands non-balanced structure is halping to soil erosion losses an increasing by 2,3 times and soil dehumidification at the level of 0,203 t / ha. Transformation of Ukrainian crop areas structure for the period 1990-2016 was helped to an increasing of the arable land erosion hazard coefficient from 0,44 to 0,56, which provokes loss of soil organic matter by 27,3%. The transformation of Ukrainian crop areas structure by decreasing the share of cutting-edge crops has reduced the soil organic matter ballance deficit in arable soils by 72 % (+ 0,28 t / ha), the effect of which decreased by 2,14 times due to a decreasing of arable land with organic fertilization. The unbalanced supply of nutrient-fertilizing elements to the arable land of Ukraine, the limiting factor of which is the narrow C: N ratio, which is lower than the optimal by 2,48 times, is an additional important factor of accelerating arable soils dehumidification.
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Azizov, Zakiulla Mtyullovich, Vladimir Viktorovich Arkhipov, and Ildar Garifullovich Imashev. "Efficiency of grain production in crop rotations of the dry steppe of the Lower Volga region." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i2pp4-8.
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The analysis of the influence of species and the fullness of crop rotations on the productivity and efficiency of grain crops is given. It was revealed that the highest grain yield is observed in a 4-field grain-fallow crop rotation. The absence of a field of late spring crops (millet) in 2- and 3-field crop rotations reduces grain yield in comparison with 4- and 7-field crops, both on average over 28 years (1991-2018), and in wet and middle years. The bioenergy coefficient, judging by the costs and grain yield, was highest in a 2-field grain-fallow crop rotation (4.94), then in a 4-field rotation (4.60), then in decreasing order: 7-field (3.86) and 3- field (3.73). In calculating the costs of labor, fuel and energy per 1 ton of grain from arable land, the lowest indicators were obtained in 2-field and 4-field crop rotations. It has been established that in terms of production costs per hectare of arable land, the cost of production of 1 ton of grain, conditionally net income per hectare of arable land, the level of profitability, the leading place is occupied by a 2-field grain-fallow crop rotation. For example, the lowest production costs were noted in a 2-field grain-fallow crop rotation (7782.00 rubles), the highest - in a 7-field (13835.56 rubles). Hence, the lowest production cost of 1 ton of grain was obtained in a 2-field crop rotation, amounting to 5598.56 rubles, followed by a 4-field crop rotation with millet - 7392.66 rubles. And according to the level of profitability, as mentioned above, grain-fallow crop rotations are arranged in decreasing order with the advantage of a 2-field crop rotation in the following order: two-, four-, three- and seven-field - respectively 116.1; 53.2; 48.2 and 37.0 %.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Arable crop"
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Madeira, Nogueira Filipe. "Movement of predators in arable crop systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285265.
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L`abundància i dispersió d`O. majusculus no va ser diferent entre parcel-les de panís amb moderadament alta o baixa densitat de males herbes. Els caràbids, C. fuscipes, P. rufipes, P. cupreus i Metallina sp. i l`antocòrid O. majusculus presenten moviment bidireccional entre cultius adjacents de alfals i panís durant l'estació. En contrast, C. septempunctata només es va moure des de l`alfals cap al panís. Els individus d'O. majusculus i C. septempunctata que van colonitzar el panís a l'estadi vegetatiu provenien de l`alfals, indicant que l`alfals va ser la font d'aquests depredadors. No obstant, en el període reproductiu, el panís va actuar com una font de C. fuscipes, P. rufipes, P. cupreus, Metallina sp. i O. majusculus cap a l`alfals, principalment després de dall. El moviment de caràbids, estafilínids i aranyes va ser més intens des dels cereals d'hivern cap als hàbitats semi naturals que des dels prats cap als hàbitats semi naturals, indicant que l'hàbitat adjacent modela el moviment dels depredadors cap als hàbitats semi naturals.La abundancia y dispersión de O. majusculus no fué diferente entre parcelas de maíz con moderada alta o baja densidad de las malas hierbas. Los carábidos, C. fuscipes, P. rufipes, P. cupreus y Metallina sp. y el anthocorido O. majusculus presentan movimiento bidireccional entre cultivos adyacentes de alfalfa y maíz durante la estación. En contraste, C. septempunctata sólo se movió desde la alfalfa hacia al maíz. Los individuos de O. majusculus y C. septempunctata que colonizaron el maíz en el estadio vegetativo provinieron de la alfalfa, indicando que la alfalfa actúo como fuente de estos depredadores. Sin embargo, en el período reproductivo, el maíz actuó como una fuente de C. fuscipes, P. rufipes, P. cupreus, Metallina sp. y O. majusculus hacia la alfalfa, principalmente después de corte. El movimiento de carábidos, estafilínidos y arañas fué más intenso desde los cereales de invierno hacia los hábitats seminaturales que desde los prados hacia a los hábitats semi-naturales, indicando que el hábitat adyacente moldea el movimiento de los depredadores hacia los hábitats seminaturales adyacentes.
The abundance and dispersal activity of O. majusculus were not different in maize plots with moderately high or low weed density. The carabids C. fuscipes, P. rufipes, P. cupreus and Metallina sp. and the anthocorid O. majusculus presented bidirectional movements between adjacent alfalfa and maize crops during the season. In contrast, C. septempunctata only moved from alfalfa to maize. The plant-dwelling O. majusculus and C. septempunctata that colonized maize at early vegetative stages came from alfalfa, indicating that alfalfa acted as a source of predators towards maize. However, in the reproductive growth stage period, maize acted as a source for C. fuscipes, P. rufipes, P. cupreus, Metallina sp. and O. majusculus moving to alfalfa, mainly after cuttings. After an alfalfa cutting, margins also acted as a refuge for carabids. Spillover of carabids, rove beetles and spiders was stronger from winter cereals to semi-natural habitats than from meadows to semi-natural habitats, indicating that neighbourhood identity shapes spillover effects to adjacent semi-natural habitats.
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Nogueira, Madeira Filipe José. "Movement of predators in arable crop systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285265.
Full textAbstract:
L`abundància i dispersió d`O. majusculus no va ser diferent entre parcel-les de panís amb moderadament alta o baixa densitat de males herbes. Els caràbids, C. fuscipes, P. rufipes, P. cupreus i Metallina sp. i l`antocòrid O. majusculus presenten moviment bidireccional entre cultius adjacents de alfals i panís durant l'estació. En contrast, C. septempunctata només es va moure des de l`alfals cap al panís. Els individus d'O. majusculus i C. septempunctata que van colonitzar el panís a l'estadi vegetatiu provenien de l`alfals, indicant que l`alfals va ser la font d'aquests depredadors. No obstant, en el període reproductiu, el panís va actuar com una font de C. fuscipes, P. rufipes, P. cupreus, Metallina sp. i O. majusculus cap a l`alfals, principalment després de dall. El moviment de caràbids, estafilínids i aranyes va ser més intens des dels cereals d'hivern cap als hàbitats semi naturals que des dels prats cap als hàbitats semi naturals, indicant que l'hàbitat adjacent modela el moviment dels depredadors cap als hàbitats semi naturals.La abundancia y dispersión de O. majusculus no fué diferente entre parcelas de maíz con moderada alta o baja densidad de las malas hierbas. Los carábidos, C. fuscipes, P. rufipes, P. cupreus y Metallina sp. y el anthocorido O. majusculus presentan movimiento bidireccional entre cultivos adyacentes de alfalfa y maíz durante la estación. En contraste, C. septempunctata sólo se movió desde la alfalfa hacia al maíz. Los individuos de O. majusculus y C. septempunctata que colonizaron el maíz en el estadio vegetativo provinieron de la alfalfa, indicando que la alfalfa actúo como fuente de estos depredadores. Sin embargo, en el período reproductivo, el maíz actuó como una fuente de C. fuscipes, P. rufipes, P. cupreus, Metallina sp. y O. majusculus hacia la alfalfa, principalmente después de corte. El movimiento de carábidos, estafilínidos y arañas fué más intenso desde los cereales de invierno hacia los hábitats seminaturales que desde los prados hacia a los hábitats semi-naturales, indicando que el hábitat adyacente moldea el movimiento de los depredadores hacia los hábitats seminaturales adyacentes.
The abundance and dispersal activity of O. majusculus were not different in maize plots with moderately high or low weed density. The carabids C. fuscipes, P. rufipes, P. cupreus and Metallina sp. and the anthocorid O. majusculus presented bidirectional movements between adjacent alfalfa and maize crops during the season. In contrast, C. septempunctata only moved from alfalfa to maize. The plant-dwelling O. majusculus and C. septempunctata that colonized maize at early vegetative stages came from alfalfa, indicating that alfalfa acted as a source of predators towards maize. However, in the reproductive growth stage period, maize acted as a source for C. fuscipes, P. rufipes, P. cupreus, Metallina sp. and O. majusculus moving to alfalfa, mainly after cuttings. After an alfalfa cutting, margins also acted as a refuge for carabids. Spillover of carabids, rove beetles and spiders was stronger from winter cereals to semi-natural habitats than from meadows to semi-natural habitats, indicating that neighbourhood identity shapes spillover effects to adjacent semi-natural habitats.
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Nyamai, D. O. "Crop production in an intercropping system with tropical leguminous trees." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382474.
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Ayre, Kevin. "Evaluation of carabids as predators of slugs in arable land." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/946.
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An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was developed which detected slug antigens in postmortem gut analysis of carabid beetles. The ELISA was used to identify beetles which fed on slugs in three fields of oilseed rape and winter wheat in the Tyne valley, Northumberland. Generalist species such as Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus nladidus, Anlara silnilata and Nebria brevicollis fed on slugs in the field. Molluscan specialists such as Carabus violaceus and Cychrus caraboides also fed on slugs in the field. Laboratory studies indicated that many large and medium sized carabids were able to predate small slugs. Some beetle species did not eat slugs but exposure to the beetles increased slug mortality. Therefore, postmortem investigations may underestimate the impact that carabids exert on slugs as they do not measure the number of slugs killed. Slug mucus affected the locomotory activity of generalist and specialist beetle species. Beetles foraged longer, covered greater distances, made more turns, walked slower and spent more time stationary on soil covered in slug mucus compared to control areas. Abax parallelepipedus, P.melanarius, Pterostichus niger and H.rufipes all reduced slug damage to a chinese cabbage crop in a miniplot experiment compared with unprotected plots. However, these differences were not significant. A.parallelepipedus was most effective at reducing slug damage to the chinese cabbage but was rare in arable land. H.rufipes was least effective at reducing slug damage but was abundant in arable land in both years of the study. A high proportion of H.rufipes beetles fed on slugs in the field. None of these four species occurred at densities in the field which reduced slug damage in the miniplot experiment.
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Jamir, Chubamenla. "Assessing ozone impacts on arable crops in South Asia : identification of suitable risk assessment methods to improve crop biotechnology." Thesis, University of York, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1958/.
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This study has applied a number of different O3 risk assessment methods in South Asia to assess the extent and magnitude of O3 risk to crops and investigate how appropriate different methods are in identifying local environmental conditions and crop physiological traits that might alter crop sensitivity to O3. Concentration based methods are used in combination with tools and datasets tailored for South Asian conditions to investigate O3 impacts on wheat, rice, soybean and potato. Relative yield losses are substantially smaller (0.1 to 11.5 %) than those found in previously conducted global modelling studies (3 to 30 %) which is attributed to the improved resolution of the O3 photochemical model and crop distribution datasets used in this South Asian analysis. For the first time O3 flux based risk assessment methods are also applied for wheat in India. The stomatal conductance component of this flux method has been parameterised for Indian wheat based on available crop physiology data. Comparisons show that flux based methods tend to estimate larger relative yield losses than concentration based methods (16 % compared to 0.6 to 11.5 % for India). There are also differences in the spatial pattern of estimated risk though both methods clearly identify the Indo-Gangetic Plains as a high O3 risk region. The co-variation in O3 concentrations, crop distribution (both growth periods and geographical location), local meteorology (especially temperature and VPD) and crop physiology are all important in determining flux estimated O3 sensitivity. Finally, the flux based method is used to assess phenological traits (sowing times and maturing periods) introduced in new Indian wheat cultivars. This highlights the importance of crop phenology in determining O3 sensitivity as a function of both O3 concentration and environmental conditions and emphasises the potential application of flux based approaches as a tool capable of informing future crop biotechnology efforts.
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Sharpe, Lorna. "Geophysical, geochemical and arable crop responses to archaeological sites in the Upper Clyde Valley, Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1162/.
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This thesis considers the geochemical links between geophysical survey results from, and responses of barley crop growth to, the existence of plough-levelled archaeological sites. It takes as a starting point the results of magnetic and resistivity surveys undertaken at three sites in the Upper Clyde Valley, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Two of the three sites produced geophysical results that closely matched the evidence for archaeological remains recorded using oblique aerial photography. The third site was largely unresponsive to geophysical prospection techniques. These mixed responses prompted a closer examination of why barley crops respond to plough-levelled remains, and why the geophysical data gathered tend to correlate with the growth responses. To allow an examination of the growth responses, a series of pot-based growth experiments were carried out under glasshouse conditions, and these were followed up by ICP-MS analysis of the plants and the archaeological soils in which they had grown, in an attempt to link any changes in elemental compositions with the growth responses, and to the geophysical responses recorded at the soil sampling points or for the features from which the soils were taken. The results of the experimental work revealed that although soil moisture content has a role in the development of both crop marks and geophysical anomalies, other factors are also involved, including changes in elemental concentrations in soils and plant material, soil pH changes and the redox potential of the archaeological soils.
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Mendi, Ebrahim M. "Biological control of Chenopodium album by Ascichyta caulina." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2001. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=59743.
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Kyllmar, Katarina. "Nitrogen leaching in small agricultural catchments : modelling and monitoring for assessing state, trends and effects of counter-measures /." Uppsala : Dept. of Soil Sciences, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a485.pdf.
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Metcalfe, Carol. "New ash glazes from arable crop waste : exploring the use of straw from Pisum sativum (combining pea) and Vicia faba (field bean)." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2008. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/3657/.
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The Chinese first developed stoneware ash glazes about 3500 years ago, when their kiln technology progressed sufficiently to reach temperatures high enough to fuse such glazes. More than 2000 years went by before this knowledge reached Japan and Korea, where ash glazes were also subsequently produced. In Britain, the advent of studio pottery in the 20th century led to interest in oriental approaches to ceramics, including ash glazes. A number of studio potters used and indeed continue to use ash glazes in their work. The great majority of these glazes have, throughout history, been made of wood ash and are mainly fired to high stoneware temperatures of at least 1280°C, Cone 10. Worldwide interest in this subject continues today; however, a general increase in environmental concern, especially fuel economy, raises a number of issues for contemporary ceramic practitioners. This research addresses these issues by employing multiple methods in a „composite‟ methodology, rooted in art practice, the aims being: To develop a range of new glazes, for lower stoneware temperature (1240°C, Cone 7) oxidised firings, using ash from arable crop waste as an environmentally sensitive ingredient. To demonstrate and articulate the possible creative, practical and environmental benefits of the new glazes for contemporary ceramic practitioners, principally through artworks. To offer a model for investigating the potential of a new source of ash, as a glaze material. The plant species explored are the Combining pea and Field bean, neither of which is documented in any of the contextual sources located. Both plants are widely grown as protein crops in many countries of the world and were available in North Yorkshire for this research. Glaze calculation methods and empirical approaches to glaze development have been investigated and the ashes have been analysed. From this information, glaze recipes have been developed and tested. Since the appearance of a glaze is affected by the clay body to which it is applied, the compositions of available clays have been studied and four widely differing examples chosen for the tests. Case studies have been undertaken of contemporary ceramic practitioners, whose approaches to ash glazing vary widely. These studies further develop the context for the new glazes and provide a framework within which to assess their significance. The creative potential of the glazes developed has been explored through their application in ceramic artworks, exhibited both during and at the end of the research. During the creation of these artworks, a theme emerged, closely linking them to their place of origin. In addition to the new artworks, the research contributes both a range of new ash glaze recipes and a model for exploring the potential of ash from a new source.
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Kleftodimos, Georgios. "Economic valuation of bees’ pollination services in arable crop farms : the role of Public Policy regulations towards the provision of pollination services." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20101.
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L’objectif principal de l'étude réalisée est d'évaluer l'importance économique des interactions entre les abeilles sauvages et domestiques, appelées « complémentarité », dans les exploitations agricoles. Une emphase particulière a été mise en examinant la manière dont l'importance économique de la complémentarité devrait affecter le règlement de politique publique afin de préserver la fourniture de services de pollinisation. Le premier chapitre fournit le cadre théorique sur lequel repose cette évaluation économique. Le chapitre 2 fournit un modèle éco-économique montrant les décisions des agriculteurs entre deux intrants, les services de pollinisation et les pesticides. Deux sources de pollinisation avec des caractéristiques différentes sont considérées; les abeilles domestiques, qui peuvent être remplacées à un certain coût, et les abeilles sauvages, dont la population est supposée d’être soutenue au paysage. En plus, nous prenons pour acquis que les services entre les deux abeilles ont une relation complémentaire. Le troisième chapitre intègre les résultats du chapitre 2 dans une modélisation éco-économique territoriale plus sophistiquée afin d'explorer les impacts potentiels des changements de politique sur la protection des services de pollinisation et sur les revenus des agriculteurs pour différents taux de coopération entre eux. Enfin, le chapitre 4 évalue l’efficacité des mesures prises par la politique française en matière de protection des services de pollinisation et examine en quoi les résultats de nos analyses peuvent contribuer à l’amélioration de l’efficacité de ces mesures. Le résultat majeur de nos recherches est double. Premièrement, la connaissance de la complémentarité des abeilles peut offrir aux agriculteurs une stratégie alternative de gestion optimale. Deuxièmement, l’inclusion de ces connaissances dans les mesures politiques mises en œuvre peut faciliter le processus d’adoption par les agriculteurs en faveur de pratiques à faibles intrants et conséquemment accroître leur efficacité sur la durabilité des services de pollinisation pour les systèmes agricoles et alimentairesThe principal objective of the realized study is to evaluate the economic importance of the behavioral interactions which emerge from managed and wild bees, called bees’ complementarity in arable crop farms. A particular emphasis was placed on examining how the economic importance of bees’ complementarity should affect the public policy regulation in order to safeguard the provision of pollination services. The first Chapter of this Ph.D. thesis provides the theoretical framework on which this economic valuation is based. Chapter 2, provides an ecological-economic model displaying farmer’s decisions between two agricultural inputs, pollination services and pesticides, and two sources of pollination with different characteristics; managed bees, which can be replaced at a cost, and wild bees, which rely on a population being sustained within the farmland. Moreover, we take as a given that the services of wild and managed bees are in a complementary relationship. The third Chapter of this thesis, integrates the findings of Chapter 2 in a Mathematical-Programming territorial ecological-economic modeling in order to explore the potential impacts of policy changes on the provision of pollination services and on farmers’ incomes for different rates of farmers’ cooperation. Finally, Chapter 4, evaluates the effectiveness of French policy measures towards the provision of pollination services and it discusses how the results of our analyses may contribute towards the amelioration of the effectiveness of these measures. The major result of our research is twofold. Firstly, the knowledge of bees’ complementarity may offer to farmers an alternative optimum management strategy. Secondly, the inclusion of this knowledge in the implemented policy measures may facilitate farmers’ adoption process towards low-input practices and, consequently, increase their effectiveness towards the sustainability of pollination services for the agricultural and food systems
Books on the topic "Arable crop"
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Snowden, J. P. Arable crops. Edinburgh: Scottish Office Agriculture and Fisheries Department, 1991.
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Kerr, John. Arable crops 2000. Edinburgh: Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, 2001.
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Snowden, J. P. Arable crops 2002. Edinburgh: Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, 2002.
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Withers, J. A. Northern Ireland arable crops 2000. Belfast: Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2000.
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Withers, J. A. Northern Ireland arable crops 2002. Belfast: Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2002.
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Boomgaard, P. Food crops and arable lands, Java 1815-1942. Edited by Zanden J. L. van. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1990.
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Department, Great Britain Scottish Office Agriculture and Fisheries. Arable area payments: Explanatory booklet. (Edinburgh: The Dept, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Arable crop"
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Gratwick, Marion. "Stem nematode on arable and forage crops." In Crop Pests in the UK, 440–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1490-5_88.
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Freyer, Bernhard, and Jim Bingen. "Resetting the African Smallholder Farming System: Potentials to Cope with Climate Change." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_267-1.
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AbstractAgricultural production systems, for example, conservation agriculture, climate smart agriculture, organic agriculture, sustainable landuse management, and others, summarized under the term “sustainable intensification,” have been introduced in African countries to increase productivity and to adapt/mitigate CC (CCAM). But the productivity of smallholder farming systems in Africa remains low. High erosion, contaminated water, threatened human health, reduced soil water, and natural resources functionality, that is, ecosystems services, and decreased biodiversity dominate. Low support in the farm environment is also responsible for this situation.It is hypothesized, based on the huge body of literature on CCAM, that the implementation of already existing arable and plant cultivation methods like crop diversity, alley crops, forage legume-based crop rotations, mulching, organic matter recycling, and reduced tillage intensity will increase CCAM performance and also farm productivity and income. Based on a brief analysis of CCAM relevant arable and plant cultivation methods and agricultural production systems potentials and challenges, this chapter offers guidance for further transforming climate robust African farming systems.
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Freyer, Bernhard, and Jim Bingen. "Resetting the African Smallholder Farming System: Potentials to Cope with Climate Change." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1441–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_267.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAgricultural production systems, for example, conservation agriculture, climate smart agriculture, organic agriculture, sustainable landuse management, and others, summarized under the term “sustainable intensification,” have been introduced in African countries to increase productivity and to adapt/mitigate CC (CCAM). But the productivity of smallholder farming systems in Africa remains low. High erosion, contaminated water, threatened human health, reduced soil water, and natural resources functionality, that is, ecosystems services, and decreased biodiversity dominate. Low support in the farm environment is also responsible for this situation.It is hypothesized, based on the huge body of literature on CCAM, that the implementation of already existing arable and plant cultivation methods like crop diversity, alley crops, forage legume-based crop rotations, mulching, organic matter recycling, and reduced tillage intensity will increase CCAM performance and also farm productivity and income. Based on a brief analysis of CCAM relevant arable and plant cultivation methods and agricultural production systems potentials and challenges, this chapter offers guidance for further transforming climate robust African farming systems.
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Bouwman, L. A., G. H. J. Hoenderboom, A. C. Klinken, and P. C. Ruiter. "Effect of Growing Crops and Crop Residues in Arable Fields on Nematode Production." In Soil & Environment, 127–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2008-1_31.
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van Helden, Maarten. "Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of ArthropodsArthropods in Arable Fields." In Precision Crop Protection - the Challenge and Use of Heterogeneity, 51–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9277-9_4.
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Marques da Silva, José Rafael, Manuela Correia, and João Coimbra. "Arable crops production cycle with SPA technologies." In Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche, 9. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-044-3.09.
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Three case study situations are presented and analysed in this topic about rice and corn production cycle. The materials created include: i) A video describing rice production cycle in Portugal, using SPA technologies. This video shows the terrain preparation, sowing, herbicide and fertilizers application and harvesting, explaining all the operations; ii) A presentation of a case study, also about rice production, describing other important issues related to the use of SPA, like determining soil fertility and nutrient needs, relationships between NDVI and productivity, smart sampling, crop monitoring, net income analysis and ways to improve productivity. iii) A presentation showing the use of several SPA technologies in corn production complemented with a text document.
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Fitt, Bruce D. L., David John Hughes, and Henrik Uwe Stotz. "Control of Arable Crop Pathogens; Climate Change Mitigation, Impacts and Adaptation." In Plant Genomics and Climate Change, 49–66. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3536-9_3.
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Karley, A., and B. Marshall. "Functional-Structural Modelling as a Potential Tool to Assess the Impact of Resource Competition on Arable Communities." In Functional-Structural Plant Modelling in Crop Production, 231–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-6034-3_20.
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Ibrahim, S. B., Carolyn A. Afolami, I. A. Ayinde, and C. O. Adeofun. "Arable Crop Farmers’ Decision Making and Adaptation Strategies on Climate Change in Ogun State, Nigeria." In Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1569–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38670-1_116.
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Ibrahim, S. B., Carolyn A. Afolami, I. A. Ayinde, and C. O. Adeofun. "Arable Crop Farmers’ Decision Making and Adaptation Strategies on Climate Change in Ogun State, Nigeria." In Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40455-9_116-1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Arable crop"
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Gladysheva, Ol'ga, Oksana Artyuhova, and Vera Svirina. "Crop rotations with clover and their productivity." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production23 (71). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-23-71-38-42.
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The results of long-term research in experiments with crop rotations with different clover saturation are presented. It is shown that the cluster has a positive effect on the main indicators of vegetation of dark-gray forest soil. The introduction of two fields of perennial grasses into the six-field crop rotation significantly increases both the humus reserves and increases the productivity of arable land by 1.5–2 times compared to the crop rotation with a field of pure steam.
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Rumyantsev, F. P., and L. A. Simonova. "ORGANIZATION OF AREA AND CROP TURNS IN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES BASED ON THE COMPLEX ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.643-646.
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The paper analyzes the actual use of arable land in agricultural enterprises. The ways of eliminating the identified deficiencies through on-farm land management projects using a comprehensive assessment of arable land are outlined.
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Vorontsov V.A., V. A., and Yu P. SkorochkinYu.P. "The effectiveness of various systems of basic soil tillage in crop rotations in North-East CCHR." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-8.
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In a stationary field experiment on typical Chernozem, we studied the effectiveness of tillage systems in the North-Eastern region of the Central district in crop rotations: grain-tillage (2001-2011) and grain-fallow (2012-2017). we Studied four main tillage systems: traditional dump, surface, non-dump, and combined. The maximum yield of grain units in crop rotations was noted for the combined dump-free tillage system – 5.46 thousand/ha in the grain-pasture and 2.75 thousand/ha in the grain-steaming. Cultivation of agricultural crops in the grain-pastoral crop rotation by surface treatment leads to a significant decrease in the yield of grain units from 1 ha of arable land (by 0.39 thousand), compared to traditional dump plowing. In the grain-fallow crop rotation, the use of resource-saving systems of basic tillage (surface and soil-free) did not significantly affect its productivity.
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Amarasinghe, Akarshani, Viraj B. Wijesuriya, Dilshan Ganepola, and Lakshman Jayaratne. "A swarm of crop spraying drones solution for optimising safe pesticide usage in arable lands." In SenSys '19: The 17th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3356250.3361948.
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Комарова, Н. В., Т. М. Прядка, Д. Ю. Комаров, О. В. Камінецька, and Л. Ю. Кочеригін. "ІНСТИТУЦІОНАЛЬНІ ОСНОВИ ЕКОЛОГО- ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО ЗЕМЛЕКОРИСТУВАННЯ." In Proceedings of the XXVI International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25022021/7415.
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It is proved that increasing the level of anthropogenic loading on agroecosystem leads to negative destructive changes in the state of agricultural land, which poses a potential threat to the level of agroecological and food safety. Under of the existing organizational and economic conditions of commodity production in the crop production sector, there are no trends towards positive changes in the expansion of the complex of implementation of land conservation measures and the prudent attitude towards the use of agricultural land. Instead, the increase in profits and yields, the expansion of arable land in the narrowing of the agricultural land provoke a decrease in the level of agroecological safety, the spread of erosion and degradation processes, the decrease of humus stocks and the level of fertility However, despite the increase in the economic efficiency of the crop sub-sector of agriculture, the scope and organization of the implementation of measures to restore and preserve agroresource potential require radical changes on scientifically grounded positions.
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AMIROV, Marat, Igor SERZHANOV, Farid SHAYKHUTDINOV, and Nicolay SEMUSHKIN. "MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPRING WHEAT PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ARABLE FARMING IN THE FOREST-STEPPE BELT OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.254.
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The article presents results of studies of influence of controlled and environmental factors on production process of different varieties of spring wheat carried out in different soil and climatic conditions of Middle Volga region. The forest-steppe area of the Volga region is one of regions of Russia favorable for spring wheat growing by its natural and climatic conditions. Unbalance of nutrition elements in soil, acid soil and predominantly heavy-textured soil hamper the yield growth. Out of all factors vital for plants (light, heat, moisture and nutrition elements) under consideration, providing plants with nutrition elements and moisture are those limiting high crop yields. he objective of our studies is increasing the crop yield with the simultaneous decrease of the produced goods cost makes it necessary to calculate in advance the possible yield level depending on the influence of different factors: environmental, crop variety and etc. The aim of our studies was to develop methods of growing high yield and high quality crops of different varieties of wheat adjusted for conditions of the forest-steppe black soil in the Volga region. Methods of research using field and laboratory tests, the method of state variety tests of agricultural cultures, phenoldisulfonic acid method, finite difference method, disperse analysis method. A set of observations, records and analysis was carried out during the experiments with implementation Russian methodological guidelines and National State Standards. Statistical processing of the yield data, economic and energy estimates was carried out by the methods recommended by Russia Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Economy and Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Having carried out the analysis of natural resources and genetic potential of the wheat varieties, systems of plant nutrition optimization and influence of their predecessors, we have obtained new data about possibility of increasing the spring durum wheat arable area. We have shown the role of different forms of using nitrogenous fertilizers (on the background of phosphorus – potassium ones) in the increase of productivity and improvement of the spring wheat grain quality. An established optimal norm for Gramma variety spring spelt corn seeding has been established for the conditions of the grey forest soil in the Fore-Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan and the influence of their nutrition on yield has been found.
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Ghorbel, Roukaya, Jamel Chakchak, Hatice Basmacıoğlu Malayoğlu, and Numan S. Çetin. "Hydroponics “Soilless Farming”: The Future of Food and Agriculture – A Review." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.007.
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It is estimated that the global population will reach approximately 10 billion people by 2050 and 66% of the world population will live in urban areas. This growth in cities creates demand for fresh products to maintain a healthy population, a product that often exposed to a long journey to reach the consumer, not only losing quality and nutritive value in the process, but also requiring a significant cost of fossil fuel for transportation and storage. However, the world’s agricultural land among being limited, is also facing major problems such as pollution, salinization and drought that do not favor crop production. The need for food security has paved the way for landless agriculture, becoming more popular in the urban area and becoming a part of urban farming. This article aims to examine hydroponic technologies to help expand the knowledge of their application in terms of science, origin, dynamics and farming systems. Among the benefits of soilless cultures; reservation of cultivated land for main crops; saving at least 90% of irrigation water; use of almost constant amount of recycled water; successfully growing almost every vegetable crops and having highest productivity compared to conventional agriculture. Therefore, it is an indispensable solution in areas where arable land is not available or in saline-prone areas, in short, wherever there is competition for land and water. The purpose of this study is an overview of soilless farming systems, explaining the most widely used hydroponic system, the importance of water quality, nutrient content, grown crops and ultimately cost benefit in terms of economics.
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Gorbunova, Julia, Julia Gorbunova, Boris Chubarenko, Boris Chubarenko, Dmitry Domnin, Dmitry Domnin, Jens Christian Refsgaard, and Jens Christian Refsgaard. "ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT LOAD ON THE PREGOLYA RIVER BASIN (VISTULA LAGOON CATCHMENT) FROM THE ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4316662769.
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The catchment area of the Pregolya River is about 65% of the Vistula Lagoon drainage basin and occupied by Russia and Poland in approximately equal proportions. Nutrient load from the catchment largely controls the eutrophication processes of the lagoon ecosystem. Open statistical data (2011-2014) were used for evaluating the nutrient loads. At present, the nutrient load from the major anthropogenic sources (population, livestock, poultry and crop production) is 53,267 tons N/year and 16,424 tons P/year in the Pregolya River catchment. This results in loads of 23,032 tons N/year and 2,819 tons P/year when the removal of nutrients by the harvest is taken into account. It was found that the load from anthropogenic sources in the Polish part of the catchment higher than in the Russian part by a factor of three times for nitrogen and two times for phosphorus. The reason for this is that Polish territory is relatively more agriculturally developed. In the Kaliningrad Oblast agriculture declined in the 1990-2000's and now about 50% of arable lands are not used, which creates a potential for development. Currently there is a positive trend of the agriculture development and the "Strategy of socio-economic development of the Kaliningrad Oblast until 2020" is expected to increase arable land by 70%, the number of cattle and pigs by factors of 3.5 and 9.5, respectively. This creates a potential for significant increases of the nutrients loading and eutrophication of the Vistula Lagoon. The nutrient load from the anthropogenic sources in the Russian part of the catchment can be compensated greatly by using the manure as organic fertilizer replacing mineral fertiliser, as at present time 40% of available arable land in the Kaliningrad Oblast is sufficient for utilization of all manure originated locally at the maximum fertilization rate recommended by HELCOM. At the same time more than 80% of the wastewater in Kaliningrad Oblast is not sufficiently treated. This poses a great potential for nutrient load reduction. The calculations showed that equipment of Kaliningrad city with the modern treatment facilities will reduce the nutrient load by 1,400 tons N/year and 290 tons P/year.
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Gorbunova, Julia, Julia Gorbunova, Boris Chubarenko, Boris Chubarenko, Dmitry Domnin, Dmitry Domnin, Jens Christian Refsgaard, and Jens Christian Refsgaard. "ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT LOAD ON THE PREGOLYA RIVER BASIN (VISTULA LAGOON CATCHMENT) FROM THE ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b94681d1a25.68574351.
Full textAbstract:
The catchment area of the Pregolya River is about 65% of the Vistula Lagoon drainage basin and occupied by Russia and Poland in approximately equal proportions. Nutrient load from the catchment largely controls the eutrophication processes of the lagoon ecosystem. Open statistical data (2011-2014) were used for evaluating the nutrient loads. At present, the nutrient load from the major anthropogenic sources (population, livestock, poultry and crop production) is 53,267 tons N/year and 16,424 tons P/year in the Pregolya River catchment. This results in loads of 23,032 tons N/year and 2,819 tons P/year when the removal of nutrients by the harvest is taken into account. It was found that the load from anthropogenic sources in the Polish part of the catchment higher than in the Russian part by a factor of three times for nitrogen and two times for phosphorus. The reason for this is that Polish territory is relatively more agriculturally developed. In the Kaliningrad Oblast agriculture declined in the 1990-2000's and now about 50% of arable lands are not used, which creates a potential for development. Currently there is a positive trend of the agriculture development and the "Strategy of socio-economic development of the Kaliningrad Oblast until 2020" is expected to increase arable land by 70%, the number of cattle and pigs by factors of 3.5 and 9.5, respectively. This creates a potential for significant increases of the nutrients loading and eutrophication of the Vistula Lagoon. The nutrient load from the anthropogenic sources in the Russian part of the catchment can be compensated greatly by using the manure as organic fertilizer replacing mineral fertiliser, as at present time 40% of available arable land in the Kaliningrad Oblast is sufficient for utilization of all manure originated locally at the maximum fertilization rate recommended by HELCOM. At the same time more than 80% of the wastewater in Kaliningrad Oblast is not sufficiently treated. This poses a great potential for nutrient load reduction. The calculations showed that equipment of Kaliningrad city with the modern treatment facilities will reduce the nutrient load by 1,400 tons N/year and 290 tons P/year.
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Abodeely, Jared M., David J. Muth, Joshua Koch, and Kenneth M. Bryden. "An Integrated Model Approach for Quantifying Carbon Emissions From Residue-Based Biofuel Production." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13491.
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This paper presents an agricultural residue removal decision framework that couples the environmental process models WEPS, RUSLE2, SCI, and DAYCENT. One of the goals of this integrated model is to quantify the impacts of land management strategies on soil organic carbon and CO2 emissions. Soil, climate, and land management practices are considered in determining sustainable residue removal rates using wind- and water-induced soil erosion and qualitative soil organic carbon constraints and to quantify the long-term impacts of sustainable residue removal on soil organic carbon and greenhouse gas emissions. Using this integrated model sustainable residue removal for four crop rotations, three tillage regimes, and four soil types representing nearly 70% of the arable acres in Boone County, Iowa are examined. Each scenario was performed for a twenty-year period. Soil organic carbon and CO2 emission results are aggregated by soil type using crop rotation and tillage statistics. The soil type results are aggregated using a normalized percentage area to provide a county level estimate of soil organic carbon changes and CO2 emissions. Results show that for the largest sustainable residue removal rate that soil organic carbon increased 3.53–6.63 Mg/ha over the 20 year simulation and that CO2 emissions ranged from 3.50–4.23 Mg/ha across the four soil types resulting in an average increase of soil organic carbon of 4.85 Mg/ha and CO2 emission of 3.77 Mg/ha at the county level.
Reports on the topic "Arable crop"
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Comparing international approaches to food safety regulation of GM and Novel Foods. Food Standards Agency, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.rdg239.
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The global area of genetically modified (GM) crop production has considerably increased over the past two decades, with GM crops now cultivated in about 28 countries, accounting for over 10% of the world’s arable land. A 'novel food' is any food or substance that has not been used for human consumption to a significant degree within the EU before 15 May 1997. Since then, there has been over 90 novel foods authorisations approved for use by the EU. Novel foods and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are subject to a large variation in regulatory approaches around the world, for which many countries have specifically developed their own regulatory frameworks to control the placement of such products on their markets.