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1
Eyre, M. D., and C. Leifert. "Crop and field boundary influences on the activity of a wide range of beneficial invertebrate groups on a split conventional/organic farm in northern England." Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000398.
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AbstractActivity of 12 beneficial invertebrate groups was assessed in 2005 and 2006 on a farm in northern England split into conventional and organic management halves, using pitfall and pan traps set in both crops and field boundaries. Management, crop and boundary structure influences on invertebrate activity were assessed, as was the relationship between crop and boundary type. Classification of crop and boundary assemblages produced three and two groups, respectively, in both years. Organic arable crops had well-defined assemblages in both years; and, while grass and grass/clover fields were separated from conventional arable fields in 2005, there was mixing in 2006. One boundary group, in both years, was dominated by conventional arable fields with tall herbaceous boundary vegetation. The other group had more organic arable and grassy fields with shorter boundary vegetation. Redundancy analyses showed that a number of groups (Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Proctotrupoidea, Lycosidae) were more active in organic arable fields with more Staphylinidae in conventional arable crops and no obvious trend with Carabidae, Hemiptera, Neuroptera and Linyphiidae. Activity of some groups, especially Coccinellidae, Syrphidae and parasitic wasps, was strongly related to weed cover. Staphylinidae were most active in tall herbaceous boundaries by conventional arable crops with more of a number of groups (Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, parasitic wasps) in short herbaceous boundaries by organic arable crops. Organic management produced most differences in aerially-dispersed invertebrates, and management had a profound effect on activity in field boundaries. Possible management prescriptions to increase invertebrate activity include changing sowing times, weed cover manipulation and field boundary and margin management.
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Ahmed, Olowoyo Olamide, and Deji Olanike Fasilat. "Gender Differentials on the Challenges of Land Acquisition Among Arable Crop Farmers in Southwest Nigeria." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 8, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024920914783.
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The study took place in Southwest Nigeria and assessed the gender differentials on the challenges of land acquisition among male and female arable crop farmers. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 168 male arable crop farmers and 168 female arable crop farmers to make a total of 336 respondents. Analysis of the quantitative data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics, while content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. The results show that male and female arable crop farmers faced the challenges of high population of land users, inadequate credit facilities to acquire land, family dispute on land, poor soil fertility and high costs of rent in acquiring land, while female arable crop farmers faced the challenge of spouse restriction in acquiring land. There was a significant difference between male and female arable crop farmers’ challenges of land acquisition. It was concluded that male, as well as female, arable crop farmers in the study area face one challenge or the other in acquiring land for arable crop production, but female arable crop farmers face more challenges compared to their male counterparts. Gender-responsive policy formulation and implementation was recommended to ease access to land for male and female arable crop farmers.
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Aravind, Krishnaswamy R., Purushothaman Raja, and Manuel Pérez-Ruiz. "Task-based agricultural mobile robots in arable farming: A review." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 15, no. 1 (April 20, 2017): e02R01. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2017151-9573.
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In agriculture (in the context of this paper, the terms “agriculture” and “farming” refer to only the farming of crops and exclude the farming of animals), smart farming and automated agricultural technology have emerged as promising methodologies for increasing the crop productivity without sacrificing produce quality. The emergence of various robotics technologies has facilitated the application of these techniques in agricultural processes. However, incorporating this technology in farms has proven to be challenging because of the large variations in shape, size, rate and type of growth, type of produce, and environmental requirements for different types of crops. Agricultural processes are chains of systematic, repetitive, and time-dependent tasks. However, some agricultural processes differ based on the type of farming, namely permanent crop farming and arable farming. Permanent crop farming includes permanent crops or woody plants such as orchards and vineyards whereas arable farmingincludestemporary crops such as wheat and rice. Major operations in open arable farming include tilling, soil analysis, seeding, transplanting, crop scouting, pest control, weed removal and harvesting and robots can assist in performing all of these tasks. Each specific operation requires axillary devices and sensors with specific functions. This article reviews the latest advances in the application of mobile robots in these agricultural operations for open arable farming and provide an overview of the systems and techniques that are used. This article also discusses various challenges for future improvements in using reliable mobile robots for arable farming.
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Šroller, J., J. Pulkrábek, D. Novák, and O. Faměra. "The effect of perennial forage crop on grain yields in submontane regions." Plant, Soil and Environment 48, No. 4 (December 11, 2011): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4214-pse.
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The structure of crop production (areas under crops, crop yields, fertilization) in 15 agricultural farms in potato-production and mountain regions of the Czech Republic was analyzed to evaluate the relations between NPK fertilization level, percentage of perennial forage crops on arable land and grain yields as the basic indicator of crop production output. A multifactor analysis based on simple regression equations indicated direct relations between the two above-mentioned factors and yield. Correlation and regression analyses demonstrated a close correlation between grain yields and percentage of perennial forage crops on arable land especially when lower nutrient rates in fertilizers were used (below 100 kg NPK.ha arable land). This relation was expressed for the whole set of initial data by the equation: Grain yield t.ha<sup>–1</sup> = log<sup>2</sup> (NPK rate in kg.ha<sup>–1</sup> arable land + X% of perennial forage crops). The coefficient of perennial forage crop effect (X) in the range of 0–1.47 can be explained by soil enrichment with nitrogen, mobilization of other nutrients, improvement of soil structure and reduction in the weed infestation of soil. The effect of perennial forage crops on grain yield increase was quantified (estimated) from the whole set of data using the above equation at X = 0 by the value +0.42 t.ha<sup>–1</sup>. The yield increase per 1 kg NPK.ha<sup>–1 </sup>of arable land amounts to 0.0501 t.ha<sup>–1</sup>, i.e. every 1% of forage crops on arable land increases the grain yield by 0.023 t.ha<sup>–1</sup> within the set. The relation between actual and theoretical yield of the whole set is demonstrated by correlation coefficient (r = 0.9332) if the effect of perennial forage crops is estimated by coefficient X = 0.95, if the effect is estimated by coefficient X = 1.47, the correlation coefficient is even higher (r = 0.9977).
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Alabdulkader, A. M., A. I. Al-Amoud, and F. S. Awad. " Optimization of the cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia using a mathematical programming sector model." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 58, No. 2 (March 5, 2012): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8/2011-agricecon.
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A mathematical sector model has been formulated to optimize the cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia aiming at maximizing the net annual return of the agricultural sector in Saudi Arabia and ensuring the efficient allocation of the scarce water resources and arable land among the competing crops. The results showed the potential for Saudi Arabia to optimize its cropping pattern and to generate an estimated net return equivalent to about 2.42 billion US$ per year. The optimized cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia has been coupled with about 53% saving in the water use and about 48% reduction in the arable land use compared to the base-year cropping pattern. Comparable weights was given to different crop groups by allocating about 48.4%, 35.4%, 13.1%, and 3.2% to grow cereals, fruits, forages, and vegetables, respectively. These findings were in line with the national strategy to rationalize the cultivation of water-intensive crops in favour of highly water-efficient crops.
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Gobin, A. "Impact of heat and drought stress on arable crop production in Belgium." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 6 (June 18, 2012): 1911–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1911-2012.
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Abstract. Modelling approaches are needed to accelerate understanding of adverse weather impacts on crop performances and yields. The aim was to elicit biometeorological conditions that affect Belgian arable crop yield, commensurate with the scale of climatic impacts. The regional crop model REGCROP (Gobin, 2010) enabled to examine changing weather patterns in relation to the crop season and crop sensitive stages of six arable crops: winter wheat, winter barley, winter rapeseed, potato, sugar beet and maize. The sum of vapour pressure deficit during the growing season is the single best predictor of arable yields, with R2 ranging from 0.55 for sugar beet to 0.76 for wheat. Drought and heat stress, in particular during the sensitive crop stages, occur at different times in the crop season and significantly differ between two climatic periods, 1947–1987 and 1988–2008. Though average yields have risen steadily between 1947 and 2008, there is no evidence that relative tolerance to stress has improved.
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Jaggard, Keith W., Aiming Qi, and Eric S. Ober. "Possible changes to arable crop yields by 2050." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1554 (September 27, 2010): 2835–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0153.
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By 2050, the world population is likely to be 9.1 billion, the CO 2 concentration 550 ppm, the ozone concentration 60 ppb and the climate warmer by ca 2°C. In these conditions, what contribution can increased crop yield make to feeding the world? CO 2 enrichment is likely to increase yields of most crops by approximately 13 per cent but leave yields of C4 crops unchanged. It will tend to reduce water consumption by all crops, but this effect will be approximately cancelled out by the effect of the increased temperature on evaporation rates. In many places increased temperature will provide opportunities to manipulate agronomy to improve crop performance. Ozone concentration increases will decrease yields by 5 per cent or more. Plant breeders will probably be able to increase yields considerably in the CO 2 -enriched environment of the future, and most weeds and airborne pests and diseases should remain controllable, so long as policy changes do not remove too many types of crop-protection chemicals. However, soil-borne pathogens are likely to be an increasing problem when warmer weather will increase their multiplication rates; control is likely to need a transgenic approach to breeding for resistance. There is a large gap between achievable yields and those delivered by farmers, even in the most efficient agricultural systems. A gap is inevitable, but there are large differences between farmers, even between those who have used the same resources. If this gap is closed and accompanied by improvements in potential yields then there is a good prospect that crop production will increase by approximately 50 per cent or more by 2050 without extra land. However, the demands for land to produce bio-energy have not been factored into these calculations.
8
Pickett, J. A. "Pest semiochemicals in arable crop protection." Pesticide Science 54, no. 3 (November 1998): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(1998110)54:3<290::aid-ps803>3.0.co;2-d.
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Polovyi, V. M., and Т. М. Kolesnyk. "Control the transformation of organic matter in the soils of Western Polesie." Interdepartmental thematic scientific collection "Agriculture" 2, no. 95 (December 22, 2018): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/zem.95.55-62.
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The peculiarities of agricultural production organization in Ukraine, which are found of the land fund and agricultural lands non-balanced structure is halping to soil erosion losses an increasing by 2,3 times and soil dehumidification at the level of 0,203 t / ha. Transformation of Ukrainian crop areas structure for the period 1990-2016 was helped to an increasing of the arable land erosion hazard coefficient from 0,44 to 0,56, which provokes loss of soil organic matter by 27,3%. The transformation of Ukrainian crop areas structure by decreasing the share of cutting-edge crops has reduced the soil organic matter ballance deficit in arable soils by 72 % (+ 0,28 t / ha), the effect of which decreased by 2,14 times due to a decreasing of arable land with organic fertilization. The unbalanced supply of nutrient-fertilizing elements to the arable land of Ukraine, the limiting factor of which is the narrow C: N ratio, which is lower than the optimal by 2,48 times, is an additional important factor of accelerating arable soils dehumidification.
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Azizov, Zakiulla Mtyullovich, Vladimir Viktorovich Arkhipov, and Ildar Garifullovich Imashev. "Efficiency of grain production in crop rotations of the dry steppe of the Lower Volga region." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i2pp4-8.
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The analysis of the influence of species and the fullness of crop rotations on the productivity and efficiency of grain crops is given. It was revealed that the highest grain yield is observed in a 4-field grain-fallow crop rotation. The absence of a field of late spring crops (millet) in 2- and 3-field crop rotations reduces grain yield in comparison with 4- and 7-field crops, both on average over 28 years (1991-2018), and in wet and middle years. The bioenergy coefficient, judging by the costs and grain yield, was highest in a 2-field grain-fallow crop rotation (4.94), then in a 4-field rotation (4.60), then in decreasing order: 7-field (3.86) and 3- field (3.73). In calculating the costs of labor, fuel and energy per 1 ton of grain from arable land, the lowest indicators were obtained in 2-field and 4-field crop rotations. It has been established that in terms of production costs per hectare of arable land, the cost of production of 1 ton of grain, conditionally net income per hectare of arable land, the level of profitability, the leading place is occupied by a 2-field grain-fallow crop rotation. For example, the lowest production costs were noted in a 2-field grain-fallow crop rotation (7782.00 rubles), the highest - in a 7-field (13835.56 rubles). Hence, the lowest production cost of 1 ton of grain was obtained in a 2-field crop rotation, amounting to 5598.56 rubles, followed by a 4-field crop rotation with millet - 7392.66 rubles. And according to the level of profitability, as mentioned above, grain-fallow crop rotations are arranged in decreasing order with the advantage of a 2-field crop rotation in the following order: two-, four-, three- and seven-field - respectively 116.1; 53.2; 48.2 and 37.0 %.
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Nizkiy, Sergei, and Aleksei Muratov. "On the issue of involving abandoned agricultural land in crop rotation." E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020302005.
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In the nineties of the last century due to the known economic stress experienced in this time in Russia there were more than fifty million hectors of arable lands withdrawn from the Russian agricultural turnover. There are more than one million hectors of such arable deserted lands in the Amur Region of the Russian Federation (The Far Eastern part of Russia). These arable lands have turned into deteriorating lands in abeyance being colonized by weeds and periodically attacked by fires. As a result of this, these promising agricultural lands, being used for the food supply and forage resources production, have lost their primary purpose of use. It has become a serious national economic problem. Nowadays there is a gradual inclusion of such arable lands into soya and wheat production. The conduction of agrochemical and geo-botanical research needed for suitability evaluation of such arable lands for soya and wheat species cultivation is to a certain degree very expensive and time-consuming procedure. Our research work suggests implementing resources-evaluating method which implies one-time route study in the period of mass flowering of plants and identifying the plants of the arable lands that have resource value. If the number of these plants exceeds eighty percent in relation to the whole species composition, then such arable lands are considered to be suitable for crop rotation. If this ratio is less than sixty percent, then it is necessary to take extra measures in order to reduce the number of weeds and woody plants on such arable lands.
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Smith, Keith, David A. Evans, and Gamal A. El-Hiti. "Role of modern chemistry in sustainable arable crop protection." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1491 (August 16, 2007): 623–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2174.
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Organic chemistry has been, and for the foreseeable future will remain, vitally important for crop protection. Control of fungal pathogens, insect pests and weeds is crucial to enhanced food provision. As world population continues to grow, it is timely to assess the current situation, anticipate future challenges and consider how new chemistry may help meet those challenges. In future, agriculture will increasingly be expected to provide not only food and feed, but also crops for conversion into renewable fuels and chemical feedstocks. This will further increase the demand for higher crop yields per unit area, requiring chemicals used in crop production to be even more sophisticated. In order to contribute to programmes of integrated crop management, there is a requirement for chemicals to display high specificity, demonstrate benign environmental and toxicological profiles, and be biodegradable. It will also be necessary to improve production of those chemicals, because waste generated by the production process mitigates the overall benefit. Three aspects are considered in this review: advances in the discovery process for new molecules for sustainable crop protection, including tests for environmental and toxicological properties as well as biological activity; advances in synthetic chemistry that may offer efficient and environmentally benign manufacturing processes for modern crop protection chemicals; and issues related to energy use and production through agriculture.
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Bezgodov, A. V., K. A. Galimov, and V. F. Akhmetkhanov. "Competitive ability of grain-forage varieties of spring vetch when grown in a mixture with rapeseed." E3S Web of Conferences 222 (2020): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022203009.
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The object of the research is to study the influence of the method of growing mown and grain-forage varieties of spring vetch in mixed crops with spring rapeseed on the seed yield and crop structure. Indicators that characterize productivity, intensity of arable land use, competitiveness and aggressiveness of crops are considered. Sowing spring vetch with a seeding rate of 1.3, 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 million germinating seeds per hectare mixed with rapeseed leads to the formation of a grain crop that significantly exceeds the yield for single-species vetch sowing. Evaluation of Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) shows that when using vetch-rapeseed crops, the productivity of 1 ha of arable land increases from 1.38 to 1.98 times, while both the influence of varietal specificity and the seeding rate of the legume component is manifested. The efficiency of arable land use increases due to the interaction of both crops and increasing their competitiveness in the agrocenosis. In the conditions of the Middle Urals, high efficiency of vetch cultivation in mixed crops with rapeseed was revealed, and the influence of changes in the seeding rate on the yield of spring vetch seeds was established.
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Jess, Stephen, David Matthews, Archie Murchie, and Michael Lavery. "Pesticide Use in Northern Ireland’s Arable Crops from 1992–2016 and Implications for Future Policy Development." Agriculture 8, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8080123.
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Since the 1960s, the objective for the United Kingdom (UK) government policy and legislation on crop protection practices has been to minimise the impact of pesticide use in agriculture and horticulture to the wider environment. Subsequent European Union (EU) policy and legislation have also targeted this objective through a demanding approvals process, competency tests for users, maximum residue limits, regular post-registration monitoring and the promotion of integrated pest and disease management techniques. However, none of this substantive regulation refers to target reduction levels for pesticide use. Since 1992, the number of arable farms in Northern Ireland has decreased by 61% with a consequent reduction of 34% in the area of arable crops grown. Despite this reduction in area of arable crops grown, the area treated by the major pesticide groups increased by 49% due to intensification, but the weight of major pesticides applied to arable crops decreased by 37%. However, the intensity of application measured by the total quantity of all pesticides applied to the basic area of arable crops treated remained relatively constant at approximately 3.2 kg/ha. Pesticide usage trends and reduction policies in other geographic regions are also discussed for comparative purposes.
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Csipkés, Margit. "CAN THERE BE A COMPETITOR TO TRADITIONAL ARABLE CROPS IN ROMANIA?" Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 2, no. 1 (March 2017): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe014.
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Regarding land use, in the member states of the European Union it can be established that maize is the most productive traditional arable crop. The annual productive area of maize in 2015 was approximately 9.33 million hectares in the EU 28, which was 3% less than that of 2014. There was also a reduction in average production, which, according to member states’ figures decreased to 6.15 tonnes/ hectare. This reduction is due to the worsening natural conditions. Consequently, the year’s production was about 57 million tonnes at the end of 2015. This represented a reduction of 25% compared to 2014. The second largest production crop in the EU 28 is wheat, although here, too, a reduction can be observed when the data for the last 5 years is examined. This reduction in crop production prompts arable farmers to engage in the production of other crops in those areas where there is a continual reduction in crop production. In my study I will introduce the profitability and risks associated with those plants suited for energy extraction, which can be competitive with the traditional arable plant cultivation.
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Stolbovoy, V. S., and A. M. Grebennikov. "Soil quality indicators of arable lands in the Russian Federation." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 104 (December 3, 2020): 31–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2020-104-31-67.
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The study presents three groups of Soil Quality Indicators (SQI) of arable lands in the Russian Federation, such as agroclimate conditions, soil parameters and negative soil characteristics. The selection of SQI meets the requirements of the crop growth model for calculating the standard crop yield. The application of SQI in the Grain Equivalent Model allows ranking quality of the soils of agricultural lands in the country. The share of the best quality Chernozems with the standard yield of grain crops exceeding 4 t/ha is about 10%. At the same time, arable Chernozems occupy nearly 66% of total area of agricultural lands. More than 74% of the arable lands including podzolized and leached Chernozems in the northern part and Chernozems southern in the southern part of the agricultural zone are characterized by medium quality with the standard yield of grain crops 2-4 t/ha. About 10% of the arable land occupied by Chestnut solonetzic and saline soils are of poorer quality with the standard yield of grain crops less than 1 t/ha. The proposed indicators are included in the government programs for valuating and monitoring the quality of agricultural lands. The universal validity of indicators is a basis for the development of a new generation of standards for the protection and rational use of soils based on modern digital technologies and GIS approaches.
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Savin, I. Yu, E. Tanov, and S. Kharzinov. "THE USE OF NDVI PROFILES FOR ESTIMATING THE QUALITY OF ARABLE LANDS (EXEMPLIFIED BY THE BAKSAN REGION IN KABARDINO-BALKARIA)." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 77 (March 1, 2015): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2015-77-51-65.
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A new approach to estimating the quality of arable lands was developed as based upon MODIS-derived satellite data. The essence of the approach consists in an expert analysis of NDVI curves created separately for different crop groups in the last 10–12 years as well as the inter-annual variability of the NDVI seasonal maximum, whose value was used as an indicator for the crop state and yield on different fields. The nature of NDVI curves allowed expertly classifying the groups, characterizing the winter, early spring and late spring crops. The approach to estimating the quality of arable lands was approved on the example of the Baksan region in Kabardino-Balkaria. All the arable lands have been comprehensively analyzed in the region, the mask of which was created by visual interpretation of field boundaries using LANDSAT satellite data. The temporary NDVI profiles were obtained by the satellite service VEGA. Based upon the given method all the fields in the region were classified according to the quality of arable lands. The obtained data may be used in cadastre surveys for objective estimate of lands and optimal arrangement of the main agricultural crops in this Republic, being applicable in the other regions of the Russian Federation.
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Kaske, Kristina J., Silvestre García de Jalón, Adrian G. Williams, and Anil R. Graves. "Assessing the Impact of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Economic Profitability of Arable, Forestry, and Silvoarable Systems." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 3637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073637.
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This study assesses the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and sequestration of a silvoarable system with poplar trees and a crop rotation of wheat, barley, and oilseed rape and compares this with a rotation of the same arable crops and a poplar plantation. The Farm-SAFE model, a financial model of arable, forestry, and silvoarable systems, was modified to account for life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from tree and crop management were determined from life-cycle inventories and carbon storage benefits from the Yield-SAFE model, which predicts crop and tree yields in arable, forestry, and silvoarable systems. An experimental site in Silsoe in southern England served as a case study. The results showed that the arable system was the most financially profitable system, followed by the silvoarable and then the forestry systems, with equivalent annual values of EUR 560, 450 and 140 ha−1, respectively. When the positive and negative externalities of GHG sequestration and emissions were converted into carbon equivalents and given an economic value, the profitability of the arable systems was altered relative to the forestry and silvoarable systems, although in the analysis, the exact impact depended on the value given to GHG emissions. Market values for carbon resulted in the arable system remaining the most profitable system, albeit at a reduced level. Time series values for carbon proposed by the UK government resulted in forestry being the most profitable system. Hence, the relative benefit of the three systems was highly sensitive to the value that carbon was given in the analysis. This in turn is dependent on the perspective that is given to the analysis.
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Tambi, Mbu Daniel, Nganje Sophie Nanyongo, and Chuo Joshua Njuh. "Intricacies of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Application on Arable Land Crop Production in Cameroon." Journal of Socioeconomics and Development 2, no. 2 (October 29, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/jsed.v2i2.1054.
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This study emphasizes on the contribution of organic and chemical fertilizer application to arable land on Crop production in Cameroon”. The objective of this research is to determine the correlates of fertilizer application on arable land and determine their effects on arable land production as well as decompose the arable land effected by the application of organic and chemical fertilizer. The analysis method used was the instrumental-cum-control function model in Cameroon household consumption survey. The result shows that fertilizer is strongly correlating with arable land production. The magnitude of this effect is stronger in organic fertilizer than in chemical fertilizer. Besides, land size, professional training, average annual precipitation, the use of modern technology, male household head, urban residence and the cost of fertilizer are factors positively and significantly influencing the application of fertilizer on arable land in Cameroon. In terms of policy, this study recommends that the government of Cameroon should increase and subsidize the supply of Fertilizer to farmers given the right conditions. This is an essential booster of agricultural production in this era of food security.JEL Classification: Q12, Q18, Q20
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Ильина, Тамара, Tamara Il'ina, Андрей Ильин, Andrey Il'in, Олег Васильев, and Oleg Vasil'ev. "IN THE GRAY FOREST SOIL OF CHUVASHIYA." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 12, no. 4 (January 18, 2018): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a5f0410f0ba45.73690952.
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Unfavorable water regime conditions are observed in the forest-steppe agrolandscape of the Chuvash Republic, on average-eroded and gray-forest hard loamy silty-limous soil, comparing with non-eroded difference, under all crops of grain-crop rotation in the arable and subsoil layers, which reduces its potential and effective fertility and crop productivity.
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Taye, Mintesinot, Belay Simane, Benjamin F. Zaitchik, Yihenew G. Selassie, and Shimelis Setegn. "Land Use Evaluation over the Jema Watershed, in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia." Land 8, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8030050.
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Generating land capability class guidelines at a watershed scale has become a priority in sustainable agricultural land use. This study analyzed the area of cultivated land use situated on the non-arable land-capability class in the Jema watershed in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin. Soil surveys, meteorological ground observations, a digital elevation model (DEM) at 30 m, Meteosat at 10 km × 10 km and Landsat at 30 m were used to generate the sample soil texture class, average annual total rainfall (ATRF in mm), terrain, slope (%), elevation (m a.s.l) and land-use land cover (%). The land capability class was analyzed by considering raster layers of terrain, the average ATRF and soil texture. Geo-statistics was employed to fit a surface of soil texture and average ATRF estimates. An overlay technique was used to compute the proportion of cultivated land placed on non-arable land. As per the results of the terrain analysis, the elevation (m a.s.l) of the watershed is in the range of 1895 to 3518 m. The slope was found to be in the range of 0 to 45%. The amount of estimated rainfall ranged from 1640 to 131 mm with value declined from the lower to the higher elevation. Clay loam, clay and heavy clay were found to be the major soil texture classes. Four land capability classes, i.e., II, III, IV (arable) and V (non-arable), were identified with proportions of 28.56%, 45.74%, 22.16% and 3.54%, respectively. Seven land-use land covers were identified, i.e., annual crop land, grazing land, bush land, bare land, settlement land, forestland and water bodies, with proportions of 42.1, 35.9, 8.90, 8.3, 2.6, 2.1, and 0.2, respectively. Around 1707.7 ha of land in the watershed is categorized under non-arable land that cannot be used for annual crop cultivation at any level of intensity. Around 437 ha (3.5%) of land was cultivated on non-arable land. To conclude, the observed unsustainable crop land use could maximize soil loss in upstream regions and siltation and flooding downstream. The annual crop land use that was observed on non-arable land needs to be replaced with perennial crops, pasture and/or forest land uses.
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Stein, Susanne, Horst-Henning Steinmann, and Johannes Isselstein. "Linking Arable Crop Occurrence with Site Conditions by the Use of Highly Resolved Spatial Data." Land 8, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8040065.
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Agricultural land use is influenced in different ways by local factors such as soil conditions, water supply, and socioeconomic structure. We investigated at regional and field scale how strong the relationship of arable crop patterns and specific local site conditions is. At field scale, a logistic regression analysis for the main crops and selected site variables detected, for each of the analyzed crops, its own specific character of crop–site relationship. Some crops have diverging site relations such as maize and wheat, while other crops show similar probabilities under comparable site conditions, e.g., oilseed rape and winter barley. At the regional scale, the spatial comparison of clustered variables and clustered crop pattern showed a slightly stronger relationship of crop combination and specific combinations of site variables compared to the view of the single crop–site relationship.
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Hansen, Sissel, Randi Berland Frøseth, Maria Stenberg, Jarosław Stalenga, Jørgen E. Olesen, Maike Krauss, Paweł Radzikowski, et al. "Reviews and syntheses: Review of causes and sources of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and NO<sub>3</sub> leaching from organic arable crop rotations." Biogeosciences 16, no. 14 (July 17, 2019): 2795–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2795-2019.
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Abstract. The emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and leaching of nitrate (NO3) from agricultural cropping systems have considerable negative impacts on climate and the environment. Although these environmental burdens are less per unit area in organic than in non-organic production on average, they are roughly similar per unit of product. If organic farming is to maintain its goal of being environmentally friendly, these loadings must be addressed. We discuss the impact of possible drivers of N2O emissions and NO3 leaching within organic arable farming practice under European climatic conditions, and potential strategies to reduce these. Organic arable crop rotations are generally diverse with the frequent use of legumes, intercropping and organic fertilisers. The soil organic matter content and the share of active organic matter, soil structure, microbial and faunal activity are higher in such diverse rotations, and the yields are lower, than in non-organic arable cropping systems based on less diverse systems and inorganic fertilisers. Soil mineral nitrogen (SMN), N2O emissions and NO3 leaching are low under growing crops, but there is the potential for SMN accumulation and losses after crop termination, harvest or senescence. The risk of high N2O fluxes increases when large amounts of herbage or organic fertilisers with readily available nitrogen (N) and degradable carbon are incorporated into the soil or left on the surface. Freezing/thawing, drying/rewetting, compacted and/or wet soil and mechanical mixing of crop residues into the soil further enhance the risk of high N2O fluxes. N derived from soil organic matter (background emissions) does, however, seem to be the most important driver for N2O emission from organic arable crop rotations, and the correlation between yearly total N-input and N2O emissions is weak. Incorporation of N-rich plant residues or mechanical weeding followed by bare fallow conditions increases the risk of NO3 leaching. In contrast, strategic use of deep-rooted crops with long growing seasons or effective cover crops in the rotation reduces NO3 leaching risk. Enhanced recycling of herbage from green manures, crop residues and cover crops through biogas or composting may increase N efficiency and reduce N2O emissions and NO3 leaching. Mixtures of legumes (e.g. clover or vetch) and non-legumes (e.g. grasses or Brassica species) are as efficient cover crops for reducing NO3 leaching as monocultures of non-legume species. Continued regular use of cover crops has the potential to reduce NO3 leaching and enhance soil organic matter but may enhance N2O emissions. There is a need to optimise the use of crops and cover crops to enhance the synchrony of mineralisation with crop N uptake to enhance crop productivity, and this will concurrently reduce the long-term risks of NO3 leaching and N2O emissions.
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Zabel, F., T. B. Hank, and W. Mauser. "Improving arable land heterogeneity information in available land cover products for land surface modelling using MERIS NDVI data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 10 (October 26, 2010): 2073–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2073-2010.
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Abstract. Regionalization of physical land surface models requires the supply of detailed land cover information. Numerous global and regional land cover maps already exist but generally, they do not resolve arable land into different crop types. However, arable land comprises a huge variety of different crops with characteristic phenological behaviour, demonstrated in this paper with Leaf Area Index (LAI) measurements exemplarily for maize and winter wheat. This affects the mass and energy fluxes on the land surface and thus its hydrology. The objective of this study is the generation of a land cover map for central Europe based on CORINE Land Cover (CLC) 2000, merged with CORINE Switzerland, but distinguishing different crop types. Accordingly, an approach was developed, subdividing the land cover class arable land into the regionally most relevant subclasses for central Europe using multiseasonal MERIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. The satellite data were used for the separation of spring and summer crops due to their different phenological behaviour. Subsequently, the generated phenological classes were subdivided following statistical data from EUROSTAT. This database was analysed concerning the acreage of different crop types. The impact of the improved land use/cover map on evapotranspiration was modelled exemplarily for the Upper Danube catchment with the hydrological model PROMET. Simulations based on the newly developed land cover approach showed a more detailed evapotranspiration pattern compared to model results using the traditional CLC map, which is ignorant of most arable subdivisions. Due to the improved temporal behaviour and spatial allocation of evapotranspiration processes in the new land cover approach, the simulated water balance more closely matches the measured gauge.
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DOLTRA, J., M. LÆGDSMAND, and J. E. OLESEN. "Impacts of projected climate change on productivity and nitrogen leaching of crop rotations in arable and pig farming systems in Denmark." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, no. 1 (November 5, 2012): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859612000846.
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SUMMARYThe effects of projected changes in climate and atmospheric CO2 concentration on productivity and nitrogen (N) leaching of characteristic arable and pig farming rotations in Denmark were investigated with the FASSET simulation model. The LARS weather generator was used to provide climatic data for the baseline period (1961–90) and in combination with two regional circulation models (RCM) to generate climatic data under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B emission scenario for four different 20-year time slices (denoted by midpoints 2020, 2040, 2060 and 2080) for two locations in Denmark, differing in soil and climate, and representative of the selected production systems. The CO2 effects were modelled using projected CO2 concentrations for the A1B emission scenario. Crop rotations were irrigated (sandy soil) and unirrigated (sandy loam soil), and all included systems with and without catch crops, with field operation dates adapted to baseline and future climate change. Model projections showed an increase in the productivity and N leaching in the future that would be dependent on crop rotation and crop management, highlighting the importance of considering the whole rotation rather than single crops for impact assessments. Potato and sugar beet in arable farming and grain maize in pig farming contributed most to the productivity increase in the future scenarios. The highest productivity was obtained in the arable system on the sandy loam soil, with an increase of 20% on average in 2080 with respect to the baseline. Irrigation and fertilization rates would need to be increased in the future to achieve optimum yields. Growing catch crops reduces N leaching, but current catch crop management might not be sufficient to control the potential increase of leaching and more efficient strategies are required in the future. The uncertainty of climate change scenarios was assessed by using two different climate projections for predicting crop productivity and N leaching in Danish crop rotations, and this showed the consistency of the projected trends when used with the same crop model.
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de Snoo, G. R. "Arable flora in sprayed and unsprayed crop edges." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 66, no. 3 (December 1997): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(97)00104-7.
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Шакиров, Рафил, Rafil Shakirov, Закиржан Бикмухаметов, Zakirzhan Bikmuhametov, Фидаил Хисамиев, and Fidail Hisamiev. "RESOURCE-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS SELECTION IN THE ECOLOGICALLY BALANCED SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURE." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 12, no. 4 (January 18, 2018): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a5f067e35f239.84017453.
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Complex studies were conducted in eight-field grain-steam-crop and grain-steam-tilled crop rotations using the following terms: fertilizer systems, plant protection, basic tillage methods and plastic varieties. Scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time in the forest-steppe of the Volga region, on a systemic basis, resource-saving technologies have been developed on the basis of fertile crop rotations in an ecologically balanced, biologized farming system. Agroecological principles of conservation and reproduction of gray forest soil fertility and obtaining a planned harvest of high quality. Experimental substantiation of the role of action and interaction of the main factors of saving technology, in increasing crop productivity of crop rotations, productivity of arable land and soil fertility. Agroeconomic evaluation of the resource-saving technology effectiveness. Crop rotations of leguminous crops and perennial legumes increase the productivity of arable land to 15-20%, provide a positive balance of humus (0.45-0.5 tons per hectare). Organomineralic fertilizer system reduces the need for mineral fertilizers by 2-3 times, ensures the receipt of planned high quality harvest and reproduction of soil fertility. The integrated plant protection system, using biological means and methods, provides a saving of plant protection products to 30-35%, raises productivity to 15-25%. Moisture-resource-saving mode of soil cultivation (mulching various deep loosening without turnover of beds) allows to save 25-35% of fuel and reduce the moisture loss to 35-40%. Complex application of these factors with the use of high-yielding plastic varieties makes resource-saving technology that increases the productivity of cultivated crops and the productivity of arable land by 1.5-2 times, the profitability of production by 30-50% and ensuring the reproduction of soil fertility.
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Abuta, Chigozie Mark-Anthony, Anthony Chukwuemeka Agumagu, and Olufemi Martins Adesope. "Social Media Used by Arable Crop Farmers for Communicating Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Imo State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v25i1.8.
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The study examined social media use by arable crop farmers for climate change adaptation communication in Imo State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling was used to collect data with the aid of structured questionnaire from 285 randomly selected arable crop farmers in the study area. Results showed that arable crop farmers use social media to seek knowledge about climate change (𝑥̅=2.71), disseminate information to friends (𝑥̅=2.67), and seek climate change adaptation strategies (𝑥̅=2.59) and post-climate change adaptation strategies to farmer groups (𝑥̅=2.72). However, the proportion of arable crop farmers’ use of social media types was low. Sex, educational level and age influenced utilization of social media for climate change adaptation communication. Farmers should be encouraged to raise concern, make posts and engage in discussions on social media so as to attract and raise awareness of issues of concern among them, other stakeholders and the public. Government (ADP, Ministry of Agriculture), international organizations (FAO and CTA) and non-governmental organizations should organize training on use of smart phones, social media and information andcommunication technologies for farmers, and farmer groups.
Keywords: crop farmers, social media, climate change, adaptation strategies
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Ikuerowo, Joseph Olubukun, and Olanrewaju Abidemi Tehinloju. "Factors Influencing Arable Crop Farmers’ Willingness to Adopt Bio-Organic Technology in Ondo State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v25i1.3.
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The study analysed factors influencing arable crop farmers’ willingness to adopt bio-organic technology in Ondo State. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 180 respondents for the study. Questionnaire was used to collect data which were analysed with percentages, 4-point likert-type scale and logit regression model. The findings revealed that the females (67.0%) dominated arable crop farming, the mean age was 41 years and 55.6% had formal education. All the respondents are aware of mixed cropping and croprotation and less than 50% were aware of alley cropping (43.2) and biological pest control (26.6). The majority (67.6%) of the arable crop farmers had unfavourable perception of bio-organic technology. The study showed that increase in extension visit, membership of farmers’ group, access to information and education positively increase the likelihood of farmers to adopt bio-organic technology. Enhanced extension services that would adequately support farmer and extended education programs geared towards broadening farmers’ knowledge on bio-organic technology should be promoted.
Keywords: willingness, adoption, bio-organic technology, arable crop farmer
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Fanfarillo, Emanuele, Sandrine Petit, Fabrice Dessaint, Leonardo Rosati, and Giovanna Abbate. "Species composition, richness, and diversity of weed communities of winter arable land in relation to geo-environmental factors: a gradient analysis in mainland Italy." Botany 98, no. 7 (July 2020): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0178.
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The interest in knowledge of the weed communities of arable land is growing worldwide. Italy is one of the countries in Europe that is the most biodiverse, geographically and environmentally heterogeneous, and rich in arable weed species. Thus, in this study, the geo-environmental factors influencing the floristic composition, the species richness, and the Shannon diversity of weed communities of Italian winter arable crops were investigated along a gradient across mainland Italy. Original data were collected in the spring of 2018 in 106 winter cereal and legume arable fields from one fixed area plot per field. Environmental and geographic data were retrieved for each plot, including latitude, longitude, elevation, soil texture, soil pH, continentality, temperature, and precipitation. The effect of crop type was also tested. Latitude was the main driver of floristic differentiation between the studied plant communities, followed by precipitation, temperature, continentality, elevation, and longitude. Soil features and crop type had no significant effects. Higher values of species richness and Shannon diversity were found in southern areas and at higher elevations. Significant explanatory variables accounted for 11.55% of the total variation in species composition of the surveyed communities. The results are discussed and compared with those of similar studies in other Eurasian countries.
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Zabel, F., T. B. Hank, and W. Mauser. "Improving arable land heterogeneity information in available land cover products for land surface modelling using MERIS NDVI data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (July 5, 2010): 4145–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-4145-2010.
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Abstract. Regionalization of physical land surface models requires the supply of detailed land cover information. Numerous global and regional land cover maps already exist, but generally they do not resolve arable land into different crop types. However, the characteristic phenological behaviour of different crops affects the mass and energy fluxes on the land surface and thus its hydrology. The objective of this study is the generation of a land cover map for Central Europe based on CORINE Land Cover 2000, merged with CORINE Switzerland, but distinguishing different crop types. Accordingly, an approach was developed, subdividing the land cover class arable land into the regionally most relevant subclasses for Central Europe using statistical data from EUROSTAT. This database was analysed concerning the acreage of different crop types, taking a multiseasonal series of MERIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) into account. The satellite data were used for the separation of spring and summer crops. The hydrological impact of the improved land cover map was modelled exemplarily for the Upper Danube catchment.
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Olufemi Aremu-Dele, Kehinde Ademola Adesanya, Bunmi Olaoluwa Olorundare, Oluwadamilola Ifedolapo Asunbo, and Elizabeth Feyisayo Odeyemi. "Intercrop practices in cashew production." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.3.0268.
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Cashew is an important economic tree crop cultivated for its wood, apple and most especially the nut. The large plant spacing involved in its cultivation encourages intercropping. Intercropping cashew during the early phase of establishment with arable and sometimes tree crops is usually practiced which serves as food security, cultural weed control and means of additional income to farmers. The aim of this study is to look into some experimented cashew intercrop and gaps in the intercrop patterns. Review of past literatures was used in discovering cashew intercrop patterns in Nigeria and some major cashew producing countries. Intercropping cashew with arable crops is more popular and profitable than with tree crop except in Sri-lanka where intercropping with coconut seems profitable than cashew sole cropping. Intercropping of cashew with arable crops, legumes and vegetables did not affect the growth of young cashew except millet, sorghum and pigeon-pea. Cashew/maize and cashew/cassava/yam had high returns respectively. Intercrop combinations with more than two crops affected the growth of cashew. Cashew/rice and cashew/plantain intercrop suppressed the growth of weeds with no negative effect on cashew growth. More concise and implementable research can be done where information on weed control, growth parameters, nutrient demands, yield and economic returns can be gotten from an experiment on the various cashew intercrop patterns as this will make the findings more adoptable by the farmers. Intercropping cashew with more than 2 crops should be discouraged.
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YARHAM, D. J., and N. J. GILTRAP. "Crop diseases in a changing agriculture: arable crops in the UK?a review." Plant Pathology 38, no. 4 (December 1989): 459–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb01439.x.
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Böhler, Jonas, Michael Schaepman, and Mathias Kneubühler. "Crop Classification in a Heterogeneous Arable Landscape Using Uncalibrated UAV Data." Remote Sensing 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081282.
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Land cover maps are indispensable for decision making, monitoring, and management in agricultural areas, but they are often only available after harvesting. To obtain a timely crop map of a small-scale arable landscape in the Swiss Plateau, we acquired uncalibrated, very high-resolution data, with a spatial resolution of 0.05 m and four spectral bands, using a consumer-grade camera on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in June 2015. We resampled the data to different spatial and spectral resolutions, and evaluated the method using textural features (first order statistics and mathematical morphology), a random forest classifier for best performance, as well as number and size of the structuring elements. Our main findings suggest the overall best performing data consisting of a spatial resolution of 0.5 m, three spectral bands (RGB—red, green, and blue), and five different sizes of the structuring elements. The overall accuracy (OA) for the full set of crop classes based on a pixel-based classification is 66.7%. In case of a merged set of crops, the OA increases by ~7% (74.0%). For an object-based classification based on individual field parcels, the OA increases by ~20% (OA of 86.3% for the full set of crop classes, and 94.6% for the merged set, respectively). We conclude the use of UAV to be most relevant at 0.5 m spatial resolution in heterogeneous arable landscapes when used for crop classification.
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Beule, Lukas, and Petr Karlovsky. "Tree rows in temperate agroforestry croplands alter the composition of soil bacterial communities." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): e0246919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246919.
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Background Tree-based intercropping (agroforestry) has been advocated to reduce adverse environmental impacts of conventional arable cropping. Modern agroforestry systems in the temperate zone are alley-cropping systems that combine rows of fast-growing trees with rows of arable crops. Soil microbial communities in these systems have been investigated intensively; however, molecular studies with high taxonomical resolution are scarce. Methods Here, we assessed the effect of temperate agroforestry on the abundance, diversity and composition of soil bacterial communities at three paired poplar-based alley cropping and conventional monoculture cropland systems using real-time PCR and Illumina sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Two of the three systems grew summer barley (Hordeum vulgare); one system grew maize (Zea mays) in the sampling year. To capture the spatial heterogeneity induced by the tree rows, soil samples in the agroforestry systems were collected along transects spanning from the centre of the tree rows to the centre of the agroforestry crop rows. Results Tree rows of temperate agroforestry systems increased the abundance of soil bacteria while their alpha diversity remained largely unaffected. The composition of the bacterial communities in tree rows differed from those in arable land (crop rows of the agroforestry systems and conventional monoculture croplands). Several bacterial groups in soil showed strong association with either tree rows or arable land, revealing that the introduction of trees into arable land through agroforestry is accompanied by the introduction of a tree row-associated microbiome. Conclusion The presence of tree row-associated bacteria in agroforestry increases the overall microbial diversity of the system. We speculate that the increase in biodiversity is accompanied by functional diversification. Differences in plant-derived nutrients (root exudates and tree litter) and management practices (fertilization and tillage) likely account for the differences between bacterial communities of tree rows and arable land in agroforestry systems.
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Kiptach, Fedir, and Iryna Koynova. "Organization of land use of territory of village of councils based on the landscape." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 50 (December 28, 2016): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2016.50.8693.
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The large-scale landscape maps necessity in developing projects and proposals for agriculture, forestry land-use and erosion protection were justified. Natural conditions of land-use in Nova Syniava community in Stara Syniava district in Khmelnytskyi region were described and analyses of land structure were made. Accordingly, land structure is characterized by ecologically destabilizing lands, including arable lands, lands that were withdrawn from agriculture production and forestry (outbuildings, houses, roads, open-casts, exterior use lands) are prevailing. They cover 80,6 % (in particular, arable lands – 71,8 %) of total community lands. And, vice versa, ecologically stabilizing lands (gardens, pastures, grasslands, shrubs, forest belts, forests, swamps, water covered lands) cover a small percentage – 19,4 of total research area. Therefore, erosive soils cover a significant percentage – 51,3 % of total area. Soil erosion caused decreasing of soil fertility and yields of agriculture. The average weighted losses of humus in arable horizon of soils (0–30 cm) compared with full-profile standard analogues are 0,5–0,6 %. First step of developing sustainable ecological landscape systems were justified by using a principle of land resource restoration and strengthening of their self-regulation through increasing the area of ecologically stabilized lands by low productivity lands and by their location with taking into consideration a complex morphological structure of landscape systems. Landscape systems of research area were classified by genesis and type of their economic use. Arable lands should cover no more than 52,4 % of the total community area. In particular, 16,1 % is recommended to use for field grain-steam tilled crop rotations and cultivating all agriculture crops of this zone by using intensive agriculture systems and the widespread introduction of their ecological links; 27,9 % is recommended to use for field grain-steam tilled crop rotations and cultivating all agriculture crops of this zone by using ecological systems of agriculture provided soil cultivation, sowing and caring for crops according to the elevation line directions. 8,4% is recommended to use for field grain-grass or grass-grain soil protected crop rotations with total exclusion of row crops. 38,8 % of total community land area should be covered by perennial plants (6,6 %), grasslands (17,0 %), shrubs and forest belts (0,31 %), forests (11,7 %), swamps (1,09 %), lands covered by water (1,2 %). Other 8,8 % are covered by outbuildings and houses (1,2 %), roads (2,0 %), opencasts (0,8 %) and exterior use lands (4,8 %). Key words: forest steppe, landscape systems, land-use, lands, crop rotations.
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Aminu, F. O., E. O. S. Balogun, and O. B. Oke. "Farm risks and management strategies among arable crop farmers in Odogbolu Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria." Agrosearch 19, no. 2 (July 21, 2020): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/agrosh.v19i2.4.
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This study examines farm risk and management strategies adopted by arable crop farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 120 respondents for the study with the aid of questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Likert scale and logit regression model. Results revealed that erratic rainfall, pest and diseases were the major production risks faced by the farmers. Ill-health (69.2%) and low produce price (92.5%) were the major personal risk and marketing risk experienced by the farmers respectively. The major financial risks were insurance (86.7%) and lack of access to loan (83.3%) while the major institutional risk was lack of agricultural loan and subsidies (100%) from government. The major preventive strategy adopted by the arable crop farmers were use of agrochemicals and selling at reduced price. The most employed mitigation strategies were diversification (82.5%), on-farm sales (78.3%), esusu (77.5%), cooperative society membership (71.7%) and self-medication (70%). The prominent coping strategies employed were hired labour (77.5%), off-farm activities (73.3%) and borrowing (60%). The significant factors influencing the attitude of arable crop farmers to risk were sex, educational level of the farmers, household size, farming experience, membership of cooperative association, access to bank loan, farming system and off farm income The study concluded that the arable crop farmers were risk averse and recommended that efforts should be geared towards training the farmers on the appropriate management strategies with emphasis on the need for the farmers to adopt innovations that will enhance improved farm practices in the study area.Keywords: Arable crop, farm risk, management strategies, logit
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Holland, J., D. Cammarano, G. Poile, and M. Conyers. "The prediction of crop biomass, grain yield and grain quality using fluorescence sensing in cereals." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017000474.
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Potassium (K) is a macronutrient which plays a vital role on crop growth and metabolism. After N the requirements for K are greatest for most arable crops and so the availability of K is of critical importance to optimise production. The precision nutrient management of arable crops requires accurate and timely assessment of crop nutrient status. Much research and practice has focused on crop N status, while there has been a lack of focus on other important nutrients such as K. Therefore, in this study we assess the robustness of 12 fluorescence channels and several indices to predict nutrient status (K, Mg and Ca) across two cereal crops with different row management and lime status on an acidic K deficient soil. A multi-factorial experiment was used with the following treatment factors: crop (barley, wheat), K fertilizer rates (0, 25, 50, 100 kg K/ ha), lime (nil, 1 t/ ha) and two management factors (inter-row, windrow). At flowering the crop was sampled for biomass and nutrient content and proximal sensing (using a Multiplex fluorometer) undertaken of the crop canopy. Crop variables showed significant treatment effects. For instance, all crop variables were greater under the windrow treatment than the inter-row, K rate significantly increased grain yield and TGW, but K rate decreased protein and grain Ca and Mg content, also the grain yield was significantly greater under lime compared with the nil treatment. These crop effects enabled the identification of significant crop-fluorescence relationships. For instance, SFR_R (a chlorophyll index) predicted crop biomass (regardless of crop species) and FLAV predicted with the grain protein of windrow-grown barley. These results are promising and suggest crop-fluorescence relationships can be used to inform crop nutrient status which could be used to aid management decisions. Thus, there is good potential for fluorescence sensing to quantify crop K status and the opportunity to improve the timing and precision of K management for application within a precision agriculture system.
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Fitt, Bruce, Aiming Qi, and Fay Newbery. "Arable Crop Disease Control, Environmental Change and Food Security." Procedia Environmental Sciences 29 (2015): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.277.
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Gunton, Richard M., Sandrine Petit, and Sabrina Gaba. "Functional traits relating arable weed communities to crop characteristics." Journal of Vegetation Science 22, no. 3 (March 16, 2011): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01273.x.
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Sells, J. E., and E. Audsley. "The profitability of an arable wood crop for electricity." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 48 (January 1991): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8634(91)80021-6.
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Tyšer, Luděk, and Michaela Kolářová. "Occurrence of native weed species on arable land – Effect of different environmental factors." Plant Protection Science 57, No. 2 (March 1, 2021): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/79/2020-pps.
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Native species form a substantial part of arable weed communities. The objective of this survey was to study the occurrence of native species in arable fields in the Czech Republic related to applied management systems (conventional and organic farming), crops (winter cereals, spring cereals, wide-row crops) and environmental conditions at different altitudes. In 2006–2018, a phytocoenological survey (320 relevés) was performed across the Czech Republic. In total, 180 weed species were recorded, of which 43.33% were considered as native (78 species). The net effects of all the studied variables on the occurrence of native species were found as statistically significant. Most of the variability was explained by the altitude, followed by the crop and type of farming. The highest occurrence of native weeds was noticed in organic farming and cereals and increased with an increasing altitude. The higher incidence in higher elevations can be connected to the more intensive agriculture in the lowlands.
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Idris-Adeniyi, Kaothar Modupe, Ahmed Oluwagbenga Busari, and Stephen Adeolu Adedokun. "Determinants of Income Diversification among Arable Crop Farmers in Osun State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 2 (May 10, 2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i2.3.
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The study examined determinants of income diversification among arable crop farmers in Osun state, Nigeria. A total of 120 arable crop farmers were proportionately selected from the three agricultural zones in the State that was used for the study. Structured interview schedule was used to elicit relevant information from respondents. Frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation, diversity index and Tobit regression model were employed in data analysis. The majority of the farmers had access to farm credit and mean diversity index was 0.46. Factors influencing income diversification among respondents were age (t=-2.68, p≤0.01), credit (t=2.29, p0.05), household size (t=8.24, p≤0.01) and frequency of extension visits (t=2.24, p≤0.05). Only 6.67% of the farmers had income diversity index of 0 meaning that most of the respondents adopted multiple income generating-activities while crop farming remained their dominant income source. In the face of climate change and its attendant risks including total crop failure, farmers should be exposed to other viable farm and off-farm income generating activities, while they are provided with credit facilities to harness such opportunities.
Keywords: Income diversification, Arable crop farmers, Income generating activities
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Gobin, Anne, Nicoletta Addimando, Christoph Ramshorn, and Karl Gutbrod. "Climate risk services for cereal farming." Advances in Science and Research 18 (March 15, 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-18-21-2021.
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Abstract. Agricultural production is largely determined by weather conditions during the crop growing season. An important aspect of crop yield estimation concerns crop growth development. The occurrence of meteorological events such as frosts, droughts or heat stress during the crop life cycle or during certain phenological stages helps explain yield fluctuations of common arable crops. We developed a methodology and visualisation tool for risk assessment, and tested the workflow for drought and frost risk for winter wheat, winter barley and grain maize in Belgium. The methodology has the potential to be extended to other extreme weather events and their impacts on crop growth in different regions of the world.
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Wiesmeier, M., M. Lungu, R. Hübner, and V. Cerbari. "Remediation of degraded arable steppe soils in Moldova using vetch as green manure." Solid Earth 6, no. 2 (May 29, 2015): 609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-6-609-2015.
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Abstract. In the Republic of Moldova, non-sustainable arable farming led to severe degradation and erosion of fertile steppe soils (Chernozems). As a result, the Chernozems lost about 40% of their initial amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC). The aim of this study was to remediate degraded arable soils and promote carbon sequestration by implementation of cover cropping and green manuring in Moldova. Thereby, the suitability of the legume hairy vetch (Vicia sativa) as cover crop under the dry continental climate of Moldova was examined. At two experimental sites, the effect of cover cropping on chemical and physical soil properties as well as on yields of subsequent main crops was determined. The results showed a significant increase of SOC after incorporation of hairy vetch mainly due to increases of aggregate-occluded and mineral-associated OC. This was related to a high above- and belowground biomass production of hairy vetch associated with a high input of carbon and nitrogen into arable soils. A calculation of SOC stocks based on equivalent soil masses revealed a sequestration of around 3 t C ha−1yr−1 as a result of hairy vetch cover cropping. The buildup of SOC was associated with an improvement of the soil structure as indicated by a distinct decrease of bulk density and a relative increase of macroaggregates at the expense of microaggregates and clods. As a result, yields of subsequent main crops increased by around 20%. Our results indicated that hairy vetch is a promising cover crop to remediate degraded steppe soils, control soil erosion and sequester substantial amounts of atmospheric C in arable soils of Moldova.
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Holod, R., О. Bilinska, and H. Shubala. "The efficiency of the crop rotations with short rotation with different levels of their saturation of cereals and crops in the conditions of Western Forest-Steppe." Interdepartmental thematic scientific collection "Agriculture" 1, no. 92 (May 31, 2017): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/zem.92.62-68.
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There were analyzed and disclosed the basic components of arable farming systems and their Meaning, the current state and scientific principles in the context of the further development of field crop cultivation in the conditions of Western Forest-Steppe.
The purpose of research. To study an effect of alternation of crop in crop rotation in conditions of brief rotation on the soil water regime, productivity and economic efficiency.
Methods. Field, laboratory, comparative and analytical.
Results. The results of researches on study of productivity of four-field crop rotations with short rotation depending on their saturation by the grain and tilled cultures, of various use of mineral fertilizers, green manure crops and collateral products which were conducted during 2014-2015 in the stationary experiment of the scientific and technological department of plant growing and arable farming, of the TDSGDS of the IKSGP of NAAN are resulted In the article.
The elements of the biologization of farming are the basis of our development of crop rotations with short rotation. The study of the effect of green manure crops and collateral products in four-field crop rotations with a different set of crops on the change of soil fertility and productivity of crop rotations as a whole was carried out to this purpose. According to the results of the research, is provided the information on the effectiveness of improving the field crop rotations with short rotation with varying degrees of saturation by grain and tilled crops, that ensure the production of environmentally friendly products, reducing the cost of grain, improving the quality of marketable products.
The study of the effect of alternation of crop in crop rotation in conditions of brief rotation on the soil water regime, productivity and economic efficiency showed that an increase in crop rotation productivity is observed in short-rotation crop rotations, if they are saturated by grain crops up to 100%, cereals crops reduction to 50% in crop rotations contributes to a decrease in crop productivity.
Conclusion. Thus, the results of the research showed that with the correct construction of short rotational crop rotations, such problems as rational use of nutrients and soil moisture, control of weeds and pests of agricultural crops, improvement of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, increased efficiency in the use of fertilizers and equipment, Cheapening of the received agricultural product may be solved.
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Tamms, Laura, Friederike de Mol, Michael Glemnitz, and Bärbel Gerowitt. "Weed Densities in Perennial Flower Mixtures Cropped for Greater Arable Biodiversity." Agriculture 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060501.
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The cropping of perennial wildflower mixtures to produce biomass for use in biogas plants is one option for breaking maize’s dominance as a bioenergy feedstock. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of weeds in commercially produced perennial wildflower mixtures. Weed control during the establishment of perennial wildflower mixtures is very difficult to manage and raises the issue of the development of new weed problems when cropping perennial wildflower mixtures. In a three-year field experiment with staggered starts in four sites in northeast Germany, a perennial crop mixture was sown each year. The weeds and sown crops were surveyed annually in June. Plant densities and species numbers were counted and diversity indices calculated. Data were analysed using linear mixed models. Across all sites, weed density decreased significantly over the years of use (=cropping seasons), while weed species richness in the perennial mixture remained unchanged. The sown crop species richness significantly decreased, while the sown crop densities increased with cropping seasons. Weed density did not increase at any of the experimental sites. Although weed densities were high and crop establishment was poor in the first growing seasons, the perennial mix was able to suppress weeds in the following growing season. It was concluded that the cropping of perennial flower mixtures could contribute to biodiversity without causing new weed problems.
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Motorin, A. S. "Agrogenic evolution of organic matter in peat soils of Western Siberia." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 50, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2020-2-1.
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The influence of the groundwater level (GW), vegetable crop rotation and mineral fertilizers on the change in the composition of organic matter of medium-thick peat soil was determined. The study was conducted on lysimeters with an adjustable level (0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 1–2.0 m) of groundwater occurrence; in a vegetable-feed crop rotation spread in time and space; under perennial grasses without prior cultivation of annual crops. It was established that in the arable layer (0.2 m) of peat soil, the bitumen content at GW level of 0.5 m was lower by 1.65% than at a depth of 1.0 m, and by 4.34% than at a depth of 1.5 m. The maximum amount of water-soluble substances (5.68%) and substances hydrolyzable by 2% HCl (34.25%) was established at GW level of 0.5 m. It was 1.2 and 3.4–3.8% higher than at groundwater level of 1–1.5 m, respectively. With GW level of 1.5 m, the amount of humic acids decreased by 4.5% compared to their occurrence at a depth of 0.5 m. The amount of fulvic acids in the arable layer depends on the GW level (r = 0.79). The content of substances hardly hydrolyzable by 80% H2SO4 in the arable layer decreased from 2.82 to 2.31% with an increase in groundwater depth from 0.5 to 1.5 m. It was observed that the amount of lignin decreased with an increase in groundwater depth from 0.5 (6.66%) to 1.5 m (5.30%). Five- year cultivation of crops in the vegetable-feed crop rotation did not lead to significant changes in the composition of the organic matter of peat. Grassing of peat soils with perennial grasses without sowing pre-crops ensures preservation of peat organic matter and prevents its substantial transformation. Mineral fertilizers reduce the rate of accumulation of hardly-hydrolyzable and non-hydrolyzable forms due to more severe oxidative-hydrolytic conditions in the soil and because of an increase in the amount of fresh plant material as a result of crop and root residues.
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Orians, Gordon H., and Peter Lack. "Arable lands." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 42, no. 1-2 (October 1992): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(92)90022-4.
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Wietzke, Alexander, Clara-Sophie van Waveren, Erwin Bergmeier, Stefan Meyer, and Christoph Leuschner. "Current State and Drivers of Arable Plant Diversity in Conventionally Managed Farmland in Northwest Germany." Diversity 12, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12120469.
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Agricultural intensification has led to dramatic diversity losses and impoverishment of the arable vegetation in much of Europe. We analyzed the status of farmland phytodiversity and its determinants in 2016 in northwest Germany by surveying 200 conventionally managed fields cultivated with seven crops. The study was combined with an analysis of edaphic (soil yield potential), agronomic (crop cover, fertilizer and herbicide use) and landscape factors (adjacent habitats). In total, we recorded 150 non-crop plant species, many of them nitrophilous generalist species, while species of conservation value were almost completely absent. According to a post-hoc pairwise comparison of the mixed model results, the cultivation of rapeseed positively influenced non-crop plant species richness as compared to winter cereals (wheat, barley, rye and triticale; data pooled), maize or potato. The presence of grassy strips and ditch margins adjacent to fields increased plant richness at field edges presumably through spillover effects. In the field interiors, median values of non-crop plant richness and cover were only 2 species and 0.5% cover across all crops, and at the field edges 11 species and 4% cover. Agricultural intensification has wiped out non-crop plant life nearly completely from conventionally managed farmland, except for a narrow, floristically impoverished field edge strip.