Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Arachnoïde'

Notre objectif dans cette thèse était d'étudier l'impact éventuel d'un kyste arachnoïdien temporo-sylvien sur la cognition, le comportement et les apprentissages ainsi que l'effet de la chirurgie du kyste sur ces composantes. Une première étude auprès d'une cohorte de 100 enfants âgés de 3 à 16 ans ayant un kyste temporo-sylvien a montré des répercussions possibles du kyste chez certains enfants, avec un niveau intellectuel en général normal mais des troubles cognitifs modérés à importants pour un tiers des cas et importants pour un enfant sur cinq, prédominant au niveau du langage oral (capacités d'évocation), de la mémoire épisodique, de la mémoire de travail, de l'attention sélective visuelle, des fonctions exécutives et de la vitesse de traitement. La moitié des enfants a des difficultés d'apprentissage modérées principalement au niveau du langage oral et écrit et un quart des enfants a des troubles scolaires nécessitant des adaptation scolaires officielles ; un enfant sur quatre a des troubles du comportement et de l'humeur et un enfant sur deux avait déjà bénéficié de prises en charge avant le bilan, majoritairement de l'orthophonie et un suivi psychologique. Les enfants avec un kyste droit ont plus de troubles cognitifs et comportementaux que les enfants avec un kyste gauche avec significativement plus de prises en charge. En grandissant les enfants montrent significativement plus de difficultés d'apprentissage et plus de troubles neuropsychologiques, en particulier les enfants avec un kyste droit. L'étude post-opératoire auprès de 34 enfants montre un effet positif de l'opération pour les trois-quarts des enfants opérés avec une amélioration significative notamment au niveau intellectuel, en mémoire épisodique, en langage et au niveau comportemental, avec un effet significatif chez les plus jeunes enfants mais aussi chez les plus âgés. Les enfants avec un kyste gauche s'améliorent plus que ceux avec un kyste droit. Des troubles neuropsychologiques peuvent donc être observés en cas de kyste temporo-sylvien, ceux-ci restent modérés dans la majeure partie des cas mais peuvent durablement impacter la scolarité et le quotidien de certains enfants. Il parait ainsi important de dépister les enfants à risque afin de mettre en place rapidement des mesures préventives de prises en charge si besoin et de proposer éventuellement une opération du kyste en cas de troubles importants et durables, même chez des sujets âgés
Our objective in this thesis was to study the possible impact of an intracranial middle fossa cyst on cognition, behavior and learning and also the effect of surgery of the cyst. The first study found in a cohort of 100 children possible cyst effects in some children, with usually a normal intellectual level but moderate to important cognitive disorders for one-third of cases and important disorders for one child out of five, which are mostly language, memory, working memory, visual attention, executive functions and processing speed disorders. Half of the children have moderate learning difficulties, mostly in oral and written language and a quarter of children need school adaptations and have mood and behavioral disorders and before assessment half of them had already therapies, mostly speech therapy and psychological follow-up. Children with a right cyst have more cognitive and behavioral disorders than children with a left cyst and significantly more therapies. By growing children show significantly more learning disabilities and more neuropsychological disorders, especially children with a right cyst. The postoperative study in a cohort of 34 children showed a positive effect of surgery for the three-quarters of the children with a significant neuropsychological improvement in young but also elderly subjects. Children with a left cyst improved more than children with a right cyst. When a middle fossa cyst occurs then neuropsychological disorders may be present that are moderate in the majority of cases but that can permanently affect the schooling and the daily life of some children. It is therefore important to detect children at risk in order to rapidly introduce preventive measures of care if necessary and to propose a cyst operation if there are significant and lasting disorders, even in elderly subjects

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The species Brachyteles arachnoides, popularly known as southern muriqui, is considered the largest neotropical primate and currently listed as endangered, nevertheless no molecular population genetics study has been done so far in the southern muriqui. Here we analyze the phylogeography pattern, genetic diversity and demographic history of this species using sequences from part of the mtDNA Control Region and 14 microsatellites. The mtDNA showed a high genetic diversity and no clear evidence of geographical structuring. Moreover we showed that there was a population expansion around 15 thousand years ago and there is no concrete evidence of population decline. As well as in analysis with mtDNA, the microsatellites also showed no geographical structure, groups were not clearly defined and recent population decline was not evident. The lack of geographical structure was expected, mainly for mtDNA data, since females are known to disperse from their natal group, moreover the social groups are formed by male and females without an apparent hierarchy. For the other hand, as the microsatellites usually respond more rapidly to more recent fragmentation it would be expected they showed some evidence of structure caused by the recent fragmentation of Atlantic Forest, which was not observed. Similar results were also observed with the northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) that is critically endangered and occurs in more fragmented areas.
A espécie Brachyteles arachnoides, popularmente conhecido como muriqui do sul, é considerado o maior primata da América Latina e listado atualmente como estando ameaçado de extinção, apesar disso, até o momento, não existem estudos moleculares de genética de população a seu respeito. Aqui nós analisamos o padrão filogeográfico, diversidade genética e história demográfica da espécie utilizando sequências de parte da Região Controle do mtDNA e 14 loci de microssatélites. O mtDNA mostrou uma alta diversidade genética e nenhum indício claro de estruturação geográfica. Além disso, mostrou-se que houve uma expansão populacional há cerca de 15 mil anos atrás e não há nenhuma evidência concreta de declínio populacional. Assim como nas análises com mtDNA, os microssatélites também mostraram falta de estruturação geográfica, ausência de grupos definidos e nenhuma evidência de declínio populacional recente. A ausência de estruturação geográfica era esperada, principalmente para os dados de mtDNA, visto que as fêmeas são conhecidas por migrarem do seu grupo natal, além disso os grupos sociais de muriqui são formados por machos e fêmeas sem uma hierarquia aparente. Por outro lado, como os loci de microssatélite usualmente respondem rapidamente à fragmentação recente, seria esperado que eles mostrassem alguma evidência de estruturação causada pela recente fragmentação na Mata Atlântica, o que não foi observado. Resultados semelhantes também foram encontrados com o muriqui do norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) que está criticamente ameaçado e ocorre em áreas mais fragmentadas.

Les tumeurs fibreuses solitaires (TFS) méningées, comme les TFS somatiques, sont caractérisées par la présence d’un gène de fusion NAB2-STAT6. Cette fusion induirait la relocalisation nucléaire du facteur de transcription STAT6 et l’activation de la transcription des EGR, augmentant la prolifération. Les cellules des TFS méningées sont, comme celles des méningiomes, positives pour la prostaglandine-D2-Synthase (PGDS), présentes dans les méninges, en particulier l’arachnoïde. Dans la 1ère partie, nous avons montré que les TFS bénignes peuvent se transformer en TFS malignes - anciennement hémangiopéricytomes - et nous avons rapporté l’efficacité thérapeutique du pazopanib, inhibiteur de facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire. La 2ème partie est consacrée à l’étude moléculaire des TFS : la comparaison de l’exome de paires de TFS, avec un primitif de grade I et la récidive de grade III, a permis d’identifier le variant pathogène de TP53 c.743G>T. L’étude du transcriptome des TFS méningées a mis en évidence l’agrégation des TFS de toutes localisations entre elles, bien distinctes des méningiomes. La 3ème partie présente la modélisation des TFS méningées chez des souris génétiquement modifiées par introduction de deux gènes de fusion NAB2-STAT6 (exons 2-16 et 6-17). Les rétrovirus RCAS-NAB2-STAT6, injectés à la naissance dans l’espace sous-dural de souriceaux PGDS-tva infectent spécifiquement les cellules arachnoïdiennes. Après plus d’un an de suivi, les animaux n’ont développé aucune TFS. Il est probable que, comme dans plusieurs autres modèles tumoraux, la fusion ne suffise pas à induire le développement des tumeurs. Dans la 4ème partie nous avons adapté la méthode iDisco, qui permet l’immunomarquage et la visualisation en trois dimensions d’échantillons cérébraux, aux embryons de souris et aux crânes entiers, et décrit in situ l’expression de PGDS chez la souris, entre le 11ème jour post-conception et le 7ème jour post-natal. Elle concerne la méninge de la base du crâne aux stades précoces et la convexité en post-natal, mais également des cellules de la glie radiaire
Meningeal solitary fibrous tumors (SFT), like somatic SFT, are characterized by the NAB2-STAT6 fusion gene. This fusion induces the nuclear relocation of the STAT6 transcription factor and the activation of EGR transcription, increasing proliferation. Meningeal SFT cells, like meningioma cells, are positive for prostaglandin-D2-Synthase (PGDS), a specific marker of meningeal, especially arachnoid, cells. In Part 1, we showed that benign SFT can transform into malignant TFS - formerly hemangiopericytomas - and we reported the therapeutic efficacy of pazopanib, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor. Part 2 is devoted to the molecular study of SFT: the comparison of the exome of pairs of SFT, a grade I primary and grade III recurrence, brought out the pathogenic variant of TP53 c.743G> T. The transcriptome of meningeal SFT showed the aggregation of SFT from all localizations, distinct from meningiomas. Part 3 presents the modeling of meningeal SFT in genetically modified mice by the introduction of two NAB2-STAT6 fusion genes (exons 2-16 and 6-17). The RCAS-NAB2-STAT6 retroviruses, injected at birth into the subdural space of PGDS-tva mice, specifically infect arachnoid cells. After more than a year of follow-up, the animals did not develop any SFT. It is likely that, as in many other tumor models, fusion is not sufficient to induce tumor development. In Part 4, we adapted the iDisco method, which usually allows three-dimensional visualization of brain samples, for mouse embryos and whole skulls, and described the expression of PGDS in mice in situ, between the 11th post-conception day and the 7th post-natal day. It is located in the meninges at the skull base in the early stages and at the convexity after birth, and also in the radial glia

The factors that shape the evolution and maintenance of fission-fusion dynamics are determined in this thesis, by investigating the egalitarian muriqui, inhabiting a dense-ombrophilous, sub-montane forest with mild seasonality in fruit availability. A habituated study group at Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, São Paulo State, Brazil was observed for 13 months, in dry and wet seasons. Instantaneous scans (6393 scans, 1599 observation hours), focal samples and ad libitum observations were conducted on parties to record individual and party-level behaviours. Food availability was determined at two spatio-temporal scales: i) habitat-wide (absolute) using data from vegetation transects and monthly monitoring of phenophase productivity, and ii) patch-level (effective) using data from actual food resources exploited by the muriquis. Southern muriquis had a relatively small mean party size (3.34 adults) and showed lower group cohesion compared with other fission-fusion species. However, variation in party duration or spatial arrangement and sub-group size highlights a continuum in fragmentation patterns. The lack of a relationship between party size and fruit availability suggests that muriquis experience substantial travel costs associated with being in larger than optimal party sizes (despite non-territoriality and multiple central-place foraging). In conclusion, fission-fusion dynamics and facultative behaviours may not solely function to decrease feeding competition. Social preferences constrain the formation of the parties, and same-sex associations within parties reflect sexual segregation between parties throughout the year. The prevalence and complexity of fission-fusion dynamics in the study population is suggested to be due to social factors (e.g. social foraging, individual based decision making) in an environment where fruit is aseasonal and fruit species asynchronous in availability.

O gênero Brachyteles, endêmico do Brasil, é constituído por duas espécies, B. arachnoides e B. hypoxantus, e estudos recentes demonstraram que suas populações selvagens podem estar seriamente reduzidas. Na tentativa de reverter a situação atual, esforços têm sito realizados visando a conservação dos muriquis, no entanto, dados relativos à condição sanitária de Brachyteles são extremamente escassos. Sabe-se, que o estabelecimento de protocolos adequados de manejo é condição necessária para a manutenção das espécies em cativeiro, sobretudo as ameaçadas e/ou criticamente ameaçadas, como é o caso dos atelídeos em questão. Desse modo, o presente trabalho de pesquisa almejou investigar as principais alterações anátomo-patológicas e correspondentes causas de morte de 18 (10M:8F) espécimens de B. arachnoides, B .hypoxantus e híbridos mantidos em cativeiro junto ao Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ). Os animais foram necropsiados entre os anos de 1988 e 2010 sendo utilizados fragmentos de órgãos e tecidos colhidos e fixados em solução de formalina a 10%, sendo 9 exemplares de B. arachnoides, 3 B hypoxantus e 4 híbridos, totalizando 16 indivíduos pertencentes ao acervo do CPRJ/FEEMA, e 2 B. arachnoides pertencentes ao Parque Municipal Quinzinho de Barros (FZQB). Destes, 2 (11,1 %) eram neonatos, 2 (11,1%) jovens, 13 (72,2%) adultos e 1 (5,6%) idosos. O peso dos B. arachnoides, B. hypoxantus e B. híbridos adultos, jovens e neonatos variou de 0,5 Kg até 14 Kg. O peso médio dos adultos foi 5,6 Kg. O peso médio dos adultos foi de 2,8 Kg para os caquéticos, 5,9 Kg para os magros, 8,25 Kg para os bem nutridos. Dados de histórico clínico, reprodutivo, comportamentais e análises clínicas foram avaliados visando auxílio na obtenção da causa de morte (CM). A diarréia foi a alteração clínica mais consistente observada no grupo pesquisado sendo que cinco mortes (27,8%) foram causadas por quadros de sepses, quatro por infecção viral (22,2%), três (17%) por pneumonias, dois (11%) por parasitismo. Distúrbio metabólico, peritonite e eutanásia decorrente de retrovirose foram responsáveis por 1 óbito cada (5,5%). Não foi possível determinar a CM de um (5,5%) neonato em avançado estado de putrefação. Destes 18 casos de óbito, três (17%) foram decorrentes das conseqüências da infecção por um agente viral da família Retroviridae. A análise histomorfométrica mostrou que a taxa de hemossiderose hepática (THH) variou entre 0.2% e 41.7%, não havendo diferenças significantes entre as THHs quando comparados os parâmetros sexo, idade, tempo de cativeiro, espécies e peso. A análise estatística revelou correlação entre as áreas de hemossideorse e reticulina pelo teste de Sperman com (P=0,0326, r= -0,5048) No entanto, não observou-se correlação ao avaliar a morfometria da reticulina e as graduações histopatológicas de necrose (P=0,1009, Sperman, r= 0,3991). O mesmo padrão foi observado ao avaliar a correlação entre as áreas de reticulina e os casos sépticos e não sépticos com (P= 0,6126, Mann-Whitney test). Os agentes etiológicos diagnosticados através de imuno-histoquímica, análise ultra-estrutural e/ou molecular foram: Herpes simplex, Vírus respiratório sincicial (RSV), vírus compatíveis com a família Retroviridae, Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba spp., Strongyloides spp., Candida spp. e Helicobacter pylori. O potencial zoonótico dos agentes infecciosos identificados reflete a importância da implantação de medidas preventivas rigorosas com o objetivo de preservar a saúde da comunidade humana e dos muriquis. Uma monitoração sanitária através de exame clínico e colheita de material biológico também foram realizadas em 10 espécimes cativos de muriquis. Pretende-se, de forma pioneira representar a sistematização de processos patológicos envolvendo espécimes do gênero Brachyteles cativos, contribuindo para a manutenção destes espécimens em cativeiro, assim como indiretamente na conservação destes em vida livre, sugerindo protocolos sanitários preventivos e favorecendo a reprodução e manutenção das populações.
The Brachyteles genus is endemic in Brazil, comprises two species, B. arachnoides and B. hypoxantus, and recent studies have shown that their wild populations can be seriously reduced. In an attempt to reverse the current scenario, efforts have been made to promote the conservation of muriquis, however, data on the sanitary condition of Brachyteles are extremely scarce. It is known that the establishment of appropriate management protocols is a prerequisite for the maintenance of the captive species, especially threatened and / or critically endangered, as is the case in question, atelids. Thus, the present research aimed to investigate the main anatomic-pathological and related causes of death in 18 (10M:8F) specimens of B. arachnoides, B. hypoxantus and hybrids in captivity at the Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ). The animals were autopsied between 1988 and 2010, being used fragments of organs and tissues removed and stained in formalin solution 10%, and 9 individuals of B. arachnoides, 3 B. hypoxantus and 4 hybrids, a total of 16 individuals belonging to the collection of CPRJ / FEEMA, and 2 B. arachnoides belonging to the Parque Municipal Quinzinho de Barros (FZQB). Of these, 2 (11.1%) were neonates, 2 (11.1%) youth, 13 (72.2%) adults and 1 (5.6%) elderly. The weight of adults, newborns and young B. arachnoides, B. hypoxantus and B. hybrid ranged from 0.5 kg to 14 kg average weight of adults was 5.6 kg average weight of adults was 2.8 kg for cachectic 5.9 kg for lean, 8.25 kg for well-nourished. Data from clinical history, reproductive, behavioral and medical tests were assessed for assistance in obtaining the cause of death (CD). Diarrhoea was the most consistent disease observed in this group and five deaths (27.8%) were caused by sepsis boards, four viral infection (22.2%), three (17%) for pneumonia, two ( 11%) of parasitism. Metabolic disorder, euthanasia and peritonitis resulting from a retrovirus were responsible for one each death (5.5%). We were unable to determine the CD of one (5.5%) neonate in an advanced state of putrefaction. Of these 18 deaths, three (17%) resulted from the consequences of infection by a viral agent of the family Retroviridae. Histomorphometric analysis showed that the hepatic hemosiderosis rate (HHR) ranged between 0.2% and 41.7%, with no significant differences between the HHR compared the parameters sex, age, time in captivity, species and weight. Statistical analysis revealed a correlation between areas of reticulin hemossideorse and with the Spearman test (P = 0.0326, r = -0.5048). However, no correlation was seen when evaluating the morphometry of reticulin and histopathological grades of necrosis (P = 0.1009, Spearman r = 0.3991). The same pattern was observed to evaluate the correlation between areas of reticulin and cases with septic and non septic (P = 0.6126, Mann-Whitney test). The etiologic agents diagnosed by immunohistochemistry, ultrastructural analysis and molecular were: Herpes simplex, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), consistent with the virus family Retroviridae, Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba spp., Strongyloides spp., Candida spp. and Helicobacter pylori. The zoonotic potential of the infectious agents identified reflects the importance of strict implementation of preventive measures in order to preserve the health of human communities in contact with the muriquis. A health monitoring by clinical examination and collection of biological material were also performed in 10 specimens of captive muriquis. We aim, in a pioneering way, represent the systemization of processes involving pathological specimens of the genus Brachyteles captives, contributing to the maintenance of these specimens in captivity, as well as indirectly on the conservation of these in the wild, suggesting preventive health protocols and encouraging the breeding and maintenance of populations

Introduction: Sub-arachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) occurs when cerebral artery ruptures and blood leaks out into the sub-arachnoid space. This is often a catastrophic event for the individual and morbidity and mortality rates are significantly influenced by early intervention. This makes the role of the clinical biochemistry laboratory in early diagnosis vitally important, as delays in diagnosis can have a major clinical impact. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy individuals is optically clear. It has, however, been recognised for over a century that it can become coloured (xanthochromia) following a cerebrovascular incident such as a SAH. This has made the main role of the clinical biochemistry laboratory in SAH diagnosis that of detecting xanthochromia in the CSF. The majority of laboratories which offer a xanthochromia screening service use the national guidelines that are based upon ultra-violet scanning spectrophotometry (350 nm to 600 nm). This analytical technique is not without its problems: it is subjective, has a possibility of inter-operator variability and due to the specialised nature of the test can take many hours or even days for a result to be issued. This project aimed to improve the current laboratory service by investigating: turnaround times, users opinions of the current service and potential alternative analytical methods. Methods: An audit of the current analytical provision was used to assess its effectiveness and in order to elucidate the service users’ perception. This was effected by a questionnaire that was distributed to service users across three different NHS Trusts in England and Wales. In an attempt to improve the laboratory service, alternatives to scanning spectrophotometry were investigated. These were selected through consideration of the nature of SAH i.e. blood is released into the subarachnoid space and the brain is damaged. Laboratory analysis therefore needed to focus on detecting the presence of blood and/or its breakdown products, any change in CSF constituents that arise as a direct consequence of blood being introduced in to the subarachnoid space or a specific analyte which would only be present if brain damage occurred. Investigation of current research into subarachnoid haemorrhage identified the following analytes as potential alternatives: CSF diazo bilirubin, CSF Ferritin, CSF protein S100 and serum protein S100. Results: The audit revealed the average turnaround time for reporting xanthochromia results to be 26 hours, with almost 20% of samples being reported as equivocal. The service user’s questionnaire revealed a general lack of awareness of current United Kingdom National External Quality Assurance Scheme (UKNEQAS) guidelines for the ‘Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for bilirubin in suspected Subarachnoid haemorrhage’ and a lack of understanding regarding the timing of lumbar punctures. Additionally, one third of users felt that the turnaround time for results was inadequate. CSF protein S100 was found to be unsuitable due to the difficulty in achieving a suitable balance between sensitivity and specificity; at a cut-off of 0.40 μg/l sensitivity is 80% and specificity is 4%, at a cut-off of 1.60 μg/l sensitivity is 40% and specificity is 94%. Serum protein S100 was found to be unsuitable due to the difficulty in achieving a suitable balance between sensitivity and specificity at appropriate cut-offs (66 % and 73%, respectively, at a cut-off of 0.09 μg/l). When the CSF diazo bilirubin and CSF ferritin were compared to current laboratory practises using pre-defined criteria then CSF diazo bilirubin was found to be the analyte of choice to base new guidelines upon. CSF diazo bilirubin was then used as an initial ‘rule-out’ step in a new set of guidelines for the determination of SAH utilising CSF analysis. Conclusion: The new guidelines employ CSF diazo bilirubin analysis as a ‘rule-out’ step with all samples that are above the cut-off (300 nmol/l) being processed through the UKNEQAS guidelines. In order for the guidelines to be introduced and accepted, local training and education programmes for laboratory and clinical staff will need to be developed and implemented and they will need to be disseminated through publication of articles in journals relevant to both the clinical biochemistry community and requesting clinicians.

The last year of Veterinary Medicine’s MSc degree is reserved to do an internship where the veterinary student has the opportunity to improve his skills. This internship report is the final result from six months of internship done in two different veterinary hospitals, one from Sydney (Australia) and the other one from Oporto (Portugal). The first part of this document is focus on the activities undertaken along the internship, outlined by graphs and tables. There are also descriptions of those activities, using figures and some bibliography to complement it. A monograph about seizures – an intracranial arachnoid cyst as cause with surgical treatment makes up the second part of this internship report. It starts with literature review about seizures and ends with one successful case report followed by the internal medicine and surgery specialists of the veterinary hospital in Sydney; Resumo: “Clínica de Animais de Companhia” – Convulsões: uma causa quística intracraniana com tratamento cirúrgico. O último ano do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária é reservado à realização do estágio curricular, onde o qual o estudante de medicina veterinária tem a oportunidade de desenvolver e melhorar os seus conhecimentos. Este presente relatório é o resultado final de seis meses de estágio, realizado em dois hospitais veterinários, um deles localizado em Sidney (Austrália) e o outro no Porto (Portugal). A primeira parte deste documento está direcionada às atividades desenvolvidas durante o estágio, esquematizadas em gráficos e tabelas. Também foram acrescentadas descrições às mesmas, recorrendo ao uso de imagens e bibliografia de maneira a documentá-las da melhor maneira possível. Uma monografia perfaz a segunda parte deste relatório de estágio, com o tema “Convulsões: uma causa quística intracraniana com tratamento cirúrgico”. Esta inicia-se com uma revisão bibliográfica sobre convulsões, terminando com um relato de um caso de sucesso seguido pelos especialistas do hospital veterinário de Sidney.

Despite many survivors of subarachnoid haemorrhage (S A H) being classed as having a 'good neurological outcome' (Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS)=1) there is a growing awareness that these individuals may display a range of cognitive deficits (EG poor memory) and a reduced quality of life (EG impaired social relations). There appears to exist, therefore, a discrepancy between neurological and functional outcome. The site of the aneurysm appears to have little to do with these deficits, although the presence of delayed cerebral ischaemia may contribute to them. Rather, it is hypothesized that the SAH itself results in diffuse damage producing a sequelae reminiscent to that found after mild traumatic brain injury. The executive functions of the brain, due to the involvement of widespread locations and multiple cortical and sub-cortical circuits, are particularly sensitive to diffuse damage. As such, it is hypothesized that some patients despite being classed as having made a good recovery will show executive dysfunction. This is important, as it may in part explain the discrepancy between neurological and functional outcome, with poor executive functioning being predictive of cognitive impairment and reduced quality of life. In the present study a group of approximately 40 subjects, who were classified as G O S =1, were assessed with a range of measures examining executive functions, cognitive functions and psychosocial outcome including quality of life. The relationships between these variables were explored. The subjects were either early (6 to 12 months) or late (5+ years) post aneurysm which allowed the hypothesis that there would be no significant change in deficits over time to be tested. In addition, the influences of acute factors from the time of the aneurysm were examined. These results are discussed and the proposal made that SAH patients, even those making a seemingly good recovery, should be screened for cognitive and executive deficits using a brief assessment battery relatively soon post aneurysm. This would allow for the possible rehabilitation of any deficits, which may help ameliorate the poor psychosocial outcome found in some aneurysm patients.

Bibliography: pages i-vii.
Relatively little is known about the neuropsychological sequelae of sub-arachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and to date, there has only been one study (Ljunggren et al, 1985) focussing on patients without neurological deficits after aneurysm surgery for major SAH. A detailed exploratory study was designed to investigate the physical, cognitive, emotional, personality and behavioural sequelae of SAH in this group of patients. Neuropsychological sequelae were investigated in terms of a wide range of variables which could affect prognosis, viz location of aneurysm, timing of surgery, severity of the initial bleed, age, gender, educational level and estimated premorbid intelligence. An opportunity sample (N = 18) was drawn from patients treated at the Neurosurgery Department, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town from May to November 1986. Patients were assessed 6.1 to 8.0 months post-operatively (mean 7.0 months) by means of an extensive neuropsychological test battery. A detailed structured interview was also conducted with the patient and somebody who was familiar with the patient's everyday functioning. Subjects ranged in age from 17 to 67 years (mean 38.8 years) and had a mean educational level of Standard 6 (range 2-10). Results were analysed in terms of the total sample and then according to successive subdivisions of subjects, on the basis of prognostic variables. The incidence and severity of symptoms ascribed to SAH are reported. Test data was interpreted in terms of two complementary psychometric theories (cognitive fall-off, and specific cognitive ability models). Results of the various aspects of the assessment were integrated in terms of ratings of general functional outcome. A diffuse SAH-induced encephalopathy was detected, which confirmed the findings of Ljunggren et al (1985). Impairment in functional ability was present in 61% of the sample. Similarities were noted with the Ljunggren et al (1985) study in terms of the cognitive abilities that were impaired, as well as the physical, personality and Differences in emotional, behavioural symptoms that were reported. studies are critically interpretation discussed and between the implications two for rehabilitation based examined. prognostic study with Further, variables regard on integrated functional assessment are tentative findings on the effects of are reported. The implications of this to neuropsychological assessment and further research are discussed.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Grandes mamíferos exercem um considerável impacto no recrutamento de plantas nas florestas tropicais. A anta (Tapirus terrestris) e o muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides), ambos ameaçados de extinção, são os maiores frugívoros terrestre e arborícola da Floresta Atlântica Brasileira e pouco estudados em termos de efetividade na dispersão de sementes. Nós comparamos aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos da dispersão de sementes por estas espécies uma Floresta Atlântica contínua no sudeste do Brasil. Muriquis dispersaram pelo menos 28 espécies de plantas, com média de 23,3 sementes por defecação, enquanto as antas dispersaram somente 6 espécies, porém com média de 72,5 sementes por defecação. Apenas uma espécie (Euterpe edulis) dispersa pela anta não foi encontrada nas defecações dos muriquis. Muriquis podem dispersar sementes de 2,2 a 23,4 mm de largura, enquanto as antas podem dispersar de 2,9 a 30 mm. Antas depositam as sementes de forma agregada em cada defecação ou latrinas, enquanto os muriquis as espalham pela sua área de vida. Um único muriqui dispersa no mínimo 918 sementes ≥ 2 mm por mês enquanto uma única anta na mesma área dispersa no mínimo 140 sementes ≥ 2 mm por mês. Em cerca de 1000 ha, um indivíduo de muriqui podem dispersar mais de 11.000 sementes ≥ 2mm/ano e um indivíduo de anta cerca de 1.680 sementes ≥ 2mm/ano. Ambos animais são fundamentais e complementares para a dispersão de sementes da Mata Atlântica. Se por um lado o muriqui dispersa mais espécies, a anta dispersa sementes muito grandes. Apesar dos muriquis dispersarem pelos menos 13 vezes mais sementes e produzirem uma chuva de sementes mais intensa que as antas, essas são capazes de dispersar sementes em locais que os muriquis não visitam, como áreas abertas e florestas degradadas, além de dispersam as semente a maiores distâncias. A extinção desses megafrugívoros...
Large bodied mammals may pose a great impact on plant recruitment in tropical forests. The tapir (Tapirus terrestris) and the muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides), both threatened by extinction, are the largest frugivores in the Brazilian Atlantic forests and are poorly studied in terms of seed dispersal effectiveness. We compared quantitative and qualitative aspects of seed dispersal by these species in a continuous Atlantic forest in southeastern Brazil. Muriquis was observed to disperse at least 28 fruit species, with mean of 23,3 seeds per feces while tapirs dispersed only six species but with mean of 72,5 seeds per feces. Only one species (Euterpe edulis) dispersed by tapirs was not found in muriqui’s feces. Muriquis can disperse seeds from 2.2 to 23.4 mm wide, while tapirs from 2.9 to 29.4 mm. Tapirs deposit the dispersed seeds aggregated in single feces or in latrines, while muriquis scatter them around their home range. A single muriqui can disperse at least 918 seeds >2mm/month while a single tapirs in the same area occupied by muriquis can disperse 140 seeds >2mm/month. Therefore, in 1000ha about 11.000 seeds >2mm/year are dispersed by the muriquis and tapirs dispersed about 1.680 seeds >2mm/year. Both animals are complementary to the seed dispersal cycle in the Atlantic Forest. If in one hand muriquis disperse more species, tapirs disperse very large seeds. Despite muriquis disperse at least 13 times more seeds and produce a more intense seed rain, tapirs are able to disperse seeds in places not visited by the muriquis, as open areas, degraded forests, and disperse seeds farther than muriquis. The extinction of these megafrugivores can negatively affect the recruitment of several species of plants, specially those with large seeds occurring in the Atlantic Forest (like Sapotaceae and Chrysobalanaceae) that have muriquis and tapirs as the last seed dispersers

Orientador: Mauro Galetti Rodrigues
Banca: Laurence Cullot
Banca: Patrícia Izar
Resumo: Grandes mamíferos exercem um considerável impacto no recrutamento de plantas nas florestas tropicais. A anta (Tapirus terrestris) e o muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides), ambos ameaçados de extinção, são os maiores frugívoros terrestre e arborícola da Floresta Atlântica Brasileira e pouco estudados em termos de efetividade na dispersão de sementes. Nós comparamos aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos da dispersão de sementes por estas espécies uma Floresta Atlântica contínua no sudeste do Brasil. Muriquis dispersaram pelo menos 28 espécies de plantas, com média de 23,3 sementes por defecação, enquanto as antas dispersaram somente 6 espécies, porém com média de 72,5 sementes por defecação. Apenas uma espécie (Euterpe edulis) dispersa pela anta não foi encontrada nas defecações dos muriquis. Muriquis podem dispersar sementes de 2,2 a 23,4 mm de largura, enquanto as antas podem dispersar de 2,9 a 30 mm. Antas depositam as sementes de forma agregada em cada defecação ou latrinas, enquanto os muriquis as espalham pela sua área de vida. Um único muriqui dispersa no mínimo 918 sementes ≥ 2 mm por mês enquanto uma única anta na mesma área dispersa no mínimo 140 sementes ≥ 2 mm por mês. Em cerca de 1000 ha, um indivíduo de muriqui podem dispersar mais de 11.000 sementes ≥ 2mm/ano e um indivíduo de anta cerca de 1.680 sementes ≥ 2mm/ano. Ambos animais são fundamentais e complementares para a dispersão de sementes da Mata Atlântica. Se por um lado o muriqui dispersa mais espécies, a anta dispersa sementes muito grandes. Apesar dos muriquis dispersarem pelos menos 13 vezes mais sementes e produzirem uma chuva de sementes mais intensa que as antas, essas são capazes de dispersar sementes em locais que os muriquis não visitam, como áreas abertas e florestas degradadas, além de dispersam as semente a maiores distâncias. A extinção desses megafrugívoros... (resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Large bodied mammals may pose a great impact on plant recruitment in tropical forests. The tapir (Tapirus terrestris) and the muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides), both threatened by extinction, are the largest frugivores in the Brazilian Atlantic forests and are poorly studied in terms of seed dispersal effectiveness. We compared quantitative and qualitative aspects of seed dispersal by these species in a continuous Atlantic forest in southeastern Brazil. Muriquis was observed to disperse at least 28 fruit species, with mean of 23,3 seeds per feces while tapirs dispersed only six species but with mean of 72,5 seeds per feces. Only one species (Euterpe edulis) dispersed by tapirs was not found in muriqui's feces. Muriquis can disperse seeds from 2.2 to 23.4 mm wide, while tapirs from 2.9 to 29.4 mm. Tapirs deposit the dispersed seeds aggregated in single feces or in latrines, while muriquis scatter them around their home range. A single muriqui can disperse at least 918 seeds >2mm/month while a single tapirs in the same area occupied by muriquis can disperse 140 seeds >2mm/month. Therefore, in 1000ha about 11.000 seeds >2mm/year are dispersed by the muriquis and tapirs dispersed about 1.680 seeds >2mm/year. Both animals are complementary to the seed dispersal cycle in the Atlantic Forest. If in one hand muriquis disperse more species, tapirs disperse very large seeds. Despite muriquis disperse at least 13 times more seeds and produce a more intense seed rain, tapirs are able to disperse seeds in places not visited by the muriquis, as open areas, degraded forests, and disperse seeds farther than muriquis. The extinction of these megafrugivores can negatively affect the recruitment of several species of plants, specially those with large seeds occurring in the Atlantic Forest (like Sapotaceae and Chrysobalanaceae) that have muriquis and tapirs as the last seed dispersers
Mestre

The IUCN Red List for Threaten Species is widely regarded as the authority for assessing a particular species conservation risk. However, this process has come under some criticism for designating species as high conservation risk on a precautionary principle, using limited data, grey literature or anecdotal information. The Madagascar spider tortoise (Pyxis arachnoides) is one such species, up-listed from Vulnerable to Critically Endangered status, based on data of limited spatial resolution and anecdotal information, suggesting risk from poaching and habitat loss, resulting in significant reduction in population size, thus allowing the criteria of Critically Endangered to be met (A4cd; E). This study assesses these risks to the species at a range wide level, using presence/absence surveying and incorporating data into a geographical information system to describe distribution contraction within differing areas of land use. This was coupled with a line transect distance sampling procedure to assess real time population size within the current area of occupancy. A Mark-Capture-Recapture, Cormack-Jolly-Seber model and a stage class, projection matrix was developed to model mean annual survival, finite growth rate and population survival. Finally, remotely sensed habitat loss was monitored within the core of the species range. These data suggest that the species has suffered a reduction of 70. 8% from suspected historical extent of occurrence to the current area of occupancy, now inhabiting a total area of 2,463.8 km', with 73.5% of the current distribution occurring within existing or proposed protected areas. Range wide population density equals 226.9 (95% Cl 168.1-306.3) tortoises km", with a total global population estimate of 664,980 (95% Cl. 492,680-897,550). Adult mean annual survival is 0.82 (SE± 0.15), however juvenile survival cannot be modelled due to low recapture. There is an actual mean population decline of 1 0.8%, coupled with mean forest loss of 1.2% yr" (2003-2011), within the core of the range. The projection matrix model reveals finite population growth to be A=O.983, indicative of a c. 1.4% decline annually, with adult survival the most sensitive parmeter to population survival. 'Projection modelling suggests the species will probably become ecologically non-viable in approximately 170 years. Results confirm the species IUCN Critically Endangered status. Development programs 'and tighter protected area management are required to address the poverty induced drivers threatening this species. This assessment provides an ideal model for similar dry forest tortoise species suffering status data deficiency. The author proposes a temporary five year condition to be placed on the designation of species considered to be of high conservation concern, similar to this species, up-listed on the Red List using anecdotal information or grey literature, whilst funds are secured and empirical peer reviewed data is obtained to confirm the status in the wild.

Ce travail porte d’une part sur l’extraction, l’isolement et l’identification des alcaloïdes d’un pavot endémique de Turquie, Papaver arachnoïdeum Kadereit, d’autre part, sur la synthèse d’analogues de produits naturels de série benzothieno[3,2-f][1]benzopyrane, à potentialités antimicrobiennes et antifongiques, et de série benzo[c]phénanthrolines, à visée antitumorale. Dans la première partie, l’étude d’extraits alcaloïdiques de Papaver arachnoïdeum collectés dans deux régions différentes de Turquie est réalisée. Cinq alcaloides sont isolés. Il s’agit d’une aporphine, la roemerine, d’une oxoaporphine, la liriodénine et de trois proaporphines la mécambrine, la roemeronine et le déhydromecambrinol B. La configuration absolue de ces trois derniers dérivés est déterminée. Ces résultats sont discutés des points de vue biogénétique et chimiotaxonomique. La deuxième partie porte sur la synthèse de nouveaux dérivés de série benzothieno[3,2-f][1]benzopyrane, comportant un motif chromène rencontré dans de nombreuses substances naturelles fusionné avec un thiophène, pharmacophore connu comme support d’activités antifongiques et antibactériennes. L’étape clé de la synthèse est un réarrangement thermique de type Claisen d’un éther propargylique du 2-hydroxydibenzothiopène. La double liaison du cycle pyrannique a été fonctionnalisée par oxydation en diols et diacétates cis et trans. Les activités antibactérienne, antifongique et antiuberculeuse des composés ont été évaluées. La dernière partie traite de la synthèse de nouveaux composés de série benzo[c]phénanthroline. La structure de ces molécules s’inspire de celle d’alcaloïdes isolés de Rutaceae appartenant au genre Zanthoxylum, comme la nitidine et la fagaronine qui présentent des activités cytotoxiques intéressantes. La substitution des noyaux benzo[c][1,7] et [1,8] phénanthroline par différentes chaînes de type dialkylaminoalkyle permet d’accroître la solubilité dans des solvants biocompatibles et d’améliorer l’activité cytotoxique par rapport aux composés
This work describes the extraction, the isolation and the identification of the alkaloids of Papaver arachnoïdeum Kadereit, a poppy species endemic from Turkey, on the one hand, and the synthesis of natural products analogues in the benzothieno[3,2-f][1]benzopyran and benzo[c]phenanthroline series, with potential antimicrobial and anticancer activities, respectively, on the other hand. The alkaloid extracts of Papaver arachnoïdeum, collected in two different regions of Turkey, led to the isolation of five compounds. : an aporphine, roemerine, an oxoaporphine, liriodenine, and three proaporphines whose absolute configurations have been determined : mecambrine, roemeronine, dihydromecambrinol B. These results are discussed from both biogenetic and chemotaxonomic points of view. The second part deals with the synthesis of new benzothieno[3,2-f][1]benzopyran derivatives, whose structure include a chromene unit, encountered in numerous natural compounds, fused onto a thiophene present in several antifungal and antibacterial structures. The key-step of the synthesis of the lead compound was the thermal Claisen rearrangement of a propargyl ether derived from 2-hydroxydibenzothiopene. The pyran double bond was further converted into the corresponding cis and trans diols and diacetates. The compounds were tested in vitro for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiubercular activities. In the last part, the syntheses of new benzo[c]phenanthroline derivatives are described. The structures of these novel compounds relate to those of antiproliferative alkaloids isolated from Rutaceae species belonging to the genus Zanthoxylum, such as nitidine and fagaronine. Substitution of the benzo[c][1,7] and [1,8]phenanthroline basic core by various dialkylaminoalkyl substituents gave access to new compounds exhibiting better cytotoxic activities associated with increased solubility in biocompatible solvents, when compared with the parent compounds

A endocrinologia reprodutiva do muriqui do sul B. arachnoides foi avaliada em quatro fêmeas adultas pela dosagem de metabólitos fecais de estrógenos e em quatro machos adultos e um macho subadulto pela dosagem de metabólitos de testosterona e glicocorticóides durante um período de onze meses em duas diferentes condições restritivas, ilha de 600m2, Curitiba (PPC) e viveiro (15,40x5,85x4,70m) Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ). As fêmeas apresentaram grande variação individual nas concentrações de estrógenos e progestinas fecais ao longo do período de estudo, três não apresentaram atividade ovariana no período de outubro-dezembro e apenas uma apresentou atividade durante todos os períodos amostrados. Mesmo com níveis baixos de esteróides as fêmeas apresentaram comportamento perceptivo e cópulas. Os machos do PPC apresentaram níveis significativamente mais altos de glicocorticóides e níveis significativamente mais baixos de testosterona do que os machos do CPRJ (p<0,05) apresentaram. O macho subadulto apresentou níveis significativamente mais baixos para metabólitos de testosterona. Nos machos as cópulas ocorreram próximo às elevações das concentrações de testosterona. Em três situações grandes elevações dos níveis de glicocorticóides fecais puderam ser relacionadas a situações estressantes. Nosso estudo comprovou a eficácia do método empregado para monitoramento reprodutivo bem como para avaliar situações estressantes.
The reproductive endocrinology of the southern muriqui (Brachyteles. Arachnoids) was evaluated through the dosage of fecal metabolites steroids for 04 adult females and fecal metabolites of testosterone and glucocorticoids for 04 adult males and 01 subadult male. The study was conducted over an eleven month period at two environmental conditions: a) an island of 600 m2, with natural vegetation, at Curitiba Zoo (PPC) and b) a large cage of 15,40X5,85X4,70m at Rio de Janeiro Primatological Centre (CPRJ). It was observed that females had large strogen interindividual variation and fecal progestins: three females did not show ovarian activity over a partial period of the study, while ovarian activity was observed for all sample periods for one female. Despite the detection of low levels of steroids, proceptive behaviour and copulations were observed. The PPC males showed significant levels of glicorticoids and testosteorne when compared to the CPRJ males (p<0.05). The subadult male exhibited the lowest level of testosterone metabolites and those differences were significant when compared to the adult males (p<0.05). For all males, copulations occurred when testosterone levels were highest and peaks of glucorticoids were linked to stressfull situations. This study have shown that the method used was effective for reproductive monitoring as well as for evaluating stressfull situations.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, 2017.
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O encéfalo humano é mais sofisticado instrumento de cognição e, supostamente, o material mais complexo já conhecido, provavelmente por causa disso, o sistema neural é amplamente estudado em termos multidisciplinares, mas muitas questões ainda necessitam ser respondidas e várias dúvidas sobre as funções cerebrais ainda precisam de respostas. Um dos caminhos para compreender essa história evolutiva é o estudo do encéfalo de primatas não-humanos. Muito se sabe sobre a anatomia macroscópica de primatas do Velho Mundo e humanos, entretanto, esses dados e aqueles relacionados à anatomia microscópica são escassos em relação aos neotropicais, que tem sido amplamente utilizado em pesquisas biomédicas e comportamentais. Dessa forma, a proposta desse trabalho foi estudar a anatomia macroscópica do encéfalo obtido diretamente dos primatas neotropicais como Callithrix penicillata, Saimiri ustus, Sapajus libidinosus e Brachyteles arachnoides e da literatura de Galago, Macaca, Papio, Pan and Homo, em termos comparativos. Além de realizar um estudo preliminar acerca da citoarquitetura neocortical de Sapajus libidinosus. Na análise macroscópicas foram utilizados 2 encéfalos de Callithrix penicillata, 1 de Saimiri ustus, 7 de Sapajus libidinosus e 1 Brachyteles arachnoides, que tiverem seus sulcos e giros descritos, mensurados, além de mensurações das dimensões gerais do encéfalo e índice de encefalização. Para a análise microscópica foram utilizados 5 encéfalos de Sapajus libidinosus, sendo 4 na técnica de Golgi-Cox e 1 na técnica HE, que foram avaliados em termos de organização citoarquitetônica, número de células neurais e classificação do córtex conforme o tipo e prevalência celular nas camadas corticais, dos lobos frontal, área pré-frontal, parietal, temporal e occipital. Nesse trabalho observou-se que anatomia do telencéfalo deCallithrix e Saimiripossuem poucos sulcos, giros quando comparados com o deSapajuseBrachytelese os dois últimos são mais semelhantes aos primatas do Velho Mundo, do que dos demais primatas neotropicais investigados. Dentre todos os primatas analisados e comparados, os sulcos que se repetem são o longitudinal, lateral, calcarino, hipocampo, rinal e o temporal superior. Os sulcos do lobo frontal e parietal, aparecem somente em encéfalos mais complexos e de animais que possuem maior tamanho corporal. As demais estruturas localizadas na região medial do telencéfalo, diencéfalo, mesencéfalo, ponte, bulbo e ventrículos encefálicos, estão dispostas de forma semelhante com variações no grau de desenvolvimento e tamanho. Os dados preliminares da arquitetura neocortical de Sapajus mostram maior quantidade de neurônios nos lobos occipital, seguidos do parietal e temporal. A parte caudal do lobo frontal possui carcterísticas de área motora primária com grandes neurônios piramidais e a área préfrontal possui prevalência de neurônios granulares. Os lobos parietal e temporal possuem as camadas mais heterogêneas e com maior separação entre as camadas corticais. A técnica de Golgi-Cox permitiu estudar a organização estrutural, conexões entre células neurais e a formas das células neurais. Já a técnica de HE permitiu inferências quantitativas e também a caracterização dos tipos de células neurais e desenvolvimento das camadas corticais. As análises histológicas do neocórtex das principais áreas do telencéfalo de Sapajuslibidinosus, mesmo que com um baixo número de espécimes foi uma caracterização geral e o primeiro passo para estudos futuros e comparações mais abrangentes. São necessários estudos histológicos mais detalhados das principais áreas do encéfalo, assim como a associação dos possíveis resultados a outras técnicas de investigações são necessários para uma melhor caracterização das funcionalidades das áreas corticais.
The human brain is the most sophisticated instrument of cognition and, putatively, the most complex material sctructure ever knew, probably because that, the neural system is largely studied in multidisciplinar terms, but many questions still need to be answered and various doubts rest to be solved about the brain functions. Among the ways to understand this evolutionary history is the study of the non-human primate encephalon. Much is known about the gross anatomy of Old World Primates and humans, however, these data and those related to the microscopic anatomy are scarce compared to the neotropical, which has been widely used in biomedical and behavioral research. In order, the purpose of this work was to study the gross anatomy of the brain obtained from neotropical primates as Callithrix penicillata, Saimiri ustus, Sapajus libidinosus e Brachyteles arachnoides and from literature from Galago, Macaca, Papio, Pan and Homo, in comparative terms. In addition to conducting a preliminary study on the neocortical cytoarchitecture of Sapajuslibidinosus. In gross anatomy were used 2 brains of Callithrix penicillata, 1 of Saimiriusustus, 7 of Sapajuslibidinosus and 1 Brachytelesarachnoides, which have their sulcus and gyri described, measured, as well as measurements of the general dimensions of the encephalon and encephalization index. For the microscopic analysis, 5 brains of Sapajuslibidinosus were used, 4 in the Golgi-Cox method and 1 in the HE method, which were evaluated in terms of cytoarchitectonic organization, number of neural cells and classification of the cortex according to type and cell prevalence in cortical layers, frontal, prefrontal area, parietal, temporal and occipital areas. In this study, it was observed that the gross anatomy telencephalon of Callithrix and Saimiri have few sulcus and gyri when compared to Sapajus and Brachyteles, and the latter two are more similar to the Old-World primates than of the other neotropical primates investigated. Among all the primates analyzed and compared, the repeats sulcus are the longitudinal, lateral, calcarino, hippocampus, rinal and superior temporal sulci. The sulci of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe appear only in more complex brains and animals that have larger body size. The other structures located in the medial region of the telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, bulb and encephalic ventricles are similarly arranged with variations in the degree of development and size. Preliminary data from Sapajus neocortical architecture show higher numbers of neurons in the occipital lobes, followed by the parietal and temporal lobes. The caudal part of the frontal lobe has features of primary motor area with large pyramidal neurons and the prefrontal area has a prevalence of granular neurons. The parietal and temporal lobes have the most heterogeneous layers and with greater separation between the cortical layers. The Golgi-Cox method allowed the study of the structural organization, connections between neural cells and neural cell forms, and the HE method allowed quantitative inferences and also the characterization of neural cell types and development of the cortical layers.The histological analyzes of the neocortex of the main areas of the Sapajus libidinosus telencephalon, even with a low number of specimens, was a general characterization and the first step for future studies and more comprehensive comparisons. More detailed histological studies of the main areas are necessary as well the association of these possibles results with other investigative techniques for a better characterization of the functionalities of the cortical areas.

The reproductive periodicity, recruitment and population studies of the intertidal Indo-Pacific echinoid, Arachnoides placenta (Linnaeus), were investigated from April 2001 to September 2002 at sites along 650km of the north Queensland coast, Australia. Three locations were sampled, comprising Mission Beach; Pallarenda Beach Townsville; and the Mackay region. A. placenta is a dominant macro-organism at all sites sampled, individuals of all sizes are found across the entire stretch of the beach terrace but are rarely evenly distributed, displaying a preference for pools and ripples containing wet sand. Despite patchiness a significant decrease in density downshore was observed in 11 / 17 transects laid at Pallarenda Beach, 2001 (p = <0.05). Significant differences in density were observed between all sites (p = 0.000) and even over distances of metres (p = 0.006). A maximum density of 88 individuals m-2 was recorded at Mackay in 2002. There was also clear temporal and spatial variation in the size-frequency of the population at Pallarenda Beach and significant differences in test diameter between sites (p = 0.000) which clearly shows no effect of latitude on test diameter. At Pallarenda Beach test diameter was observed to increase with distance downshore in 13 / 17 transects. Test diameter at Bucasia Beach, Mackay on the contrary decreased with distance downshore. No relationship between test diameter and population size was observed. Significant differences in population density and size-frequency data even over scales of just metres suggest that discrete differences in abiotic or biotic factors, particularly sediment grain size, moisture and protection from wave action, between sites are enough to produce significant variations between populations. Growth of A. placenta from settlement demonstrates an s-shaped growth curve that is typical of a number of echinoid species. From a size of approximately 10mm growth assumes a linear phase which slows at a size of 25mm, at which size individuals are estimated to be 3 or 4 years old. The reproductive periodicity of Arachnoides placenta exhibited an overall seasonal cycle with a period of gamete growth and accumulation from December to February culminating in a March to May main spawning period. Gametogenic patterns at Pallarenda Beach indicate the breeding season of A. placenta coincides with the start of a decline in sea water temperatures that occurs from March (26 – 28 oC) which reaches a minimum over the months of June – August (22 – 24 oC). Partial spawning was observed in some individuals to June/July with a few spawning until September at Pallarenda Beach, indicating the continuation of spawning until temperatures reached a minimum. Over the range studied, A. placenta experienced similar annual air/sea water cycles and relatively comparable rainfall cycles. Air temperatures varied a maximum of ±8 oC from those of Townsville, possibly accounting for minimal differences in gametogenesis between sites. Spawning was only synchronous between males and females during months of the major spawning period (March to July), during which female gonads returned to the recovering condition within a month or less of spawning. From July to November no female gonads were in the late mature stage and a very slow rate of gametogenesis was observed. In males, 30-100% of individuals in all populations had ripe gonads throughout both years except June and September 2002 in Mackay. A percentage of all male gonads were always in the spent stage, indicating recovery takes longer than a month. Significant numbers of newly settled recruits occur within the sediment from March – May at all sites, which strongly correlates with the timing of the annual gametogenic cycle of adults. The density of recruits downshore at Pallarenda Beach in 2001 demonstrate a clear patchy distribution, however a significant decrease in individuals downshore was observed in three out of six months of sampling (p = <0.05). Newly settled recruits prefer the middle to lower section of the beach terrace until a size of around 10mm is reached, when these individuals show a preference for the inhabiting the upper –middle section of the beach terrace. Such size-related positions on the beach terrace point to optimal grain-size preference possibly related to feeding and movement. There does not appear to be an adult-larval attraction during settlement.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
醫療器材與醫學影像研究所
106
Introduction The abnormal brain structure, including cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and middle cranial fossa (MCF) arachnoid cyst, were seen in 15-20% and up to 1.1% in the CSP and MCF arachnoid cyst, respectively. The prevalence is low so that we are easy to include the MRI data without scrutiny and used for analysis. In recent years, it becomes more and more attention on this issue, which affects the errors of the image registration or diffusion measurement in the neuroimaging analysis. However, there is no study or researches to explore the issues. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the errors of the tissue segmentation in CSP and white matter reconstruction caused by different sizes of the CSP and the MCF arachnoid cyst, and propose criteria for using this data in neuroimaging analysis. Materials and Methods Experience 1: Forty-five subjects with the CSP and forty-five age- and sex-matched controls without the CSP were recruited in the study. DSI data and T1-weighted imaging were used for imaging analysis. First, we measured the size of the CSP on each T1-weighted image, and divided these subjects into three groups according to the size of CSP (Enlarged-size: above 10 mm, n = 14; Medium-size: 5-10 mm, n = 16; Small-size: below 5 mm, n = 15). Then, we used Dice coefficient to quantify the errors of the image registration caused by the CSP in T1W segmentation. Second, we used whole brain tract-based automatic analysis to obtain a 2D connectogram for each DSI dataset. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) profiles of 76 white matter tract bundles provided by connectogram used to explore the correlation with the size of the CSP Experience 2: Ten subjects with the middle cranial fossa arachnoid cyst and thirty age- and sex-matched controls without the MCF arachnoid cyst were recruited in the study. DSI data and T1-weighted imaging were used for imaging analysis. The subjects with MCF arachnoid cyst was segmented clearly by region growing algorithm in each T1-weighted images. Then, we performed diffusion spectrum imaging and the functional difference to investigate the relations between white matter microstructures and the volume of the MCF arachnoid cyst. Results and Discussions Experience 1: Dice coefficient evaluated in 3 groups showed significantly lower Dice coefficients (p<.001) in the enlarged-size of the CSP, but there was no significant difference (p=.631 and p=.317) in medium and small CSP subjects. Multiple regression analysis showed that the seven tracts were significantly associated with the size variable. The mean GFA values of the bilateral stria terminalis were negatively correlated with the size of the CSP, and the paths of the stria terminalis were deviated by the CSP, leading to the errors of diffusion measurement. The other five tracts, right CST of the hand, right CST of the trunk, bilateral CST of the mouth and left FS of the precentral gyrus, showed significant differences with control groups, and the GFA values of the CSP groups showed slightly higher in all steps than control groups. We conjectured that these white matter tracts are projection fibers in close proximity to the lateral ventricles, and so they might be compressed by the CSP, leading to the increased GFA. Experience 2: Apply two standard deviations as threshold, we found that the FD values of the bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) and callosal fibers (CF) of temporal pole were significantly higher than the control group in the largest and second largest volume of the MCF arachnoid cyst, which was 39940 and 21890 mm3; the FD values of the bilateral uncinate fasciculus (UF) were significantly higher than the control group in the largest volume of the MCF arachnoid cyst, which was 39940 mm3. The higher FD values in ILF, UF, and CF of temporal pole meant that the difference between left and right tracts was greater, which affected by the MCF arachnoid cyst. Conclusion Our findings imply that the existence of the CSP and MCF arachnoid cyst will lead to errors in image registration and diffusion measurement, and the size of CSP and the MCF arachnoid cyst affects the GFA values in the adjacent tracts. Thus, we propose criteria as follows: Experience 1: we suggested that the size of the CSP should be taken into consideration as a covariate in statistical analysis, and bilateral stria terminalis should be excluded from the analysis if the CSP is larger than 10 mm. Experience 2: we suggested that the bilateral ILF and CF of temporal pole should be excluded from the analysis if the cyst is larger than 21890 mm³, roughly R=17.3mm, and the bilateral UF should be excluded from the analysis if the cyst is larger than 39940 mm³, roughly R=21.2mm.