Academic literature on the topic 'Aramid fibers'

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Journal articles on the topic "Aramid fibers"

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Zhang, Su Feng, and Chun Lei Kang. "Crystal Structure Analysis on Aramid Fiber/Fibrids and Paper by Polarized Light Microscopy." Key Engineering Materials 531-532 (December 2012): 636–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.531-532.636.

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The crystal structure of aramid fibers is highly orientated. The structure of aramid fibers with various manufacturing processes and aramid paper sheets were analyzed and observed by using polarized light microscope (PLM). The change and its law of aramid fiber crystal structure in such processes as aramid fiber mamufaturing of aramid fiber/fibrids, forming of aramid paper sheets, and heat treatment were analysed. The relationship between the structural feature of aramid fibers and the performance of aramid paper was also discussed.
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Doriomedov, M. S. "ARAMID FIBER MARKET: TYPES, PROPERTIES, APPLICATION." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 11 (2020): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2020-0-11-48-59.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of the world and Russian market of aramid fiber. Provides information about the approximate production of aramid fibers in general and by types: para- and meta-aramid. The main trade names of aramid fibers, production facilities, main aramid producers in the world and in Russia, information about the properties of some brands of aramid fiber and indicative percentages of various fields of application in the global and Russian consumption of aramid fibers are given.
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Lu, Zhaoqing, Yongsheng Zhao, Zhiping Su, Meiyun Zhang, and Bin Yang. "The Effect of Phosphoric Acid Functionalization of Para-aramid Fiber on the Mechanical Property of Para-aramid Sheet." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 13, no. 3 (September 2018): 155892501801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501801300303.

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The mechanical properties of para-aramid sheet (PAS) are mainly dependent on the interfacial property between para-aramid chopped fibers and fibrids. However, the chemical inertness and smooth surface of para-aramid chopped fiber lead to the poor interfacial adhesion between para-aramid chopped fibers and fibrids. In this study, para-aramid chopped fiber was treated by phosphoric acid (PA) solution with different concentration in order to prepare PAS with high mechanical strength. It was shown that PA -treatment can increase the surface roughness and improve the surface oxygen-containing active groups of para-aramid chopped fibers. In addition, there is a critical value of PA-concentration (20%). Proper PA-treatment gives rise to an increased tensile strength of PAS from 2.41 to 3.41 kN/m by an increment of 41.49%. However, excessive PA -treatment results in a dramatic reduction of tensile strength for para-aramid fibers and also for PAS possibly due to the structure destruction of para-aramid fiber. This work shows a simple but highly-efficient approach for improving the mechanical property of PAS via PA-treatment of para-aramid chopped fibers, and simultaneously elaborating the reinforcing effects for high-performance PAS especially through optimizing the interfacial property between para-aramid chopped fibers and fibrids.
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Zhao, Hui Fang, and Mei Yun Zhang. "Surface Modification of Poly (M-Phenylene isophthalamide) Fibers and its Effect on the Mechanical Properties of Aramid Sheets." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.205.

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In order to improve the bonding properties between poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) fibers and PMIA-pulp and to improve the mechanical strength of aramid sheets, PMIA fibers have been treated with various chemical modifying agents. The surface morphology of the treated fibers has been analyzed and the mechanical properties of aramid sheets made from the treated PMIA fibers and PMIA-pulp have been investigated. The results show that silane coupling agent modification, phosphoric acid modification and nitrification/reduction modification of PMIA fibers are all helpful for improving the tensile strength and tear strength of aramid sheets, however, they have different effect on the mechanical strength of aramid sheets, and the concentration of chemical modifying agents also has considerable influence on the surface properties of aramid fibers and the mechanical properites of aramid sheets. Aramid handsheets made from PMIA fibers treated with 20% phosphoric acid have the highest mechanical strength, and the tensile strength and tear strength of them are 23.4% and 31.6% higher than that of aramid handsheets made from untreated fibers, respectively, because the treated fiber surface has more oxygenous functional groups and is more rough than the untreated fiber surface.
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Perelles, D. H., M. F. Medeiros, and M. R. Garcez. "Aplicação da análise hierárquica como ferramenta de tomada de decisão para escolha do compósito de reforço com polímeros reforçados com fibras." Revista ALCONPAT 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v3i3.52.

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RESUMOO reforço de estruturas com Polímeros Reforçados com Fibras (PRF) é uma alternativa que tem sido muito utilizada em intervenções executadas em elementos de concreto armado. A fibra de carbono é a mais empregada na formação dos compósitos de reforço utilizados em obras civis. Existe, no entanto, a possibilidade de se ampliar as opções de fibras formadoras do compósito utilizando as fibras de aramida e de vidro. Como uma ferramenta alternativa de tomada de decisão, o Método de Análise Hierárquica, baseado em critérios analisados de forma qualitativa e quantitativa, será utilizado neste trabalho para a avaliação das fibras de carbono, aramida e vidro, de forma a se obter qual material seria o mais apropriado para a execução de um reforço estrutural considerando como principais parâmetros de análise os custos dos materiais e as tensões e as deformações que os elementos poderão apresentar. A aplicação desta técnica de interpretação de resultados se mostrou muito útil, podendo ser considerada adequada para estudos que exijam uma tomada de decisão entre diferentes sistemas de reforço com PRF.Palabras clave: Reforço estrutural; polímeros reforçados com fibras; carbono; aramida; vidro; método da análise hierárquica.ABSTRACTStrengthening structures with Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) is an alternative that has been used in interventions performed on reinforced concrete elements. Carbon fibers are the most used in the formation of composite reinforcement used in civil works. There is, however, possible to expand the options of forming fibers using the composite fibers of aramid and glass. As an alternative decision-making tool, the Analytic Hierarchy Process, based on criteria analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, will be used in this work for the evaluation of carbon, aramid and glass fibers in order to obtain what material would be more suitable for the implementation of a structural reinforcement considering how key parameters of analysis material costs and the tensions and strains that may exhibit elements. This decision-making tool showed useful and can be considered suitable to select different FRP systems.Keywords: Structural strengthening; fiber-reinforced polymers; carbon; aramid; glass; hierarchical analysis method.
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Kausar, Ayesha, and Muhammad Siddiq. "Epoxy composites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly(ethylene glycol)methylether-coated aramid fiber." Journal of Polymer Engineering 36, no. 5 (July 1, 2016): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0191.

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Abstract A novel type of aramid fibers coated with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (PEGME)-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was designed using electrophoresis. Owing to the good interaction of MWCNT-PEGME with the matrix, the coated fibers were well dispersed in epoxy resin. Thin films of epoxy/aramid-MWCNT-PEGME were prepared by placing the modified aramid fibers in molds, and the epoxy resin was infused into them. 4,4′-Diaminodiphenylmethane was dissolved in epoxy before the resin was poured over the aramid fibers coated with MWCNT-PEGME. According to fracture surface studies, the modified fibers were completely miscible with the epoxy resin and the filler was dispersed well in the space between the aramid fibers. The tensile strength of neat resin was increased from 658 to 1198 MPa in 40 wt.% of fiber-loaded epoxy/aramid-MWCNT-PEGME 40 composite. The maximum flexural strength was also found to be higher for epoxy/aramid-MWCNT-PEGME 40 (1593 MPa). The glass transition temperature (Tg) was studied using differential scanning calorimetry, in the range of 164–173°C. The tensile strength, modulus, flexural strength, and Tg of epoxy/aramid fiber composites with unmodified fibers were found to be lower than those of epoxy/aramid-MWCNT-PEGME composites.
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Jin, Hui, Yi Yong Wang, and Cheng Wei Li. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Aramid Fiber Liquid Crystalline Polymer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.385.

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The-NH2 groups, as grafting initiators, are introduced to the surface of meta-aramid fibers by treating the fiber surface with dilute sodium hydroxide solution. A kind of new aramid fibers liquid crystalline polymer were synthesized by interfacial polymerization of mesogenic monomer DDBA, main-chain LCI containing sulfonate ionic monomer BY, sebacoyl dichloride and aramid fibers hydrolysed. The structure and properties of aramid fibers before and after modification were characterized by SEM, FTIR, and POM.
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Yu, Huan Yang, Li Yan Wang, and Guang Qing Gai. "Performance of Modified Aramid Fiber Reinforced Phenolic Foam." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.258.

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A chemical modification was adopted to treat the surface of aramid fibers.The influences of aramid fibers on the friability and compression behavior of phenolic foam before and after modification were studied.Compared with unmodified aramid fiber-reinforced phenolic foam ,foam reinforced with modified aramid fibers exhibits significantly lower friability, higher compressive strength and compressive modulus. The thermal conductivity and Oxygen index of modified aramid fiber- reinforced phenolic foam hasn’t obviously been changed compared with the unmodified counterpart.
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Wang, Binhua, Guangzhi Ding, Gang Wang, and Sisi Kang. "Effects of resin pre-coating on interfacial bond strength and toughness of laminar CFRP with and without short aramid fibre toughening." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 25 (May 1, 2020): 3883–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320923391.

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The brittle adhesive layer in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates was strengthened by using short aramid fibers in this study. To ensure the feasibility and effectiveness of short aramid fiber interfacial toughening at the interface between the carbon-fiber face sheets, the self-prepared short aramid fibre tissue and the wettability treatment technology with resin pre-coating were applied to enable short aramid fibres to be well embedded in the uneven regions in the CFRP fabrics with fibres oriented at 0° and 90° to form a strong pulling resistance. The ultimate load and the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness have been improved by 75% and 103.9% from the double cantilever beam mode I crack propagation tests, respectively. The reinforcing mechanisms within the “composite adhesive layer” as a result of short aramid fibres are discussed together with detailed scanning electron microscopy observations and comparison test results.
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Noorvand, Hossein, Ramadan Salim, Jose Medina, Jeffrey Stempihar, and B. Shane Underwood. "Effect of Synthetic Fiber State on Mechanical Performance of Fiber Reinforced Asphalt Concrete." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 28 (July 13, 2018): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118787975.

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It has been recognized that there exists a potential benefit from using synthetic fibers to reinforce asphalt mixtures. In these mixtures, the state of the fibers may play an essential role in their reinforcement function. This study aims to quantify the state of synthetic fiber distribution for two different aramid fiber–based asphalt mixtures and then show the impacts of fiber dispersion on modulus, rutting, and fatigue performance of each asphalt mixture in comparison with one another and with respect to an equivalent non-reinforced asphalt mixture. Both a quantitative and qualitative assessment of aramid fibers distribution as well as state of fiber are investigated using a fiber extraction procedure and microscopy imaging, respectively. The results suggested that a higher level of micro-fibrillation as well as high distribution of aramid fibers improved the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures, while the distribution level of aramid fibers and fibers state did not affect the modulus and fatigue. These results are specific to the mixture studied but provide the first objective and detailed study describing fiber state, fiber dispersion, and performance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aramid fibers"

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Zhang, Qiuchen. "Partial carbonization of aramid fibers." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8715.

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Berry, Lee J. "Evaluation of novel plasticizers as carriers in dyeing aramid fabrics." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/9978.

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Hastings, William Chad. "CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON, ARAMID, AND PBO FIBERS." MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04032008-203657/.

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This study examines the effects of cryogenic temperatures on the mechanical properties of carbon, aramid, and poly(p-phenylene-2, 6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fibers. Although the mechanical properties are documented for these fibers at ambient and elevated temperatures, there is an absence of data in the open literature for how these fibers behave at very low temperatures. To evaluate the mechanical properties, the ASTM standard method for testing at ambient temperature was used as a baseline. The low temperature tests were conducted inside a double walled cryogenic chamber to evaluate the fiber performance at 100K. Fiber properties at low temperatures displayed differences from room temperature properties in the form of increased ultimate tensile strength (UTS), decreased in elongation to failure, and increased Youngs Modulus. The change in properties due to the effect of temperature was more pronounced in fibers with a higher degree of crystallinity.
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Gonul, Mahmut. "Correlation of plasticizer chemical/physical properties to dyeability and finished characteristics of Nomex Aramid fabrics." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8527.

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Urbášek, Jan. "Vývoj a aplikace výpočtového modelu balisticky odolného vrstveného laminátu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-418198.

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This master thesis is aimed at computational modeling of ballistic resistant layered laminate. The introductory sections of the thesis are aimed at understanding the individual topics that are closely related to the interaction of the projectile and target and computational modeling of this process. The main goal of this thesis was to create a computational model that is able to reflect the behavior of aramid fabric during the interaction with the projectile. During the development of the computational model were used more methods of modeling and also more material models were used. For the purposes of the development of the computational model were used the available data of the companies SVS FEM s.r.o. and VVÚ s.p. The outcome of the diploma thesis is a computational model of aramid fabric which is designed for ballistic protection simulations. This model is validated on the basis of available experiments. The validated computational model is then applied to the simulation of ballistic protection.
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Moraes, Carolina Vicente. "Tratamento superficial de fibras de poliaramida com líquidos iônicos imidazólicos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/169314.

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Poli(p-fenileno de tereftalamida) (PPTA), usualmente chamado de aramida, é uma fibra polimérica de baixa densidade que possui alta rigidez e resistência à tração, assim como excelente estabilidade térmica e química. Essa fibra é utilizada como reforço em materiais compósitos utilizados nas indústrias aeroespacial e automobilística, em artefatos de proteção balística e de proteção ao corte. No entanto, sua aplicação como reforço em materiais compósitos está limitada por sua baixa afinidade interfacial com matrizes poliméricas, devido a sua superfície lisa e relativamente inerte. Para superar esta desvantagem, diversos tratamentos foram desenvolvidos para modificar a superfície da aramida. Contudo, realizar essa modificação sem diminuir a resistência mecânica da fibra é um grande desafio, assim como desenvolver um método industrialmente viável. Líquidos iônicos (LI) apresentam-se como uma alternativa promissora para a compatibilização da aramida com matrizes poliméricas, devido à possibilidade de ajuste de suas propriedades com a escolha de ânions e cátions específicos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar a influência de diferentes LI nas propriedades adesivas entre Kevlar e uma resina epoxídica. Para tanto, as fibras foram submetidas a soluções de etanol e LI imidazólicos (cloreto de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio, cloreto de 1-carboximetil-3-metilimidazólio, metanossulfonato de 1-trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3-metilimidazólio e metanossulfonato de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio) e analisadas por espectroscopia do infravermelho, análise termogravimétrica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A resistência mecânica das fibras foi investigada por teste de tração e a interface foi caracterizada em termos de molhabilidade e adesão pelos testes de ângulo de contato e pull-out. Os resultados mostraram um aumento na molhabilidade e na adesão nas fibras tratadas com cloreto de 1- n-butil-3-metilimidazólico, metanossulfonato de 1-trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3- metilimidazólio e metanossulfonato de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio. Dois compósitos laminados foram fabricados com os tecidos comercial e tratado com metanossulfonato de 1- trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3-metilimidazólio. Suas propriedades mecânicas foram aferidas por ensaios de tração e short beam. O compósito feito com o tecido tratado apresentou maior resistência mecânica, módulo e tensão de cisalhamento interlaminar.
Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA), known as aramid, is a low density polymeric fiber that has high rigidity and exceptional tensile strength, as well as excellent thermal and chemical stability. It is used as reinforcement in composite materials in the aerospace and automobile industry and in ballistic and stab-resistant articles. However, its inferior interfacial affinity towards polymeric matrices due to its smooth surface hampers its use in composite materials, preventing full achievement of its potential as reinforcement. To overcome this drawback, various treatments have been applied to modify the aramid surface. Nevertheless it is a great challenge to introduce this modification without diminishing the fiber mechanical properties and to develop an industrially feasible process. Ionic liquids (IL) might be an alternative as compatibilizer in polymeric matrices reinforced with aramid fibers because of their unique set of physical-chemical properties that can be finely tuned by their chemical structures. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of different IL on the adhesive properties between Kevlar and epoxy resin. Kevlar fibers were submitted to solutions of ethanol and imidazolium IL (1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-n-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-n-butyl-3- methylimidazolium methanesulfonate) and then analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical strength of the fibers was analyzed by tensile strength tests and the interface was characterized by contact angle measurements and pull-out tests. There was an increase in wettability and adhesion of the fibers treated with 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-n-butyl-3- methylimidazolium methanesulfonate. Two laminated composites were manufactured with commercial and 1-triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate treated fabrics and their mechanical properties were measured with tensile strength and short beam test. The composite made with treated fabrics presented higher mechanical resistance, modulus and interfacial shear strength.
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Oliveira, Andréa Gomes de. "Estudo da transmissão e distribuição de tensões aplicadas à resina acrílica convencional e acrescida de fibras através do método fotoelástico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58131/tde-13122007-081455/.

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A resina acrílica encontra-se entre os materiais mais utilizados na odontologia. Apesar de suas qualidades, o polimetilmetacrilato ainda mostra-se um material com resistência comprometida. Para tanto, diversos reforços têm sido propostos na literatura e entre eles encontram-se as fibras de vidro e aramida. Apesar de acrescerem na resistência da matriz acrílica pouco se sabe sobre como os esforços aplicados sobre a resina reforçada por fibras são transmitidos e distribuídos às áreas de sustentação, o que motivou a realização deste estudo. Foram confeccionados dez corpos-de-prova em resina acrílica termopolimerizável divididos em cinco grupos segundo o reforço utilizado: fibras de vidro filamentares tratadas por imersão no monômero acrílico (Grupo F), fibras de vidro em malha submetidas ao mesmo tratamento (Grupo M), fibras de vidro trançadas com aramida e tratadas por imersão na mistura monômero/polímero (Grupo H) e fibras de vidro trançadas com aramida e tratadas por silanização (Grupo HS). Como grupo controle (C) foram utilizadas amostras de resina acrílica termicamente ativada sem a associação de fibras de reforço. Após a adaptação dos corpos-de-prova à matriz fotoelástica os mesmos foram submetidos a ensaio de flexão através da Máquina Universal de Ensaios (EMIC-modelo DL 2000, S. J. dos Pinhais, PR, Brasil) acoplada ao Polariscópio Circular (Desenvolvido na Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil). Os resultados mostraram valores para a Energia de Distorção, em Kgf/mm2, de 223,124 para o grupo F; de 218,710 para o grupo H; 217,692 para o grupo M; 215,810 para o grupo HS e de 210,122 para o grupo C. Também foi observado que a energia de distorção apresentou distribuição homogeneamente crescente em todos os grupos estudados. Concluímos que a associação de fibras à resina acrílica gerou aumento da energia acumulada na área de sustentação protética sendo que os maiores valores foram observados para o grupo de fibras de vidro filamentares. Observamos também que a silanização da fibra híbrida contribuiu para uma menor transmissão de tensão à matriz fotoelástica.
Acrylic resin is found among the most used materials in dentistry. Despite its qualities, the polymetilmetacrylate yet shows itself as a material with questionable resistance. Therefore, lots of reinforcements have been proposed in literature and among them we find glass fibers and aramid. Although they add to the resistance of the acrylic matrix, little is known about how the efforts applied upon the resin strengthened by the fibers are transmitted and distributed over the sustaining areas, which motivated the course of this study. Ten specimens made of termcured acrylic resin were created and divided into five groups according to the reinforcement used: roving glass fibers treated by immersion in the acrylic monomer (Group F), mesh glass fibers given the same treatment above (Group M), glass fibers braided with aramid and treated by immersion in the blending momer/polimer (Group H) and glass fibers braided with aramid and treated by signalization (Group HS). As control group (C) were used samples of acrylic resin termically activated without the addition of fibers. After adapting the specimens to the photoelastic matrix, the former were submitted to flexural tests through the Universal Machine of Rehearsal (EMIC-model DL 2000, S. J. Dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil) joint to the Circular Polariscope ( developed in the Mechanical Engineering College ? UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. The results show values to the Distortion Energy, in Kgf /mm2, of 223,124 for group F; 218,710 for group H; 217,692 for group M; 215,810 for group HS and 210,122 for group C. It was also observed that the distortion energy presented homogeneous growing distribution in al the groups studied. We conclude that the association of fibers to the acrylic resin generated an increase of the energy accumulated in the area of prosthetic support, thus the highest values were observed in the group with roving glass fibers. We noticed that the silanization of the hibrid fiber contributed to a smaller tension transmission to the photoelastic matrix.
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Loureiro, Lucas. "Reutilização de fibras de para-aramida como reforço mecânico em poliamida 6,6." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8160.

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Aramid fibers are very known by their excellent combination of tensile strength and elastic modulus with low density. On the other hand, aramids do not melt which difficult the recycling process. This property is an important issue for many companies that work with these materials since thousands of tons of aramid fibers are produced each year and there are just a few reutilization alternatives. This project evaluated a new alternative to reuse aramid fibers from industrial waste as mechanical reinforcement for polyamide 6,6. Another important characteristic of these fibers is the low interaction with polymeric matrices due to its intrinsic molecular stability and to finishing products that facilitates the spinning and weaving processes. In order to remove the finishing, the fibers were washed with methanol and hexane, but the hexane washed fibers showed better results. Surface treatments with NaOH solutions were also evaluated. It was reported in XPS results that NaOH solution hydrolyzed the fiber’s surface. However, conditions with higher NaOH concentration were too aggressive to the fiber’s mechanical properties. For this reason, it was selected two procedures: 2% NaOH at 30 minutes of exposure and 6% NaOH at 45 minutes of exposure. The composites were produced with two different fiber’s weight concentration, 5 and 10%. The results have shown that the surface treatment impacted the interfacial adhesion, but there was no increase on the composite’s mechanical properties due to the fiber’s mechanical damage caused by the treatment. The addition of 5% of fibers did not increase the mechanical properties probably due to the fact that 5% is near to the fiber’s critical volume for this composite. The composites with 10% of fibers showed better results and revealed a great potential for this reuse alternative for para-aramid fibers.
Fibras de aramida são conhecidas devido as suas excelentes propriedades de resistência à tração e módulo elástico aliados à baixa densidade; entretanto, este polímero não funde, inviabilizando a sua reciclagem mecânica. Tendo em vista a importância e potencialidade de tais fibras, este projeto avaliou a viabilidade técnica em reutilizá-las como reforço mecânico de poliamida 6,6. Ao mesmo tempo, as fibras de para-aramida possuem como característica baixa interação com matrizes poliméricas, tanto por sua intrínseca estabilidade molecular quanto por possíveis revestimentos que facilitam os processos de fiação e tecelagem. Para eliminar esses revestimentos, foram realizados procedimentos de lavagem com metanol e hexano, sendo o hexano apresentou maiores interferências na superfície das fibras, e foi escolhido para a produção dos compósitos. Com o intuito de aumentar a interação química entre fibra e matriz, foram realizados procedimentos de tratamento químico superficial com soluções de hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Os resultados de XPS indicaram que a superfície da fibra foi hidrolisada, sendo que as condições de tratamento com maiores concentrações de NaOH se mostraram mais agressivas às propriedades mecânicas das fibras. Por este motivo, foram selecionados dois procedimentos de tratamento químico para a modificação das fibras e produção dos compósitos: 2% NaOH e 30 minutos de exposição e 6% NaOH e 45 minutos de exposição. Foram produzidos compósitos com 5 e 10% em massa de fibras de para-aramida. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a lavagem não alterou a adesão interfacial e nem as propriedades mecânicas. Por outro lado, os tratamentos químicos alteraram a adesão interacial, porém não demonstraram melhorias nas propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos, justificadas pelo efeitos deletérios do tratamento químico nas propriedades mecânicas das fibras. Em termos gerais, observou-se pouca influência na adição de 5% de fibra, enquanto que os compósitos com 10% de fibra apresentaram melhores resultados. Sendo assim, o presente estudo demonstrou que há potencial para esta via de reutilização das fibras de para-aramida.
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Giannopoulos, Ioannis. "Creep and creep-rupture behaviour of Aramid fibres." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252181.

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To obtain creep-rupture data at low level within a reasonably short time-scale, two accelerated techniques have been investigated. Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM) testing involves loading a single specimen, under constant load, with the temperature increased in a series of steps to accelerate the creep. Careful choice of the temperature step and step duration allow the test to be completed in about 24 hours. At each temperature step a creep curve is obtained; these are then adjusted to compensate for the different temperature levels and a creep master curve at a reference temperature is produced. In Stepped Isostress Method (SSM) testing, a similar approach is adopted but the acceleration is obtained by increasing the stress in steps while keeping the temperature constant. Additional stress provides energy to the system in an analogue of the effect of heat in SIM. In this thesis, SIM and SSM tests have been successfully applied to two slightly different aramid fibres, Kevlar 49 and Technora, for a wide range of loads (50-80% ABL). The test data are used to determine the creep and creep-rupture behaviour of the two materials. The creep master curves obtained by accelerated testing are compared with conventional creep tests at ambient conditions, and good agreement of the data is observed. A rheological model for the prediction of the creep and creep-rupture of the two fibres is established to facilitate and greatly increase the reliability of the prediction of the long-term behaviour. This investigation allows more certainty about the creep-rupture relationships for different high modulus fibres, which will in turn allow more realistic safety factors to be applied when using these materials in engineering applications.
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Lima, Jos? Henrique Batista. "Desenvolvimento de t?xteis t?cnicos para refor?o de comp?sitos polim?ricos." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15684.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Materials denominated technical textiles can be defined as structures designed and developed with function to fulfill specific functional requirements of various industrial sectors as are the cases of the automotive and aerospace industries. In this aspect the technical textiles are distinguished from conventional textile materials, in which the aesthetic and of comfort needs are of primordial importance. Based on these considerations, the subject of this dissertation was established having as its main focus the study of development of textile structures from aramid and glass fibers and acting in order to develop the manufacture of composite materials that combine properties of two different structures, manufactured in an identical operation, where each structure contributes to improving the properties of the resulting composite material. Therefore were created in laboratory scale, textile structures with low weight and different composition: aramid (100%), glass (100%) and aramid /glass (65/35%), in order to use them as a reinforcing element in composite materials with polyester matrix. These composites were tested in tension and its fracture surface, evaluated by MEV. Based on the analysis of mechanical properties of the developed composites, the efficiency of the structures prepared as reinforcing element were testified by reason of that the resistance values of the composites are far superior to the polyester matrix. It was also observed that hybridization in tissue structure was efficient, since the best results obtained were for hybrid composites, where strength to the rupture was similar to the steel 1020, reaching values on the order of 340 MPa
Os materiais denominados t?xteis t?cnicos podem ser definidos como estruturas projetadas e desenvolvidas com a fun??o de atender a requisitos funcionais espec?ficos de diversos setores da ind?stria, caso da ind?stria automotiva e aeroespacial. Nesse aspecto, distinguem-se dos materiais t?xteis convencionais, nos quais as necessidades est?ticas e de conforto t?m import?ncia primordial. Com base nessas considera??es, o tema dessa disserta??o foi estabelecido tendo como enfoque principal o estudo do desenvolvimento de estruturas t?xteis a partir de fibras de aramida e de vidro, atuando no sentido de elaborar a fabrica??o de materiais comp?sitos que combinem propriedades de duas estruturas diferentes, fabricadas em uma mesma opera??o, onde cada estrutura contribui para melhoria das propriedades do material comp?sito resultante. Para tanto foram desenvolvidas em escala laboratorial estruturas t?xteis de baixa gramatura e composi??o diferenciada de aramida (100%), vidro (100%) e aramida/vidro (65/35%) para utiliza??o como elemento refor?ante em comp?sitos com matriz de poli?ster. Os comp?sitos produzidos foram ensaiados em tra??o e sua superf?cie de fratura avaliada por MEV. Com base nas analises das propriedades mec?nicas dos comp?sitos desenvolvidos, observou-se a efici?ncia das estruturas ou elaboradas como elemento refor?ante tendo em vista que os valores de resist?ncia dos comp?sitos foram muito superiores ? matriz de poli?ster. Tamb?m foi observado que a hibridiza??o na estrutura dos tecidos foi eficiente, uma vez que os melhores resultados obtidos foram para os comp?sitos h?bridos, onde a resist?ncia na ruptura foi semelhante ? do a?o 1020, atingindo valores na ordem de 340 MPa
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Books on the topic "Aramid fibers"

1

United States International Trade Commission. Aramid fiber formed of poly para-phenylene terephthalamide from the Netherlands. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1994.

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Commission, United States International Trade. Aramid fiber formed of poly para-phenylene terephthalamide from the Netherlands. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1993.

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Yang, H. H. Kevlar aramid fiber. Chichester: J. Wiley, 1993.

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Wilson, Maywood L. Comparison of flexural properties of aramid-reinforced pultrusions having varied matrices, pretreatements, and postcures. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1987.

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Mercx, F. P. M. Surface modification of high-performance aramid and polyethylene fibres for improved adhesive bonding to epoxy resins. Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, 1996.

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Moss, A. C. Fracture characteristics of carbon and aramis unidirectional composites in interlaminar shear and open hole tensile tests. Amsterdam: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1986.

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Health & Safety Commission. P-Aramid Respirable Fibres. Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 1995.

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p-Aramid respirable fibres: Criteria document for an occupational exposure limit. Sudbury: HSE Books, 1995.

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Kudinov, V. V., N. V. Korneeva, and I. K. Krylov. Effect of components on the properties of composite materials. Nauka Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/9785020408654.

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Methods for the creation and characteristics of composite materials reinforced with carbon, aramid and UHMWPE-fibers based on polymer matrices are considered. The properties of more than 50 composite materials are given. Technologies for their production from wound nonwoven and woven fiber reinforcements are proposed, with regulation of activation, composition and arrangement of components in the material. Experimental methods for studying polymer com- posites, such as wet-pull-out (W-P-O), full-pull-out (F-P-O) and impact break (IB) have been deve­loped. It allows one to study the interfacial interaction of components during the creation of CM, regulate the activation of fibers by non-equilibrium low-temperature plasma and fluo­ rination, and analyze mechanisms of deformation and destruction of CM, in statics and upon impact with the help of uniform universal samples. Monograph – reference book is intended for scientific and engineering staff, teachers, stu- dents, graduate students, and inventors involved in the development, production and use of poly­ mer composite materials.
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Group, The Synthetic Spinning Fibers Research. The 2000 Import and Export Market for Synthetic Spinning Fibers in Saudi Arabia. 2nd ed. Icon Group International, Inc., 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aramid fibers"

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Baker, Ian. "Kevlar and Other Aramid Fibers." In Fifty Materials That Make the World, 101–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78766-4_19.

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Kalantar, J., L. T. Drzal, and D. S. Grummon. "Structural Properties of Aramid Fibers and Their Influence on Fiber Adhesion." In Controlled Interphases in Composite Materials, 685–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7816-7_63.

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Machinskaya, G. P., I. S. Deev, L. P. Kobetz, L. G. Gladkova, V. A. Mikhailova, and V. M. Cher-Mashentseva. "Pyrolysis Processes and Structure of High-Strength Aramid Fibers." In MICC 90, 147–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3676-1_13.

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Flambard, Xavier, Serge Bourbigot, Sophie Duquesne, and Franck Poutch. "Comprehensive Study of Thermal and Fire Behavior ofpara-Aramid and Polybenzazole Fibers." In ACS Symposium Series, 63–75. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0797.ch006.

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Wheeler, Candace S., and Charles D. Garner. "The Effect of Aramid and Metaphosphate Fibers on Macrophage Viability and Function." In Effects of Mineral Dusts on Cells, 109–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74203-3_15.

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Kim, J. H., N. A. Heckert, Kai-Li Kang, W. G. McDonough, K. D. Rice, and G. A. Holmes. "Statistical Characterizations for Tensile Properties of Co-polymer Aramid Fibers: Loading Rate Effects." In Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1, 69–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22452-7_11.

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Ramadhoni, Benni F., Ara Gradiniar Rizkyta, Atik Bintoro, and Afid Nugroho. "Effect of Glass Fibers and Aramid Fiber on Mechanical Properties of Composite Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Skin." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 435–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0950-6_66.

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Gu, Bo Qin, and Ye Chen. "Development of a New Kind of Sealing Composite Material Reinforced with Aramid and Pre-Oxidized Fibers." In Key Engineering Materials, 1243–46. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-456-1.1243.

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Efremova, A. I., L. L. Ivanova, V. I. Irzhak, L. I. Kuzub, O. V. Nikitina, and N. I. Shut. "The Interaction of Aramid Fibers with Components of an Epoxy Binder at Conditions of Composite Formation." In MICC 90, 396–400. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3676-1_66.

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Rosenfield, H. D., and R. Barton. "Pair-Density Function of Nano-Scale Morphology in Oriented Polymer Fibers: Applicati on to Nomex Aramid." In Advances in X-Ray Analysis, 523–33. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5377-9_58.

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Conference papers on the topic "Aramid fibers"

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Derombise, Guillaume, Laetitia Van Schoors, Peter Davies, and Loic Dussud. "Durability of Aramid Ropes in a Marine Environment." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57199.

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This paper presents first results from a study of the long term marine durability of aramid fibers. The program was started based on the experience of IFREMER using aramid fiber ropes for instrumentation and deep sea handling lines, which is described here. Instrumentation lines showed no degradation after recovery, but results from testing of handling ropes after service indicated significant strength reduction. This led to the development of specific test facilities to study bend-over-sheave performance. The overall aim is to improve understanding of the roles of both the fiber and the rope construction in a marine environment, in order to improve long term strength retention of aramid marine ropes.
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Krundaeva, Anastasia N., Yury N. Shmotin, Roman A. Didenko, and Dmitry V. Karelin. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Non-Impregnated Aramid Fibers and Winding for Combined Fan Case." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-27096.

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The layer of non-impregnated aramid fibers is widely used in the containment systems of aircraft gas turbine engines. Such systems are found to be especially cost-effective and light weight for mitigating engine debris during a fan blade-out event. This is mostly because non-impregnated aramid fibers have a high strength per unit weight. Moreover, it is inexpensive to manufacture such a containment system compared to traditional metallic systems. To properly utilize this advantage, it is necessary to have a finite element (FE) analysis modeling methodology for daily design tasks. Non-impregnated aramid fibers winding for fan case modeling for engine containment systems is a difficult task. This research implied both experimental and modeling techniques, and data characterizing the behavior of fabric materials for engine containment systems. This research was aimed at addressing engine containment modeling issues. Thus this work has resulted in the following major accomplishments: • Experimental Characterization of Non-impregnated Aramid Fibers: the fabric material model originally was created during this phase. The independent laboratory tests conducted at NPO Saturn form the basis of this model. These material models are general enough to be used as the constitutive model for both static and dynamic/explicit FE analyses. • Static Ring Tests: Static tests of containment wraps subjected to loads through a blunt nose impactor were performed at NPO Saturn. Ballistic tests of containment wraps subjected to a high-velocity projectile were performed at NPO Saturn. These tests provided the test cases (the benchmark results) to validate the developed FE methodology. • FE Material Model Development: The material models were used by the research team in the FE simulation of static and ballistic tests. The static test results have been validated by NPO Saturn using the ANSYS FE program. The ballistic test results were validated by NPO Saturn using the LS-DYNA FE program. • Engine Fan Blade-Out (FBO) Simulation: The knowledge gained from previous tasks was used by NPO Saturn for the the numerical simulation of real engine FBO events involving the existing production engine models and compared to the test results (employing thelayer of non-impregnated aramid fibers containment). • Combined Fan and Metal Case Comparison: The relative comparison between the non-impregnated aramid fibers and the metal materials in engine FBO containment systems has been carried out in order to ascertain that the non-impregnated aramid fibers case is more advantageous.
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Ruggiero, Eric J., Jason Allen, and Mark Lusted. "Experimental Testing Techniques for Kevlar® Fiber Brush Seals." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-60172.

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Non-metallic brush seals, and more specifically, Kevlar® (aramid) fiber brush seals, are an emerging sealing technology in low-pressure, low temperature applications. Compared to metallic brush seals, aramid fibers are an order of magnitude smaller in diameter and consequently offer much tighter sealing capability. Further, their compliant nature requires minimal pressure drops across the seal to encourage blow-down of the bristle pack onto the rotor during operation. Similarly, their compliant nature also enables the bristle pack to correct for alignment issues and to recover from radial growth transients of the rotor. Proper design of the bristle pack stiffness is critical to the successful operation of the seal. If the seal is designed to be too soft, frictional forces prohibit the recovery of the bristle pack if pressed away from the rotor. Conversely, if designed too stiffly, then the heat generation at the sliding interface of the seal accelerates the degradation of the seal. The goal of the present paper is to present the experimental techniques developed to guide the design of aramid fiber brush seals. Two experimental test methodologies will be presented: a direct stiffness measurement and a heat generation measurement. Both testing procedures have been used to successfully design seals for various GE turbomachinery products.
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Kooshki, Pantea, and Tsz-Ho Kwok. "Review of Natural Fiber Reinforced Elastomer Composites." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86042.

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This paper is a review on mechanical characteristics of natural fibers reinforced elastomers (both thermoplastics and thermosets). Increasing environmental concerns and reduction of petroleum resources attracts researchers attention to new green eco-friendly materials. To solve these environmental related issues, cellulosic fibers are used as reinforcement in composite materials. These days natural fibers are at the center of attention as a replacement for synthetic fibers like glass, carbon, and aramid fibers due to their low cost, satisfactory mechanical properties, high specific strength, renewable resources usage and biodegradability. The hydrophilic property of natural fibers decreases their compatibility with the elastomeric matrix during composite fabrication leading to the poor fiber-matrix adhesion. This causes low mechanical properties which is one of the disadvantages of green composites. Many researches have been done modifying fiber surface to enhance interfacial adhesion between filler particles and elastomeric matrix, as well as their dispersion in the matrix, which can significantly affect mechanical properties of the composites. Different chemical and physical treatments are applied to improve fiber/matrix interlocking.
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Song, Yingdeng, Bintai Li, and Liying Xing. "Study on Structure and Properties of New Heterocyclic Aramid Fibers." In 2015 2nd International Conference on Machinery, Materials Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mmeceb-15.2016.27.

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Nagai, Toshiyasu, Yoshiaki Hamada, Kentaro Yamashita, Koji Akiyoshi, and Shinsuke Mochizuki. "Development of Joint Sheet Gasket with Reduced Amount of Aramid Fibers." In SAE/JSAE Small Engine Technology Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-32-0026.

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Rajczyk, M., and D. Jonczyk. "Numerical study of glued laminated timber beams with aramid fibers reinforcements." In 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Problems in Architecture and Construction. IET, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2011.1200.

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Nedelcu, Dumitru, Constantin Carausu, and Ciprian Ciofu. "Technology and Mechanical Properties of Samples Obtained by Injection From Arboform L, V3 Nature Reinforced With Aramid Fibers." In ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2014-3908.

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The use of recyclable materials has become an important trend in all activity areas, reason why material based on liquid wood called Arbofill, Arboblend and Arboform will replace plastic in different applications in the near future. The new materials are the main substances that have an important effect on company development and require some simple or complex manufacturing technologies. In case of Arboform L, V3 Nature the injected parts can be obtained using the same injection machines used for the injection of plastic materials. The technological injection parameters, such as: injection pressure, injection time, cooling time, mold temperature, etc., are different. The experimental research focused on tensile strength, friction coefficients, SEM analysis, XRD analysis and EDAX analysis. Considering all of these experimental results the Arboform L, V3 Nature reinforced with aramid fibers could replace the following plastic materials PA12, PVDF, ECTFE, PA66, PA12, PC, PP, PP GF 30, etc. Also taking into account all the results obtained, this material can replace plastic materials in many applications, such as: ornaments, including for cars, connectors, switches etc., electrical industry, different mobile accessories, computers, televisions, mobile phone cases, etc. The material obtained from Arboform reinforced with aramid fibers (5% percent) improved the injection process despite of easy decreasing of mechanical properties.
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Demircan, O¨, A. R. Torun, T. Kosui, A. Nakai, and H. Hamada. "Bending and Impact Properties of Biaxial Weft Knitted Composites." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64964.

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In order to improve the mechanical properties of weft knitted fabric, straight yarns both in weft and warp directions can be integrated. These types of reinforcements are called biaxial weft knitted structures. Biaxial weft knitted fabrics include weft and warp yarn layers, which are held together by a stitching yarn system. Reinforcing yarns, e.g. glass or aramid fibers, can be used within all yarn systems. They provide necessary strength and stiffness of the fabric [1]. The present work concentrates on the mechanical properties of biaxial weft knitted composites. Mainly the effect of stitch yarn type such as aramid, glass and nylon and biaxial, warp and weft, yarn type such as aramid and glass were investigated. Six plies composite panels were fabricated by hand lay-up lamination method. Volume fraction (Vf) of all composites were kept constant. After production of composites, bending and impact tests had been conducted. GF-GF-NY composites exhibited superior flexural property than other tested composites. It was found that GF-GF-AR composites have higher impact properties (total energy and maximum load) than other tested composites. Better mechanical properties can be achieved by using aramid stitch yarn with combination glass warp and glass weft yarns. A better interfacial bonding of aramid stitch yarn seemed to be cause of this result. After impact test, fracture aspects of reverse side of weft knitted composites were analyzed. The crack propagation was explained by visual inspection. Moreover, impact damage for tested materials was evaluated by cross-sectional observations. For the better understanding of the fracture behavior, schematic drawings of all kind of specimens were drawn. To analyze the damage behavior of tested specimens, the damage lengths were measured. By this observation, the tendency between impact energy and crack length was showed.
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Furusawa, Masamori, Yuuya Tsukada, Takuya Morimoto, and Hiroshi Iizuka. "Improvement of Bending Fatigue Strength for Hybrid Cords With Carbon and Glass Fibers." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86323.

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Synchronous belts are rubber-composite materials with rubber, helical cords and facing fabrics. The helical cord is the tension member of the belt and is made of glass fibers, aramid fibers, or steel wires. Recent trends require increasingly high stiffness for the rubber belts. The use of carbon fibers and hybrid cords with carbon fibers are considered to be an effective way to achieve high stiffness for helical cords. This paper presents the study is to improve the bending fatigue strength of hybrid cords, where the center strand is made of carbon fibers, and the outer strands are made of glass fibers. The optimum cord composition for good bending fatigue durability is discussed following experimentation, mechanical analysis using a simplified mechanical model and FEM analysis. The model reasonably explained the initiation of the fatigue failure initiation site in the hybrid cords. The optimum cord composition was proposed for the bending fatigue strength basing on the simplified mechanical model. This was verified by experimental data showing good fatigue life. The use of such helical cords can considerably extend the operating life of synchronous belts.
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Reports on the topic "Aramid fibers"

1

Mercer, Brian Scott. Molecular Dynamics Modeling of PPTA Crystals in Aramid Fibers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1254392.

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Donnellan, M. E., J. Cook, and C. Skowronek. Evaluation of ARALL-4: An Aramid Fiber Reinforced Aluminum. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada223502.

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Mathias, Lon J., and Douglas G. Powell. (15)N CP/MAS NMR of Aramids: A Tool for Characterization of the Morphology of High Modulus Fibers for Composites. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada199656.

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