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1

Wang, Binhua, Guangzhi Ding, Gang Wang, and Sisi Kang. "Effects of resin pre-coating on interfacial bond strength and toughness of laminar CFRP with and without short aramid fibre toughening." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 25 (May 1, 2020): 3883–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320923391.

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The brittle adhesive layer in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates was strengthened by using short aramid fibers in this study. To ensure the feasibility and effectiveness of short aramid fiber interfacial toughening at the interface between the carbon-fiber face sheets, the self-prepared short aramid fibre tissue and the wettability treatment technology with resin pre-coating were applied to enable short aramid fibres to be well embedded in the uneven regions in the CFRP fabrics with fibres oriented at 0° and 90° to form a strong pulling resistance. The ultimate load and the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness have been improved by 75% and 103.9% from the double cantilever beam mode I crack propagation tests, respectively. The reinforcing mechanisms within the “composite adhesive layer” as a result of short aramid fibres are discussed together with detailed scanning electron microscopy observations and comparison test results.
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2

Wang, Peng. "Research on the Design and Use of Structures and Components Made from Fibre Composite Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.782.

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Fibres composite materials designed as glass fibre, carbon fibre and aramid fibre. They were used for chemical resistance, compressive strength, stiffness, impact resistance, and fire resistance. However, they had a number of limitations, including vandalism, accidental damage, short-term durability, high cost, and suitably qualified staff shortage. These problems could be solved by appropriate monitoring, suitably qualified designers and contractors. The design and use of fibre composite materials has become an important aspect of engineering.
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3

Wiśniewski, Damian, Mieczysław Słowik, Jan Kempa, Agnieszka Lewandowska, and Joanna Malinowska. "Assessment of Impact of Aramid Fibre Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Selected Asphalt Mixtures." Materials 13, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 3302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153302.

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Various additives to asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures improving their properties are being used more and more frequently in order to improve the durability of road pavements. Such additives include various types of fibres, including aramid fibres. Tests concerning the impact of aramid fibre addition on the properties of selected asphalt mixtures have been described herein. Two types of asphalt mixtures were assessed: high modulus asphalt concrete (HMAC) and stone mastic asphalt (SMA). The examined asphalt mixtures were assessed with regard to: resistance to rutting, resistance to water and frost as well as fatigue resistance. The conducted tests showed relatively small impact of aramid fibre addition on the improvement of some assessed properties of the analysed asphalt mixtures. The obtained results were also compared to results of the tests conducted by the other research team concerning the impact of aramid fibre addition on the properties of the other types of asphalt mixtures.
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4

McKay, K. S., and M. A. Erki. "Grouted anchorages for aramid fibre reinforced plastic prestressing tendons." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 1065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-137.

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Nonmetallic prestressing tendons, made of fibre-reinforced composite materials, are being proposed as alternatives to steel prestressing tendons for bridges and parking garage structures, where corrosion is the leading cause of structural deterioration. One type of commercially available nonmetallic tendons is made of pultruded aramid fibres. One of the main problems for these tendons, which is common to all nonmetallic tendons, is that the high ratio of the axial to lateral strength of fibre-reinforced materials requires special attention to the type of anchorage used. For the aramid tendon, the simplest grouted anchorage consists of a steel tube filled with nonshrink grout, into which the end of the tendon is embedded. This note presents the test results of a parametric study on grouted anchorages for pultruded aramid tendons. Key words: prestressed concrete, nonmetallic tendons, aramid fibre, grouted anchorage.
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5

Klein, N., and G. Marom. "Surface Induced Crystallization in Fibre Reinforced Nylon 6,6 Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 1, no. 4 (July 1992): 096369359200100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359200100401.

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The present study deals with the growth of transcrystalline layer in Nylon 6,6 reinforced with HM pitch based carbon or aramid fibres. The kinetics of transcrystalline growth is investigated quantitatively. The surface energy parameters that are derived here, can be used to define a better criterion for the nucleation of transcrystallinity from the fibre surface. The free energy difference function, Δσ, as it appears in the classical theory of heterogeneous nucleation is calculated for both aramid and HM carbon fibres.
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6

Sharmila, S., and P. Chandrasekaran. "Performance evaluation of high performance concrete beams under cyclic loading." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.1 (December 21, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.8926.

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High performance concrete essentially consists of the same ingredients as in conventional concrete but the proportions are designed to provide the strength and durability which are needed for the structural and environmental requirements of the structure. Fiber-reinforced concrete is a concrete containing ingredients of conventional concrete and fibres which increases its structural integrity. Fibers act as crack arrester which are primarily due to plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete. The main aim of the present experimental investigation is to combine different fibres namely crimped stainless steel fibre and Aramid fibre to produce HFRC and thus to evaluate its mechanical performance. In Addition Micro silica and Quartz powder is added to obtain high performance. Based on I.S. Code method of mix design, proportion of different ingredients was obtained to get M60 grade concrete. Samples were prepared by varying the volume fraction of Steelfibre and aramid fibre from 0 to 1.5%. Three specimens of Cubes, Cylinders, and Prisms for each volume fraction of fibers are casted. Mechanical properties of each concrete composite were studied. The structural parameters such as load carrying capacity, ductility characteristics and energy absorption capacity of HPHFRC beams were assessed.
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7

Zhang, Sufeng, Meiyun Zhang, and Kecheng Li. "Adhesion force between aramid fibre and aramid fibrid by AFM." Polymer Bulletin 66, no. 3 (July 11, 2010): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-010-0335-5.

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8

Liu, Sinan, Tao Yang, Chang Liu, and Yu Du. "Comprehensive investigation of cutting mechanisms and hole quality in dry drilling woven aramid fibre–reinforced plastic with typical tools." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 14 (April 24, 2019): 2471–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405419844855.

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Due to high specific strength and strong toughness, aramid fibre–reinforced plastics have been widely used in the aircraft, military, and automobile industries. However, in the hole-making process, these excellent properties make aramid fibre–reinforced plastics difficult to machine and prone to severe entrance and exit damages. In this article, the cutting mechanisms of three typical tools (twist drill, burr tool, and brad drill) are thoroughly investigated during dry drilling of aramid fibre–reinforced plastic. On this basis, systematic experiments are conducted to evaluate the cutting performance and hole quality. At the hole entrance, the cutting edges of the twist drill peel and tear the uncut material, which results in severe fuzzing damage. Due to the radial rake angles of the burr tool and brad drill, the radial component of the cutting force can pre-tension aramid fibres prior to being cut, which effectively reduces the fuzzing defect. At the hole exit, the extrusion action of the chisel edge and the severe chip adherence are the main causes of exit damage for the twist drill and burr tool, respectively. Due to the decrease in the thrust force and improvement in the shearing action, the best hole quality is achieved by the brad drill. To further improve the hole quality, an auxiliary approach using collars is introduced to effectively restrain the damage by enhancing interfacial bonding strength. This article provides comprehensive and available information on tool performance for drilling aramid fibre–reinforced plastics, which can help guide process optimizations to achieve the desired hole quality.
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9

Andrews, M. C., and R. J. Young. "Fragmentation of aramid fibres in single-fibre model composites." Journal of Materials Science 30, no. 22 (November 1995): 5607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00356693.

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10

Harel, H., J. Aronhime, K. Schulte, K. Friedrich, and G. Marom. "Rate-dependent fatigue of aramid-fibre/carbon-fibre hybrids." Journal of Materials Science 25, no. 2 (February 1990): 1313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00585442.

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11

Trivedi, J. P., and R. C. Chatterjee. "Biodeterioration of aramid fibre byAnthrenus flavipes." Journal of Materials Science Letters 8, no. 5 (May 1989): 605–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00720314.

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12

Richardson, Alan, and Caroline Galloway. "External para‐aramid fibre – concrete reinforcement." Structural Survey 30, no. 2 (May 25, 2012): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630801211228752.

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13

Ulianov, C., A. M. Robinson, A. G. Gibson, and G. M. Fallatah. "Reliability analysis of aramid fibre yarns." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 39, no. 3-5 (June 2010): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328910x12647080902574.

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14

Dobb, M. G., and R. M. Robson. "Structural characteristics of aramid fibre variants." Journal of Materials Science 25, no. 1 (January 1990): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00714056.

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15

Chadwick, M. M. "Detecting microcracks in aramid fibre composites." Journal of Materials Science Letters 14, no. 20 (1995): 1464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00462215.

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16

Cui, Shuling, and Chunxiao Dou. "Dyeing properties of PSA/MPIA blended yarn." Pigment & Resin Technology 43, no. 5 (August 26, 2014): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-12-2013-0117.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to study the dyeing properties of polysulphonamide (PSA)/aramid 1313 (MPIA) blended yarn by selecting suitable dyes and carriers required in the dyeing process. Design/methodology/approach – Dyeing the blended yarn with cationic dyes, acid dyes, disperse dyes, reactive dyes and pigment, and comparing the shades, K/S values and fastness of the blended yarns. Findings – The PSA/MPIA blended fibre is suitable for dyeing with the cationic dye at high temperature and pressure in the presence of carrier acetophenone, and good homochromatism is seen on the two fibres when using same type of dye. Originality/value – PSA fibre is a thermo-resistant and flame-retardant product made in China in recent years. Blended with aramid 1313 fibre, it may acquire good spinnability. But there is little technical report about properties of the blended yarn in the literature at present. This paper reports the dyeing property of such fibres for the first time.
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17

Pach, Joanna, and Ewa Kuterek. "Investigation of the Quasi-Static Penetration Resistance Behaviour of Carbon/Aramid Fibre-Reinforced PP Laminate." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040709.

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This work presents the experimental results of a quasi-static attempt at the penetration of hybrid and non-hybrid laminates reinforced with aramid and carbon fibres on a thermoplastic polypropylene matrix. The hybrid laminates were prepared in two fibre combinations: carbon–aramid–carbon (CAC), in which the carbon fibres comprised the outer (lining) layers, and aramid–carbon–aramid (ACA) with carbon fibres in their intermediate layers. A quasistatic penetration attempt was performed for two coefficients: SPR—support span to punch diameter ratio, (SPR = 2 and 5). The SPR = Ds/Dp was calculated as the ratio of the support (Ds) to the punch diameter (Dp). A punch with a rounded 9-mm diameter tip was used to penetrate the material. Percentage changes of penetration energy (%E) and of maximum load (%P) compared to a non-hybrid laminate with carbon fibres were calculated in order to estimate the impact of hybridisation on the properties of laminates. The maximum load recorded during a quasi-static penetration test was used to calculate the PSS (punch shear strength) of the laminates. The damage was observed after the penetration test. It was observed that both the order of layers of laminate reinforcement as well as the SPR coefficient used in the test influenced the obtained results and the laminate damage mechanism.
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18

Bakht, Baidar, John Maheu, and Tatiana Bolshakova. "Stressed log bridges." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 490–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-053.

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The stressed log bridge was conceived as a means of recycling discarded utility timber poles, or logs, which are difficult to dispose because of having been treated with preservatives. To minimize wastage, the logs are trimmed to obtain two parallel flat surfaces, against which they are stacked and laterally stressed as in the familiar stress laminated wood decks. The log decks introduced in this paper are recommended to be stressed by means of aramid or glass fibre tendons which are inert and extremely flexible; because of which, the prestress losses can be virtually eliminated. The paper presents the details of the design, construction, and testing of a prototype stressed log bridge built to demonstrate the concept. The bridge was post-tensioned with aramid fibre cables known by the trade name of PARAFIL ropes. The tendons were first stressed to the maximum level corresponding to a high pressure that can be sustained by the wood and then, within half an hour, destressed to about 68% of the initial force. Observations over a period of about 10 months have confirmed that restressing of the deck is not required. Mainly because of economy, the use of glass fibre reinforced plastic rods is recommended instead of the aramid fibre cables. Key words: aramid fibre, bridge, glass fibre, log, prestress losses, stress laminated wood deck, timber bridge.
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19

Datta, R. N. "Improving Cut/Chip/Chunk Resistance in Truck Tyres by the Use of Para-Amid Chopped Fibres." International Polymer Science and Technology 32, no. 6 (June 2005): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0503200602.

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The tyre industry is continually striving to improve the cut/chip/chunk resistance of tyre treads while simultaneously maintaining a high level of product quality and product performance. Several approaches have been explored in which the fillers are varied, the cure package is optimised or polymers and their blend ratios are changed, but although each approach provides improvements with regard to cut/chip/chunk resistance, this is at the expense of hysteresis, heat buildup and fatigue properties. With its complete portfolio of aramid fibres, p-aramid (Twaron and Technora) and m-aramid (Teijin Conex), the company Teijin Twaron is the world leader in the field of chopped fibre rubber reinforcement. These chopped fibres provide rubber compounders with a potent tool for expanding the performance of rubber products beyond their current horizons
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20

Pauw, Brian R., Martin E. Vigild, Kell Mortensen, Jens W. Andreasen, and Enno A. Klop. "Analysing the nanoporous structure of aramid fibres." Journal of Applied Crystallography 43, no. 4 (June 19, 2010): 837–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889810017061.

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After consideration of the applicability of classical methods, a novel analysis method for the characterization of fibre void structures is presented, capable of fitting the entire anisotropic two-dimensional scattering pattern to a model of perfectly aligned, polydisperse ellipsoids. It is tested for validity against the computed scattering pattern for a simulated nanostructure, after which it is used to fit the scattering from the void structure of commercially available heat-treated poly(p-phenylene terephtalamide) fibre and its as-spun precursor fibre. The application shows a reasonable fit and results in size distributions for both the lengths and the widths of the ellipsoidal voids. Improvements to the analysis methods are compared, consisting of the introduction of an orientation distribution for the nano-ellipsoids, and the addition of large scatterers to account for the effect of fibrillar scattering on the scattering pattern. The fit to the scattering pattern of as-spun aramid fibre is improved by the introduction of the large scatterers, while the fit to the scattering pattern obtained from the heat-treated fibre improves when an orientation distribution is taken into account. It is concluded that, as a result of the heat treatment, the average width and length of the scatterers increase.
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21

Cai, B., and Y. H. Yuan. "Research on performance of aramid fibre composite." Materials Research Innovations 19, sup10 (December 14, 2015): S10–30—S10–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1432891715z.0000000002080.

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22

Atallah, K. M., and C. Galiotis. "Fibre strain mapping in aramid/epoxy microcomposites." Composites 24, no. 8 (November 1993): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(93)90126-s.

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23

Bazhenov, S. L. "Bending failure of aramid fibre-reinforced composite." Composites 26, no. 11 (November 1995): 757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(95)98196-r.

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24

Ranganathan, Vinitha, Gopinath Konchady, and Shankar Krishnapillai. "Friction and Wear Studies on the Aramid Fibre Based Non-Asbestos Brake Pads for Wind-Mill Application." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.101.

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The increasing demands for indigenous non-toxic friction material for wind mill application with better braking properties is ever expanding and this has motivated the development of non-asbestos brake pads. As an alternative to asbestos friction materials, aramid fibre reinforced phenolic matrix friction composite was developed with fibre content varying from 0 to 7 wt %. Using pin type specimens, their friction and wear behaviour was evaluated against cast iron disc in a pin on disc testing apparatus. The test results at a constant load of 70 N and at two speeds of 1.5 m/s and 5 m/s showed that the coefficient of friction decreased with fibre content and sliding velocity, almost linearly. The wear rate also decreased with increase in fibre content but was following a polynomial relation of third order. A composition which gives frictional coefficient of 0.45 to 0.40 and a minimum wear rate is desirable for the application. The formulation containing 5 wt % aramid fibre exhibited friction in this range and its wear rate was almost closer to the minimal value. Hence, from friction and wear considerations an aramid fibre content of 5 wt % is ideal for this application.
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25

Rallis, G., P. A. Tarantili, and A. G. Andreopoulos. "Epoxy Resin Composites with Surface Modified Aramid Fibres." Advanced Composites Letters 9, no. 2 (March 2000): 096369350000900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350000900204.

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Surface modified aramid fibres, after treatment in oxygen plasma and coating with novolac resin, were used for the preparation of reinforced epoxy specimens. The flexural properties of these specimens were determined and the results are discussed taking into consideration the surface characteristics of the modified fibres, as derived from pullout tests and contact angle measurements. Micrographs were also made to provide an additional support to the experimental data of this work. It was shown that both investigated techniques for modifying aramid fibres are adequate to promote their interfacial adhesive bonding to epoxy matrices due to the surface roughness and chemical affinity to the epoxy resin. Coating with novolac seemed a very interesting process since it is a simple and cheap technique and does not affect the fibre integrity.
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26

Helaly, F. M., S. H. El-Sabbagh, and L. Abd El-latif. "Evaluation of the Mechanical and Ultrasonic Properties of Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Rubber Containing Short Aramid Fibres." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 3 (March 2005): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300308.

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Short aramid fibres were incorporated into butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer rubber (NBR). An adhesion system (hydrated silica, resorcinol and hexamethylene tetramine) (HRH) was used to strengthen the bond between the rubber and the fibres. The rheological, tensile, ultrasonic properties and the hardness were determined by standard test methods. The properties of the composites improved as the fibre content increased up to 30 phr by weight. Longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic velocities were used to calculate the elastic parameters of the composites. Ultrasonic results were then used to assess the bonding between the fibres and the rubber matrix as well as the sound absorptive potential of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the fibre distribution in the rubber was satisfactory. Regression analysis was used to clarify the correlation between the longitudinal tensile strength and ageing time. The strain energy increased with fibre content while the fatigue life decreased.
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27

Curtis, P. T., and G. Dorey. "Fatigue of Composite Materials." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 203, no. 1 (January 1989): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_051_01.

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This paper reviews the area of fatigue of composite materials, particularly fibre-reinforced plastics, used in aerospace and other industries. The review concentrates on carbon, glass and aramid reinforcing fibres and epoxy resin as a matrix material. Mention is also made of newer matrices such as those based on thermoplastics.
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28

Wu, Wei Dong, Yan Hao Zhou, and Li Qun Zhang. "Reinforcing Mechanism of Novel Aramid Pulp Short Fibre in Chloroprene Rubber Matrix." Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (February 2006): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.513.

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The reinforcing mechanism of novel aramid pulp (AP) short fibre in CR matrix has been discussed in this paper, and it has been shown that the reinforcing effects of AP depend mainly on the dispersing uniformity and openness of those ultra-fine short fibres of AP in CR matrix.By proper pretreating method, the dispersing uniformity and openness of ultra-fine AP short fibres with high specific area can be improved markedly, so the large reinforcing potential can bring into play adequately.
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29

McKay, K. S., and M. A. Erki. "Flexural behaviour of concrete beams pretensioned with aramid fibre reinforced plastic tendons." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 4 (August 1, 1993): 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-085.

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The durability of reinforced concrete structures has become an increasing concern as our infrastructure ages. In particular is the deterioration of steel reinforcements when used in concrete structures exposed to severe corrosive environments. This paper investigates the feasibility of using noncorroding aramid fibre reinforced plastic (AFRP) tendons as a substitute for steel strand in pretensioned concrete applications. Three AFRP pretensioned beams, 150 × 300 × 2100 mm, were tested under static and cyclic loading. These results indicate that load capacities of the beams were not affected by the cyclic loading. Ultimate strengths were generally greater than predicted, primarily as a result of the ability of the AFRP rods to develop greater tensile stresses than expected. Key words: prestressed concrete, nonmetallic tendons, aramid fibres, advanced composite materials.
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30

Swiderski. "CFRP Non-Destructive Testing Using IR Thermography Methods." Proceedings 27, no. 1 (September 25, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019027030.

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Multilayer composites reinforced fibres are often used in military applications as construction materials for lightweight ballistic covers that protect against fragments and projectiles. The basic fibre used in these applications is aramid fibre, but research is also conducted using carbon fibres. One of the many methods used in non-destructive testing of composites is active infrared thermography, in which different types of sources can be used to thermally stimulate the material being tested. This paper compares the results obtained with various methods of thermal stimulation in the study of samples made with CFRP with deliberately introduced defects and destructive tests.
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31

De Almeida, Olivier, Jean-François Ferrero, Laurent Escalé, and Gérard Bernhart. "Charpy test investigation of the influence of fabric weave and fibre nature on impact properties of PEEK-reinforced composites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 32, no. 6 (June 4, 2018): 729–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718778744.

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The aim of the work is to use Charpy impact test for quick evaluations of different Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK)-reinforced composites to be used for impact protection. In the first part, the influence of weave pattern was first analysed by comparing the impact behaviour of three PEEK composites reinforced with plies of unidirectional (UD) tapes, 5H satin fabrics and 2 × 2 twill fabrics made of high-strength carbon fibres. In the second part, the influence of fibre nature was investigated for the same weave pattern. The impact behaviour of five 2 × 2 twill fabrics made from inorganic fibre (carbon, glass and basalt) and organic fibre (aramid and poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO)) has been compared. Two main types of failure modes were identified: a brittle behaviour mode with high failure strength and a highly deformable behaviour mode in which energy absorption is more important. The balance between brittle behaviour and highly deformable behaviour results from competition between the yarn crimp, weave pattern and fibre properties of the composite. Slight yarn crimp and small ply thickness increase the stiffness of the composite and induce brittle behaviour characterized by fibre failure in tension and a steep peak on the loading curves. This behaviour is observed in UD and 5H satin carbon-reinforced composites or 2 × 2 twill glass and basalt fabric-reinforced composites. In contrast, aramid and PBO 2 × 2 twill fabric composites exhibit high shear strength. The highly deformable behaviour of the specimens during the Charpy impact led, in the case of organic fibres, to a non-breakage of the fibres and consequently to a high level of energy absorption. This behaviour is necessarily interesting in armour applications.
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32

Sembokuya, Hideki, Masaki Hojo, and Kiyoshi Kemmochi. "The Effect of Water Absorption on Mode I Intterlaminar Fracture Toughness of Aramid Fibre Reinforced Plastics." Advanced Composites Letters 8, no. 2 (March 1999): 096369359900800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359900800201.

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Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness tests were carried out for aramid fibre reinforced epoxy laminates. Specimens immersed in water were also tested for comparison. The effect of water absorption on interlaminar fracture toughness was small for the aramid/epoxy laminates used in this study.
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33

Bousoulas, J., P. A. Tarantili, and A. G. Andreopoulos. "Resole Resin as Sizing Agent for Aramid Fibres." Advanced Composites Letters 10, no. 5 (September 2001): 096369350101000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350101000505.

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A comparative study was made in order to evaluate the interfacial characteristics of treated aramid fibres and epoxy resins. Surface treatment by coating with phenolic resins was performed using the following two systems: a) alkaline aqueous solution of resole resin and b) solution of novolac resin containing hexamethylene-tetramine as cross-linking agent. After these treatments, the modified aramid fibres were used for the preparation of reinforced epoxy specimens. The flexural properties of these specimens were determined and the results were discussed taking into consideration the surface characteristics of the modified fibres, as derived from pull-out tests and contact angle measurements. It was shown that both coatings are adequate to promote interfacial adhesive bonding to epoxy matrices due to the chemical reactivity of phenolic resins to the epoxy matrix as well as to their affinity with the aramid fibre surface. Resole appeared more efficient than novolac as it produces uniform continuous films, shows increased reactivity due to its higher hydroxyl content and can be easily processed because it is soluble in alkaline water solutions.
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34

Aerts, J. "Small-angle X-ray scattering of aramid fibre." Journal of Applied Crystallography 24, no. 5 (October 1, 1991): 709–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889890012730.

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35

Mori, Masaru, Yoshikimi Uyama, and Yoshito Ikada. "Surface modification of aramid fibre by graft polymerization." Polymer 35, no. 24 (November 1994): 5336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(94)90487-1.

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36

., S. Charvani. "PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ALUMINA NANOCOMPOSITES WITH ARAMID FIBRE AND HYBRID FIBRE REINFORCEMENTS." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 04, no. 03 (March 25, 2015): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2015.0403097.

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37

Marom, G., H. Harel, S. Neumann, K. Friedrich, K. Schulte, and H. D. Wagner. "Fatigue behaviour and rate-dependent properties of aramid fibre/carbon fibre hybrid composites." Composites 20, no. 6 (November 1989): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(89)90883-5.

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Marom, G., H. Harel, S. Neumann, K. Friedrich, K. Schulte, and H. D. Wagner. "Fatigue behaviour and rate-dependent properties of aramid fibre/carbon fibre hybrid composites." Composites 20, no. 6 (November 1989): 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(89)90912-9.

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39

Pradhan, A. K., R. Alagirusamy, and J. Bijwe. "Tribological properties of aramid–polypropylene composites from commingled yarns: influence of aramid fibre weight fraction." Journal of the Textile Institute 100, no. 8 (October 13, 2009): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000802170291.

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40

Przybyłek, Paweł, Andrzej Komorek, and Wojciech Kucharczyk. "Preliminary Assessment of the Influence of the Type of a Curing Agent upon Impact Loading of a Multi-Layered Composite." Solid State Phenomena 223 (November 2014): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.223.19.

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The properties of a multi-layered composite can be moulded through a selection of type, shape, and the number of layers of reinforcement material as well as powder fillers. Furthermore, the type and share of the matrix as well as the kind of hardeners also exert a significant influence on mechanical properties of composites. We attempted to experimentally establish the influence of the type of hardeners on mechanical properties. The test used Charpy’s hammer, and it was performed in the configuration of impact loading parallel to the edge. We prepared specimens of the materials. The specimens contained 12 layers of different fibre reinforcement: aramid (kevlar) fibre of 230 g/m2 basis weight, glass fibre of 150 g /m2, and carbon fibre of 160 g/m2 basis weight. The base was epoxy resin – Epidian 52, which was cured at room temperature by means of the following curing agents: PAC, TFF or Z-1, manufactured by Z. Ch. Organika-Sarzyna S.A. in Nowa Sarzyna. The experiments proved the tremendous influence of the type of the hardeners on toughness KC. It can be increased even by 25% for glass fibre reinforcement, about 20% for carbon fibre reinforcement and about 10% for aramid fibre reinforcement due to the use of an appropriate type of hardener.
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Chen, D., X. J. Chen, and G. K. Gyimah. "Wear residues of aramid fibre formation in friction materials." Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces 2, no. 3 (September 2008): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175158309x408306.

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Fallatah, G. M., N. Dodds, and A. G. Gibson. "Long term creep and stress rupture of aramid fibre." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 36, no. 9 (November 2007): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328907x248186.

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43

Manyukov, E. A., S. F. Sadova, N. N. Baeva, and V. A. Platonov. "Study of Dyeing of Thermostable Para/Meta-Aramid Fibre." Fibre Chemistry 37, no. 1 (January 2005): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10692-005-0053-1.

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Fischer, S., and G. Marom. "The flexural behaviour of aramid fibre hybrid composite materials." Composites Science and Technology 28, no. 4 (January 1987): 291–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(87)90027-3.

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Walker, Laurence, and Xiao-Zhi Hu. "Comparison of carbon fibre/epoxy composites reinforced by short aramid and carbon fibres." Scripta Materialia 41, no. 6 (August 1999): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(99)00193-1.

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Benmokrane, Brahim, Burong Zhang, Adil Chennouf, and Radhouane Masmoudi. "Evaluation of aramid and carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite tendons for prestressed ground anchors." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 1031–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-090.

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This paper presents the tension and bond properties of commercially available Aramid fibre reinforced polymer (AFRP) and carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) rods and their uplift and sustained loading behaviour as ground anchor tendons. Variables for the tests were tendon type and constituent, grout type, and bond or fixed anchor length. Test results indicated that the tension properties of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) rods were close to the reported data. The surface geometry of FRP rods and the properties of filling grouts influenced the pullout behaviour and bond strength of grouted FRP rods. CFRP Carbon Fiber Composite Cable and Leadline anchors had a higher uplift capacity but lower creep displacement than AFRP Arapree and Technora anchors. The tested CFRP monorod and FRP multirod anchors with a 1000 mm fixed anchor length exhibited an acceptable uplift behaviour according to existing codes. Creep behaviour appeared to control the long-term uplift capacity of prestressed FRP ground anchors. The recommended working load for post-tensioned FRP ground anchors is 0.40 fpu for AFRP rods and 0.50fpu for CFRP rods, where fpu is the ultimate load or strength of the anchor tendon.Key words: FRP, tendon, bond stress, anchorage, grouted anchor, fixed anchor length, free anchor length, slip, creep.
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Huang, Y. D., L. Liu, Y. F. Sun, J. H. Qiu, N. Nakayama, and T. Kumazawa. "Continuous Monitoring of Resin Content in Prepreg Unidirectional Tapes by Beta-Ray Method." Advanced Composites Letters 11, no. 1 (January 2002): 096369350201100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350201100104.

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A beta-ray monitoring technique has been developed to measure the resin content during the manufacture of prepreg unidirectional tapes by solution impregnation process. A series of calibration relations have been obtained for aramid, carbon and glass fibres reinforced epoxy prepreg tapes, and good agreements with resin content have been shown by the beta-ray system and conventional solvent extraction method. Moreover, the effect of the variation of the fibre areal weight on measuring accuracy has been analysed.
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Mahy, J., L. W. Jenneskens, and O. Grabandt. "The fibre/matrix interphase and the adhesion mechanism of surface-treated TwaronR aramid fibre." Composites 25, no. 7 (January 1994): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(94)90198-8.

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Carrillo, J. G., N. G. Gonzalez-Canche, E. A. Flores-Johnson, and P. Cortes. "Low velocity impact response of fibre metal laminates based on aramid fibre reinforced polypropylene." Composite Structures 220 (July 2019): 708–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.04.018.

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Wong, Joanna CH, Javier Molina Blanco, and Paolo Ermanni. "Filament winding of aramid/PA6 commingled yarns with in situ consolidation." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 4 (May 19, 2017): 465–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705717706528.

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The in situ consolidation of commingled yarns during filament winding is demonstrated on an aramid fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 material. This article is a systematic experimental investigation of the filament winding processing parameters, namely, the heat gun temperature, line speed, fibre tension, compaction force and preheater temperature. Optimizing the processing parameters in this filament winding process produced a fully consolidated material with a void content of ∼0.25% which is comparable to the material quality achieved by means of compression moulding using the same intermediate materials.
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