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1
Zahlan, A. B. "Science and the Arabs: opportunities and challenges." Contemporary Arab Affairs 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 190–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2011.569180.
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Tunisians and Egyptians sought recently to transform their political culture. Their political economy has rendered it impossible to develop the scientific infrastructure needed to benefit from science. This paper shows that, by comparison with China and India, the Arabs in 1999 had a substantially higher level of university enrolment, per million inhabitants abroad and at home; and were ahead in per capita R&D output. Yet both China and India were able to take off with these resources while the Arab countries were left behind. The research output of the Arab countries increased about 50-fold over the period 1967–2010. Egypt, the GCC and the Maghreb are in the lead, and the leading countries are Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia. Yet Arab governments provide minimal support to R&D at 0.2% of GNP and few countries have recently increased support to R&D. The paper discusses their research output as well international collaboration.
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Mahdihassan, S. "Alchemy, Chinese Versus Greek, An Etymological Approach: A Rejoinder." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 16, no. 01n02 (January 1988): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x88000145.
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The theory generally accepted maintains that Alchemy arose at Alexandra as a child of Greek culture. It has two names, Chemeia as the earlier and Chumeia as the later. There is another theory that Alchemy arose in China. Its founder was the aged ascetic who longed after drugs of longevity. He first tried jade, next gold and cinnabar, but the ideal was a drug which was red like cinnabar and fire-proof like gold. But what was actually prepared was read colloidal gold or "calcined gold," by grinding gold granules in a decoction of an herb of longevity. It was called Chin-I; Chin=gold and I=plant juice. In Fukin dialect Chin-I=Kim-Iya. This was Arabicized, by pre-Islamic Arabs trading in silk with China, as Kimiya, whence arose Al-Kimiya and finally Alchemy. It was first accepted by Bucharic speaking Copts in Egypt who transliterated Kimiya=Chemeia, pronouncing it as the Arabs did. With the increase of trade in silk the Chinese also went to Alexandria and helped the Greeks to translate Chin-I as Chrusozomion meaning, gold (making) ferment, instead of gold making plant juice. Consistant with this origin of the word Chemeia is the fact that the earlier Alchemists were not Greeks but probably Bucharic speaks Copts or Egyptians. The consumer of Chin-I or Chemeia became "a drug-made immortal" called Chin-Jen, Golden-Man. This was translated into Greek as Chrusanthropos. Thus the etymology of two Greek words Chrusozomion and Chrusanthropos support the origin of the loan word, Chemeia as Chinese. To save space it is not proposed to discuss the origin of Chumeia.
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Daher, Massoud. "نموذج التنمية المستدامة في الصين ومدى استفادة العرب منها / China’s Sustainable Development Model and How Arabs Benefit From it." Chinese and Arab Studies 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caas-2021-2007.
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Abstract Based on the development of positive relations between China and the Arab countries in the context of a new globalization on the path to a multipolar world, this study addresses the following methodological issues: China’s development achievements in the reform and the opening-up movement, China’s success in the face of the Covid-19 epidemic, and the analysis of the notion of “Sustainable Development” and the Chinese characteristics of the concept of socialism. Accurate scientific conclusions confirmed that sustainable development with Chinese characteristics constitutes a distinct model of rational and balanced development that achieved the well-being of the Chinese population. The Belt and Road Initiative has been widely welcomed in all Arab countries. Arab institutions, both official and private, have begun to study the Chinese development model to build a new style of development based on social stability, economic prosperity and mutual benefit. China is a leading model for promoting the common interest of people. China contributes positively to the well-being of its people and the rest of the world through cooperation. It is moving forward with high-quality development plans that provide new opportunities to revive the global economy, which is suffering from the drawbacks of the Covid-19 pandemic. Having presented China as a leading human model of inclusive development to realize the Chinese Dream, the enlightened Arab elites have shown increasing interest in this high-quality experiment that has succeeded in eradicating poverty, combating Covid-19, helping the recovery of the global economy, and promoting opportunities for advancement, innovation and creativity on a global level. Since China’s development was built on moral and humanitarian rules, it is warmly welcomed in the Arab countries because it affirms that humans are the greatest capital and the goal of sustainable development. It offers rich and useful lessons for everyone around the world.
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Hadi Fadhil ALOGAIDI, Azhar, and Liqaa Khalil ISMAIL. "ANCIENT INDIAN RELIGIONS IN THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (May 1, 2021): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.4-3.22.
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If the country of India is mentioned with it the plurality of religions; It is an example in that, and then India is the source of the diverse and plural religions. Hence, in the Malay Peninsula and its combined Algeria, there are different beliefs and tendencies; They converted to Islam in the thirteenth century, and that was the result of the relations that linked them to the Arabs, which were direct, represented in trade, and indirect, represented in the fact that they were located on the sea route for the Arabs in their trade towards China .. The research aims at researching the ancient Indian religions in the Malay Archipelago - Malaysia - in addition to talking about India as it represents an important source for the spread of those religions in the archipelago, as well as the neighborhood that brings them together, India and the archipelago, and it was for direct contact factors, such as trade and other reciprocal travel. His role in the transmission of those religions from here and there. If there are multiple religions in the archipelago, However, this research will focus on the three major religions (Hinduism - Buddhism - Jainism). They are the most famous and important religions among other religions, as well as being an important source for other religions of India and the archipelago
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Liangying, Ye. "تعليم اللغة العربية في الجامعات الصينية / Arabic Language Teaching in Chinese Universities: Inheritance and Innovation." Chinese and Arab Studies 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caas-2021-2003.
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Abstract The Arabic language is the common official language for the Arab nation, and one of the most important components of its identity, and it is also the link that connects the past of the Arabs with their present and their future, as it recorded the historical changes of the Arab nation over the course of the development extending for more than 1,600 years, and embodied its characteristics and preserved its culture and civilization through time. Arabic is one of the oldest foreign languages taught in China, and it played a pivotal role in promoting exchanges between China and Arab countries in various fields, politically, economically and culturally. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Arabic language teaching in Chinese universities achieved a remarkable development under the enlightened educational guidance, and succeeded in preparing batches of distinguished people who contributed and are contributing to the development of relations between Arab countries and China. After entering the 21st century and with the establishment of the China-Arab States Cooperation Forum and the consolidation of Sino-Arab strategic cooperation relations, especially with the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative and the concept of “One Community with a Shared Future for Mankind”, the cooperation relations between China and the Arab countries have reached a new threshold on various levels. Simultaneously, Arabic teaching in Chinese universities has entered the path of rapid development and achieved unparalleled remarkable results.
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Zhen, Wang, Alfred Tovias, Peter Bergamin, Menachem Klein, Tally Kritzman-Amir, and Pnina Peri. "Book Reviews." Israel Studies Review 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/isr.2020.350108.
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Aron Shai, China and Israel: Chinese, Jews; Beijing, Jerusalem (1890–2018) (Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2019), 270 pp. Hardback, $90.00. Paperback, $29.95.Raffaella A. Del Sarto, Israel under Siege: The Politics of Insecurity and the Rise of the Israeli Neo-Revisionist Right (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2017), 298 pp. Paperback, $26.94.Dan Tamir, Hebrew Fascism in Palestine, 1922–1942 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), 210 pp. Hardback, $99.99.Alan Dowty, Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2019), 312 pp. Hardback, $65.00.Guy Ben-Porat and Fany Yuval, Policing Citizens: Minority Policy in Israel (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 250 pp. Hardback, $89.99.Deborah Golden, Lauren Erdreich, and Sveta Roberman, Mothering, Education and Culture: Russian, Palestinian and Jewish Middle-Class Mothers in Israeli Society (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), 225 pp. Hardback, $114.25.
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Rangkuti, Rahmadsyah, and S. Imtiaz Hasnain. "Indian Contribution to Language Sciences in Non-Western Tradition: With Reference to Arabic." International Journal of Culture and Art Studies 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijcas.v1i1.449.
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Language study relates itself to both ontology and epistemology. Both ontological and epistemological investigations have been the subject of debate and discussion in different civilizations producing a number of grammatical traditions other than the West. Arab, China, India and the ancient Near East can also boast of language traditions of greater antiquity. In terms of richness of insight and comprehensiveness of scope, both India and the Arab compete on equal terms with the West, where each grew independently of the others and for the most part developed separately, drawing on the resources of the culture within which it grew. Hence, there is strong need to have a study of comparative grammatical theory to which Indian, Arabs and Chinese also belong, centring on the questions of: What has been the importance of these theories explanatory categories appear in historically unrelated linguistic theory, and if they do, why? This perspective would bring new dimension to the study of linguistic theory and would not remain at the level of redressing the overwhelming emphasis on the European tradition in the study of history of linguistics.
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Bani Omar, Suhib Yousef Dawood. "The Influence of Chinese Pottery on the Nabataean Pottery During the 1st Century BC and the 2nd Century AD." Bulletin of Advanced English Studies 7, no. 1 (June 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/baes2022.7.1.1.
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The ancient China's historic stages may be separated into some certain ages: Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, and Ironic Age. There were only broken stone tools in the Paleolithic age. The Paleolithic age witnessed stone tools and copper pottery during the excavations; major relics of the old Nabataean and Byzantine village of Aila were uncovered, which flourished from first century B.C. through the Earliest Muslim invasion. The remnants of the historic Nabataean and Byzantine town of Aila, which existed from the first century B.C. through the Early Muslim invasion, were discovered during the excavation. Chinese pottery played a big role in the economic industries all over the world. This trade was famous according to ancient Chinese families such as Yangshao and Cishan (Zhang et al., 2019, p. 112). During the first century BC and the 2nd century AD, Chinese commerce witnessed a strong export for Chinese ceramics to some majority of countries, particularly the Middle East (Miksic, 2009, p. 72). The types of pottery were exported to the Middle East. This is a product that is mostly exported from China. Finally, Chinese pottery is undoubtedly spread in some certain areas for many centuries BC. Some famous Chinese families such as Yangshaoand Longshan cultures started eliciting the soil and manufactured various shapes of pottery. Chinese pottery was transformed to Aqaba and then to Petra where the remains of Chinese pottery were founded. It is evidence of a certain kind of trade between China and Nabataean Arabs.
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Cockx, Lara, Giulia Meloni, and Johan Swinnen. "The Water of Life and Death: A Brief Economic History of Spirits." Journal of Wine Economics 16, no. 4 (November 2021): 355–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2021.9.
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AbstractSpirits represent around 50% of global alcohol consumption. This sector is much less studied than other alcoholic beverages such as wine or beer. This paper reviews the economic history of spirits and analyzes recent trends in the spirits markets. The technology to produce spirits is more complex than for wine or beer. Distillation was known in ancient Chinese, Indian, Greek, and Egyptian societies, but it took innovations by the Arabs to distill alcohol. Initially, this alcohol was used for medicinal purposes. Only in the Middle Ages did spirits become a widespread drink. The Industrial Revolution created a large consumer market and reduced the cost of spirits, contributing to excess consumption and alcoholism. Governments have intervened extensively in spirits markets to reduce excessive consumption and to raise taxes. There have been significant changes in spirits consumption and trade over time. Over the past 50 years, the share of spirits in global alcohol consumption increased from around 30% to around 50%. In the past decades, there was strong growth in emerging markets, including in China and India. Recent developments in the spirits industry include premiumization, the growth of craft spirits, and the introduction of terroir for spirits. (JEL Classifications: L51, L66, N40, Q11, Q18)
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Hajaruddin Siregar, Hari, Petrus Natalivan, and Agus Suharjono Ekomadyo. "Cultural Assemblage as Genius Loci: Character Analysis of Medan City Center District." SHS Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184104011.
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The city of Medan was formed from a rapidly growing plantation industry in the 1800s. The area that was originally only a village called Medan Putri with a population of about 200 people slowly changed since the Dutch investors saw the prospect of tobacco plantations in this region (Sinar, 2006). The amount of manpower needed to manage the plantation resulted in the investors bringing labor from Java, China and also Tamil. Moving the central government of the Deli Sultanate to Medan in 1891 increasingly crowded Medan at that time. The Arabs, Mining, Mandailing, and Aceh began to arrive for trading purposes as Medan began to grow and become more crowded. The study focused on locating the genius loci of Medan City through tracing the historical meaning by adapting the method undertaken by Norberg Schultz in tracing the spirit of the place and genius loci. The result of the analysis shows the role of culture and economic background that plays a major role in the formation of the character of Medan City center. The city is formed from the history of the plantation industry as well as the diverse cultures that share the same attachment and goals in the economic field.
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Leonard, Graham. "The Rise of Early Modern Science." American Journal of Islam and Society 12, no. 1 (April 1, 1995): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v12i1.2392.
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The author has shown great courage in undertaking an endeavor thathas daunted historians of science, intellectual historians, Islamicists, andSinologists. Huff utilizes excellent sources and makes insightful hypothesesin this multidisciplinary work. If the book is not perfect, the failure issmall compared to what he has achieved. Building on this work, otherscholars will be able to sharpen the on-going debate and propose boldconclusions for years to come.The Rise of Early Modern Science concentrates on why science "tookoff' in the West but not in China or the Islamic world, where it had muchlonger histories. By "takeoff," Huff means the explosion of scientific discoverythat flowered in the West, especially during the early seventeenthcentury. His basic premise is succinct: "Modem science depends on thebelief that the natural world is a rational and ordered world" and that"man is a rational creature who is able to understand and accuratelydescribe the universe." Claiming that such Greek tenets never occurred inChina and noting that the Arabs passed them on to Europe, he enwnerateshow they took hold in the West and facilitated the modem world.Huff compares the legal systems of the three cultures as institutionalizationsof their social, political, and intellectual experiences. While comparisonsof their legal systems produce interesting results, contrasting theirthought processes, educational systems, and practices of science couldhave shed more light on the differences in their utilization of scientificmethodologies. His recourse co legal systems for comparisons in scienceis not successful, for law parallels scientific methodology in that bothemploy rigor, empiricism, and deduction. But induction, essential for science,was used in law mainly for purposes of legislation. His comparisonof Islamic law with the West's fails because the former includes everyaspect of life, whereas the latter is more limited to criminal, civil, and corporateaspects. China's law, on the other hand, is concerned with the socialorder.Huff notes that China concentrated more on the organization ofhuman society than on the natural environment. Emperors and their minionsopposed searching for "truths" lest the established order be troubled.China did not codify or institutionalize its laws in ways comparable toIslam and the West. Given this history, China should be effectively out of ...
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Angelakιs, Andreas N., Daniele Zaccaria, Jens Krasilnikoff, Miquel Salgot, Mohamed Bazza, Paolo Roccaro, Blanca Jimenez, et al. "Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution through the Millennia." Water 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051285.
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Many agricultural production areas worldwide are characterized by high variability of water supply conditions, or simply lack of water, creating a dependence on irrigation since Neolithic times. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the evolution of irrigation of agricultural lands worldwide, based on bibliographical research focusing on ancient water management techniques and ingenious irrigation practices and their associated land management practices. In ancient Egypt, regular flooding by the Nile River meant that early agriculture probably consisted of planting seeds in soils that had been recently covered and fertilized with floodwater and silt deposits. On the other hand, in arid and semi-arid regions farmers made use of perennial springs and seasonal runoff under circumstances altogether different from the river civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and early dynasties in China. We review irrigation practices in all major irrigation regions through the centuries. Emphasis is given to the Bronze Age civilizations (Minoans, Egyptians, and Indus valley), pre-Columbian, civilizations from the historic times (e.g., Chinese, Hellenic, and Roman), late-Columbians (e.g., Aztecs and Incas) and Byzantines, as well as to Ottomans and Arabs. The implications and impacts of irrigation techniques on modern management of water resources, as well as on irrigated agriculture, are also considered and discussed. Finally, some current major agricultural water management challenges are outlined, concluding that ancient practices could be adapted to cope with present challenges in irrigated agriculture for increasing productivity and sustainability.
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Hsiu-Ping, Bao. "Images of Islam in Taiwan: from Chinese Islam to Global Islam (Imej Islam di Taiwan: Dari Muslim berbangsa Cina kepada Islam Global)." Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN: 2289-8077) 16, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v16i1.776.
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Taipei Grand Mosque looks like a mini global village. Every Friday, the prayer hall is always overcrowded with Muslims from diverse ethnic backgrounds, including local Chinese Muslims (Hui), Arabs, Turks, Africans, Malaysians and Indonesians. They meet each other and exchange ideas after the congregational prayer. However, in the 1970s, there was a different image of Islam in Taiwan. Only Chinese Muslims were included in the congregation. The first generation of Chinese Muslims (around 20 to 50 thousand people) arrived in Taiwan with the National Government in 1949 and early 1950s when the Communist Party took over China. These Chinese Muslims showed distinctive features of ‘Chinese Islam’ in Taiwan. The elites among these Chinese Muslims were those who played a leading role in the revival of Islam in China during the 1930s and 1940s. When they settled in Taiwan, they resumed work serving Islam as they did the same in China, such as constructing mosques, building Muslim cemeteries and dispatching Muslim students to Middle Eastern countries. However, with the passage of time, their work on the revival of Islam seems to have been unsuccessful. The population of Chinese Muslims stagnated and even declined. Instead, with the open policy for drawing in foreign workers and students by the government in Taiwan during the 1990s, foreign Muslims from various countries began to appear in Taiwan, thereby exhibiting another images of Islam to the public. Nowadays, Chinese Muslims seem to be an invisible community in Taiwan as they and their descendants have become outnumbered by foreign Muslims. This paper aims to describe and analyze the paradigm shift in images of Islam in Taiwan over a half century.
Keywords: Images of Islam, Hui Muslim, Taiwan, Foreign Muslim.
Abstrak
Masjid Besar Taipei seolah-olah seperti sebuah kampung global mini dimana setiap hari Jumaat, dewan solat masjid tersebut akan dipenuhi oleh umat Islam dari pelbagai latar belakang etnik, termasuk orang Cina (Hui), Arab, Turki, Afrika, Malaysia dan Indonesia. Mereka bertemu antara satu sama lain dan bertukar-tukar pendapat usai solat berjemaah. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1970-an, gambaran imej Islam di Taiwan mengalami perubahan. Hanya orang Cina yang beragama Islam diiktiraf sebagai ahli solat jemaah. Generasi pertama umat Islam di China (sekitar 20 hingga 50 ribu orang) tiba di Taiwan semasa pemerintahan Kerajaan Negara pada tahun 1949 dan pada awal 1950-an ketika Parti Komunis mengambil alih pemerintahan negara China. Ciri-ciri umat Islam Cina yang berasal daripada negara China adalah berbeza dengan orang-orang Islam Cina di Taiwan. Para elit di kalangan umat Islam Cina ini adalah mereka yang memainkan peranan penting dalam pemulihan Islam di China pada tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an. Apabila mereka menetap di Taiwan, mereka meneruskan kerja-kerja untuk Islam sebagaimana yang mereka lakukan di China, seperti membina masjid, membuka tanah perkuburan Islam dan menghantar pelajar Islam ke negara-negara Timur Tengah. Walau bagaimanapun, dengan peredaran masa, usaha-usaha mereka membangunkan Islam tidak berjaya. Bilangan penduduk umat Islam China tidak berubah malah mengalami kemerosotan disebabkan oleh dasar terbuka Taiwan yang menggalakkan kemasukan pekerja dan pelajar asing pada tahun 1990-an, natijahnya, ramai umat Islam dari pelbagai bangsa dan negara mulai muncul di Taiwan yang telah memberi kesan kepada imej Islam yang sebelumnya kepada orang awam. Pada masa kini, kaum Cina Muslim seolah-olah menjadi komuniti yang tidak kelihatan di Taiwan kerana mereka dan keturunan mereka telah menjadi lebih ramai hasil pencampuran daripada umat Islam asing. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan dan menganalisa peralihan paradigma terhadap imej Islam di Taiwan setelah separuh abad.
Kata Kunci: Imej Islam, Hui muslim, Taiwan, Muslim asing
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Zahlan, A. B. "Industrializing the Arab world: a speculative case study." Contemporary Arab Affairs 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2014.950081.
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Some of the challenges facing Arab countries could be solved if their economies were industrialized. They have made much progress in some fields, but have failed so far to industrialize. While this is obviously a complicated issue, there are, at the same time, many countries that have been very successful in doing so. Speculating about such complex issues is nothing new. A reader of Western literature is daily confronted with speculative articles on the rise or fall of American power. A number of writers appear to be concerned that China will soon displace the United States as the number 1 superpower. (For a review of three books by Edward Luce on this subject, see Financial Times February 2, 2014.) Some thoughtful writers propose various possibilities on some countries’ readiness to assume roles that may lead to a new political world order. Other writers frequently speculate on China possibly lacking sufficient creativity to displace the United States from its privileged position. There are no simple answers to such complex issues. Concern for the rise and fall of nations is of constant interest in Western literature, but by contrast concern in the Arab world is limited in scope and depth to the ultimate development of their own region. What is surprising in the Arab world is that despite the prevailing conditions the Arabs enjoy through their enormous assets, they seem oblivious to the rich possibilities that these resources provide. Arab countries are confronted with expanding populations, education, emigration and unemployment. It seems that unless they adopt a more serious interest in the challenges they face, they will be unable to escape from a state of permanent crisis. The purpose of this article is to speculate on the feasibility of utilizing the Gulf Cooperation Council's (GCC) railway system – estimated at approximately US$200 billion – as a tool for achieving industrialization. The railway system will be 1940 km long and include all GCC countries.
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Dekmejian, R. Hrair. "Comparative Study of Muslim Minorities." American Journal of Islam and Society 8, no. 2 (September 1, 1991): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v8i2.2628.
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Most of the world’s Muslims reside in countries where they are numericallypredominant. As such, these Muslims possess a majoritarian outlook in sharpcontrast to the perspective of minority Muslims living in India, China, theUSSR, and some Western countries. In recent years, Muslim minorities havefound themselves at the confluence of diverse social forces and politicaldevelopments which have heightened their sense of communal identity andapprehension vish-vis non-Muslim majorities. This has been particularlytrue of the crisis besetting the Indian Muslims in 1990-91 as well as the newlyformed Muslim communities in Western Europe.The foregoing circumstances have highlighted the need for serious researchon Muslim minorities within a comparative framework. What follows is apreliminary outline of a research framework for a comparative study of Muslimminorities using the Indian Muslims as an illustrative case.The Salience of TraditionOne of the most significant transnational phenomena in the four decadessince mid-century has been the revival of communal consciousness amongminorities in a large number of countries throughout the world. This tendencytoward cultural regeneration has been noted among such diverse ethnic groupsas Afro-Americans, French Canadians, Palestinian Arabs, the Scots of GreatBritain, Soviet minorities, and native Americans. A common tendency amongthese groups is to reach back to their cultural traditions and to explore thoseroots which have served as the historical anchors of their present communalexistence. Significantly, this quest for tradition has had a salutary impactupon the lives of these communities, for it has reinforced their collectiveand individual identities and has enabled them to confront the multipledifficulties of modem life more effectively. By according its members a sense ...
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Ma, Yuxian. "Muhammad Makeen and His Method of Interpretations." Journal of The Near East University Faculty of Theology 8, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32955/neu.ilaf.2022.8.1.01.
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The Noble Qur’an is the constitution of the Islamic nation. It contains the pillars of faith, the rules of worship, moral values, principles of transactions, and the news of the forerunners. And God Almighty has ordained for this Qur’an from every generation of Muslims those who clarify these pillars and rulings and those who reveal those values and principles from among the commentators, they have made in order to explain it. Their utmost efforts, until Islamic libraries were filled with their mighty efforts of useful books and brilliant works, so that they occupied the leading position in the abundant Islamic libraries. Muslim scholars in China have spared no effort to clarify the meanings and interpretation of the Qur’an, so their efforts came between translations of the meanings of the Qur’an and interpretations in the Chinese language. This research is on this valuable interpretation in terms of the definition of its author and his approach to interpretation Muhammed Makin grew up on Islamic education, instilling in his heart a zeal for Islam and a responsibility towards Muslims in China, and he learned Arabic language and forensic sciences in Arab Islamic universities, and studied with the most famous scholars of that era, which enabled him to read and understand the Noble Qur’an and other books. The Islamic studies, where his scientific works, whether books or translations, were very accurate and honest, and they were well received in the scientific studies sector and among the general Muslim readers. Muhammad Makin exerted all his efforts throughout his life in the service of Islam and Muslims in China, represented in teaching the Arabic language and Islamic sciences, translating Islamic books, writing articles, and cultural exchange between China and the Arabs. Including, most notably the translation of the meanings of the Holy Quran. One of the most important efforts of Muhammad Makin is the interpretation of the first nine parts, which came first in the footnotes of the translation pages, in which he explained the meanings of some verses and related problems, legal rulings, reasons for revelation, Qur’anic gifts and others, but he did not address the explanation of the meanings of words and the analysis of grammatical and rhetorical issues, then These footnotes have been collected in a separate book called Tafsir al-Jazi` al-Nahya al-Nahya. Muhammad Makin’s approach to interpreting the Noble Qur’an is a sound approach due to his scientific ability, which is to pay attention to the interpretation of the Qur’an by text, clarifying the meanings of verses in the texts of the Bible, explaining the wisdom of legislation, clarifying Qur’anic gifts, and transforming the meanings of some verses to something other than their intended under the pretext that they are figurative express.
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Rashid, Kamal Taher. "The Shabaks are their origin, religion, places." Journal of University of Human Development 3, no. 3 (August 31, 2017): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v3n3y2017.pp184-218.
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Kurdistan is home Created by nature of ethnic groups, religions and doctrines of different, before Islam was the Kurdish nation religions, Zoroastrianism spread in the northeast of Kurdistan from the city of Orumiyeh ( WORMEA) in wests of Adhirbaijan , hometown of (Zoroaster), the mostly of kurds converted to this religion, His audiences, whose converted to his relegion, theyr believed that was a prophet transmitter, where the Zoroastrianism religons expanded to reach the north of China, and ahead of seven centuries before the birth of Jesus peace upon them, but has been misrepresented, later to Parsee, and that the spread of Christianity, then transferted many of Kurds to new religions,namely to been a Muslims while the Islam army presence and entered the vast majority of them a new religion, not by forces, but occurred a fight here or there between the Sassanids and Muslim conquerors, and they were the rulers of the region, of course, so the darkening community involve, where they want it or not, especially at the beginning of the battle of Jalawla GOLALA but the Kurds have joined as a shols to the Islamic army and became the basis in the decisively the battle, depending on the course of the Islamic world and the emergence of splits and cracks between the doctrines and politicals . The Kurdistan was part of this conflicts and bobbing to this or that emerged, between the Kurds a(Shiites), and that was under the pressure of the ironies Safavids, the rate is a great analogy between the Arabs and the Persians , and this (kakai) and (Shabak Shiite), communities in Kurdistan, they've been struggling in order to give a clear picture of them and their faith and places of their spreading and some of their habits, and what was originally, by a suitable ranges, about them and was told as much as possible with the size range of this article. .
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Gikandi, Simon. "Introduction-Another Way in the World." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 5 (October 2016): 1193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1193.
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For Abiola Irele, friend, mentor, maître.Language for me is the soul of the text. I love the Arabic language, and I adore writing in it. It is the linguistic mold that I want to fill my personal stories and culture in, distinguished from that of Arabs.—Stella GaitanoI Will Start with Two Stories About This Thing Called Literature and the world it claims to name and possess.The first takes place in Shillong, in the northeast corner of India, a place far removed from the Indian heartland, closer to Bangladesh, Burma, and China than to New Delhi. The setting is the Shillong campus of the English and Foreign Languages University, where I have come to teach a seminar to junior academics and graduate students on decolonization as a theoretical problem. My students and I will embark on a two-week systematic rereading of the philosophical claims made for decolonization in the writings of canonical postcolonial writers, from Mahatma Gandhi's writing on nonviolence to Aimé Césaire's and Léopold Sédar Senghor's on negritude to Frantz Fanon's on the pitfalls of national consciousness to Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's and Trinh T. Minh-Ha's on the figure of woman in difference. Although my students are attentive, their relation to these texts is ambivalent: they recognize the importance of these texts to understanding the making of the modern world, yet colonialism, as a world-historical event, occurred too long ago to be part of their lived experience. Their ambivalence is compounded by the fact that the urgency with which the authors of decolonization write, the sense that they are operating at the end of time—the time of Europe—belongs to a moment that no longer resonates with people struggling to survive in a more complex, globalized world. It is hard for my students to make the connection between Senghor's negritude and his incarceration in a Nazi prison camp in Poitiers during World War II or to see that event, the imprisonment of an African fighting for France, as connected to a paradigmatic break in the discourse of empire.
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孔德維, HUNG Tak Wai. "After Diu: The Forgotten Islamic Trade in Early Nineteenth Century Cantonese Confucian Historiography (After Diu: Perdagangan Islam yand Kian dilupakan pada Awal Abad kesembilan belas Historiografi Cantonese Confucioan)." Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN: 2289-8077) 16, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 107–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v16i1.775.
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Since the early 20th century, historians have studied interactions between China and Islamic communities. Most of them focused on the prosperity brought by the maritime trade between Muslims and Chinese in the earlier eras. How this trade ended, however, has not been extensively studied. This article studies the narratives regarding Arabs and Muslims participating in the Canton trade, as recorded in Yuehai guanzhi粵海關志 [Gazetteer of Canton Customs]. Yuehai guanzhi was published by Liang Tingnan 梁廷枏 (1796–1861), a Cantonese Confucian elite, with the first-hand government records in 1838, by which time non-Chinese speaking Muslim merchants had already became rare in the region. This article investigates how Islamic trade was recorded during the early 19th century. In particular, it will illustrate how the trade ended and was forgotten due to the diminishing presence of Muslim merchants after the Battle of Diu in 1509.
Keywords: Chinese Islam, Canton trade, customs system, Yuehai guanzhi, Leung Tingnan.
Abstrak
Sejak awal abad ke-20, sejarawan telah mengkaji interaksi yang berlaku antara komuniti Cina dan Islam. Kebanyakan mereka memberi tumpuan terhadap kemasyhuran perdagangan maritim antara Muslim dan Cina pada era tersebut. Walau bagaimanapun, kisah berakhirnya perdagangan ini tidak dikaji secara meluas oleh para sejarawan. Artikel ini mengkaji naratif mengenai orang Arab dan Muslim yang terlibat dalam perdagangan Canton, seperti yang dicatatkan dalam Yuehai guanzhi 粵 海關 志 [Gazetteer of Canton Customs]. Yuehai guanzhi telah diterbitkan oleh Liang See 梁廷 枏 (1796-1861), seorang elit Confucian Kantonis, dengan menggunakan rekod pertama kerajaan pada tahun 1838, dimana ketika itu para peniaga Muslim yang tidak fasih berbahasa Cina telah menjadi asing di rantau ini. Artikel ini mengkaji bagaimana perdagangan Islam direkodkan pada awal abad ke-19. Secara khususnya, artikel ini menggambarkan bagaimana perdagangan maritim antara Muslim dan Cina berakhir dan dilupakan setelah berkurangnya jumlah pedagang-pedagang Muslim selepas Pertempuran Diu pada tahun 1509.
Kata Kunci: Cina muslim,canton trade, sistem budaya, Yuehai guanzhi Leung Tingnan.
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Weil, Dror. "Islamicated China: China’s Participation in the Islamicate Book Culture during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries." Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 4, no. 1-2 (2016): 36–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2212943x-00401005.
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By the seventeenth century, Arabo-Persian scholarship in China had adopted elements from Muslim and Chinese book cultures and synthesized them into a new form of scholarship, attested by the hundreds of Arabo-Persian manuscripts extant in repositories in China and around the world and the hundred of copies of printed Chinese works on Islamic themes. This article surveys the history of Chinese participation in Muslim book culture, beginning with a review of the history and general features of texts, in terms of their language and period of composition. The second part of the article provides a more nuanced analysis of texts that circulated in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries throughout China, on the study of Arabo-Persian languages. These linguistic aids and primers of Arabic and Persian highlight the way in which these texts were read and interpreted, in turn, providing meaningful insight into the foundation of China’s intellectual engagement with the Islamicate world.
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Ziyun, Li, Saipolbarin Ramli, Suo Yan Mei, Mohammad Taufiq Abdul Ghani, and Nazri Atoh. "READING SKILLS LEARNING PROBLEMS AMONG STUDENTS OF ARABIC COLLEGE TONGXIN NINGXIA CHINA." International Journal of Humanities, Philosophy and Language 3, no. 11 (September 10, 2020): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.311001.
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Reading skill proficiency is a pre-requisite for language teaching and learning (T&L) activities that students need to master. This is because by mastering the reading skill, one can understand the content of the reading text and enrich their vocabulary. However, the data showed that the students at Tongxin Arabic College of Ningxia in China were still facing the challenge to master the reading skill. This situation indirectly poses a barrier to achieving the objectives of T&L activities. Therefore, this study was conducted to obtain data related to the problems faced by students in mastering the reading skill in Arabic language T&L activities at Tongxin Arabic College. The instruments used in this study were questionnaires, observations, and interviews. The simple random sampling method used in this study involved 56 female students, 44 male students, 3 male teachers, and 9 female teachers. The data obtained were analysed using SPSS software. It was found from the findings of the study that there were five factors that had influenced the reading skill proficiency among students, namely physiological factors, self-motivation, effort, implementation strategies, and lack of vocabulary size. Apart from that, there were other additional factors that also influenced students' reading skill proficiency, which included poor grammar, passive engagement in the classroom, lack of exercise, lack of educational resources, and rewards for teachers. This study also proposes a number of appropriate measures to address this problem from the students’ aspects and the teachers’ aspects. From the students’ aspects, it is proposed that the reading resources are diversified such as the use of the electronic medium as an alternative reading medium. Whereas from the teachers’ aspects, it is proposed that the methodologies used in T&L activities are strengthened. It is hoped that this study will improve the level of reading skill proficiency among students in Tongxin Arabic.
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Ivanov, S. M. "Joe Biden's visit to the Middle East: losses and gains." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 5 (September 27, 2022): 398–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2205-05.
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The article analyzes the US foreign policy in the Middle East in the context of the growing confrontation between the collective West and Russia against the backdrop of the Ukrainian crisis. Particular attention is paid to the results of the visit of US President Joe Biden to Israel, to the West Bank of the Jordan River to the State of Palestine and to Saudi Arabia, which he made in mid-July 2022. The author comes to the conclusion that another attempt by Washington to draw the countries of the region into its behind-the-scenes foreign policy games has failed. The Middle Eastern allies and partners of the United States represented by Israel, the monarchies of the Persian Gulf and other Arab states took a neutral position in relation to the confl ict in Ukraine, and the oil and gas exporting countries did not go for a sharp increase in hydrocarbon supplies to the EU countries and the UK, as he insistently asked Biden. The White House failed to put together a regional anti-Iranian bloc on the basis of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Persian Gulf (GCC), as the leaders of Qatar, Oman and Iraq are determined to maintain their traditional ties and contacts with Tehran. Moreover, these countries are making mediation eff orts to normalize relations between the Saudi Arabia and Iran, and there are prerequisites for success in this matter. In general, the Arabs do not support the US administration's concept of hegemony in the world and building a unipolar world order in the Middle East. Even with some remaining dependence on the United States and the West as a whole in the fi nancial, economic, military-technical and other fi elds, the Arab countries prefer to pursue an independent policy on key issues of our time, develop a multipolar world, and maintain mutually benefi cial and respectful relations with all states, including China and Russia. The Arab capitals are in no hurry to speed up the rapprochement with the State of Israel, which is imposed by Washington, expecting from its leadership to intensify eff orts to justly resolve the Palestinian problem and liberate the illegally occupied Arab lands. Even the bogey exaggerated by the White House of a common threat to the Middle East from the hypothetical appearance of Iran's nuclear weapons and its expansion in the region cannot persuade the Persian Gulf monarchies and other Arab countries to cooperate with Jerusalem in the military or military-technical fields.
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Berger, Ron, Ram Herstein, Daniel McCarthy, and Sheila Puffer. "Doing favors in the Arab world." International Journal of Emerging Markets 14, no. 5 (December 2, 2019): 916–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-06-2018-0292.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of Wasta, a culturally based system of social networks of exchange among in-group members in the Arab world, as exemplified by three groups of Arabs in the Palestinian Authority, and then compares it to Guanxi (China), Sviazi (Russia) and Jaan–Pechaan (India). The use of social networks is a common business model around the world to accomplish business objectives and is especially relied upon in emerging economies where formal institutions are weak. It is important to understand the commonalities and differences in the use of reciprocity in various cultural contexts in order to conduct business effectively. The aim of the paper is to illustrate the structure of Wasta and how it is perceived and constructed among three Arab social groups, and then compare and contrast it with social business models in three other high context cultures. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative approach based on interviews to better understand the relationships involved. Findings The findings provide the foundation for a number of critical insights for non-Arab managers seeking to do business in the Arab world. For international managers to conduct business successfully, it is essential to understand how Wasta works, and establish relationships with members of influential social networks by building trust over time such that they create Wasta for themselves and indirectly for their firms. Using Wasta in the Arab world, as noted above, is similar to doing business successfully in other emerging economies such as using Sviazi in Russia (McCarthy and Puffer, 2008; Berger et al., 2017), Guanxi in China (Yen et al., 2011) and Jaan–Pechaan in India (Bhattacharjee and Zhang, 2011). The authors feel more confident in stating this view after comparing Wasta with these other three concepts, and noting that all four are built upon the same fundamental constructs. Research limitations/implications The authors recognize that the study is limited in terms of the geographical sample since it does not include any non-Palestinians, although the managers the authors sampled came from various regions in the Palestinian authority. Additionally, Palestinian managers are highly educated and mobile, and can be found in many other Arab countries working in managerial positions (Zineldin, 2002), thus potentially broadening the generalizability of the findings. Nonetheless, the samples would be called ones of convenience rather than randomly drawn from the three groups, since the latter would be extremely difficult to execute not only in the Palestinian Authority but in most of the Arab world due to the culturally based reluctance to provide sensitive information to those outside one’s network. Despite the difficulties that might be involved in exploring such culturally sensitive issues as the authors did in this study, the benefits in knowledge gained can be of significant importance to the study of international business in emerging and transition economies. Originality/value Little research has focused on the use of Wasta in the Arab world, a gap which this paper addresses. The authors do so by analyzing the views of Wasta held by three important groups – leaders, business people and students. While each type of reciprocity has its own unique characteristics, the authors focus on three interrelated constructs that have been found to underlie the use of reciprocity in various cultures. In the Arab world, these are Hamola, which incorporates reciprocity; Somah, that incorporates trust; and Mojamala, which incorporates empathy through social business networks.
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Xie, Shengrong, Qing Zhang, Dongdong Chen, En Wang, Junchao Zeng, Chunwei Ji, Xiaoyu Wu, Zaisheng Jiang, Feng Chen, and Shunxing Qiao. "Research of Roof Anchorage Rock Beam Bearing Structure Model of Extra-Large Width Open-Off Cut and Its Engineering Application in a Coal Mine, China." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (November 30, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3093294.
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The stability of the extra-large width open-off cut of a longwall panel has been a major concern in underground solid backfill mining. In this study, a numerical model was built with FLAC3D for analyzing the characteristics of the effective prestressed field distribution in the extra-large width open-off cut roof in Xingdong coal mine, China. The numerical results obtained in this study demonstrate that an anchorage rock beam bearing structure (ARBBS) can be formed. Additionally, the ARBBS model was also constructed. The analytical expression of the maximum shear stress (MSS) in the model was obtained under the functions of composite influencing factors. Then, the MSS evolution laws in ARBBS with different thicknesses and spans were investigated using MATLAB software. The stress changes in ARBBS with a span of 15 m were compared and analyzed under the functions of single and composite influencing factors. The cooperative control principle of the roof ARBBS and two rib anchorage bearing structures was also clarified. Accordingly, a combined support scheme for an 11.5 m-wide open-off cut was proposed. The field applications demonstrated that the scheme successfully controlled the failure and deformation of the surrounding rock, thus contributing to the fast development of the open-off cut and the quick and timely installations of the backfill mining equipment. This validated the results of the ARBBS model. This study is expected to provide helpful references for other extra-large width open-off cut or roadway stability investigations and rock support design under similar engineering and geological conditions.
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Hevron, Anthony, and Michael Crowley. "Commentary: China and Africa." Australasian Review of African Studies 40, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22160/22035184/aras-2019-40-1/111-114.
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Tamara, Tania Dwi. "Politik Luar Negeri Taiwan Terhadap China Di Bawah Kepemimpinan Ma Ying Jeou (2008-2012)." Indonesian Journal of Global Discourse 2, no. 1 (November 21, 2020): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ijgd.v2i1.13.
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Tulisan ini akan menganalisis tentang kebijakan-kebijakan Luar Negeri Taiwan yang diambil oleh Ma Ying Jeou untuk melakukan hubungan damai dengan China. Latar belakang penelitian ini berdasarkan hubungan konfliktual yang terjalin antara China dan Taiwan saat masa kepemimpinan sebelum Ma Ying Jeou, yang disebabkan oleh kebijakan-kebijakan Taiwan yang selalu menyulut kemarahan China. Sudut pandang yang digunakan dalam menulis penelitian ini adalah Teori Politik Luar Negeri dan Konsep Idiosinkratik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif, sumber data yang diperoleh yakni data sekunder yang bersumber dari studi kepustakaan (library research) dengan mengumpulkan sumber bacaan yang memiliki keterkaitan dengan penelitian ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini ialah kebijakan-kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh Ma Ying Jeou untuk berdamai dengan China, mendapatkan respon yang positif dari China. Kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut antara lain: Kebijakan Three No?s Policy, dibukanya kembali dialog antara SEF dan ARATS, dibukanya kerjasama ekonomi ECFA antara China dan Taiwan, dan mengimplementasikan kembali konsensus 1992. melalui kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut, Ma Ying Jeou telah berhasil mencapai tujuannya untuk melakukan hubungan damai dengan China. Hal itu, ditandai dengan meningkatnya intensitas kerjasama, dan berkurangnya konflik serta ketegangan yang terjadi antara China dan Taiwan.
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Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. "New Species of Alyssum, Aphragmus, Arabis, and Sinosophiopsis (Brassicaceae) from China and India." Novon 12, no. 3 (2002): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3393071.
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Li, Chien-pin. "Conflict of Interest and Value: An Analysis of Negotiations between Taiwan and China, 1992‐1998." International Negotiation 16, no. 2 (2011): 249–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234011x573039.
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AbstractIn the 1990s, Taiwan and China conducted over twenty rounds of negotiations through the semi-official Strait Exchange Foundation (SEF) and the Association for Relations across the Taiwan Strait (ARATS) concerning the following issues: notarized papers, registered mail, illegal immigration, fishing disputes, airplane hijacking, and post-1997 shipping links between Taiwan and Hong Kong. Regrouping these issues into rights, law-and-order, and shipping, this study analyzes the differences in the negotiation processes and outcomes through variations of value-interest alignments and their perceived impact on future policy objectives.
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Lyons, Tanya. "African Studies in Australasia: Views on China and New Zealand." Australasian Review of African Studies 38, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22160/22035184/aras-2017-38-2/3-10.
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Matrosov, Valeriy A. "How to Pickle a Dragon: Classic Arabo-Antique Recipe." Oriental Courier, no. 3-4 (2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310018003-1.
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This article focuses on systematization and presentation of slightly scattered information concerning two amazing “creations of Allah” — Tinnin and Su‘ban, which can be considered as two “classic” dragons of the Arab-Islamic tradition. Despite the fact that these creatures were mentioned in folklore, fairy-tale material, and also legends about them were transmitted using oral tradition, the information about the Tinnin and Su‘ban can be gleaned only in medieval treatises over the centuries. Such sources, perhaps, deprive the reader of the opportunity to get acquainted in detail with these amazing creatures as an element of the beliefs of the ordinary inhabitants of the Caliphate, but this allows tracing cross-cultural ties: the Tinnin and Su‘ban are closely intertwined not only with the Semitic tradition, but also with the ancient one. Even though these two creatures have something in common with the Semitic and ancient Greek dragons (and moreover, with the winged reptiles we are used to from the legends of Western Europe, and with the mustachioed beasts from China), they are not devoid of a certain authenticity. Not only the legends associated with them, but also which contain archetypal plots are original. The main body of the article consists of three sections — the first one looks into the characterization of Tinnin, the third one into the description of Su‘ban. The second section contains legends about Tinnin, which look like complete storylines. The basic source of information was the “Miracles of Creations” by Zakariya al-Qazwini, but several details and plot twists were borrowed from other authors — beginning with the great populist of Islamic science al-Jahiz and ending with the authors of geographical and biological treatises of the 14th–15th centuries. In conclusion the authors give some considerations regarding the role of Tinnin and Su‘ban in the development of Islamic cosmology, as well as assumptions are made about how the two “dragon” traditions developed in parallel in the Arab-Muslim environment, and whether it is worth identifying or separating the creatures mentioned in the article.
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German, Dmitry A., and Ihsan Ali Al-Shehbaz. "Typification of miscellaneous Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) from Central and Middle Asia." Phytotaxa 221, no. 1 (July 28, 2015): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.221.1.5.
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The present paper deals with the typification of 25 names (11 species, 13 varieties, and one form) in the Brassicaceae, of which the majority (19 names) is in Draba. In addition, Arabis tibetica var. bucharica, A. tibetica var. pinnatifida, Eutrema potaninii, Pseudobraya kizyl-arti, Sisymbrium mollissimum f. pamiricum, and Winklera patrinoides, which are currently treated as synonyms in the genera Crucihimalaya (3 names), Draba, Eutrema, and Lepidium (one name each), are also typified. Most of the original material was collected from the five Middle Asian republics of the Former Soviet Union (especially Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan), and some other was from China, with a few syntypes of three Draba taxa originating from Asian Russia, Mongolia, Kashmir, and Sikkim.
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CURTIS, M. A., V. VARKHEDKAR, P. V. P. PRAGNACHARYULU, and E. ABUSHANAB. "ChemInform Abstract: Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Aralkyladenines (ARADS)." ChemInform 29, no. 44 (June 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199844153.
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Heungho Moon. "The Negotiation Systems of China and Taiwan and Their Operating Procedure-Focusing on ARATS and SEF." China Studies 48, no. ll (March 2010): 311–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18077/chss.2010.48..016.
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Li, Zuran, Gilles Colinet, Yanqun Zu, Jixiu Wang, Lizhe An, Qing Li, and Xiuyan Niu. "Species diversity of Arabis alpina L. communities in two Pb/Zn mining areas with different smelting history in Yunnan Province, China." Chemosphere 233 (October 2019): 603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.228.
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Islam, Rabiul, Zhangfa Liu, Yefang Li, Lin Jiang, and Yuehui Ma. "Conservation Assessment of the State Goat Farms by Using SNP Genotyping Data." Genes 11, no. 6 (June 13, 2020): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11060652.
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Conservation of genetic resources is of great concern globally to maintain genetic diversity for sustainable food security. Comprehensive identification of the breed composition, estimation of inbreeding and effective population size are essential for the effective management of farm animal genetic resources and to prevent the animals from genetic erosion. The Zhongwei male (ZWM), Arbas Cashmere male (ACM) and Jining Grey male (JGM) goats are conserved in three different state goat farms in China but their family information, level of inbreeding and effective population size are unknown. We investigated the genomic relationship, inbreeding coefficient and effective population size in these three breeds from three state goat farms using the Illumina goat SNP50 BeadChip. Genomic relationships and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the breeds are clearly separated and formed separate clusters based on their genetic relationship. We obtained a high proportion of informative SNPs, ranging from 91.8% in the Arbas Cashmere male to 96.2% in the Jining Grey male goat breeds with an average mean of 96.8%. Inbreeding, as measured by FROH, ranged from 1.79% in ZWM to 8.62% in ACM goat populations. High FROH values, elevated genomic coverage of very long ROH (>30 Mb) and severe decline in effective population size were recorded in ACM goat farm. The existence of a high correlation between FHOM and FROH indicates that FROH can be used as an alternative to inbreeding estimates in the absence of pedigree records. The Ne estimates 13 generations ago were 166, 69 and 79 for ZWM, ACM and JGM goat farm, respectively indicating that these goat breeds were strongly affected by selection pressure or genetic drift. This study provides insight into the genomic relationship, levels of inbreeding and effective population size in the studied goat populations conserved in the state goat farms which will be valuable in prioritizing populations for conservation and for developing suitable management practices for further genetic improvement of these Chinese male goats.
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Chiu, Hungdah. "Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) (Established in the People's Republic of China)-Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) (Established in the Republic of China): Agreements concerning Cross-Strait Activities." International Legal Materials 32, no. 5 (September 1993): 1217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900012584.
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Cheung, Gordon C. K. "New Approaches to Cross-Strait Integration and Its Impacts on Taiwan's Domestic Economy: An Emerging “Chaiwan”?" Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 39, no. 1 (March 2010): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261003900102.
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Taiwan's Legislative Yuan and Presidential elections in January and March 2008 respectively re-orientated cross-Strait relations from hostility to co-operation. On 4 November 2008, Chen Yunlin, head of the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS), and Chiang Pin-kun (Jiang Bingkun), chairman of Taiwan's Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF), meeting in the Second Chiang-Chen Talks in Taiwan, took a historical step in the further development of cross-Strait relations. Agreements were signed on direct air and sea transport, postal services and food-safety security. On 22 December 2009, the Fourth Chiang-Chen Talks took place in Taizhong and more substantial and technical agreements were signed on agriculture, inspection/ accreditation and fisheries. It seems that continuous integration between China and Taiwan is inevitable. To address the implications of this process for Taiwan's domestic economy, four dimensions of the current cross-Strait relationship are scrutinized: guanxi, plutocracy, legalism and the idea of a Chinese Common Market. It is argued that in order to intensify economic co-operation across the Taiwan Strait, more institutionalization of the cross-Strait relationship must be brought about.
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Bessard, Fanny. "Itinéraires et mutations urbaines dans le Mašriq islamique (ier/viie-iiie/ixe siècles)." Arabica 64, no. 2 (June 13, 2017): 184–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341446.
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In the 1st/7th and the early 2nd/8th centuries, the Arab-Muslim conquest united two immense territories, once separated by a shifting border joining the Black sea to the Persian Gulf. To the East, the Arab-Muslims dominated Central Asia and the long-held Asian empire of the Sassanids that reached as far as the Chinese and Indian borders. To the West, they controlled the southern part of the Eastern and Western Roman empires. In the 2nd/8th century, the area conquered thus formed a narrow belt of lands from the Atlantic to the Chinese borders and from Georgia to Yemen. The Middle East became a converging hub of merchants and commercial goods. The article aims to discuss the political and social mechanisms involved in redrawing the map of the routes in the Mašriq from the early Umayyads in 41/661 to the death of caliph al-Muktafī in 295/908. It investigates the impact the evolution of road networks had on settlement patterns and economic strategies. Au ier/viie et au début du iie/viiie siècle, la conquête arabo-musulmane réunit deux immenses territoires, jusqu’alors séparés par une frontière au tracé mouvant joignant la mer Noire au golfe Persique. À l’Est, les Arabo-musulmans dominent l’Asie centrale et l’ancien empire asiatique des Sassanides jusqu’aux confins chinois, et à l’Ouest, la partie méridionale des empires romains d’Orient et d’Occident. L’espace conquis forme au iie/viiie siècle une étroite ceinture de terres de l’Atlantique aux confins de la Chine et de la Géorgie au Yémen. Dans cet espace immense, jusque-là si divisé, le Proche-Orient devient le pôle de convergence des marchands et des biens. Cette reconfiguration géopolitique du Proche-Orient au début de l’Islam entraîne des changements décisifs. L’enjeu de cet article est d’appréhender par quels mécanismes politiques et sociaux la carte des réseaux routiers du Mašriq a été redessinée entre le début du règne des Omeyyades en 41/661 et le décès du calife al-Muktafī en 295/908. Il s’agit d’explorer quel impact l’évolution des trafics eut sur les dynamiques de peuplement et sur les échanges. This article is in French.
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Lee, Hakbong, Heung-Sik Lee, and Kee-Hwa Bae. "Brief Pollination Assessment of a Critically Endangered Food-Deceptive Orchid (Cypripedium guttatum) Using a Network Approach." Plants 11, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11060798.
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The translocation of orchids (Orchidaceae) cannot be successful if one is unaware of their effective pollinators and plant–pollinator interactions. Cypripedium guttatum is a generalized food-deceptive orchid, which is highly threatened in the Republic of Korea, thus, requiring immediate translocation actions. Although effective pollinators of the orchid are well known in China, little is known about the pollinators in the Republic of Korea and the ecological context in which the orchid can be successfully pollinated. To briefly assess the pollination of C. guttatum prior to translocation, we conducted a one-month survey of general pollination and the community-wide plant–pollinator network properties. Over 21 h of observation, we found that an effective pollinator of the orchid was the sweat bee Lasioglossum virideglaucum. The network was significantly specialized and modular, but not significantly nested. L. virideglaucum (pollinator) and Arabis gemmifera (plant) were determined to be keystone species, based on network metrics. A total of six network modules were identified and the flower colors of the plant species belonging to the C. guttatum module were purple, white, and yellow. After comparing the daily network patterns, we found that pollination of the orchid was accomplished when various flowering plant species bloom, and the nestedness value was high. This study revealed that high plant and pollinator richness could increase the chance that the deceptive orchid would be pollinated. Our study suggests that the network properties of this food-deceptive orchid community could provide useful insight into understanding the ecologically suitable habitat for the translocation of the highly threatened orchid species C. guttatum.
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Iliushina, Milana. "A Letter of the Mamluk Sultan Concerning Trade Contacts with Yemen." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020709-6.
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Yemen, as a center of international maritime trade, was one of the most important strongholds of the Egypt in their commercial dealings with India and China during the Ayyubid and Mamluk eras. In the first third of the 15th century the relations between the Mamluk sultanate and the Rasulid state of Yemen began to tense. An attempt to resolve the conflict and to create favorable conditions for the trade on the Red Sea was made by the Mamluk Sultan al-Ẓāhir Ṭaṭar, who ruled for some month in 1421. Al-Ẓāhir Ṭaṭar expressed his desire to improve the relations with Yemen and to ensure the safety of traders in the Red Sea in a letter to al-Nāṣir Aḥmad (1401–1424), the sultan of Yemen. The text of the letter was compiled by a mamluk bureaucrat and a prominent litterateur Ibn Ḥijjah al-Ḥamawī (1366–1434) and included in his “Qahwat al-inshā▒”, a collection of diplomatic correspondence, published by R.Veselẏ5. Another version of this letter is preserved in an anonymous collection of Mamluk chancery documents (MS Arabe 4440 BnF, Paris), studied by F. Bauden and M. Dekkiche. The third version of the same letter was discovered in Ibn al-Damāmīnī’s “Shams al-maghrib fī al-murqiṣ wa-l-muṭrib” (MS Sprenger 1223, Staatsbibliothek, Berlin). The article starts out with a short history of Ṭaṭar’s political career. Then the main part of the letter shall be translated and it’s three versions compared. Finally, the study follows the traces of al-Ẓāhir Ṭaṭar’s policy towards Yemen and explores the significance of the letter.
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Strauss, Michael J. "The use of natural resources to influence state recognition: Africa as a laboratory / L’utilisation des ressources naturelles pour influencer la reconnaissance de l’État : l’Afrique comme laboratoire." Journal of the African Union Commission on International Law 2021 (2021): 102–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/aucil/2021/a3.
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The recognition of states is a critical feature of international law, defining the actors that are subject to it and conferring rights and duties related to their interactions with other states. This recognition is traditionally based on criteria that are deemed essential for a state to exist, even if political factors often play a role. In recent years, it has become apparent that state recognition and de-recognition is sometimes linked to the recognising state’s future access to natural resources found on the territory of the state whose sovereignty is being recognised there. Although this phenomenon is not openly stated, the evidence is circumstantial but abundant, and Africa is at the centre of it. This makes the continent a laboratory for the practice and its consequences, not only for the states involved but also for the broader recognition process. This phenomenon seems to be occurring in two ways. The first way in which this happens is when states use their capacity to produce natural resources that other states need in order to obtain concessions from those states in the form of recognitions of sovereignty over the territory involved. An example is Morocco and its enormous phosphate reserves: various African states that need phosphate for food production have de-recognised the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as an independent state, while recognising Moroccan sovereignty over the same territory – the former Spanish Sahara. The other way in which this happens is illustrated by China’s investments in numerous African countries. The exploitation of natural resources that can be exported to China has been the primary motive for such investments. Some African states that have sought to attract investments have derecognised Taiwan and have recognised China’s sovereignty over the island. This paper describes and assesses the apparent links between African natural resources and the forces that influence state recognition, with a view to identifying the consequences for Africa and for states around the world more generally. La reconnaissance des États est une caractéristique essentielle du droit international ; définir les acteurs qui y sont soumis et leur conférer des droits et obligations liés à leurs interactions avec d’autres États. Cette reconnaissance est traditionnellement basée sur des critères jugés essentiels à l’existence d’un État, même si parfois les facteurs politiques jouent un rôle. Ces dernières années, il est devenu évident que la reconnaissance et le désaveu d’un État sont parfois liés à l’accès futur de l’État reconnu aux ressources naturelles trouvées sur le territoire de l’État dont la souveraineté y est reconnue. Bien que ce phénomène n’est pas clairement/ouvertement déclaré, la preuve est circonstancielle mais abondante, et l’Afrique en est le centre. Cela fait du continent un laboratoire pour la pratique et ses conséquences, non seulement pour les États concernés mais aussi en général pour le processus de reconnaissance. Ce phénomène semble se produire de deux façons. La première façon dont cela se produit est lorsque les États utilisent leur capacité à produire lesº ressources naturelles dont d’autres ont besoin enfin d’obtenir des concessions de ces États sous la forme de la reconnaissance de souveraineté sur le territoire concerné. Le Maroc avec ses énormes réserves de phosphate en est un exemple : divers États africains qui ont besoin de phosphate pour la production alimentaire ont désavoué la République arabe sahraouie démocratique comme un État indépendant tout en reconnaissant la souveraineté marocaine sur le même territoire – l’ancien Sahara espagnol. L’autre manière dont cela se produit est illustrée par l’investissement chinois dans beaucoup de pays africains. Cette exploitation des ressources naturelles que la Chine peux exporter est le principal motif de ces investissements, car certains États africains qui cherchent à attirer les investissements ont désavoué Taiwan et ont reconnu la souveraineté de la Chine sur le l’île. Cette article décrit et analyse les liens apparents entre les ressources naturelles africaines et les forces qui influencent la reconnaissance de l’État, dans un but d’identifier les conséquences pour l’Afrique et les États du monde en général.
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Юрий Николаевич, Есин,. "THE KYRGHYZ COUNTRY ON THE MAPS IN AL - IDRISI’S GREAT ATLAS." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW OF SAYANO-ALTAI, no. 1(33) (October 26, 2022): 53–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.52782/kril.2022.1.33.002.
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Статья посвящена изучению географических сведений о стране кыргызов в атласе Нузхат ал - муштак фихтирак ал - афак арабского географа X I I в. ал - Идриси. Установлено, что в некоторых аспектах картографический материал выходит за пределы словесного описания этих же земель, существенно его дополняет, т. е. иным способом и в ином объеме передает доступную ал - Идриси исходную географическую информацию. При этом наибольшей полнотой географических сведений обладает карта из ранней рукописи (ок. 1300 г.), хранящейся в Национальной библиотеке Франции (Arabe 2221). Сделан вывод, что показанные владения кыргызов соответствуют их коренным землям в бассейне р. Енисей в Южной Сибири. Согласно описанию, эти земли с четырьмя городами были основной частью их владений, хотя имелась и другая часть, обособленная от основной и не имевшая выхода к морю. Последнее обстоятельство, а также расположение кыргызов относительно Китая, тугузгузов (уйгуров) и кимаков отражает историческую ситуацию, сложившуюся в середине - второй половине I X в. Сделан вывод, что источником этой информации для ал - Идриси было географическое сочинение ал - Джайхани начала X в. На основе изучения композиции карты и ее сравнительного анализа со сведениями других арабо - персидских сочинений, китайских и древнетюркских источников реконструированы пути внешних коммуникаций страны кыргызов. Рассмотрена возможная идентификация городов кыргызов с археологическими материалами. Сделан вывод, что сведения ал - Идриси о городах с индивидуальными названиями и о маршрутах из Восточного Туркестана и Северной Монголии относятся к периоду около 757 - 790 гг. и происходят из сочинения Ибн Хурдазбиха. Визуализацией этих же маршрутных сведений являются и основные природные объекты, показанные на карте. The article is devoted to the study of the geographic information on the Kyrghyz Country in atlas Nuzhat al - muštāq fiʾḫtiraq al - āfāq of the Arab geographer of the 12th century al - Idrīsī. I demonstrate that in some aspects the cartographic material goes beyond the verbal description of the same lands, substantially complements it, i.e. transmits the initial geographic information available to al-Idrīsī in a different way and in a different volume. Wherein, the map from the early manuscript (ca. 1300), kept in the National Library of France (Arabe 2221), has the greatest completeness of geographical information. I concluded that the depicted domains of the Kyrghyz match to their indigenous lands in the basin of the Yenisei River in South Siberia. According to the description, these lands with four towns were the main part of their possessions, although there was another part that was separate from the main one and had no access to the sea. The last circumstance and the Kyrghyz’ location relative to China, the Tughuzghuz (Uyghurs), and the Kimaks reflect the historical situation of the middle - second half of the 9th century. I made conclusion that al-Idrīsī’s main source of this information could be the geographical work of al - Jayhānī, compiled at the beginning of the 10th century. Based on a study of the map composition and its comparative analysis with information from Arab - Persian, Chinese and Old Turkic sources, I propose a reconstruction of external communication routes of the Kyrghyz Country and discuss possible identification of four Kyrghyz towns with the archaeological materials. I also prove that al - Idrīsī’s information on the towns with individual names and on the routes from Eastern Turkestan and Northern Mongolia describes the situation in the period between 757 and 790 and originated from the geographical work of Ibn Ḫurdāḏbih. The main terrain objects on the map are the result of the visualization of these routes description as well.
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Harrizi, Driss. "Le classement international des universités et la gouvernance universitaire : Mythe ou réalité ? L’exemple du Maroc." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN EDUCATION METHODOLOGY 5, no. 2 (August 30, 2014): 592–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijrem.v5i2.3904.
Full textAbstract:
On assiste depuis plusieurs décennies à l’exercice de classement des universités, surtout les universités américaines et anglaises. Mais, à partir de 2003, date du lancement de l’Academic Ranking of World Universities par l’université Jiao Tong de Shanghai en Chine, le monde de l’enseignement supérieur a concrétisé les changements déjà opérés partout au monde. D’autres voient en lui les germes d’un nouvel ordre mondial de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique.Conçu en premier lieu comme moyen d’aide à l’orientation des futurs étudiants, le classement international des universités a pris d’autres dimensions, a savoir un outil d’influence et même de décision de la part des pouvoirs public,…Peu importe le jugement porté envers ces classements, être d’accord ou en désaccord avec le classement, ces derniers sont devenus une réalité dans notre monde contemporain. Cette situation est l’un des manifestations concrètes de l’après capitalisme post-industriel. On est bien dans l’ère de la nouvelle économie ou bien précisément le capitalisme cognitif.Comment se comporter face à ce changement, surtout pour une région comme le monde arabe et un pays comme la Maroc? Telle est la question centrale de notre article.De cette problématique se déclinent un ensemble de questions dont principalement :Est-ce le classement international des universités est bien connu par nos universités? Est-ce qu’il peut constituer une voie pour la réforme de nos universités? Les critères de classification peuvent ils nous renseigner sur d’autres aspects au delà du positionnement? Le mode de management de nos universités devra t-il être modifié ou changé ? De quels outils de management stratégique avons-nous besoin ? Comment faire partie de ce nouvel ordre mondial tout en gardant les priorités nationales? Faut- il intégrer cette tendance ou la nier complètement? Est ce qu’on peut réconcilier les exigences internationales et priorités et particularités nationales ?Tant de questions fondamentales auxquelles on essayera de répondre dans cet article, en commençant par bien connaitre la méthodologie de sélection et les critères de classement de différents classements internationaux des universités. Des critiques, conclusions et recommandations seront relatées à la fin.
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بن محمد, عماد الدين. "Naguib Mahfouz and Bajin trilogy comparative study." ARID International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, July 15, 2020, 132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36772/arid.aijssh.2020.246.
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This research includes a descriptive and analytical study of the intellectual and artistic contents in Naguib Mahfouz and Bajin trilogy, and aims to clarify the relationship between the novel of Egypt and China, and the art of the novel between the literature in their trilogy on culture, civilization, tradition, customs, etc. The study aimed to focus on bringing the two different cultures around description to embody the value of literature and the importance of the novel. The research problem is focused on knowledge of the novel and its position in the contemporary era and description at Naguib Mahfouz and Bajin in their trilogy and issues that reflect each of them and emerge in describing the traditional family life in their trilogy with similarities and differences between them in the description under the two different environments about culture, traditions, customs and family life. The researcher has followed the descriptive and comparative approach between the Naguib Mahfouz Bagin trilogy, and this research in the field of literature contributes to knowing the similarity points and the difference in their tripartite. The age through their narration. Where it depicted a reflection of the reality of living in Egypt and China in that era, as the novels revealed the creativity of the writers in terms of accuracy of photography dealing with important topics in society and expressing aspirations and hopes among the novelists. The researcher recommends science students to pay attention to studying what Commented customs and traditions shared between the Arabs and China from various aspects of scientific institutions .oausi researcher developed a series of scientific studies that mention or different relationships of Like between the Arabs and China in various fields.
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Henderson, Julian. "Politics of Production, Glass Provenance and Social Context on the Early Islamic Silk Roads." Journal of Islamic Archaeology 8, no. 2 (February 16, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jia.20773.
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Islamic material culture is often either discussed in terms of its typology or its technological characteristics, as defined by scientific analysis, sometimes leading to its provenance. Here these aspects will be discussed in terms of their contrasting social, political and ritual contexts along the Eurasian Silk Roads. The concept of the terrestrial and maritime “Silk Roads” as routes of interaction is considered in terms of its definitions and indeed whether it is a useful term to use. The political context in which production occurred is considered, especially during the Abbasid caliphate, when the political centre shifted from Damascus to Baghdad. This shift in the centre of power is discussed in terms of the way it affected the growth and mass production of ceramics and glass during the golden age of Islam. The use of scientific analysis to investigate glass feeds into this discussion by providing evidence for increasingly more precise provenances and for trade, recycling and for production of different decorative vessel types in specific cosmopolitan hubs and therefore specialization. Moreover, evidence for a decentralized production model for glass and ceramics is discussed. Although the emphasis here is on glass in western Asia, the paper considers Islamic ceramics and glass in eastern Asia, especially during the Tang Dynasty. The social provenance of “exotic” material culture is tied to trade, exchange and gift giving and, in turn, to the acculturation of foreign populations in China, including Arabs and Sogdians. All these activities and factors, and the use of scientific analysis feed into the social, ritual, and economic values of material culture that occurs along the Silk Roads.
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GÜNDOĞDU, Yusuf Bahri. "The Effect of Hadiths on the Formation of Islamic Education Tradition: The Case of Rihle." ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi (ODÜSOBİAD), November 8, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1162990.
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Arabian society, which lived on the border of two great civilizations in the 7th century in an ignorant life away from civilization, experienced great changes and transformations when Islam emerged. The Arabs of the Age of Jahiliyya, which does not have any written document about the pre-Islamic period, built a great civilization that started with the example and practices of the Prophet and the principles and messages of the Qur’an. No doubt, the messages of the Qur’an, which guided people toward science and education in the first place, had great effects on this great transformation. The education-intensive messages of the Qur’an came to life and gained meaning with the practices of the Prophet. With his message, “I was sent as a teacher” the Prophet paved the way for the formation of a great scientific and educational tradition for the following periods with his practices and verbal messages. Unmatched in previous religions, the great incentives on the way leading to the demand for knowledge turned Muslims into great seekers of knowledge and education. The Hadith “Achieve knowledge even if it is in China” and similar messages paved the way for scientific journeys (Rihle), which have an important place in the history of Islamic education. Hatib al-Baghdadi revealed the transformation of the messages of the Prophet into “Rihle” as an educational tradition with his work under the same name. ın this way, in addition to the emphasis of the verses on science, the Prophet’s pointing out science and education to his ummah as a target was the basis for the formation of a great scientific and educational tradition.
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Jayasundera, Adhiga Manik. "The Economy Base of Tourism Industry in Sri Lanka." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 5, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.5(3).23-32.2021.
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The main purpose of the research is to contribute to developing knowledge in tourism industry of Sri Lanka. In this paper the author highlights some areas which should be properly explored for the sustainable growth in the sector of tourism and economic development in Sri Lanka. The author recommends promoting Sri Lanka as a product to the tourists, it is necessary to concentrate on the quality of the product as it helps in lengthening the duration of stay for current customers and thereby emerging new customers. Sri Lanka has a long history of tourism, dating back to the times of King Rawana’s period (about 4000 years ago). According to different sources of historical accounts, many of the foreigners have visited Sri Lanka for many different reasons from various regions. Indian ancient calligraphy provide ample evidence of Hanuman and Prince Rama visited Sri Lanka not as tourists in the modern sense, but for a different reason about 4000 years ago. Local ancient chronicles also mention about Venerable Fa Hien from China, Marco Polo from Italy and Ibn Battuta from Arab also have visited Sri Lanka. The first Asians who visited were Arabs for trading purposes in 2nd – 3rd Century A.D. and later Portuguese landed by a mistake in early 16th Century (1505 A.D.), followed by Dutch and British culminating as invaders. Tourism in Sri Lanka is growing rapidly, for centuries and has been a popular place of attraction for foreign travelers. Tourist income is one of the important segments that contribute to the Sri Lankan economy. After Sri Lanka’s Independence in 1948 the promotion of tourism was considered by re-establishing the Ceylon Tourist Board which took over the function of the Tourist Bureau. More formal recognition for the country’s tourism sector was given with the enactment of Act No.10 of 1966 as Sri Lanka Tourist Board. The history of Sri Lanka helps to understand better this country, its culture, social and environmental impact and economic growth.
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"Arabis mosaic virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April (August 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20153159079.
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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Arabis mosaic virus. Picornavirales: Secoviridae: Nepovirus. Hosts: extensive host range. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Mainland France, Germany, Hungary, Irish republic, Italy, Mainland Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Central Russia, Russian Far East, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Mainland Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Ukraine), Asia (China, India, Himachal Pradesh, Iran, Japan, Honshu, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey), Africa (Egypt and South Africa), North America (Canada, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, USA, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio and South Carolina), South America (Chile), Oceania (Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and New Zealand).
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"Arabis mosaic virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October (August 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20103281415.
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Abstract A new ditribution map is provided for Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV; Comoviridae: Nepovirus). It has a wide host range. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Ukraine), Asia (China, India, Himachal Pradesh, Iran, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey), Africa (South Africa), North America (Canada, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, USA, Connecticut, Florida, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska and South Carolina), South America (Chile) and Oceania (Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and New Zealand). The main vector of ArMV is the nematode Xiphinema diversicaudatum. Other dorylaimid nematodes may also be vectors. ArMV is also seed-transmitted.
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"The role of Russia, China, Iran and their foreign policies towards Syria on the Arab Spring." Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 4 (August 12, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.20474/jahss-2.4.2.
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