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1
Fallatah, Gasem M. "Long-term behaviour of aramid fibre." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/958.
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An investigation of the creep rupture of Kevlar@ 29, Twaron@ 1000, and Technora T2000 aramid fibre yams was carried out in the temperature range 25-120T in air and three other environments (Saudi/Iranian crude oil, pure water, and low pH water) at 65T with the objective of characterising the long term failure behaviour of these fibres and determine if they can be used to replace the stress rupture test conducted on RTP for qualification purposes. The standard loglo-loglo ISO 9080 extrapolation procedure, the modified lin-logio ISO 9080 extrapolation procedure and the time temperature superposition method were used to model and interpret the results. When tested in air, the different yams showed similar but not identical regression parameters. The results of the standard logio-logio ISO 9080 and the modified lin-logio methods correlated well. The standard logio-logio form, however, gave slightly higher values for the 20 year mean stress and LPL. Its use is recommended because it is consistent with the model assumed in the regression of RTP. There was no evidence of any 'knee' in the relationships after long periods or at high temperatures. This suggests that there is no change in failure mechanism, and lends confidence to both the long term use of aramid fibre in air and the recommended qualification procedures. RTP regression curve constants and those of tested aramid fibre were similar indicating the validity of aramid fibre stress rupture tests as a replacement for RTP tests. Crude oil immersion produced a small but significant reduction in behaviour. At 650C a suitable crude oil reduction factor applied to the long ten-n LPL would be 0.9. Pure water produces a marked reduction in strength after short periods, at 65C. Finally, water of low pH resulted in a large reduction in performance and considerable scatter with one fibre type. With the other, the effect appeared to be similar to that of pure water. Based on the understanding of the failure mechanism and the creep process in aramid fibres, a creep strain model is proposed for estimating the strain to failure based on the material's properties.
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Williams, Daryl Robert. "Interfacial interactions in aramid fibre composites." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46607.
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Leung, Hau Yan. "Aramid fibre spirals to confine concrete in compression." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272300.
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Lees, J. M. "Flexure of concrete beams pre-tensioned with aramid FRPs." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273030.
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Arjyal, Bishwambhar Prasad. "In-situ stress/strain measurements in composites using an aramid fibre as sensor." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298789.
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Jayarajah, James Nirmal. "Coalescence and filtration of emulsions using fibres." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343600.
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Wormann, Thomas Verfasser], Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Möller, and Andrij Z. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Pich. "Interphase modification and characterisation in p-aramid/ glass fibre epoxy model composites / Thomas Wormann ; Martin Möller, Andrij Pich." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1130326748/34.
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Wormann, Thomas [Verfasser], Martin Akademischer Betreuer] Möller, and Andrij Z. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Pich. "Interphase modification and characterisation in p-aramid/ glass fibre epoxy model composites / Thomas Wormann ; Martin Möller, Andrij Pich." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1130326748/34.
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Wormann, Thomas [Verfasser], Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Möller, and Andrij Z. [Akademischer Betreuer] Pich. "Interphase modification and characterisation in p-aramid/ glass fibre epoxy model composites / Thomas Wormann ; Martin Möller, Andrij Pich." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:82-rwth-2016-019749.
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Marriner-Edwards, Cassian. "The development of fibre-reinforced ceramic matrix composites of oxide ceramic electrolyte." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3af11d08-c0d8-429b-8eab-d2befc83ea74.
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Flammable solvents contained in liquid electrolytes pose a serious safety risk when used in lithium batteries. Oxide ceramic electrolytes are a safer alternative, but suffer from inadequate mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. Thin electrolyte layers resolve the issue of conductance, but accentuate the detrimental mechanical properties of oxide ceramics. The presented work has investigated oxide ceramic electrolyte reinforcement in composite electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries. Fabricating oxide ceramic electrolytes with engineered microstructure enabled development of a reinforced composite. This approach is based on the formation of 3D- porous ceramics via stereolithography printing of polymer templates from designed cubic, gyroid, diamond and bijel architectures. The microstructural parameters of templates were analysed and modified using computational techniques. Infiltration of the prepared 3D-porous electrolyte with polymeric-fibre reinforcement created the reinforced composite electrolyte. The prepared ceramic composite showed excellent reproduction of the template microstructure, good retention of ionic conductivity and enhanced mechanical properties. The final composite was composed of NASICON-type Li1.6Al0.6Ge1.4(PO4)3 oxide ceramic electrolyte and epoxy and aramid fibre reinforcement. The gyroid architecture was computationally determined as having the optimal stress transfer efficiency between two phases. The printed gyroid polymer template gave excellent pore microstructure reproduction in ceramic that had 3D-interconnected porosity, high relative density and the most uniform thickness distribution. The ceramic matrix porosity allowed for complete infiltration of reinforcement by aramid and epoxy forming the fibre-reinforced ceramic matrix composite. The interpenetrating composite microstructure with ceramic and epoxy gave a flexural strength increase of 45.65 MPa compared to the ceramic. Unfortunately, the infiltration procedure of aramid-epoxy reinforcement did not realise the full tensile strength potential of aramid fibres.
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Tann, David Bohua. "Retrofitting of mechanically degraded concrete structures using fibre reinforced polymer composites." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2001. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/retrofitting-of-mechanically-degraded-concrete-structures-using-fibre-reinforced-polymer-composites(efce1110-34e1-457d-8ec5-3ef5da026018).html.
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This research involves the study of the short term loaded behaviour of mechanically degraded reinforced concrete (RC) flexural elements, which are strengthened with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The two main objectives have been: (a) to conduct a series of realistic tests, the results of which would be used to establish the design criteria, and (b) to carry out analytical modelling and hence develop a set of suitable design equations. It is expected that this work will contribute towards the establishment of definitive design guidelines for the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures using advanced fibre composites. The experimental study concentrated on the laboratory testing of 30 simply supported, and 4 two-span continuous full size RC beams, which were strengthened by either FRP plates or fabric sheets. The failure modes of these beams, at ultimate limit state, were examined and the influencing factors were identified. A premature and extremely brittle collapse mechanism was found to be the predominant type of failure for beams strengthened with a large area of FRP composites. A modified semi-empirical approach was presented for predicting the failure load of such over strengthened beams. Despite the lack of ductility in fibre composites, it was found that the FRP strengthened members would exhibit acceptable ductile characteristics, if they were designed to be under strengthened. A new design-based methodology for quantifying the deformability of FRP strengthened elements was proposed, and its difference to the conventional concept of ductility was discussed. The available techniques for ductility evaluation of FRP strengthened concrete members were reviewed and a suitable method was recommended for determining ductility level of FRP strengthened members. A non-linear material based analytical model was developed to simulate the flexural behaviour of the strengthened and control beams, the results were seen to match very well. The parametric study provided an insight into the effects of various factors including the mechanical properties and cross sectional area of FRP composites, on the failure modes and ductility characteristics of the strengthened beams. Based on the findings of the experimental and analytical studies, design equations in the BS 8110 format were developed, and design case studies have been carried out. It was concluded that fibre composites could effectively and safely strengthen mechanically degraded reinforced concrete structures if appropriately designed. The modes of failure and the degree of performance enhancement of FRP strengthened beams depend largely on the composite material properties as well as the original strength and stiffness of the RC structure. If the FRP strengthened elements were designed to be under-strengthened, then the premature and brittle failure mode could be prevented and ductile failure mode could be achieved. It was also found that existing steel reinforcement would always yield before the FRP composite reached the ultimate strength. Furthermore, a critical reinforcement ratio, above which FRP strengthening should not be carried out, was defined. It was concluded that FRP strengthening is most suitable for reinforced concrete floor slabs, bridge decks, flanged beams and other relatively lightly reinforced elements. The study also revealed that to avoid a brittle concrete failure, existing doubly reinforced members should not be strengthened by FRP composites.
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Hinzen, Marcus, and Wolfgang Brameshuber. "Improvement of Serviceability and Strength of Textile Reinforced Concrete by using Short Fibres." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1244046356375-03273.
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Nowadays, thin-walled load bearing structures can be realised using textile reinforced concrete (BRAMESHUBER and RILEM TC 201-TRC [1]). The required tensile strength is achieved by embedding several layers of textile. By means of the laminating technique the number of textile layers that can be included into the concrete could be increased. To further increase the first crack stress and the ductility as well as to optimize the crack development, fine grained concrete mixes with short fibres can be used. By a schematic stress-strain curve the demands on short fibres are defined. Within the scope of this study, short fibres made of glass, carbon, aramid and polyvinyl alcohol are investigated in terms of their ability to fit these requirements. On the basis of these results, the development of hybrid fibre mixes to achieve the best mechanical properties is described. Additionally, a conventional FRC with one fibre type is introduced. Finally, the fresh and hardened concrete properties as well as the influence of short fibres on the load bearing behaviour of textile reinforced concrete are discussed.
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Mazáč, Jan. "Využití kevlarových vláken v asfaltových směsích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240054.
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Diploma thesis deals with topic of using aramid (Kevlar) fibres in road engineering in asphalt mixtures. Theoretical part of thesis is describing characteristics of aramid fibres and their technical usage. Thesis deals with research and application of aramid fibres abroad and also in Czech Republic. Practical part deals with influence of aramid fibres, namely FORTA FI fibres in mixture with modified binder for wearing course. An integral part of this thesis is a description of all methods that were used during the processing of the practical part. In the end of the thesis there are outcomes of tests and theoretical research.
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Lima, Jos? Henrique Batista. "Desenvolvimento de t?xteis t?cnicos para refor?o de comp?sitos polim?ricos." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15684.
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Previous issue date: 2012-05-02Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Materials denominated technical textiles can be defined as structures designed and developed with function to fulfill specific functional requirements of various industrial sectors as are the cases of the automotive and aerospace industries. In this aspect the technical textiles are distinguished from conventional textile materials, in which the aesthetic and of comfort needs are of primordial importance. Based on these considerations, the subject of this dissertation was established having as its main focus the study of development of textile structures from aramid and glass fibers and acting in order to develop the manufacture of composite materials that combine properties of two different structures, manufactured in an identical operation, where each structure contributes to improving the properties of the resulting composite material. Therefore were created in laboratory scale, textile structures with low weight and different composition: aramid (100%), glass (100%) and aramid /glass (65/35%), in order to use them as a reinforcing element in composite materials with polyester matrix. These composites were tested in tension and its fracture surface, evaluated by MEV. Based on the analysis of mechanical properties of the developed composites, the efficiency of the structures prepared as reinforcing element were testified by reason of that the resistance values of the composites are far superior to the polyester matrix. It was also observed that hybridization in tissue structure was efficient, since the best results obtained were for hybrid composites, where strength to the rupture was similar to the steel 1020, reaching values on the order of 340 MPa
Os materiais denominados t?xteis t?cnicos podem ser definidos como estruturas projetadas e desenvolvidas com a fun??o de atender a requisitos funcionais espec?ficos de diversos setores da ind?stria, caso da ind?stria automotiva e aeroespacial. Nesse aspecto, distinguem-se dos materiais t?xteis convencionais, nos quais as necessidades est?ticas e de conforto t?m import?ncia primordial. Com base nessas considera??es, o tema dessa disserta??o foi estabelecido tendo como enfoque principal o estudo do desenvolvimento de estruturas t?xteis a partir de fibras de aramida e de vidro, atuando no sentido de elaborar a fabrica??o de materiais comp?sitos que combinem propriedades de duas estruturas diferentes, fabricadas em uma mesma opera??o, onde cada estrutura contribui para melhoria das propriedades do material comp?sito resultante. Para tanto foram desenvolvidas em escala laboratorial estruturas t?xteis de baixa gramatura e composi??o diferenciada de aramida (100%), vidro (100%) e aramida/vidro (65/35%) para utiliza??o como elemento refor?ante em comp?sitos com matriz de poli?ster. Os comp?sitos produzidos foram ensaiados em tra??o e sua superf?cie de fratura avaliada por MEV. Com base nas analises das propriedades mec?nicas dos comp?sitos desenvolvidos, observou-se a efici?ncia das estruturas ou elaboradas como elemento refor?ante tendo em vista que os valores de resist?ncia dos comp?sitos foram muito superiores ? matriz de poli?ster. Tamb?m foi observado que a hibridiza??o na estrutura dos tecidos foi eficiente, uma vez que os melhores resultados obtidos foram para os comp?sitos h?bridos, onde a resist?ncia na ruptura foi semelhante ? do a?o 1020, atingindo valores na ordem de 340 MPa
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Melo, Alan Jones Lira de. "Avalia??o da estrutura de tecidos t?cnicos como elemento refor?ante em comp?sitos polim?ricos sistema poli?ster isoft?lico." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15705.
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Previous issue date: 2013-07-23Materials known as technical textiles can be defined as structures designed and developed to meet specific functional requirements of various industry sectors, which is the case in automotive and aerospace industries, and other specific applications. Therefore, the purpose of this work presents the development and manufacture of polymer composite with isophthalic polyester resin. The reinforcement of the composite structure is a technical textile fabric made from high performance fibers, aramid (Kevlar 49) and glass fiber E. The fabrics are manufactured by the same method, with the aim of improving the tensile strength of the resulting polymer composite material. The fabrics, we developed some low grammage technical textile structures in laboratory scale and differentiated-composition type aramid (100%), hybrid 1 aramid fiber / glass (65/35%) and hybrid 2 aramid fiber / glass (85/15% ) for use as a reinforcing element in composite materials with unsaturated isophthalic polyester matrix. The polymer composites produced were tested in uniaxial tensile fracture surface and it?s evaluated by SEM. The purpose of this work characterize the performance of polymer composites prepared, identifying changes and based on resistance to strain corresponding to the mechanical behavior. The objectives are to verify the capability of using this reinforcement structure, along with the use of high performance fibers and resin in terms of workability and mechanical strength; verify the adherence of the fiber to the matrix and the fracture surface by electron microscopy scanning and determination of tensile strength by tensile test. The results indicate that, in a comparative study to the response of uniaxial tensile test for tensile strength of the composites and the efficiency of the low percentage of reinforcement element, being a technical textile fabric structure that features characteristic of lightness and low weight added in polymer composites
Os materiais denominados de tecidos t?cnicos podem ser definidos como estruturas projetadas e desenvolvidas com a fun??o de atender a requisitos funcionais espec?ficos de diversos setores da ind?stria com aplica??es espec?ficas. Nesse sentido, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e a fabrica??o de comp?sito polim?rico com resina poli?ster isoft?lico. O refor?o do comp?sito ? uma estrutura de tecido t?xtil t?cnico confeccionado com fibras de alto desempenho de aramida (Kevlar 49) e fibra de vidro E. Os tecidos s?o fabricados pelo mesmo m?todo, com o objetivo do aprimorar a resist?ncia a tra??o do material comp?sito polim?rico resultante. Os tecidos, foram desenvolvidos em escala laboratorial com baixa gramatura e composi??o diferenciada de aramida (100%), h?brido 1 fibra de aramida/vidro (65/35%) e h?brido 2 fibra de aramida/vidro (85/15%) para utiliza??o como elemento refor?ante em comp?sitos com matriz de poli?ster insaturada isoft?lico. Os comp?sitos polim?ricos produzidos foram ensaiados em tra??o uniaxial e sua superf?cie de fratura avaliada por MEV. A proposta do trabalho ? caracterizar o desempenho dos comp?sitos polim?ricos elaborados, identificando as altera??es e baseando-se na resist?ncia ao ensaio de tra??o correspondente a comportamento mec?nico. Os objetivos s?o verificar a potencialidade da utiliza??o desta estrutura de refor?o, juntamente com a utiliza??o das fibras de alto desempenho e a resina, em termos de trabalhabilidade e resist?ncia mec?nica; verificar a ader?ncia da fibra ? matriz e a superf?cie de fratura atrav?s de microscopia eletr?nica de varredura e determina??o de resist?ncia ? ruptura por ensaio de tra??o. Os resultados indicam que, em um estudo comparativo para a resposta dos ensaios mec?nicos de tra??o uniaxial h? resist?ncia ? ruptura dos comp?sitos e a efici?ncia da baixa porcentagem do elemento de refor?o, sendo uma estrutura de tecido t?xtil t?cnico que apresenta caracter?stica de leveza e baixa gramatura adicionada nos comp?sitos polim?ricos
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Giannopoulos, Ioannis. "Creep and creep-rupture behaviour of Aramid fibres." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252181.
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To obtain creep-rupture data at low level within a reasonably short time-scale, two accelerated techniques have been investigated. Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM) testing involves loading a single specimen, under constant load, with the temperature increased in a series of steps to accelerate the creep. Careful choice of the temperature step and step duration allow the test to be completed in about 24 hours. At each temperature step a creep curve is obtained; these are then adjusted to compensate for the different temperature levels and a creep master curve at a reference temperature is produced. In Stepped Isostress Method (SSM) testing, a similar approach is adopted but the acceleration is obtained by increasing the stress in steps while keeping the temperature constant. Additional stress provides energy to the system in an analogue of the effect of heat in SIM. In this thesis, SIM and SSM tests have been successfully applied to two slightly different aramid fibres, Kevlar 49 and Technora, for a wide range of loads (50-80% ABL). The test data are used to determine the creep and creep-rupture behaviour of the two materials. The creep master curves obtained by accelerated testing are compared with conventional creep tests at ambient conditions, and good agreement of the data is observed. A rheological model for the prediction of the creep and creep-rupture of the two fibres is established to facilitate and greatly increase the reliability of the prediction of the long-term behaviour. This investigation allows more certainty about the creep-rupture relationships for different high modulus fibres, which will in turn allow more realistic safety factors to be applied when using these materials in engineering applications.
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Andreou, Eftychia. "Performance evaluation of RC flexural elements strengthened by advanced composites." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2002. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/performance-evaluation-of-rc-flexural-elements-strengthened-by-advanced-composites(f441fa99-6428-46c2-8053-8e362546044c).html.
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The flexural performance of composite systems made of reinforced concrete, Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) and adhesives was studied during the current research. The experimental investigation was principally concentrated on the potential use of Kevlar® 49 (aramid fibre) for RC beam strengthening. The main aims of research have been; (a) to investigate the relative merits of using Aramids in comparison to other FRPs, (b) strength optimisation of systems to prevent excessive losses of ductility, (c) to examine the failure mode and crack patterns, together with salient strength factors at ultimate limit state and (d) to carry out analytical modelling using a commercial FE package. The experimental investigation comprised of testing 55 simply supported RC beams of either 1.5m or 2.6m length. In addition to the parametric studies included in points (a)-(d) above (to assess the section characteristics), further experimentation was conducted to investigate the beam performance by varying the factors of; (e) beam shear span, (f) FRP anchorage length, (g) concrete surface preparation, (h) FRP end-anchoring, (i) beam precracking, (j) introduction of air-voids within the bond line of FRP/concrete, (k) influence of cyclic loading and, (1) exposure to aggressive environment. The results from current tests confirm elements of reports from other researchers (by thorough review of literature) that all FRPs have great potential for flexural strengthening of RC members. This is valid even in cases where additional environmental degradation and/or cracking (due to serviceability loads), had taken place. Aramid fibres were found to result in favourable outcomes concerning both strength and ductility enhancements. It was determined, both from experiments and non-linear modelling, that the amount of FRP fibre content is an important factor in every strengthening application. Experimentation showed that depending on the existing condition of the structure (concrete strength, internal reinforcement ratio, section dimensions, degradation level and load configuration), there seems to be a unique level of optimum fibre content. The FRP levels in excess of the optimum were seen to lead to premature brittle tearing-off failure modes. It was also found that to prevent premature beam failure (due to incompatibility of stress at concrete and FRP interface), a maximum possible anchorage length should be considered in order to deliver an optimum section performance. The results from the analytical modelling indicated a most satisfactory agreement with the experimental data after the initial mechanical properties were calibrated. It was found that actual representation of material properties (e.g. steel constitutive law) are of great significance, for an accurate modelling of RC element loaded behaviour. The bond developed between the FRP and concrete is one of the key parameters for achieving good performance of the systems. It was determined that concrete surface preparation and priming is beneficial, while the introduction of air-voids due to poor workmanship can reduce the section load bearing capabilities. Cyclic loading on FRP strengthened sections was found to curtail the full rotational capacity utilisation of the beam. However, even the above mentioned curtailed behaviour was more advantageous than cyclically loaded beam performance without FRP strengthening.
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Moraes, Carolina Vicente. "Tratamento superficial de fibras de poliaramida com líquidos iônicos imidazólicos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/169314.
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Poli(p-fenileno de tereftalamida) (PPTA), usualmente chamado de aramida, é uma fibra polimérica de baixa densidade que possui alta rigidez e resistência à tração, assim como excelente estabilidade térmica e química. Essa fibra é utilizada como reforço em materiais compósitos utilizados nas indústrias aeroespacial e automobilística, em artefatos de proteção balística e de proteção ao corte. No entanto, sua aplicação como reforço em materiais compósitos está limitada por sua baixa afinidade interfacial com matrizes poliméricas, devido a sua superfície lisa e relativamente inerte. Para superar esta desvantagem, diversos tratamentos foram desenvolvidos para modificar a superfície da aramida. Contudo, realizar essa modificação sem diminuir a resistência mecânica da fibra é um grande desafio, assim como desenvolver um método industrialmente viável. Líquidos iônicos (LI) apresentam-se como uma alternativa promissora para a compatibilização da aramida com matrizes poliméricas, devido à possibilidade de ajuste de suas propriedades com a escolha de ânions e cátions específicos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar a influência de diferentes LI nas propriedades adesivas entre Kevlar e uma resina epoxídica. Para tanto, as fibras foram submetidas a soluções de etanol e LI imidazólicos (cloreto de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio, cloreto de 1-carboximetil-3-metilimidazólio, metanossulfonato de 1-trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3-metilimidazólio e metanossulfonato de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio) e analisadas por espectroscopia do infravermelho, análise termogravimétrica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A resistência mecânica das fibras foi investigada por teste de tração e a interface foi caracterizada em termos de molhabilidade e adesão pelos testes de ângulo de contato e pull-out. Os resultados mostraram um aumento na molhabilidade e na adesão nas fibras tratadas com cloreto de 1- n-butil-3-metilimidazólico, metanossulfonato de 1-trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3- metilimidazólio e metanossulfonato de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio. Dois compósitos laminados foram fabricados com os tecidos comercial e tratado com metanossulfonato de 1- trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3-metilimidazólio. Suas propriedades mecânicas foram aferidas por ensaios de tração e short beam. O compósito feito com o tecido tratado apresentou maior resistência mecânica, módulo e tensão de cisalhamento interlaminar.Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA), known as aramid, is a low density polymeric fiber that has high rigidity and exceptional tensile strength, as well as excellent thermal and chemical stability. It is used as reinforcement in composite materials in the aerospace and automobile industry and in ballistic and stab-resistant articles. However, its inferior interfacial affinity towards polymeric matrices due to its smooth surface hampers its use in composite materials, preventing full achievement of its potential as reinforcement. To overcome this drawback, various treatments have been applied to modify the aramid surface. Nevertheless it is a great challenge to introduce this modification without diminishing the fiber mechanical properties and to develop an industrially feasible process. Ionic liquids (IL) might be an alternative as compatibilizer in polymeric matrices reinforced with aramid fibers because of their unique set of physical-chemical properties that can be finely tuned by their chemical structures. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of different IL on the adhesive properties between Kevlar and epoxy resin. Kevlar fibers were submitted to solutions of ethanol and imidazolium IL (1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-n-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-n-butyl-3- methylimidazolium methanesulfonate) and then analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical strength of the fibers was analyzed by tensile strength tests and the interface was characterized by contact angle measurements and pull-out tests. There was an increase in wettability and adhesion of the fibers treated with 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-n-butyl-3- methylimidazolium methanesulfonate. Two laminated composites were manufactured with commercial and 1-triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate treated fabrics and their mechanical properties were measured with tensile strength and short beam test. The composite made with treated fabrics presented higher mechanical resistance, modulus and interfacial shear strength.
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Guimaraes, Giuseppe Barbosa. "Parallel-lay aramid ropes for use in structural engineering." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8631.
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Alwis, Kapugama Geeganage Nadun Chaminda. "Accelerated testing for long-term stress-rupture behaviour of aramid fibres." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619983.
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Loureiro, Lucas. "Reutilização de fibras de para-aramida como reforço mecânico em poliamida 6,6." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8160.
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Aramid fibers are very known by their excellent combination of tensile strength and elastic modulus with low density. On the other hand, aramids do not melt which difficult the recycling process. This property is an important issue for many companies that work with these materials since thousands of tons of aramid fibers are produced each year and there are just a few reutilization alternatives. This project evaluated a new alternative to reuse aramid fibers from industrial waste as mechanical reinforcement for polyamide 6,6. Another important characteristic of these fibers is the low interaction with polymeric matrices due to its intrinsic molecular stability and to finishing products that facilitates the spinning and weaving processes. In order to remove the finishing, the fibers were washed with methanol and hexane, but the hexane washed fibers showed better results. Surface treatments with NaOH solutions were also evaluated. It was reported in XPS results that NaOH solution hydrolyzed the fiber’s surface. However, conditions with higher NaOH concentration were too aggressive to the fiber’s mechanical properties. For this reason, it was selected two procedures: 2% NaOH at 30 minutes of exposure and 6% NaOH at 45 minutes of exposure. The composites were produced with two different fiber’s weight concentration, 5 and 10%. The results have shown that the surface treatment impacted the interfacial adhesion, but there was no increase on the composite’s mechanical properties due to the fiber’s mechanical damage caused by the treatment. The addition of 5% of fibers did not increase the mechanical properties probably due to the fact that 5% is near to the fiber’s critical volume for this composite. The composites with 10% of fibers showed better results and revealed a great potential for this reuse alternative for para-aramid fibers.
Fibras de aramida são conhecidas devido as suas excelentes propriedades de resistência à tração e módulo elástico aliados à baixa densidade; entretanto, este polímero não funde, inviabilizando a sua reciclagem mecânica. Tendo em vista a importância e potencialidade de tais fibras, este projeto avaliou a viabilidade técnica em reutilizá-las como reforço mecânico de poliamida 6,6. Ao mesmo tempo, as fibras de para-aramida possuem como característica baixa interação com matrizes poliméricas, tanto por sua intrínseca estabilidade molecular quanto por possíveis revestimentos que facilitam os processos de fiação e tecelagem. Para eliminar esses revestimentos, foram realizados procedimentos de lavagem com metanol e hexano, sendo o hexano apresentou maiores interferências na superfície das fibras, e foi escolhido para a produção dos compósitos. Com o intuito de aumentar a interação química entre fibra e matriz, foram realizados procedimentos de tratamento químico superficial com soluções de hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Os resultados de XPS indicaram que a superfície da fibra foi hidrolisada, sendo que as condições de tratamento com maiores concentrações de NaOH se mostraram mais agressivas às propriedades mecânicas das fibras. Por este motivo, foram selecionados dois procedimentos de tratamento químico para a modificação das fibras e produção dos compósitos: 2% NaOH e 30 minutos de exposição e 6% NaOH e 45 minutos de exposição. Foram produzidos compósitos com 5 e 10% em massa de fibras de para-aramida. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a lavagem não alterou a adesão interfacial e nem as propriedades mecânicas. Por outro lado, os tratamentos químicos alteraram a adesão interacial, porém não demonstraram melhorias nas propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos, justificadas pelo efeitos deletérios do tratamento químico nas propriedades mecânicas das fibras. Em termos gerais, observou-se pouca influência na adição de 5% de fibra, enquanto que os compósitos com 10% de fibra apresentaram melhores resultados. Sendo assim, o presente estudo demonstrou que há potencial para esta via de reutilização das fibras de para-aramida.
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Abdi, Yussuf Yusuf, and Ibrahim Zand Jalal. "FRP:s användning inom brokonstruktioner." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259362.
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I dagsläget är de flesta broar i Sverige tillverkade med betong eller stål. Dessa broar är många gånger förknippade med stora kostnader som ofta beror på underhåll och reparation. FRP, som står för Fiber Reinforced Polymer, är ett relativt nytt material i bärande stommar men är ett väl etablerat material i förstärkningssammanhang. I Europa och i synnerhet Nederländerna finns det flertal broar byggda i FRP. Men på grund av brist på normer och regelverk att luta sig emot sker det sällan någon form av brokonstruktion med FRP i Sverige. Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka befintliga normer och studera hur materialet FRP används vid förstärkning och konstruktion av broar. Vidare syftar även arbetet till att undersöka egenskaperna hos FRP som byggmaterial och jämföra det med konventionella material som stål och betong. FRP, också benämnd fiberkomposit, är ett kompositmaterial som kan sammanställas på flera olika sätt. Genom olika material som kombineras och olika tillverkningsprocesser som används kan man på så sätt ge individuell utformning till materialet för dess användning. Fördelarna med FRP är många, men i allmänhet har det god styrka, god beständighet samtidigt som det har en låg vikt. Detta resulterar i att inom brokonstruktion så ger det strukturen en minskad egenvikt, vilket i sin tur underlättar en mängd olika saker. Detta arbete visar på att FRP-material har fördelaktiga egenskaper och kan i vissa situationer vara mer gynnsamt att använda än stål eller betong. Dock som tidigare påpekat saknas det specifika Eurokoder för detta material. Däremot är vi säkra på att introduktionen av en ny Eurokod samt med uppmuntran från myndigheter kommer användningen av FRP inom brokonstruktion utan tvekan öka.At present, most bridges in Sweden are made with concrete or steel. These bridges are often associated with high costs, which often depend on maintenance and repair. FRP, which stands for Fiber Reinforced Polymer, is a relatively new material in load-bearing structures but is a well- established material in the context of reinforcement. In Europe and in particular the Netherlands, there are several bridges built in FRP. But due to a lack of norms and regulations to lean against, there is rarely any kind of FRP bridge construction in Sweden. The aim of this thesis is to examine existing norms and study how the material FRP is used in the reinforcement and construction of bridges. Furthermore, this thesis also aims to investigate the properties of FRP as building material and compare it with conventional materials such as steel and concrete. FRP, also called fiber-composite, is a composite material that can be assembled in several different ways. Through various materials that are combined and different manufacturing processes used, one can thus provide individual designs for the material. The benefits of FRP are many, but generally it has good strength, good durability while having a low weight. This results in that within bridge construction, it gives the structure a reduced self-weight, which in turn facilitates a variety of things. This thesis shows that FRP materials have advantageous properties and in some situations can be more favorable to use than steel or concrete. However, as previously pointed out, there are no specific Eurocodes for this material. However we are sure that the introduction of a new Eurocode and encouragement from authorities will undoubtedly increase the use of FRP in bridge construction.
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MAGALHAES, MARGARETH DA SILVA. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE STRESS RELAXATION BEHAVIOR OF A HIGH-STRENGTH ARAMID FIBER." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1999. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=1260@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICONeste trabalho é feito um estudo experimental da relaxação de uma fibra sintética de alta resistência, conhecida como Kevlar 49, empregada na fabricação de cabos que podem ser usados como cabos de protensão. O objetivo é obter uma equação para o cálculo da relaxação e verificar a influência de um condicionamento mecânico (aplicação e remoção de uma tensão). Foram realizados ensaios em seis amostras da fibra sob cinco níveis de tensão, equivalentes a 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% e 50% da tensão de ruptura do material. Os ensaios foram realizados com a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar controlados na faixa de 21oC + 2oC e 77% + 7% respectivamente. O tempo de duração de cada ensaio foi de 72 horas. Os resultados revelaram que as curvas de relaxação são lineares quando plotadas numa escala logarítmica do tempo e que o coeficiente de relaxação é bem representado por uma função potencial e depende da tensão aplicada. Em adição revelaram que um condicionamento mecânico não altera o comportamento da fibra.
High-strength aramid fibers have been used in the production of a variety of cables and ropes which have found several applications as structural members in bridges and other types of structures. For such applications, a sound knowledge of the time dependent material properties is highly important. An experimental investigation on the stress relaxation behavior of a high-strength aramid fiber was carried out, with the purpose of studying the viscoelastic properties of the material and the effect of a mechanical conditioning (application and removal of stress prior to testing) on these properties. The fiber used in this investigation is commercially known as Kevlar 49. The tests were conducted at five different stress levels, at constant temperature and moisture. The results showed that the fiber has a non-linear viscoelastic behavior and that the effect of the mechanical conditioning isn´t important. An equation for the prediction of the stress relaxation is presented.
En este trabajo se realiza un estudio experimental de la relajamiento de una fibra sintética de alta resistencia, conocida como Kevlar 49, empleada en la fabricación de cables que pueden ser usados como cables de protensión. El objetivo es obtener una ecuación para el cálculo dela relajamiento y verificar la influencia de un condicionamento mecánico. Fueron realizados ensayos en seis muestras de la fibra bajo cinco niveles de tensión, equivalentes a 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% y 50% de la tensión de ruptura del material. Los ensayos fueron realizados con la temperatura y la humedad relativa del aire controlados en la faja de 21oC + 2oC y 77% + 7% respectivamente. El tiempo de duración de cada ensayo fue de 72 horas. Los resultados revelaron que las curvas de relajamiento son lineales cuando se utiliza una escala logarítmica para el tiempo y que el coeficiente de relajamiento está bien representado por una función potencial, que depende de la tensión aplicada. Adicionalmente, los ensayos revelaron que un condicionamento mecánico no altera el comportamiento de la fibra.
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Oliveira, Vinicius. "Borracha nitrílica reforçada com fibra aramida para aplicação em mangotes." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/148701.
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Compostos de borracha têm inúmeras aplicações, e uma delas é na confecção de mangotes de transferência utilizados em operações de offloading. O elastômero utilizado no interior do mangote é o poli (butadieno-acrilonitrila), conhecido como borracha nitrílica (NBR), por sua resistência química. Neste trabalho se propõe o uso de fibra aramida (FA) curta em compostos de borracha nitrílica para aumentar a sua resistência química e mecânica visando aplicação desta em mangotes. Os compostos de borracha nitrílica foram formulados com 1%, 3% e 5 % de fibra aramida curta com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho em relação aos diferentes teores de fibra. Os compostos foram preparados em misturador fechado utilizando borracha nitrílica com 33% de acrilonitrila e dois masterbatches comerciais de fibra aramida curta (Rhenogran® P91-40/NBR com 40% FA, Merge 1F770 com 23% FA). Os compostos foram avaliados com relação as suas propriedades físicas, dinâmico-mecânicas e reológicas. Os resultados evidenciaram a anisotropia dos compostos contendo fibras sendo observado que há um alinhamento destas no sentido do processamento. Houve um incremento significativo nos módulos e na resistência ao rasgamento dos compostos de borracha nitrílica reforçados com fibra aramida (NBR/FA), no sentido da orientação das fibras. A viscosidade Mooney dos compostos NBR/FA aumentou de acordo com o teor de fibra aramida, porém não se observou maior dificuldade no processamento dos compostos. Com relação ao comportamento dinâmico-mecânico dos compostos NBR/FA foi observado uma redução no fator de perda, tan δ, em função do aumento da concentração de fibra aramida.Rubber compounds have several applications. An application is production the transfer hoses for offloading operations. The elastomer used inside the hose is nitrile rubber (NBR), by its chemical resistance. This work proposes the use of aramid fiber (FA) in nitrile rubber compounds to increase its chemical and mechanical resistance to use in transfer hoses. The nitrile rubber compounds were formulated with 1%, 3% and 5% of aramid short-fiber to evaluate the performance in different fiber contents. The compounds were prepared in a closed mixer using nitrile rubber with 33% acrylonitrile and two commercial masterbatch aramid short-fibers (Rhenogran® P91-40 / NBR with 40% FA, Merge 1F770 with 23% FA). The compounds were evaluated for their physical properties, dynamic mechanical and rheological. The results showed the anisotropy of the compounds with fibers, being observed that there is an alignment of fibers during processing. There was a significant increase in the modules and tear resistance of nitrile rubber compounds reinforced with aramid fiber, in the direction of fiber orientation. The Mooney Viscosity of NBR/FA compounds increased with incorporation the aramid fiber, however, there wasn't increased the difficulty in processing of the compounds. In dynamic-mechanical behavior of compounds NBR/FA was observed a reduction in the loss factor, tan δ, in function of the concentration of aramid fibers.
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Nunes, Stephanie Gonçalves. "Processamento por infusão a vácuo de compósitos espessos aramida/epóxi e análise do desempenho sob impacto." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/180659.
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Em aplicações que requerem solicitações de impacto, compósitos de matriz polimérica reforçados com fibra de aramida se destacam, principalmente em relação aos metais, devido a propriedades como alta resistência e rigidez específicas, que dão origem a sistemas mais leves e de alta performance. Quando voltados para aplicações de impacto, principalmente a alta velocidade, tais compósitos são, em sua maioria, moldados por compressão ou autoclave, a partir de pré-impregnados. No entanto, tais combinações de processamentos e matéria-prima acarretam em estruturas de elevado custo, tornando a infusão a vácuo uma opção atrativa, além de permitir a obtenção de peças grandes e complexas, dimensionalmente acuradas e partes integradas. Porém, a obtenção de um compósito espesso reforçado por fibra de aramida com elevado desempenho ao impacto por tal método de fabricação ainda é um desafio. Neste contexto, este trabalho aborda o efeito da espessura no processamento por infusão a vácuo de compósitos aramida/epóxi e seu desempenho em aplicações que requerem solicitações de impacto (baixa e alta velocidade) Para isso, foram produzidos compósitos com 5, 8, 13, 18, 23 e 28 camadas de aramida e caracterizados por ultrassom C-scan, microscopia ótica, densidade, teor de constituintes, testes mecânicos (flexão, short beam e indentação quase-estática) e cargas de impacto de baixa e alta velocidade (drop-weight e balístico). Todos os compósitos apresentaram boa homogeneidade na distribuição da matriz ao longo do reforço, com um teor de fibra de ≈60%, e valores de resistência short beam elevados (17,3 - 23,6 MPa). A performance sob impacto (baixa e alta velocidade) foi comparável à de compósitos fabricados por compressão ou autoclave, tendo os compósitos a partir de 18 camadas resistido ao projétil 9 mm Luger FMJ e o de 28 camadas resistido ao projétil .357 Magnum FMJ, podendo ser classificados como nível FB2 e FB3, respectivamente, de acordo com a norma europeia EN 1522. Portanto, o processamento de infusão a vácuo mostrou ser uma alternativa adequada para produzir compósitos espessos de aramida/epóxi (até 12 mm), substituindo rotas de processamento mais caras.In applications that require impact solicitations, polymer matrix composites reinforced with aramid fiber stand out, especially in relation to metals, due to properties such as high specific strength and stiffness, which give rise to lighter and high-performance systems. When used for impact applications, especially at high speed, such composites are mostly molded by compression or autoclaved, from prepregs. However, such combinations of processing and raw material lead to high cost structures, making vacuum infusion an attractive option, as well as allowing the production of large, complex, dimensionally accurate and integrated parts. Nonetheless, obtaining a thick composite reinforced by aramid fiber with high impact performance by such manufacturing method is still a challenge. In this context, this work addresses the effect of the thickness in the vacuum infusion processing of aramid/epoxy composites and its performance in applications that require impact solicitations (low and high speed) For this, composites with 5, 8, 13, 18, 23 and 28 layers of aramid were produced and characterized by ultrasonic C-scan, optical microscopy, density, constituent content, mechanical tests (flexion, short beam and quasi-static indentation) and low- and high-speed impact loads (drop-weight and ballistic). All composites presented good homogeneity in the matrix scattering along the reinforcement, with a fiber content of ≈ 60%, and high short beam resistance values (17.3 - 23.6 MPa). The performance under impact (low and high speed) was comparable to that of composites processed by compression or autoclave, the composites with 18 layers resisted to the 9 mm Luger FMJ projectile and the one with 28 layers resisted to the .357 Magnum FMJ projectile, being classified as level FB2 and FB3, respectively, according to the European standard EN 1522. In summary, vacuum infusion processing proved to be a suitable alternative to produce thick aramid/epoxy composites (up to 12 mm), replacing more expensive processing routes.
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Shang, Wei. "LABORATORY-SCALE EVALUATION OF ARAMID BLEND MATERIAL AS A FIRE BARRIER FOR FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAM." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1462873811.
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Peterson, Joel, and Ellinor Vegborn. "Development of a pre-knitting friction test method and study of friction and bending of yarns with high stiffness." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19180.
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Knitting is a class of techniques for production of textile fabrics by inter-looping yarns withthe use of hooked needles. The new loops are created when the yarns drawn through thepreviously formed loops. An apparatus for two needles with adjustable geometry resemblingthe knitting process in weft knitting machines has been constructed and mounted in anordinary tensile testing machine in order to study stress build-up, fibre damage, needle wearetc. The merits of the knittability test-rig set-up are the possibilities to test the performance ofthe yarns with the geometry of the machine and to simulate and identify some of the problemsthat can occur between needles and yarn in the knitting process. Well-defined mechanicalconditions with the static pre-load weight and the possibilities to identify the location of theevents of damage on the fibres during the testing of the specimens and to do furtherexamination before knitting are some obvious merits. The knittability of some extreme yarns,PET-monofilaments, carbon fibre roving and aramid yarn has been studied with respect tofriction and bending stiffness. Friction and bending characteristics exhibit viscoellasticfeatures. The needles have diameters of the same order of magnitude as the diameters ofmonofilaments for example for use in knitted spacer fabrics and the results of this workillustrate strong influence of the fibre diameter on the knittability.Program: Magisterutbildning i textilteknologi
Uppsatsnivå: D
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Sika, Charles Andrew. "Damage Tolerance of Unidirectional Carbon and Fiberglass Composites with Aramid Sleeves." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3431.
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Unidirectional carbon fiber and fiberglass epoxy composite elements consolidated with aramid sleeves were radially impacted at 5 J (3.7 ft-lbs) and 10 J (7.4 ft-lbs), tested under compression, and compared to undamaged control specimens. These structural elements represent local members of open three-dimensional composite lattice structures (e.g., based on isogrid or IsoTruss® technologies). Advanced three-dimensional braiding techniques were used to continuously fabricate these specimens. The unidirectional core specimens, 8 mm (5/16 in) in diameter, were manufactured with various sleeve patterns. Bi-directional braided sleeves and unidirectional spiral sleeves ranged from a nominal full to half coverage. These specimens were tested for compression strength after impact. This research used an unsupported length of 50.8 mm (2.0 in) specimens to ensure a strength-controlled compression failure. Compression strength of undamaged unidirectional carbon fiber and fiberglass epoxy composites is virtually unaffected by sleeve type and sleeve coverage. Fiberglass/epoxy configurations exhibited approximately 1/2 and 2/3 reduction in compression strength relative to undamaged configurations after impact with 5 J (3.7 ft-lbs) and 10 J (7.4 ft-lbs), respectively. Increasing aramid sleeve coverage and/or increasing the interweaving of an aramid sleeve (i.e., braid vs. spiral) increases the damage tolerance of fiberglass/epoxy composite elements. Damaged carbon/epoxy composites exhibited an approximate decrease in strength of 70% and 75% after 5 J and 10 J of impact, respectively, relative to undamaged configurations. The results verify that an aramid sleeve, regardless of type (braid or spiral), facilitates consolidation of the carbon fiber and fiberglass epoxy core. Not surprisingly, full coverage configurations exhibit greater compression strength after impact than half coverage configurations.
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Embley, Michael D. "Damage Tolerance of Buckling-Critical Unidirectional Carbon, Glass,and Basalt Fiber Composites in Co-Cured Aramid Sleeves." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3185.
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Compression strength after impact tests were conducted on unidirectional composite rods with sleeves. These elements represent local members of open three-dimensional composite lattice structures (e.g., based on isogrid or IsoTruss® technologies). The unidirectional cores composed of carbon, glass, or basalt fiber/epoxy composites were co-cured in aramid sleeves. Sleeve patterns included both bi-directional (unsymmetric) braids and unidirectional spiral wraps with sleeve coverage ranging from nominally half to full. The diameters were nominally 8 and 11 mm (5/16 and 7/16 in). The larger diameter had nominally twice the cross-sectional area, to quantify the effects of scaling. The specimens were long enough to encourage local buckling failure as expected in members of typical composite lattice structures. The unsupported lengths varied from 127 mm (5.0 in) to 160 mm (6.3 in). Specimens were radially impacted at mid-length with energy levels ranging from 0 to 20 J (0 to 14.8 ft-lbs) and tested in longitudinal compression to quantify the effects of local impact damage on the buckling strength. In undamaged specimens, sleeve type and sleeve coverage have no effect on the ultimate compression strength of carbon, glass, or basalt composites (7% or less standard deviation for each material). When impacted, the influence of sleeve type and sleeve coverage varies with the type of fiber in the unidirectional core. Sleeve type and coverage did not affect the compression strength after impact for fiberglass composites. On the other hand, both carbon and basalt composites exhibited improved performance with braided (vs. spiral) sleeves (up to 34% stronger) and full (vs. half) coverage (up to 38% stronger). The compression strength of carbon configurations decreases with increasing impact energy regardless of sleeve type or coverage. The higher flexibility of glass and basalt composites, however, allowed some configurations to maintain the same compression strength after impact as their undamaged counterparts, at lower impact energy levels. Doubling cross-sectional area of basalt composites significantly improves the stiffness and compression strength after impact, more than doubling the impact energy required to achieve the same compression strength.
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Bernardi, Stefania Tesi. "Avaliação do comportamento de materiais compósitos de matrizes cimentícias reforçadas com fibra de aramida kevlar." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/3596.
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Esse trabalho aborda a questão de materiais compósitos reforçados com fibras (fiber reinforced concrete) com enfoque em matrizes cimentícias reforçadas com fibra de aramida Kevlar. O objetivo é caracterizar o potencial da fibra de aramida Kevlar como elemento de reforço a ser adicionado ao concreto. O trabalho busca caracterizar o desempenho dos compósitos formados, identificando as alterações decorrentes da incorporação em função do comportamento mecânico e da resistência ao impacto. Os objetivos são verificar a potencialidade de utilização dessa fibra em termos de trabalhabilidade e resistência mecânica; definir como deve ser a forma de incorporação, verificar a aderência da fibra à matriz através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura por elétrons secundários e determinar a resistência ao impacto, comparando matrizes sem adição de fibra com corpos-de-prova moldados com vários tipos e teores de fibra (aço, sisal, vidro, polipropileno e aramida). Como vantagens da incorporação das fibras de aramida Kevlar, constata-se um incremento na resistência à compressão dos compósitos aos 28 dias em relação aos espécimes sem adição de fibra. Observam-se, também, reduções na massa específica e na trabalhabilidade dos espécimes com adição de fibra de aramida Kevlar em comparação aos sem adição. Em relação à resistência ao impacto, conclui-se que os compósitos com adição de fibra de aço e fibra de aramida são os que apresentaram melhor comportamento dinâmico em relação a energia de ruptura acumulada e à energia para aparecimento da primeira fissura, respectivamente.
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Derombise, Guillaume. "Comportement à long terme des fibres aramides en milieux neutres et alcalins." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00539927.
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Les fibres aramides sont des fibres à hautes performances mécaniques utilisées dans les géotextiles pour le renforcement des sols traités ou dans les câbles et cordages à applications maritimes. L'objectif de ce travail consiste à répondre aux problématiques de durabilité posées dans le cadre d'une exposition prolongée en sols alcalins (pH9-pH11) ou dans l'eau de mer, et à améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de dégradation mis en jeu. Des vieillissements accélérés en laboratoire ont donc été réalisés sur trois types de fibres aramides dans différents milieux. Dans un premier temps, les fibres ont été caractérisées à l'échelle macromoléculaire, structurale, morphologique et macroscopique. Ainsi, des chutes de résistance mécanique associées principalement à des phénomènes de coupures des chaînes ont été mises en évidence pour les fibres Twaron 1000 vieillies dans l'eau douce, dans l'eau de mer, à pH9 et à pH11. Cependant, aucune évolution du module de traction n'a été observée dans ces conditions. Cette même approche multi-échelles a mis en évidence la grande stabilité des fibres Technora T240 dans ces environnements pourtant agressifs. Ensuite, l'étude de l'influence de l'ensimage sur le vieillissement en environnement alcalin révèle que non-seulement la présence d'ensimage permettait de limiter l'abrasion entre les fibres, mais pouvait également jouer un rôle de protection vis-à-vis de l'hydrolyse. Enfin, la comparaison de l'évolution des propriétés mécaniques des fibres aramides et polyesters vieillies en milieu basique a révélé que les fibres Technora T240 semblent être très bien adaptées au renforcement des sols traités compte-tenu de leur grande stabilité vis-à-vis de l'hydrolyse. La deuxième partie de ce travail est consacrée à l'étude du comportement viscoélastique et viscoplastique des fibres Twaron 1000 et Technora T200w. Les résultats ont révélé une influence significative de l'eau de mer sur la déformation en fluage-recouvrance, mais l'influence du vieillissement sur ce comportement n'a pas clairement été établie.
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Al-Sharabi, Faisal. "Identification, Examination and Management of Risk Factors behind Dwelling Fires in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Managerial and Policy Perspective." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15302.
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Fire incidents are a central issue in Saudi civil defence. Despite detailed regulation concerning firefighting equipment dealing with dwelling fires, fires occur frequently. Globally, research on dwelling fire safety is relatively new. Most studies focus on human factors, incidence and causal issues. Few studies examine management or policy-making perspectives towards managing these individual agents. Thus, a detailed study on understanding the management of these factors for dwelling fires is long overdue. The study uses an inductive approach to investigate key management issues in reducing dwelling fires in Saudi Arabia. This qualitative study consisted of twelve indepth semi-structured interviews and four focus groups with senior managers of the Civil Defence Division dealing with fire safety. A sustainability-based framework is developed to map the critical issues in generating a long-term planning solution to policy and management of fire hazard and risk in Saudi Arabia. Critical drivers of this sustainability approach are good management, regulation, governance practices: especially accountability and transparency; reduction of tribalism, bureaucracy, and burns unit efficiency. However, given the modern environment of communications, information technology and communications, and in particular public education, are viewed as important mediators between drivers and sustainability. The critical role of knowledge generation is also positioned as a mediator. The framework proposed is a paradigm shift from merely managing fire incidents on a case by case basis to a proactive risk reduction strategy. This represents an original solution to managing fire hazards at a national level and an important contribution to the fire management literature.
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Pagnoncelli, Marlova. "Desenvolvimento de compósitos utilizando resina éster vinílica reforçada por fibra de aramida para aplicação em bindagem de veículos militares." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2016. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1546.
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A moldagem por transferência de resina (RTM) consiste em um técnica de moldagem largamente empregada na indústria automotiva para obtenção de compósitos com elevadas propriedades específicas. Este trabalho tem por objetivo a obtenção de compósitos de alto desempenho obtidos a partir de resina éster vinílica reforçados por 4, 5 e 6 mantas de tecido de aramida (Kevlar 29) e caracteriza-los por ensaios de resistência à flexão, impacto, tração e cisalhamento interlaminar, densidade, volume de fibras e vazios, análise térmica dinâmicomecânica (DMTA), ensaio de compressão dinâmico a altas taxas de deformação utilizando a Barra Hopkinson Bi-Partida e impacto balístico. O tecido de aramida foi caracterizado por teor de umidade, TGA, FTIR e FEG-SEM. Durante a etapa de moldagem observou-se que o aumento do teor de fibras conferiu maior resistência ao fluxo de resina sobre o reforço, dificultando a molhabilidade das fibras mais distantes ao ponto de infeção, confirmado pelo teor de vazios de até 7%, nas bordas dos compósitos avaliados. De modo geral aumento do teor de reforço promoveu aumento das propriedades mecânicas. O compósito com 6 mantas de aramida (AD6) apresentou resistência ao impacto de 327 kJ/m², resistência a tração de 503 MPa, e resistência a flexão de 197 MPa. O aumento do teor de reforço resultou em melhores propriedades dinâmicas mecânicas, confirmadas pelo aumento do módulo de perda e de armazenamento e redução da altura do pico de tan delta. No ensaio de impacto Hopkinson o compósito AD6 apresentou maior tenacidade e tensão máxima. Devido às melhores propriedades mecânicas o compósito AD6 foi submetido ao impacto balístico, apresentando V50 de 302 m/s enquadrando-se no nível I de proteção balística. Tais resultados demostram que o RTM pode ser uma técnica promissora para confecção de compósitos a serem incorporados em blindagens multicomponentes.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-02-07T12:40:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marlova Pagnoncelli.pdf: 324904 bytes, checksum: 4648d428c0ce820b99cd5421ea03e7c0 (MD5)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior.
The resin transfer molding (RTM) consists of a molding technique widely used in the automotive industry to obtain composites with high specific properties. This work aims to obtain high performance composites made with vinyl ester resin reinforced by 4, 5 and 6 aramid fabric (Kevlar 29) and characterize them by tests of flexural strength, impact resistance, tensile strength and interlaminar shear strength, density, fiber volume and voids, dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), dynamic compression at high shear rates using the Hopkinson Bi-Splice Bar and Ballistic Impact. Aramid tissue was characterized by moisture content, TGA, FTIR and FEG-SEM. During the molding step it was observed that the increase of fiber content increased the resistance to the resin flow through reinforcement, making it difficult to wet the fibers more distant to the injection point, confirmed by the voids content, that was up to 7%, in the edges of the evaluated composites. In general, the increase in the reinforcement content increased the mechanical properties of composite. The composite with 6 aramid fabrics (AD6) had impact strength of 327 kJ / m², tensile strength of 503 MPa, and flexural strength of 197 MPa. The increase in the reinforcement content resulted in better mechanical dynamics properties, confirmed by the increase of the modulus of loss and storage and reduction of the height of the delta peak. In the Hopkinson impact test the AD6 composite presented higher tenacity and maximum stress. Due to the best mechanical properties, the AD6 composite was subjected to ballistic impact, presenting a V50 of 302 m/s and a level I of ballistic protection. These results show that RTM can be a promising technique to produce composites to be incorporated into multicomponent shields.
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Bastos, Luiz Gustavo Cavalcanti. "Avaliação do comportamento mecânico de próteses fixas provisórias durante e após ensaio de fadiga - efeito de três tipos de reforços (fibra de vidro, fibra de aramida e fio de aço) e duas extensões de pôntico (12,5 e 22,75mm)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25135/tde-12092007-190707/.
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A importância das próteses provisórias no tratamento reabilitador oral é inquestionável. Os materiais utilizados para a execução destas restaurações, entretanto, são críticos com relação à resistência e à longevidade, principalmente quando estas são executadas em tratamentos prolongados e/ou em espaços desdentados extensos. A proposta deste trabalho foi determinar através de um ensaio de fadiga e de um teste de resistência à fratura, o efeito do tipo de reforço: fio de aço Ø 0,7 mm, fibra de poli(aramida) (Kevlar®, DuPont - USA) e fibra de vidro (Fibrante®, Ângelus -Brasil) e de duas extensões do pôntico (12,5 e 22,75 mm) sobre o comportamento mecânico de espécimes simulando próteses provisórias. Os grupos foram constituídos de 10 espécimes cada, incluindo um grupo CONTROLE, sem reforço. Os espécimes simulando próteses parciais fixas provisórias foram confeccionados em resina auto-polimerizável com auxílio de uma matriz de aço simulando preparos totais protéticos. As amostras foram submetidas a 10.000 ciclos de fadiga, com carga máxima de 100 N, imersas em água a 37ºC. Através da análise estatística dos resultados observou-se que durante o ensaio de fadiga: 1) quando a extensão do pôntico foi de 22,75 mm, o grupo CONTROLE exibiu uma maior deformação a partir de 500 ciclos. Não foram observadas diferenças quando a extensão do pôntico foi de 12,5 mm. Houve um aumento da deformação em função do número de ciclos para todos os grupos, principalmente para o grupo CONTROLE, de ambas as extensões de pôntico; 2) Somente espécimes do grupo CONTROLE com extensão do pôntico de 22,75 mm demonstraram fraturas à fadiga. E após o ensaio de fadiga, através de um teste de resistência à fratura: 1) Quando a extensão do pôntico foi de 12,5 mm todos os grupos reforçados apresentaram valores médios do limite de elasticidade, em N, significantemente maiores que os demonstrados pelo grupo CONTROLE. Para a extensão do pôntico de 22,75 mm os valores desse parâmetro apresentaram semelhança entre todos os grupos; 2) Em relação à carga máxima (resistência à fratura), quando a extensão do pôntico foi de 12,5 mm o grupo FIBRANTE exibiu o maior valor médio. Quando a extensão do pôntico foi de 22,75 mm, observou-se que o grupo KEVLAR apresentou valores semelhantes neste parâmetro ao grupo FIBRANTE. O grupo CONTROLE sempre apresentou os menores valores médios em ambas as extensões de pôntico. Em relação ao modo de fratura os grupos reforçados apresentaram fraturas mais favoráveis ao reparo, tendo sido do tipo parcial (coesiva da resina sem fratura ou separação do reforço).Provisional restorations are essential components of oral rehabilitation treatment. The strength and durability features are, however, critical when long-term treatment is needed. This study investigates the mechanical alterations under and after cyclic fatigue in provisional partial fixed denture specimens. Two pontic distances (12.5 mm and 22.75 mm) and three types of reinforcements constituted the experimental groups with ten specimens each: a 0.7 mm of diameter wire; a roving poliaramid fiber Kevlar® and a roving fiberglass Fibrante® (Angelus®). The control group, also with ten samples, included not reinforced specimens. Specimens were fabricated and testing on metal dies. The samples were subjected to 10,000 fatigue cycles with a 100 N maximum load in a MTS 810 Universal Machine and before they were subjected to fracture resistance test in the same machine. Statistical analysis showed that, during the fatigue cycles: 1) All the samples exhibited an increased deflection, in mm, following the fatigue cycles, mainly the CONTROL group; 2) Only specimens of the CONTROL group exhibited fracture due to fatigue cycle. After the fatigue cycle, through the fracture resistance test: 1) All reinforced samples with the pontic distance of 12.5 mm exhibited higher figures in elastic limits than the CONTROL group, and increased the pontic distance to 22.75 mm the results of the elastic limits decreased statistically; 3) the FIBRANTE group with pontic distance of 12.5 mm exhibited the higher results for the resistance fracture. The CONTROL group specimens, with both pontic distances, exhibited the lowest values of this property; 4) It was observed that the reinforced FIBRANTE anda KEVLAR groups specimens fractures were more favorable, occurring, predominantly, in the Partial type.
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Guzmán, Paola del Rosario Colán. "Avaliação da resistência à fratura de próteses fixas provisórias implanto-suportadas variando o comprimento do cantilever e o tipo de fibra: fibras de vidro e fibras de poli(aramida)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25135/tde-21062007-103104/.
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No tratamento reabilitador oral as restaurações provisórias são de suma importância. A resistência e a longevidade dos materiais utilizados em sua execução são críticas, principalmente em tratamentos prolongados e em espaços desdentados extensos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência e o modo de fratura de espécimes que simularam uma prótese fixa de três elementos variando o comprimento do cantilever (7, 14 e 21mm), confeccionadas em resina acrílica poli(metilmetacrilato) (PMMA) autopolimerizável, com e sem reforço em seu interior, construídos sobre componentes para implantes. Os reforços utilizados foram: fibras de vidro (Fibrante® - Ângelus®, Londrina, PR, Brasil) e fibras de poli(aramida) (Kevlar® - Du Pont®, USA). Os grupos foram constituídos de 10 espécimes cada, incluindo um grupo controle, sem reforço. Os espécimes foram submetidos à carga compressiva até a fratura. A análise dos resultados (ANOVA, p < 0,05), para o teste de resistência, mostrou não haver diferença estatística entre os grupos com respeito ao tipo de reforço, sendo que houve diferença estatística significante no que respeita ao comprimento do cantilever. Quando o comprimento do cantilever foi de 7mm todos os grupos apresentaram os valores médios de resistência a fratura, em N, significativamente maiores que os apresentados pelos grupos com 14 e 21mm de comprimento. Em relação ao modo de fratura os grupos reforçados apresentaram fraturas mais favoráveis ao reparo, tendo sido do tipo Parcial.In the oral rehabilitator treatment, the provisory restorations have extremely importance. The resistance and durability of materials used in the execution are critical, especially in extended treatments and in vast toothless spaces. The goal of this work was to demonstrate the resistance and the types of fracture of specimens that simulate a fixed prosthesis of three elements changing the extension of cantilever (7, 14 e 21mm), made of acrylic resin polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) autopolymer, with and without reinforcement in its interior, built over implant components. The reinforcements used were: fiberglass (Fibrante® - Angelus®, Londrina, PR, Brazil) and poliaramid fiber (Kevlar® - Du Pont®, USA). The groups have 10 specimens each, including a group of control, without reinforcement. The specimens were submitted to a compressor charge until its fracture. The analysis of results (ANOVA, p < 0,05) for the test of resistance, showed that there is no statistic difference between the groups regarding the type of reinforcement; however, there is a significant statistic difference regarding the cantilever extension. When the extension of cantilever was 7mm, all groups showed medium values of resistance to fractures, in N, significant more than the showed by the groups with 14 and 21mm of extension. In relation with the types of fracture, the reinforcement groups show fractures more favorable to be repaired, even when they were partially fractured.
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Abakar, Ali. "Caractéristiques mécaniques et thermiques de l’argile stabilisée par la gomme arabique et renforcée par la paille de riz." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0066.
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Le réchauffement climatique et le coût élevé des matériaux de construction conventionnels (ciment, chaux, acier) nous obligent à recourir aux matériaux locaux, disponibles et sans effet négatif sur l’atmosphère. Il s’agit de blocs de terre comprimée (BTC) stabilisés par de la gomme arabique et renforcés avec de la paille de riz. L’objectif principal de ce travail est la valorisation des matériaux locaux et écologiques pour la construction des habitations durables. L’étude concerne la caractérisation mécanique, thermique et la durabilité des éprouvettes fabriquées avec de l’argile, du sable, de la gomme arabique, de la paille de riz et de l’eau en des différentes proportions. A cet effet, les pourcentages massiques de gomme arabique sont de 5%, 10% et 15%. Ceux de la paille de riz sont de 0,5%, 1%, 1,5% et 30% de sable sont retenus pour ce travail de recherche. Des briques en BTC de 30 x 15 x 8 cm et des éprouvettes de dimension 4 x 4 x 16 cm sont fabriquées pour réaliser les essais mécaniques. Une méthode « fil chaud » adaptée sur les éprouvettes cylindriques de 16 cm de diamètre sur 32 cm de hauteur est utilisée pour la détermination des conductivités thermiques. L’utilisation de la gomme arabique comme liant dans la construction a donné des résultats satisfaisants. A un taux de 15% de gomme arabique associée à une contrainte de compactage beaucoup plus élevée, nous permettent d’obtenir des BTC ayant une résistance mécanique acceptable ainsi qu'une meilleure résistance à l’eau de pluie. Les résultats mécaniques montrent que la gomme arabique améliore la résistance mécanique de même que la contrainte de compactage. Par contre l’utilisation de paille de riz dans le mélange fait chuter sa résistance mécanique et allège le matériau. Les valeurs de conductivité thermique mesurées, montrent que les différents échantillons ne peuvent pas être considérées comme étant des matériaux isolants. Les éprouvettes exposées aux aléas climatiques (pluie et humidité) pendant un mois montrent que les blocs de terre non stabilisés se sont détériorés sous la pluie. Par contre les éprouvettes stabilisées par la gomme arabique ont conservé leurs bonnes tenues. De même, des éprouvettes stabilisées et non stabilisées sont immergées dans l’eau. A partir de 15 min, toutes les éprouvettes sont détériorées. Les matériaux argileux stabilisés par la gomme arabique ne pourront pas servir en fondation dans la construction. Ce travail de recherche sera complété par des essais de vieillissement du matériau sur des différents échantillons pour sa validation comme nouveau matériau de construction durableGlobal warming and the high cost of conventional building materials (cement, lime, steel) force us to use local, available materials with no negative effect on the atmosphere. These are compressed earth blocks (BTC) stabilized with arabic gum and reinforced with rice straw. The main objective of this work is the valorization of local and ecological materials for the construction of sustainable homes. The study concerns the mechanical, thermal and durability characterization of specimens made of clay, sand, arabic gum, rice straw and water in different proportions. For this purpose, the percentages of gum Arabic are 5%, 10% and 15%. Those of rice straw are 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 30% of sand are retained for this research work. BTC bricks measuring 30 x 15 x 8 cm and specimens measuring 4 x 4 x 16 cm are manufactured to perform the mechanical tests. A "hot wire" method adapted to cylindrical specimens 16 cm in diameter and 32 cm in height is used for the determination of thermal conductivities. The use of arabic gum as a binder in the construction has given satisfactory results. At a rate of 15% gum Arabic associated with a much higher compressive stress, allow us to obtain BTCs having an acceptable mechanical strength as well as a better resistance to rainwater. Mechanical results show that gum Arabic improves mechanical strength. As is the compaction constraint. By cons the use of rice straw in the mixture reduces its mechanical strength and lightens the material. The measured thermal conductivity values show that the different formulations cannot be considered as insulating materials. The specimens exposed to the climatic hazards (rain and moisture) for a month show that the unstabilized earth blocks have deteriorated in the rain. On the other hand, samples stabilized by gum Arabic have retained their good habits. Similarly, stabilized and unstabilized specimens are immersed in water. From 15 min, all test pieces are deteriorated. The clay materials stabilized by gum Arabic can not be used as a foundation in construction. This research work will be completed by aging tests on the various formulations for validation as a new sustainable building material
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Jinasena, Isuru Indrajith Kosala. "Electrospun nano-mat strengthened aramid fibre hybrid composites : improved mechanical properties by continuous nanofibres." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22603.
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Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering
MSc (Mechanical Engineering)Aramid fibre reinforced epoxy composites were hybridised by the addition of electrospun PAN (polyacrylonitrile) and ECNF (electrospun carbon nanofibre) doped PAN nanomats. One of the major concerns in polymer composites is the effect of the interlaminar properties on the overall mechanical properties of the composite. Electrospun carbon nanofibres were used as doping agents within PAN nanofibres, and coated in between aramid epoxy laminates to improve the interlaminar properties. PAN nanomats and ECNF doped PAN nanomats were created by the use electrospinning on the surface of aramid fibre sheets. Multiscale hybrid aramid reinforced composites were then fabricated. Mechanical characterization was carried out to determine the effect of PAN and CNF doped PAN nanofibre mats on aramid fibre reinforced epoxy. It was found that PAN reinforced nanomats had improved the mechanical properties and more specifically, when doped by ECNFs, the volume fraction of ECNFs played a vital role. An addition of 1% vol. CNF doped 0.1% vol. PAN reinforcement within a 30% vol. aramid fibre composite (control composite), improved the tensile strength and elastic modulus by 17.3% and 730% respectively. The 0.5% vol. PAN reinforced AFC (aramid fibre composite) specimens revealed a major increase in the flexural strength by 9.67% and 12.1%, when doped by both 0.5% vol. ECNFs and 1% vol. ECNFs respectively. The 0.5% vol. CNF doped reinforcement increased the impact energy by over 40%, for both the 0.1% vol. and 0.2 % vol. PAN reinforced aramid hybrid specimens. The 0.5% vol. CNF doped 0.5% vol. PAN had increased by 30% when compared to a non-doped sample. Morphological studies indicated interlaminar shearing between plies was affected by CNF agglomerations. This was discovered when determining the impact properties of the multiscale doped hybrid composites. Electrospun nanofibres however, assisted in improving the interlaminar regions within aramid epoxy by mechanical locking within the epoxy, and creating an adhesive bond using Van der Waals forces and electrostatic charges between nanofibre and macro fibre. Hybridising aramid epoxy with the use of nanofibres assisted in improving various mechanical properties. Impact degradation was one disadvantage of hybridising using CNF doped PAN nanofibre reinforcements.
MT2017
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"Advancing Knowledge of Mechanically-Fiber Reinforced Asphalt Concrete." Doctoral diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.62832.
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abstract: The use of reinforcing fibers in asphalt concrete (AC) has been documented in many studies. Published studies generally demonstrate positive benefits from using mechanically fiber reinforced asphalt concrete (M-FRAC); however, improvements generally vary with respect to the particular study. The widespread acceptance of fibers use in the asphalt industry is hindered by these inconsistencies. This study seeks to fulfill a critical knowledge gap by advancing knowledge of M-FRAC in order to better understand, interpret, and predict the behavior of these materials. The specific objectives of this dissertation are to; (a) evaluate the state of aramid fiber in AC and examine their impacts on the mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures; (b) evaluate the interaction of the reinforcement efficiency of fibers with compositions of asphalt mixtures; (c) evaluate tensile and fracture properties of M-FRAC; (d) evaluate the interfacial shear bond strength and critical fiber length in M-FRAC; and (e) propose micromechanical models for prediction of the tensile strength of M-FRAC. The research approach to achieve these objectives included experimental measurements and theoretical considerations. Throughout the study, the mechanical response of specimens with and without fibers are scrutinized using standard test methods including flow number (AASHTO T 378) and uniaxial fatigue (AASHTO TP 107), and non-standard test methods for fiber extraction, direct tension, semi-circular bending, and single fiber pull-out tests. Then, the fiber reinforcement mechanism is further examined by using the basic theories of viscoelasticity as well as micromechanical models.
The findings of this study suggest that fibers do serve as a reinforcement element in AC; however, their reinforcing effectiveness depends on the state of fibers in the mix, temperature/ loading rate, properties of fiber (i.e. dosage, length), properties of mix type (gradation and binder content), and mechanical test type to characterize M-FRAC. The outcome of every single aforementioned elements identifies key reasons attributed to the fiber reinforcement efficiency in AC, which provides insights to justify the discrepancies in the literature and further recommends solutions to overcome the knowledge gaps. This improved insight will translate into the better deployment of existing fiber-based technologies; the development of new, and more effective fiber-based technologies in asphalt mixtures.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2020
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"Experimental investigation on the stress relaxation behavior of a high-strength aramid fiber." Tese, MAXWELL, 1999. http://www.maxwell.lambda.ele.puc-rio.br/cgi-bin/db2www/PRG_0991.D2W/SHOW?Cont=1260:pt&Mat=&Sys=&Nr=&Fun=&CdLinPrg=pt.
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Kuo, Chih-yu, and 郭志昱. "The Study of Adhesion Improve Between Aramid Fiber and Rubber by UV-cuing adhesives." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65099402989106933386.
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碩士逢甲大學
紡織工程所
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Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA)fiber is the high degree of crystallization fiber accout for poor adhesive with rubber. RFL resin system has to improve the adhesive between PPTA fiber and rubber. In this system, the volatile solvent could pollution of the environment. To dry by heart let RFL system not only cost the time but also cost the energy. This study aims at solve these problems by UV-curing system which have no volatile solvent in the resin and save more time and money. This study treats about improve the interface between aramid fiber and rubber. By way of：(1)aramid fiber surface treatment(2)the aramid fiber braided(3)dip the aramid fiber in UV-curing adhesives to improve the interface adhesion. There have three process to treatment PPTA fiber surface：(a)bromine etching (b)sodium hydroxide hydrolysis(c)ultraviolet irradiate. Through using the braiding machine braid the PPTA fiber like a lace in order to increase the area of PPTA fiber contact with rubber. The UV-cuing adhesives dipping the PPTA fiber are H-13、UV3-301、U401. According to experimental result, it could obtain the following several kinds of phenomena.The ultraviolet irradiate surface treatment and dipping UV-cuing adhesives H-13 have better effect on improve the interface adhesion between PPTA fiber and rubbr.
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Wright, T. M., C. M. Carr, Colin A. Grant, V. Lilladhar, and S. J. Russell. "Strength of hydroentangled fabrics manufactured from photo-irradiated poly para-phenylene terephthalamide (PPTA) fibres." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7413.
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NoPhoto-irradiation of poly para-phenylene terephthalamide (PPTA) fibre is normally associated with deterioration of physical properties. Nonwoven fabrics produced from 100% photo-irradiated PPTA fibres might therefore be expected to yield fabrics with poorer mechanical properties compared to those produced from non-irradiated fibres. To test this hypothesis, the bursting strength of hydroentangled fabrics manufactured from photo-irradiated PPTA fibres was explored. Prior to fabric manufacture, virgin PPTA staple fibres were photo-irradiated under controlled lighting conditions (xenon short arc lamp with a luminous flux of 13,000 lm) for 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 100 h. The photo-irradiated fibres were then hydroentangled to produce nonwoven fabrics. Photo-irradiation exposure of PPTA fibre up to 30 MJ m 2 was not found to be detrimental to fabric bursting strength and at irradiation energies of 5e10 MJ m 2 a small, but statistically significant increase in fabric bursting strength was observed compared to fabrics manufactured from non-irradiated fibre. This may be linked to a change in the surface and skin properties of the PPTA photo-irradiated fibres identified by atomic force microscopy (AFM) following photoirradiation.