Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Araignées'
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Chiara, Violette. "Ontogenèse et socialité chez les araignées." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30312.
Full textAmong the major evolutionary transitions, the transition from a solitary lifestyle to sociality has occurred independently in many taxa. Spiders offer a wide range of social organizations, differing in the complexity and duration of interactions between congeners. Among the 48,000 species of spiders, less than 30 have developed an elaborate social life characterized by the construction of a common web, the existence of cooperative brood care and the presence of collective hunting. However, even in solitary spiders, a gregarious phase is observed during the juvenile stage following the emergence of the cocoon. This gregarious phase is then followed by the development of agonistic interactions and the initiation of dispersal. This thesis integrates behavioural approaches, chemical analyses and computer modelling to address two questions of sociality in spiders. The first two chapters aim to provide information on the mechanisms inhibiting the expression of agonistic behaviours and dispersal in juveniles of the solitary species Agelena labyrinthica. In the last part we discuss the issue of cooperative hunting among social spiders. This cooperative hunt is considered one of the major advantages of social life because it allows the capture of prey unreachable to solitary species. The third chapter of this thesis aims to understand the mechanisms allowing the synchronization of the movements of individuals during collective hunt in the social spider Anelosimus eximius. Our results provide arguments in favour of a social transition induced by a retention of the cohesion of juveniles. They also point out that juveniles of solitary species already have all the prerequisites for social behaviours, even for behaviours that seems to require a high level of coordination such as synchronized hunting
Chaput, Jodet Dominique. "Araignées et scorpions : données toxicologiques et étude homéopathique." Bordeaux 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR25064.
Full textGundermann, Jean-Luc. "Étude sur le comportement maternel et son implication dans les phénomènes sub-sociaux chez l'araignée Coelotes terrestris (Wider)." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10018.
Full textRamousse, Raymond. "Genèse et régulation du comportement constructeur chez quelques araignées orbitèles : de la vie de groupe à la toile individuelle." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10008.
Full textDefrize, Jérémy. "Camouflage chez les araignées crabe : approche sensorielle, comportementale et écologique." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR4044/document.
Full textMisumena vatia is assumed for more than a century to adapt its colouration to the colour of its substrate in order to decrease the risk of being detected by prey and predators. However, a discrepancy exists between the large quantity of works on its ecology, its fame as an expert of camouflage and the empirical knowledge about its cryspis and colour change mechanisms. The aim of this thesis was therefore to study crypsis from a community sensory perspective, using an approach combing physiology, behaviour and colour vision models. We showed that if M. vatia was undetectable at long distance through achromatic vision, the chromatic contrast value is quite dependent of both substrates and receiver identities. Electrophysiological recordings and behavioural choices all concur to show that M. vatia is able to see colours. Spiderlings use this ability for making choices among coloured backgrounds diminishing its conspicuousness to potential prey. Finally, the results of this thesis are discussed in an evolutionary and physiological context
Kim, Kil-Won. "L'organisation subsociale d'Amaurobius ferox : modèle pour l'étude des phénomènes sociaux chez les araignées." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10154.
Full textDrapeau, Picard André-Philippe. "Recolonisation des mares d'un fen en restauration par les araignées et les dytiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27332.
Full textThe moss layer transfer technique, widely used for peatland restoration after peat extraction in North America, aims to facilitate plant cover re-establishment dominated by peat-accumulating mosses. Efficient in that regard, the approach fails to restore habitat heterogeneity that supports the high biodiversity of natural peatlands. Peatland pools are habitats with an associated characteristic fauna and flora, contributing significantly to peatland biodiversity. In restored peatlands, man-made pools should increase habitat heterogeneity and thus, species diversity. In virtually all ecosystems, arthropods are diverse and abundant, and they are sensitive to fine-scale environmental changes, making them relevant as ecological indicators. To assess how pools should be designed in order to facilitate arthropod recolonization, 21 pools distributed in two depth classes (deep and shallow) and three vegetation classes (mosses, shrubs and graminoid plants) were designed in a restored fen in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region. Four natural fens with pools of the same region were assessed as reference ecosystem. Spiders (Araneae) and predacious diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) were sampled around and within pools using pitfall traps and funnel minnow traps, respectively. In order to determine how treatments and measured environmental variables influence arthropod assemblages, the later were compared, using multivariate analysis, between pools in the restored and reference ecosystems. Of the three vegetation types tested, man-made pools with graminoid plants showed an arachnofauna and a microenvironment more similar to the reference ecosystem. Dytiscid diversity of shallow man-made pools was similar to that of reference ecosystem. The creation of pools of variable depth and the introduction of graminoid-type vegetation on pool margins is recommended in restored fens in order to optimize the return of a biodiversity similar to reference ecosystems.
Sébrier, Marie-Anne. "Gestion des proies interceptées par la toile chez l'araignée orbitèle Zygiella x-notata (Clerck) (Araneae, Araneidae)." Nancy 1, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1993_0380_SEBRIER.pdf.
Full textCasquet, Julianne. "Hasard, déterminisme et édification des communautés écologiques insulaires : le cas des araignées d'Hawaï et des îles de l'océan indien." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1977/.
Full textThis thesis belongs to the ecological community edification framework, which is a complex phenomenon that can be studied at various scales and is influenced by numerous factors. After proposing the hypothesis of a link between the colonization dynamics and the assembly rules of a community (chapter 1), I highlight the role of these factors in the ecological community edification. In the chapter 2, I propose that intrinsic and geographical factors can impact on ecological community edification through the persistence of individual flow between the immigration source and the place where the community is built-up. In the chapter 3, I show how the regional, geographical and ecological context could impact on various components of local communities; I also highlight the fact that not all the regional factors impact on the same community components. In the chapter 4, I develop a case study that warns us against the interpretation of so-called local diversification patterns without taking into account the species biology; I also show how some intrinsic factors of some lineages could prevent an in situ diversification despite a potentially favorable ecological context. The edification of ecological communities is the product of numerous processes that acts on landscapes that are the expression of historical and geographical contingencies, which probably partly explains why the topic of community build-up and assembly is one of the most controversial of scientific ecology. Only a careful examination of a combination of morphological, genetic, ecological and behavioral data could allow us to identify in which context the classical theories of ecological communities are valid
Dubois, Jacques. "Phylogénie moléculaire et morphologique des Pimplinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) parasites d'araignées : scénarios évolutifs du mode de parasitisme." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0063.
Full textPimplinae are the subfamily whose parasitism patterns are the most diversified and biology one of the best known within the Ichneumonidae. Hypotheses on Pimplinae phylogeny being already established from morphological data, this work aimed at (1) supplying original molecular data, based on 28S and 16S rDNAs and CO1 analyses, in order to test the morphological hypotheses at a generic level; (2) detailing relationships within the Polysphincta genus group ; (3) establishing hypotheses about the evolution of parasitism patterns within this group. The study of the Polysphincta genus group, based on a morphological phylogeny, led to the redefinition of 21 genera, among which 3 were new. The subsequent inclusion of biological characters in the matrix enabled to retrace the evolutionary history of this group through the evolution of parasitism patterns and other behavioural traits of the larva and its cocoon
Mokrzycki, Nathalie. "Purification, caractérisation et modification de toxines animales pour l'étude de la diversité des canaux ioniques." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-367.pdf.
Full textBernard, Alexandre. "De l'activité individuelle à la coopération auto-organisée chez les arthropodes : exemple de la construction d'une toile chez les araignées." Nancy 1, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2002_0232_BERNARD.pdf.
Full textLeborgne, Raymond. "La communication chez les araignées : Étude des phénomènes vibratoires transmis par les toiles lors du rapprochement des sexes chez quelques dictynidae et agelenidae." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10064.
Full textVergnes, Alan. "Connectivité des paysages urbains et faune épigée : approche multi-échelles et multi-taxons." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0001.
Full textScientific insights are needed to limit the negative effects of urbanization and improve urban biodiversity. Thus, we analysed the effects of landscape on several ground –dwelling communities (multi taxa approach). We organized our research following three main axis: (1) response along an urbanization gradient, (2) the effect of corridors on the dispersal among urban landscapes and (3) simulation of the corridor effect using an individual based model (IBM). We observed strong and negative effects of the urbanized landscapes, stronger for forest specialist species which are replaced by more generalist species along the gradient. We highlighted a positive effect of corridors with some differences between taxa that could be explained by variation in their dispersal capabilities, confirmed by the model. The IBM has confirmed these results. This study opens new doors on the spatial configuration of local communities within the landscapes
Puzin, Charlène. "Influence of habitat configuration on arthropod life history traits : a multi-scale approach in spatially structured systems." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2015MNHN0002.
Full textVariations in organism life history traits allow assessing the impact of human activities on individual biology, but also on entire populations. Human activities actually modify the landscape configuration of an environment: habitat surface and degree of isolation, habitat and surrounded matrix suitability… Salt marshes, because of their rare, linear and fragmented configuration along coasts and their fragmented condition due to human activities, are thus ideal systems to study the influence of habitat configuration on life history traits of arthropods that inhabit them, at both population and community levels. These species, according to their ecological preference in terms of habitat and diet, their size, or their dispersal ability, indeed react in different ways in terms of fitness and abundance
Venner, Samuel. "Stratégies comportementales et modèle d'optimisation dynamique à horizon non fini : succession des constructions de toiles chez une araignée orbitèle "Zygiella X-Notata" (Clerck)." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10233.
Full textThis study aims to test the hypothesis that adult female spiders of the orb-weaving species Zygiella x-notata build their successive webs according to rules that allow them to maximise their fitness. A non invasive method was first set up to estimate the total capture thread length of a web. Short term web building dynamics could be then investigated. Our results showed that informations linked to capture events and to prey ingestion with a given web influence following web building. Long term web building dynamics was studied through a longitudinal study of spiders between their final moult and their first egg-laying. Cost and benefits of web-building behaviour had to be estimated before setting up a predictive model of web-building optimal strategy. Predictions of this model could then be matched with observed behaviour. Behavioural data suggest predation risk occurring during web building to be weak, and energetic expenditure to increase both with the amount of silk set up per web and with spider's body weight. Probability of prey catching -that is, energetic expected gains- increased together with web size. Both field and laboratory data showed that adult female spiders reduced their web building activity throughout their development. Results of the predictive model also suggest that when their body weight increased, optimal spiders should reduce their building activity. Furthermore, we could make the following hypothesis: selective pressures should remain weak over web-building behaviour during most of adult female spider's development. This could explain, at least partly, the great diversity of observed web-building behaviours
Assi, Bessekon Denis. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes intervenant dans la régulation du comportement maternel chez l'araignée coelotes terrestris (araneae, agelenidae)." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10266.
Full textAnotaux, Mylène. "Étude d'un modèle comportemental du vieillissement : la construction de la toile chez une araignée orbitèle." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0309/document.
Full textAgeing is an obligatory and natural progressive process often associated with a decline in organism functions and performances. Although behaviours inform us about the physiological and neurological state of an organism, relationship between behaviour and ageing remains largely misunderstood. Thus, the research of new animal models that could assess this relationship would be crucial. In orb weaving spiders, the web is a complex geometrical structure, which presents a visible regularity. Its construction results of a succession of organized and repeatable behaviours and each variation in web characteristics could be interpreted as a behavioural variation during web construction. The objective of this study was to highlight structural variations in web's structure of the spider Zygiella-x-notata, which were correlated with spider's age, and to know how ageing affected spider mobility during web construction and prey capture. Our results showed that ageing influenced the geometrical structure of the orb-web, and the spider web-building and prey capture behaviours. Our study allowed to validate the pertinence of the use of spiders and their orb web as innovative models for studies of relationships between ageing and behaviour
Alzubik, Belkair Sadeq. "Lutte biologique par conversation dans les vergers de pommiers : peut-on manipuler les communautés d'araignées pour augmenter leur efficacité contre certains ravageurs." Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0348/document.
Full textIt is now crucial to develop new control tools to replace the use of pesticides. Biological control is one of this tool and we thus studied the possible roles of spiders as generalist predators in apple orchards. Three studies were carried out: the first one to determine which local factors (protection management and characteristics of the surroundings) govern spider communities (abundance, diversity) in apple orchards; the second to determine which spiders remain active in winter to control resting stages of some pests; and the last to assess the feasibility of a transfer and release of some spider species into an orchard. We first showed that organic and IPM orchards hosted very different spider community and that, in contrast, local characteristics (hedges and percentage of orchards in the vicinity) had only minor effects. We further demonstrated that some spiders were active winter-long in apple orchards in South-east of France with high abundances for some genus like Philodromus, Trachelas and Clubiona. Lastly we showed that transferring and releasing some spider species of interest (C. mildei and C. leucapsis) is possible and greatly increased the abundance of the released species for one year in the target orchard. We moreover observed a significantly negative relationship between C. mildei and codling moth abundance at the tree scale. These results proved that spider populations can be managed to increase their role in the biological control of important pests in pomefruit orchards
Thévenard, Laurent. "Gestion de la construction de la toile chez une araignée orbitèle, Zygiella x-notata : Perception et utilisation des informations du milieu." Nancy 1, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2004_0015_THEVENARD.pdf.
Full textDuring their life, animals may adapt their strategies to maximise their fitness. They have to make choices, and their behaviour should take into account environmental variations. In many works, it has been showed that animals take into account one environmental variable; but they live in complex environments, and have to integrate simultaneously several information. Until now, there are very few data on that. We tackled this problem in an orb-weaving spider, Zygiella x-notata. Observations on natural populations of spiders showed they adapted their web building behaviour to prey and the presence of neighbours. In the laboratory, when spiders were put simultaneously in the presence of prey and conspecifics, they exhibited a web building behaviour similar to that they showed when they were in the presence of prey only. Complementary tests showed that, in this situation, spiders perceived prey and conspecifics. These results could be explained in two ways: 1) in the multi-variable environment, spiders could organize information into a hierarchy, and choice prey, or 2) when they receive simultaneously several information, they have not the cognitive abilities to treat them
Vakanas, Guillaume. "Les mécanismes de la coopération chez les Arthropodes sociaux : étude de la prédation chez une araignée sociale "Anelosimus eximius" ("Araneae,Theridiidae)." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10025.
Full textPredation in a social species of spider, Anelosimus eximius, is characterised by 3 steps: during the first spiders are recruited, thus it capture and finally transport the prey. The organisation observed during capture and transport is explained by a coordination of individual acts that results of an adjustment of their behaviours to the state of the prey and to its environment (stimergic process). This is confirmed by computer simulation. The regulation of the number of individuals participating in every stage of the predation is also explained by auto-organisation phenomena. It is the prey features (vibrations, weight and size) that regulate the individual involvement. The nutritional status of individuals is also involved in this regulation. Small spiders are more active than large one. Thus, cooperation during predation emerges from group living and doesn't require sophisticated communication mechanisms between individuals. It permits to understand better how the passage from solitary to social species has been realised without important modifications of individual behaviours
Hacala, Axel. "Conservation et dynamiques des tourbières subarctiques : les arthropodes et la végétation comme bioindicateurs à travers le temps sur l’archipel de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024URENB006.
Full textAt a time of climatic change and destruction of wetlands , studying peatbogs is essential given the rich biodiversity they harbor and the sedimentary and biological archives they constitute. Peat bog dynamics can be studied through various disciplines and time scales. To address this complexity, the bioindication quality of spiders and plants was compared. In neoecology we investigated the effects of landscape through spiders and plants comparison in a multimetrics approach. We observed through taxonomic and functional diversity, alpha and beta as well as Hill’s diversity orders, the specific responses of peat bogs’ diversity. A high degree of complementarity between taxa and metrics was highlighted. In paleoecology, we investigated the oribatid mites potential as potential indicators for climate reconstruction. This was achieved by crossing current oribatid assemblages with current climate to assess the reconstruction errors, and eventually higlighted how the limited available oribatid data was a for such a method. Lastly we investigated the habitat and climate dynamics over the last two millennia through multitaxa paleoecological analysis of a peat bog in Saint-Pierre crossing oribatid mites, vegetation macrofossils and pollen. This highlighted a hydrologic and climatic dynamic that match regional specificities. This pluridisplinary approach has allowed to increase the knowledge of peat bog dynamics and to evaluate and strengthen the indicators used to this end, both taxa and metrics according to the tested hypotheses
Montane, Jean-Louis. "Etude comparative de Lycosa tarentula et Latrodectus mactans, et leurs utilisations homéopathiques." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR2P057.
Full textLeroy, Boris. "Utilisation des bases de données biodiversité pour la conservation des taxons d’invertébrés : indices de rareté des assemblages d’espèces et modèles de prédiction de répartition d’espèces." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0033.
Full textInvertebrate taxa are underrepresented in conservation biology. To improve their inclusion, we aimed at providing principles and tools for their conservation. We analysed biodiversity database —defined as databases compiling species occurrences in space and time— which are the only sources of data for most invertebrate taxa. We applied important principles of data quality, and used a metric to quantify the completeness of biodiversity databases. We first developed a new tool at the assemblage level on the basis of databases of spiders and marine invertebrates: the Index of Relative Rarity. This index integrates a flexible parameter (the rarity cutoff) which allows fitting the index with respect to the considered taxon, geographic area and spatial scale. We then improved this index by including multiple scales or multiple phyla to assess the rarity of assemblages. We then developed tools at the species level: species distribution models. Using spiders as an example, we proposed an appropriate application for conservation purposes, to (1) define conservation priorities for species and (2) identify where conservation actions are most likely to succeed. The principles and methods that we developed allow an appropriate use of available biodiversity databases for conservation, are transferable to other invertebrate taxa and are innovative tools for conservation programs across multiple spatial scales
Varet-Laureau, Marion. "Biodiversité et aménagements urbains : réponse des assemblages de carabiques et d’araignées dans les haies publiques de Rennes Métropole." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S150.
Full textBiodiversity in the city is a new major research subject in ecology, developed in response to scientific, political, social and ethical concerns. This work focuses mainly on the study of ground beetle and spider assemblages in urban residential neighbourhoods in the urban Community of Rennes. This study was conducted in urban hedgerows using pitfall traps, from 2008 to 2010. A barrier effect seems to exist between rural and urban areas, especially for spiders. Indeed, both models are sensitive and respond differently to stress related to urban conditions and urbanization, which emphasizes the complementarity of these two taxa. However, the assemblages observed in hedgerows are relatively similar despite the heterogeneity of sites in terms of age, management and maintenance. The new urban forms, by reducing the encroachment on the adjacent agricultural areas and maintaining a level of biodiversity comparable to that of the conventional urban forms, appear as an interesting alternative in urban planning. Our study can also guide the various local actors of urban development through application prospects and explicit recommendations
Mauduit, Emilie. "Exploration des mécanismes à l'origine de la transition sociale au cours de l'ontogénèse chez l'araignée Agelena labyrinthica." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30296.
Full textSociality, which represents a crucial step in the evolution of the complexity of living systems, has evolved repeatedly in vertebrates and invertebrates. Sociality covers an incredible variety of forms, from transitory groupings of usually solitary individuals to species living in integrated societies, called eusocial species. Although the transition to eusociality is still of great interest, this type of social organisation is not representative of the diversity of social forms in invertebrates. It is therefore necessary to identify the common features of all forms of social life in order to understand the origins of permanent sociality. The study of species with a transient social life is of particular interest, since in these species, juveniles live together for varying lengths of time, then disperse to live on their own. From a distal perspective, the ontogenic variations in social behaviour is probably accompanied by a change in the costs and benefits of group living. From a proximal point of view, the mechanisms that trigger the transition from a temporary and non-facultative social lifestyle to a solitary life are not yet understood. Spiders are a relevant model for understanding social transitions, as all spider species (>51,500) exhibit a transient social phase: juveniles are gregarious and tolerants, then become solitary and aggressive as adults (except for 20 spider species that remain social throughout their lives). Previous work has shown that the social isolation that results from the natural dispersion of spiders triggers their aggression. The main objectives of my thesis were therefore to examine the communication modalities involved in maintaining social tolerance in the solitary spider Agelena labyrinthica, and to characterise the impact of social isolation on the perception and integration of social signals. By manipulating the social context during ontogeny in juveniles, we demonstrated the existence of an ontogenetic development of aggressiveness, revealed the existence of metabolomic differences according to the social context, showed that the onset of cannibalism does not result from a reduction in energy reserves, demonstrated that social tolerance can be restored after moulting, and finally observed that the maintenance of tolerance requires the perception of a signal emitted by a living spider. Through various behavioural approaches, this thesis suggests that the communication change underlying the decline of social tolerance in spiderlings involved a change in the perception and/or interpretation of communication signals by isolated individuals
Saffre, Fabrice. "Dynamique et mécanismes de l'essaimage chez une araignée sociale (Anelosimus eximius)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211781.
Full textBertrand, Colette. "L'hétérogénéité spatiale et temporelle des paysages agricoles influence les auxiliaires généralistes des cultures et le potentiel de contrôle biologique des ravageurs." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S161/document.
Full textIn the context of reducing pesticide use, the potential role of some arthropod groups as pest natural enemies provides them an ecological and economic interest. In particular, ground beetles and spiders are generalist predators likely to be effective biocontrol agents. Previous studies have shown that the structure and composition of their communities, as well as the effectiveness of biological control, are influenced by landscape heterogeneity, and in particular by the presence of semi-natural habitats. However, the role of the crop mosaic, which can be highly heterogeneous in space and time, have been little considered. The main objective of our study was to determine the influences of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes on generalist natural enemies and the potential for biological pest control. We sampled carabid and spider communities in winter cereal fields, and estimated biological control potential using sentinel aphids glued on predation cards. We characterized the spatial heterogeneity of the landscapes around each cereal field by 1) the amount of wooded habitats and the length of the hedgerow network, 2) the average size of the agricultural fields, and 3) crop diversity. We also proposed four new metrics that synthesize different aspects of the multi-year temporal heterogeneity of cropped areas. Our results show that in spring, landscapes characterized by small fields, and therefore by a high density of non-cropped field margins, promote spiders abundance in cereal fields. In early summer, landscapes with small fields also promote aphid predation rates and the abundance of carabid spring breeders, which overwinter as adults in semi-natural habitats. Crop diversity promotes the abundance of carabids overwintering in soils of arable fields and breeding in autumn. Our results also show that the temporal heterogeneity of the crop mosaic - characterized among other things by the changes in crop diversity over a five year period - benefits some carabid species commonly found in agricultural landscapes (such as Poecilus cupreus and Pterostichus melanarius) which are likely to play an important role as pest natural enemies. These results highlight the complementary role of the crop mosaic and the non-cropped field borders for generalist natural enemies, and show the importance of taking into account the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the cultivated area in further ecological studies on biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. In the context of reducing pesticide use, our results suggest that landscapes with 1) a high crop diversity that change over time, and 2) small fields that promote the interspersion between crops and semi-natural habitats, are likely to promote generalist natural enemies and biological pest control
Prouvost, Olivier. "Comportement sexuel et communication chimique chez une araignée : Tegenaria atrica (Araneae, Agelenidae)." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10236.
Full textRollard, Christine. "La biocenose associee aux araneides, en landes armoricaines : etude des relations insectes-araignees." Rennes 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REN10041.
Full textPoignant, Pierre 1975. "Peer-to-peer search engine : the Araignee Project." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85752.
Full textPourié, Grégory. "Comportement agonistique et communication chimique chez une araignée solitaire : Tegenaria atrica (Araneae, Agelenidae)." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10268.
Full textRollard, Christine. "La Biocénose associée aux aranéïdes, en landes armoricaines étude des relations insectes-araignées /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609511k.
Full textWojcieszak, Marine. "La soie, "modèle" de polymères naturels fibreux : analyse vibrationnelle et nano/micromécanique, de la fibre au composite." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066506/document.
Full textFibrous proteins (keratin, elastin, collagen, fibroin ...) make up to one third of the proteins ofmammals and birds. They are structural proteins with a protective and/or mechanical function. Silk appearsto be the ‘simplest’ model because it mainly consists of two small amino acids residues (alanine andglycine). Some silks have comparable or superior mechanical properties compared to those of syntheticfibres and could be used in technical applications (e.g. biomedical) if the variability of their properties canbe controlled. This work focuses on the structure of silks from: Bombyx mori (domestic silkworm)degummed or not, Nephila madagascariensis (wild spider, no sericin coating), GM Bombyx mori (includinga gene of Nephila) a recombinant spider silk 4RepCT (Escherichia Coli). Silk is analyzed by Ramanspectroscopy (and FTIR), uni-axial tensile testing, and also by the coupling of these methods. The analysisof the low wavenumbers region in Raman spectroscopy allowed the characterization of ordered regions of 2to 3 microns separated by about 60 microns. This is the first evidence of the heterogeneous structure ofsilk. Coupling with the uni-axial tensile test shows that these ordered regions are stressed under macroscopicdeformation, suggesting silk organization according to Prevorsek’s model, i.e. that the samemacromolecular chain belongs to both amorphous and ordered regions. The statistical study of themechanical properties of silkworm and spider silks shows great dispersion, but a good stability over time(decades). Genetic modification does not improve the fibres mechanical properties but a slight decrease intheir variability. Various strategies have been investigated to control the variability: bacterial production,solubilization of silk and films regeneration. The role of water in silk biosynthesis, as well as the effect ofvarious parameters (filtration, pH, drying ...) during the preparation of the films were studied. It wasconfirmed that the presence of protein aggregates promotes the organization in film and two types of filmswere prepared. The most amorphous ones have the most interesting mechanical properties, though only afew percent of those from the starting fibres. The fabrication of regenerated silk matrix compositesreinforced by silk fibres increases the strength and strain to failure. These initial results are encouraging forthe development of silk fibres/regenerated silk matrix composite materials
Ridwan, Ahmad. "Réponses comportementales aux variations de facteurs faunistiques du milieu chez une araignée à toile géométrique zygiellax-notata (clerck) (araneae, araneidae)." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10231.
Full textDjoudi, El Aziz. "Structuration multi-échelle des communautés d'Arthropodes en agro-écosystèmes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B056.
Full textIn this study, we got interested in quantifying how local and landscape metrics structure arthropod communities in agro-ecosystems. For that, we used a long-term monitoring design located in ‘Ille-Et-Vilaine’ (Brittany, France), composed by spatially pair-matched fields under organic vs. conventional farming systems. First, we found that landscape heterogeneity, also interacting with farming systems, drives the diversity and abundance of trophic groups for both ground- and vegetation-dwelling arthropods. In a second chapter, we showed the importance of landscape context in shaping assemblages of predatory arthropods, and suggested that mechanisms behind the distribution of individual species strongly differ between spiders and carabids. Lastly, we highlighted the importance of distinguishing between resident (emergent) and mobile (circulating) individuals when assessing the differential role of local vs. landscape factors in community assembly. Overall, our results show a strong and positive effect of organic farming on arthropod populations, assemblages and communities, both at local and landscape scales, as well as in interaction with other landscape metrics. We also highlighted the relevance of using different levels of biological organization, and related response variables, when assessing the structure and functioning of arthropod communities in agroecosystems
Verdoni, Marion. "Identification, caractérisations physico-chimiques et pharmacologiques de nouveaux inhibiteurs de la mélanogenèse isolés à partir de venins d'animaux : exemple de l'Argiotoxine-636." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4720.
Full textMelanogenesis involves three enzymes. Tyrosinase catalyses the oxidation of the two first substrates and leads to the formation of DOPAquinone, which may be conjugated with cysteine to produce pheomelanins (red-yellow pigments). In absence of cys-teine, DOPAquinone is spontaneously converted in DOPAchrome, the precursor of eumelanin products (brown-black pig-ments). The formation of eumelanin molecules partially relies on the activity of two other enzymes called Tyrosinase related protein 2 and Tyrosinase related protein 1. A dysregulation of this process engenders hyperpigmentation tasks into skin IV to VI phototypes. To treat these issues effectively without side effects requires the identification of new active molecules able to regulate the eumelanin synthesis.To achieve the objective, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of 100 animals venoms, on the DOPA oxidase activity of mushroom tyrosinase. HPLC and spectrophotometric analysis alternating, we allowed us to localize the active sub-fraction containing the interest molecule. The molecular weight determination by mass spectrometry combined with the AA analysis after acid hy-drolysis identified argiotoxin-636 (ARGTX-636). It is a mixed-type inhibitor on diphenolase activity. SAR preliminary stu-dies have also been conducted. In parallel, an analytical method by HPLC / MS was developed to confirm the DHICA oxy-dase activity inhibitory effect by ARGTX-636.For the first time is reported the isolation and characterization of a novel compound extracted from a spider venom able to regulate melanogenesis process. This approach can have a major impact in the search for new active compounds in the dermo-cosmetics field
BALDOVINI, CHARLES. "Morsures de latrodectus xiii (tredecim)-guttatus en corse." Aix-Marseille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX20028.
Full textStålhandske, Pia. "Male and female reproductive strategies in the nursery web spider : pisaura mirabilis /." Göteborg : Göteborg university, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39929322w.
Full textRamousse, Raymond. "Genèse et régulation du comportement constructeur chez quelques araignées orbitèles de la vie de groupe à la toile individuelle /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37617885p.
Full textThévenard, Laurent Pasquet Alain. "Gestion de la construction de la toile chez une araignée orbitèle, Zygiella x-notata perception et utilisation des informations du milieu /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2004_0015_THEVENARD.pdf.
Full textJauzein, Vincent. "Étude de la microstructure et du comportement mécanique de la fibre de soie." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00540941.
Full textNajnudel, Joseph. "Temps locaux et pénalisations browniennes." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00157111.
Full textpartir du mouvement brownien par différents types de changements de
probabilité (pénalisations). De cette manière, nous construisons des
processus qui sont fortement liés aux temps locaux browniens et aux
temps locaux d'intersection; en particulier, nous généralisons le
modèle d'Edwards, un modèle de polymère obtenu par pénalisation des
auto-intersections browniennes.
Verdoni, Marion. "Identification, caractérisations physico-chimiques et pharmacologiques de nouveaux inhibiteurs de la mélanogenèse isolés à partir de venins d'animaux : exemple de l'Argiotoxine-636." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4720.
Full textMelanogenesis involves three enzymes. Tyrosinase catalyses the oxidation of the two first substrates and leads to the formation of DOPAquinone, which may be conjugated with cysteine to produce pheomelanins (red-yellow pigments). In absence of cys-teine, DOPAquinone is spontaneously converted in DOPAchrome, the precursor of eumelanin products (brown-black pig-ments). The formation of eumelanin molecules partially relies on the activity of two other enzymes called Tyrosinase related protein 2 and Tyrosinase related protein 1. A dysregulation of this process engenders hyperpigmentation tasks into skin IV to VI phototypes. To treat these issues effectively without side effects requires the identification of new active molecules able to regulate the eumelanin synthesis.To achieve the objective, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of 100 animals venoms, on the DOPA oxidase activity of mushroom tyrosinase. HPLC and spectrophotometric analysis alternating, we allowed us to localize the active sub-fraction containing the interest molecule. The molecular weight determination by mass spectrometry combined with the AA analysis after acid hy-drolysis identified argiotoxin-636 (ARGTX-636). It is a mixed-type inhibitor on diphenolase activity. SAR preliminary stu-dies have also been conducted. In parallel, an analytical method by HPLC / MS was developed to confirm the DHICA oxy-dase activity inhibitory effect by ARGTX-636.For the first time is reported the isolation and characterization of a novel compound extracted from a spider venom able to regulate melanogenesis process. This approach can have a major impact in the search for new active compounds in the dermo-cosmetics field
Macel, Antoine Martine. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes intervenant dans le rapprochement des sexes chez Tegenaria domestica (Clerck) (araneae, agelanidae)." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10304.
Full textGauthier, Claire. "La voix des voix narratives de l'adaptation cinématographique du roman Le baiser de la femme-araignée de Manuel Puig, réalisée par Hector Barbenco." Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2668/1/M11267.pdf.
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