Journal articles on the topic 'Arawak Indians'

A total of 216 species additions to the flora of Kannur district, Kerala, India from Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary is reported based on the floristic studies carried out. Out of 216 species, 161 are dicotyledons and 55 monocotyledons spread across 72 families. The list includes 109 Peninsular Indian endemics comprising 59 southern Western Ghats endemics.

The earthquake that occurred in Banda Aceh on December 26, 2004, followed by the tsunami along the coastline of the Indian Ocean caused a huge number of casualties and infrastructure destruction including green open space. This article presents the change of Banda Aceh green open space before and after the tsunami, the requirement of Banda Aceh green open space based on vast territory and population, and the development direction of Banda Aceh green open space. The applied method was image interpretation, and classification, analysis of green open space requirement was calculated based on vast territory in accordance with Act No. 26/2007, based on population with green open space requirement standard per capita as in PERMENPU No. 5/PRT/M/2008. Green City Development Program (P2KH) concept which was applied to arrange the development direction of Banda Aceh green open space, and integrated with the land use plan in RTRW of Banda Aceh. The result of green open space wide before and after tsunami analysis showed that even before the tsunami, Banda Aceh green open space still far from sufficient as required of spatial planning constitution (13,92 % of the city area). Right after the tsunami, Banda Aceh green open space was reduced to only remaining about 9,31 % of the city area. Five years later (2010) Banda Aceh green open space was increased to 12,83 % of the city area, and by the year of 2015 Banda Aceh has green open space about 37,51 % of the city area. The requirement of Banda Aceh green open space based on the vast territory is 1.227,18 ha public green open space, and 613,59 ha private green open space, based on total population predicted by 2029 is 687,89 ha. The development direction of Banda Aceh green open space is intensification by increasing the quality of existing green open space and extensification by the acquisition of private land for green open space.

Tariana is spoken by about 100 people in the multilingual area of the Vaupés basin in northwest Amazonia (Brazil). Other languages spoken in the area are members of the East Tucanoan subgroup, with its most numerous representative, the Tucano language, rapidly gaining ground as a lingua franca. Also spoken are Makú languages; Baniwa, an Arawak language spoken on the fringes of the area and closely related to Tariana; and Portuguese, the national language. The area is known for its language group exogamy and institutionalized multilingualism, with its language being the badge of identity for each group. Language choice is motivated by power relationship and by status, and there are strict rules for code-switching. Inserting bits of other languages while speaking Tariana (“code-mixing”) has different consequences that mirror existing ethnic stereotypes. Code-mixing with Tucano is considered a “language violation”; using elements of Baniwa is considered funny, while mixing different Tariana dialects implies that one “cannot speak Tariana properly.” Overusing Portuguese is associated with the negative image of an Indian who tries to be better than his peers.

Globally considered one of the most persecuted minority groups, the Rohingyas are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in northern Rakhine who have fled Myanmar in a large-scale exodus since August 2017. More than 700,000 refugees fled to Bangladesh after a military crackdown on Rohingyas last August, following the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army’s attack on Myanmar’s military posts. This massive refugee outflow of Rohingya Muslims from Myanmar into Bangladesh has created a humanitarian crisis that carries implications on regional stability and security and also outrage among the international community. As a neighbor country, Bangladesh expects India’s respond promptly to support the government. This paper briefly examines India’s approach towards the Roh-ingya crisis and explores ways for India through its role in humanitarian and geopolitical including diplomatic, domestic political compulsions, security and economic interest. It also analyses India’s response to the Rohingya crisis focusing on India-Myanmar relations and also India’s need to counter China’s growing influence in its neighborhood. The paper also argues that as a neighbor friend and partner of Bangladesh, the role of India in Rohingya crisis has become a global expectation for peace and conflict resolution.

‘Rohingya’- world’s most persecuted minority group came to the attention of the international media again in the mid of 2017 due to the brutality they were experiencing in their homeland by the state authority of Myanmar. Now they are being labeled as the ‘perpetual other’ of Myanmar and as the ‘Bengali intruders’ by the society regardless of being the inhabitants in the Rakhine state for centuries (The Diplomat 2017). As a result of this Bangladesh experienced the largest surge of displaced people into its border after its independence. They are ‘culturally discriminated, economically exploited and politically sidelined’ and are being discerned by the Arakan people as a threat to their national identity and an additional competitor for the natural resources (Wolf 2015). It is widely believed that the reason of the violent crackdown of the military against the ‘Rohingya’ community in the Arakan state is either religiously or ethnically motivated. But this is only a splinter part of the entire truth. These violent atrocities against the Rohingya community is more politically and economically motivated than religiously and ethnically. This paper will focus on the causes of the present crisis which started to unveil since 2017 and how these are linked with the interest of the different stakeholders like: the Military junta of Myanmar, Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), ASEAN, Bangladesh, Indian government, China, the UN, etc. To understand the causes and the effects of the conflict this paper will use the tool of ‘conflict tree’ and the ‘conflict onion’ will be used as a tool to understand the positions, needs and interests of different actors.

Purpose This paper aims to describe a multi-scenario assessment of the seismogenic tsunami hazard for Bangladesh from active subduction zones in the Indian Ocean region. Two segments of the Sunda arc, namely, Andaman and Arakan, appear to pose a tsunamigenic seismic threat to Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach High-resolution numerical simulations of tsunami propagation toward the coast of Bangladesh have been carried out for eight plausible seismic scenarios in Andaman and Arakan subduction zones. The numerical results have been analyzed to obtain the spatial variation of the maximum tsunami amplitudes as well as tsunami arrival times for the entire coastline of Bangladesh. Findings The results suggest that the tsunami heights are amplified on either side of the axis of the submarine canyon which approaches the nearshore sea off Barisal in the seaboard off Sundarban–Barisal–Sandwip. Moreover, the computed tsunami amplitudes are comparatively higher north of the latitude 21.5o in the Teknaf–Chittagong coastline. The calculated arrival times indicate that the tsunami waves reach the western half of the Sundarban–Barisal–Sandwip coastline sooner, while shallow water off the eastern half results in a longer arrival time for that part of the coastline, in the event of an earthquake in the Andaman seismic zone. On the other hand, most parts of the Chittagong–Teknaf coastline would receive tsunami waves almost immediately after an earthquake in the northern segment of the Arakan seismic zone. Originality/value The present assessment includes probabilistic measures of the tsunami hazard by incorporating several probable seismic scenarios corresponding to recurrence intervals ranging from 25 years to over 1,000 years.

AbstractTowards the end of World War II, the morale of British units stationed in Burma and India was on a downslide. In contrast, the morale of Indian units was quite high. In fact, after the 1943 Arakan Campaign, the morale of Indian units rose slowly but steadily. The morale and discipline of Indian troops are also compared and contrasted with another colonial army: the African troops. By making a comparative study of the Commonwealth troops deployed in Burma and India, this paper attempts to show how and why the contours of morale and discipline changed among the various groups of troops at different times. The study of morale and discipline of the troops deployed in these two regions represents two extreme conditions: while Burma remained a war front, India did not experience any actual warfare except for some skirmishes with Indus tribes at the northwest frontier. In general, bad discipline is partly responsible for bad morale and vice versa, which adversely affects the fighting power of armies. This turns to the issue of ‘why do men fight’? The ‘will to war’ is directly proportional to good discipline and strong morale amongst troops. This paper will look for the causative factors shaping discipline and morale of both metropolitan and colonial soldiers, based mainly on military intelligence reports on morale. We will see that rather than grand ideas like nationalism and anti-fascism, mundane factors like the supply of good rations, access to sex and service conditions, influence the morale and discipline of soldiers, and hence their combat-worthiness.

Hindi: "भूतकाल का अध्ययन केवल वर्तमान के माध्यम से ही किया जा सकता है । बीते हुए समय के अध्ययन के लिए वर्तमान वस्तुओं तथा वर्तमान में विद्यमान संस्करणों को भूतकाल के अवशेषों के रूप में लेकर उनसे भूतकाल की घटनाओं के बारे में निष्कर्ष निकाला जाता है। वे तर्क जिनके आधार पर निष्कर्ष निकाले जाते हैं वे वर्तमान वस्तुओं घटनाओं तथा संबंधों के अवलोकन पर आधारित होते हैं"।1 English: The excavation work done in India gives information about the stages of ancient Indian culture and various cultural region and their important characteristics. The materials and pottery found from the excavation of chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh are the direct evidences of tradition of pottery paintings . In Madhya Pradesh the cultural range from the Chalcolithic (Tamrashmiya) period to the early medieval period can be traced to the sites of Kayatha, Ujjain, Nagda, Vidisha, Maheshwar-Nawadatoli, Arawa, etc..The erstwhile pottery here provides a perfect example of the amalgamation of different cultures. The Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh has its own style of personal character tradition, this tradition has been more advanced and elaborate than other eligible traditions.

Abstract Microearthquakes recorded by two surveys in the Shillong Plateau during December 1982-July 1983 and January-February 1984, respectively, have been analyzed for seismicity and tectonic study in the region. Of 1,000 events recorded during the surveys, 180 events with reliable P and S readings (which are observed within 50 km radius of the network), are relocated by the homogeneous station method. It is found that the events are mostly confined within a depth range of 10 to 35 km. The seismicity, in general, may be correlated with the major geological structure/lineaments in the area. High rates of seismicity are observed in the Shillong and Tura areas. On the other hand, an aseismic zone is delineated to the east of Shillong. Composite source mechanisms of two groups of microearthquakes show thrust-fault mechanisms. One group of microearthquakes (1982 to 1983) in the Shillong area shows pure thrust faulting with a SE-NW compressive stress (P axis), whereas the other group of microearthquakes (1984) in the Tura area shows thrust faulting with a strike-slip component and a ENE-WSW compressive stress (P axis). The stress orientations are compatible with the known tectonics of the region: collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate at the Himalaya and subduction of the Indian plate beneath the Burmese plate at the Arakan-Yoma range.

The Coromandel port of Masulipatnam, at the northern extremity of the Krishna delta, rose to prominence as a major centre of maritime trade in the last quarter of the sixteenth century. Its growing importance after about 1570 is explicable in terms of two sets of events: first, the consolidation of the Sultanate of Golkonda under Ibrahim Qutb Shah (r. 1550–1580), and second, the rise within the Bay of Bengal of a network of ports with a distinctly anti-Portuguese character, including the Sumatran centre of Aceh, the ports of lower Burma, of Arakan, as well as Masulipatnam itself. Round about 1550, Masulipatnam was no more than a supplier of textiles on the coastal network to the great port of Pulicat further south, but by the early 1580s its links with Pegu and Aceh had grown considerably, causing not a little alarm in the upper echelons of the administration of the Portuguese Estado da Índia at Goa. The ‘Moors’ who owned and operated ships out of Masulipatnam did so without the benefit of carlazes from the Portuguese captains either at São Tomé or at any other neighbouring port, and while developing an intense trade within the Bay of Bengal, strictly avoided the Portuguese-controlled entrepot at Melaka. The Portuguese in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were heavily involved in it in western India and a recent study has marshalled evidence from Portuguese sources on the mechanics of that trade in a port on the Kanara coast.2 In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with the entry into the Indian Ocean of the large Chartered Companies, evidence on the grain trade is substantially increased, enabling us to see it in sharper focus in the broad canvas of Asian trade. the port was no more than a minor nuisance, and in the engagements that ensued, the Portuguese frequently had the worst of it, subsequently negotiating to recover prisoners lodged at Masulipatnam or at the court in Golkonda.2 However, by about 1590, the tenor of the relationship between the viceregal administration at Goa and the court at Golkonda had begun to show signs of change

Microarchaeological methods, especially those focused on geoarchaeology and radiocarbon dating, have revolutionized the manner in which the Iron Age settlement peak in the Negev Highlands is interpreted. We review here results from field and laboratory studies conducted at two Iron Age sites (Atar Haroa and Nahal Boqer) compared to one Byzantine/Early Islamic site (Wadi el-Mustayer)—all located near Sede Boqer. We present our methodology, which is based on small-scale but detailed excavations, study of sediments, and identification of livestock dung remains and their utility as indicators of past subsistence practices. To this we add meticulous 14C dating, ceramic petrography, and identification of botanic and zoological remains. We conclude that subsistence during the Iron Age included tending livestock but did not include agriculture. We further propose that the long-distance trade of copper from the Arabah Valley under Egyptian auspices and possibly the trading of cinnamon, dates, and other Arabian/Indian commodities were the driving force in the initiation (and later decline) of the Iron Age settlement system. We hypothesize that the agricultural settlement peak during the Byzantine/Early Islamic period was also influenced by an imperial power from outside of the Negev and that large-scale agriculture was enabled due to the adoption of new agricultural techniques, including terracing of ephemeral streams along with water diversion systems and possibly water storage facilities such as advanced cisterns. Future studies are expected to shed additional light on the complexity of settlement oscillations in the Negev Highlands region in key periods such as the Early and Intermediate Bronze Ages.

Etlingera linguiformis (Roxb.) R.M.Sm. of Zingiberaceae family is an important indigenous medicinal and aromatic plant of Nagaland, India, that grows well in warm climates with loamy soil rich in humus (1). The plant rhizome has medicinal benefits in treating sore throats, stomachache, rheumatism, and respiratory complaints, while its essential oil is used in perfumery. A severe disease incidence of leaf blight was observed on the foliar portion of E. linguiformis at the Patkai mountain range of northeast India in September 2012. Initial symptoms of the disease are small brown water soaked flecks appearing on the upper leaf surface with diameter ranging from 0.5 to 3 cm, which later coalesced to form dark brown lesions with a well-defined border. Lesions often merged to form large necrotic areas, covering more than 90% of the leaf surface, which contributed to plant death. The disease significantly reduces the number of functional leaves. As disease progresses, stems and rhizomes were also affected, reducing quality and yield. The diseased leaf tissues were surface sterilized with 0.2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min followed by rinsing in sterile distilled water and transferred into potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. After 3 days, the growing tips of the mycelium were transferred to PDA slants and incubated at 25 ± 2°C until conidia formation. Fungal colonies on PDA were dark gray to dark brown, usually zonate; stromata regularly and abundantly formed in culture. Conidia were straight to curved, ellipsoidal, 3-septate, rarely 4-septate, middle cells broad and darker than other two end cells, middle septum not median, smooth, 18 to 32 × 8 to 16 μm (mean 25.15 × 12.10 μm). Conidiophores were terminal and lateral on hyphae and stromata, simple or branched, straight or flexuous, often geniculate, septate, pale brown to brown, smooth, and up to 800 μm thick (2,3). Pathogen identification was performed by the Indian Type Culture Collection, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (ITCC Accession No. 7895.10). Further molecular identity of the pathogen was confirmed as Curvularia aeria by PCR amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal DNA by using primers ITS4 and ITS5 (4). The sequence was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. MTCC11875). BLAST analysis of the fungal sequence showed 100% nucleotide similarity with Cochliobolus lunatus and Curvularia aeria. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying with an aqueous conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia /ml) on leaves of three healthy Etlingera plants. Three plants sprayed with sterile distilled water served as controls. The first foliar lesions developed on leaves 7 days after inoculation and after 10 to 12 days, 80% of the leaves were severely infected. Control plants remained healthy. The inoculated leaves developed similar blight symptoms to those observed on naturally infected leaves. C. aeria was re-isolated from the inoculated leaves, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. The pathogenicity test was repeated twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of C. aeria on E. linguiformis. References: (1) M. H. Arafat et al. Pharm. J. 16:33, 2013. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (3) K. J. Martin and P. T. Rygiewicz. BMC Microbiol. 5:28, 2005. (4) C. V. Suberamanian. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 38:27, 1955.

The oil crisis in the early 1980s has triggered the necessity of finding oil reserves among non - oil producing countries. India and Thailand are both oil consumption countries. Because of the rapid economic development and high vehicular fuel consumption, India has become one of the top five oil consumption countries in the world. Thailand though has less population but the demand for oil energy is still increasing. From the geopolitics perspective, Myanmar is country with abundant oil resource that located between Thailand and India, become a vital geo – economics subject for both countries. Bilateral cooperation, between India - Myanmar and Thailand-Myanmar attests the importance of Myanmar in both regards. By visiting Myanmar, India’s ministry of energy has strengthened the energy cooperation between India and Myanmar. Meanwhile, Thailand, as a natural gas consumer from both the Yadana and Yetakun, in the Gulf of Mottama or Arakan, Myanmar, has hiked up her import of natural gas from Myanmar. The agreements in the 1990s have resulted in the increase of oil imports to India and Thailand. The oil demand for both countries could lead India and Thailand into competitors. Thanks to the policy of energy cooperation between India and Thailand, their attempts are to build multilateral partnership in order to increase the capability to strengthen energy connectivity from Myanmar. By making the connectivity more convenient and efficient has led to the creation of BIMSTEC Gas Pipeline project. Myanmar as the energy leader in BIMSTEC has placed Thailand, Myanmar, India and others countries in the framework of cooperation. In the future energy will play an important role to strengthen the cooperation in BIMSTEC which highly oil consumption still continuously. This article aims to show that the cooperation like BIMSTEC can guarantee the energy dependence for Thailand and India in the future. It will also analyze their related policy formulation, such as the plan for an alternative energy security.

Abstract Plants of one or two cultivars of 16 annuals and 14 herbaceous perennials were evaluated based on desirability and anecdotal evidence of resistance to Phytophthora root or crown rot. Six plant cultivars served as susceptible controls. Three landscape beds were established in North Carolina and each was infested with three species of Phytophthora: P. nicotianae, P. drechsleri, and P. tropicalis. Plants were regularly rated for disease incidence and symptomatic plants were assayed to determine the presence of Phytophthora species. Ten cultivars of annuals and seven cultivars of herbaceous perennials did not exhibit symptoms of Phytophthora root or crown rot or other disease throughout the season (June 4 to October 15, 2018). Phytophthora spp. were recovered from seven and six cultivars of the evaluated annuals and herbaceous perennials, respectively. Phytophthora nicotianae, P. drechsleri, or P. cryptogea were recovered from a susceptible host in each landscape bed. P. tropicalis was recovered from one plant cultivar evaluated. Phytophthora cryptogea was recovered from three plant cultivars, although this species was not intentionally introduced in the landscape beds. We identified 22 plant cultivars within 13 herbaceous plant species that grew vigorously in landscape beds infested with species of Phytophthora. Index words: bedding plants, disease resistance, herbaceous perennials, landscape plants, Phytophthora nicotianae, Phytophthora drechsleri, Phytophthora tropicalis. Species used in this study: yarrow (Achillea millefolium L. ‘Desert Eve Red'), fernleaf yarrow (Achillea filipendulina Lam. ‘Moonshine Yellow'), angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia Benth. ‘ArchAngel Pink', ‘Serenita White'), annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don ‘Cora Apricot', ‘Cora Strawberry', ‘Pacifica Raspberry'), celosia (Celosia argentea L. ‘New Look'), tickseed (Coreopsis auriculata L. ‘Nana', ‘Yellow Jethro Tull'), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench ‘Cheyenne Spirit', ‘PowWow Wild Berry'), blanket flower (Gaillardia x grandiflora Hort. ‘Goblin', ‘Mesa Bi-color'), Barberton daisy (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hooker f. ‘Crazy Daisy'), verbena (Glandularia canadensis ‘Homestead Purple'), >dusty miller (Jacobaea maritima (L.) Pelser & Meijden ‘Silver Dust'), New Guinea impatiens (Impatienshawkeri W.Bull ‘Hamony', ‘Sunpatiens Compact Orchid', ‘Sunpatiens Lilac'), sweet potato vine (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. ‘Ace of Spades', ‘Bright Idea Tri-color'), West Indian lantana (Lantana camara L. ‘Miss Huff'), lantana (Lantana x hybrida ‘New Gold'), shasta daisy (Leucanthemum x superbum (Bergmans ex J.W. Ingram) Bergmans ex Kent. ‘Becky', ‘Snow Lady'), bee balm (Monarda didyma L. ‘Petite Delight', ‘Jacob Cline'), ornamental grass (Panicum virgatum L. ‘Rotstrahlbusch', ‘Shenandoah'), geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum L.H. Bailey (pro. sp.) ‘Bullseye Cherry', Calliope Dark Red'), calibrachoa (Petunia x calibrachoa ‘Super Cal'), petunia (Petunia x hybrida (Hooker) Vilmorin ‘Easy Wave Red', ‘Easy Wave White', ‘Wave Purple', ‘Yellow Madness', Violet Picotee'), annual phlox (Phlox drummondii Hook. ‘Intensia Red Hot', ‘Phlox Star'), garden phlox (Phlox paniculata L. ‘Amethyst True Gal'), black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta L. ‘Indian Summer', ‘Prairie Sun'), mealy blue sage (Salvia farinacea Benth. ‘Victoria Blue'), African marigold (Tagetes erecta L. ‘Inca Yellow', ‘Proud Yellow'), French marigold (Tagetes patula L. ‘Disco Mix', ‘Disco Yellow'), narrowleaf zinnia (Zinnia angustifolia Kunth. ‘Star Orange', ‘Star White'), Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan, Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. and Laff, Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker, Phytophthora tropicalis Aragaki and J.Y. Uchida, zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq. ‘Magellan Orange').

-Bill Maurer, Mimi Sheller, Consuming the Caribbean: From Arawaks to Zombies. New York: Routledge, 2003. ix + 252 pp.-Norman E. Whitten, Jr., Richard Price ,The root of roots: Or, how Afro-American anthropology got its start. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press/University of Chicago Press, 2003. 91 pp., Sally Price (eds)-Holly Snyder, Paolo Bernardini ,The Jews and the expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001. xv + 567 pp., Norman Fiering (eds)-Bridget Brereton, Seymour Drescher, The mighty experiment: Free labor versus slavery in British emancipation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 307 pp.-Jean Besson, Kathleen E.A. Monteith ,Jamaica in slavery and freedom: History, heritage and culture. Kingston; University of the West Indies Press, 2002. xx + 391 pp., Glen Richards (eds)-Michaeline A. Crichlow, Jean Besson, Martha Brae's two histories: European expansion and Caribbean culture-building in Jamaica. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. xxxi + 393 pp.-Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, Joseph C. Dorsey, Slave traffic in the age of abolition: Puerto Rico, West Africa, and the Non-Hispanic Caribbean, 1815-1859. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. xvii + 311 pp.-Arnold R. Highfield, Erik Gobel, A guide to sources for the history of the Danish West Indies (U.S. Virgin Islands), 1671-1917. Denmark: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2002. 350 pp.-Sue Peabody, David Patrick Geggus, Haitian revolutionary studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. xii + 334 pp.-Gerdès Fleurant, Elizabeth McAlister, Rara! Vodou, power, and performance in Haiti and its Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. xviii + 259 pp. and CD demo.-Michiel Baud, Ernesto Sagás ,The Dominican people: A documentary history. Princeton NJ: Marcus Wiener, 2003. xiii + 278 pp., Orlando Inoa (eds)-Samuel Martínez, Richard Lee Turits, Foundations of despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo regime, and modernity in Dominican history. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 2003. x + 384 pp.-Eric Paul Roorda, Bernardo Vega, Almoina, Galíndez y otros crímenes de Trujillo en el extranjero. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 2001. 147 pp.''Diario de una misión en Washington. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 2002. 526 pp.-Gerben Nooteboom, Aspha Bijnaar, Kasmoni: Een spaartraditie in Suriname en Nederland. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Bert Bakker, 2002. 378 pp.-Dirk H.A. Kolff, Chan E.S. Choenni ,Hindostanen: Van Brits-Indische emigranten via Suriname tot burgers van Nederland. The Hague: Communicatiebureau Sampreshan, 2003. 224 pp., Kanta Sh. Adhin (eds)-Dirk H.A. Kolff, Sandew Hira, Het dagboek van Munshi Rahman Khan. The Hague: Amrit/Paramaribo: NSHI, 2003. x + 370 pp.-William H. Fisher, Neil L. Whitehead, Dark Shamans: Kanaimà and the poetics of violent death. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2002. 309 pp.-David Scott, A.J. Simoes da Silva, The luxury of nationalist despair: George Lamming's fiction as decolonizing project. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000. 217 pp.-Lyn Innes, Maria Cristina Fumagalli, The flight of the vernacular. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001. xvi + 303 pp.-Maria Cristina Fumagalli, Tobias Döring, Caribbean-English passages: Intertextuality in a postcolonial tradition. London: Routledge, 2002. xii + 236 pp.-A. James Arnold, Celia Britton, Race and the unconscious: Freudianism in French Caribbean thought. Oxford: Legenda, 2002. 115 pp.-Nicole Roberts, Dorothy E. Mosby, Place, language, and identity in Afro-Costa Rican literature. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003. xiii + 248 pp.-Stephen Steumpfle, Philip W. Scher, Carnival and the formation of a Caribbean transnation. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. xvi + 215 pp.-Peter Manuel, Frances R. Aparicho ,Musical migrations: transnationalism and cultural hybridity in Latin/o America, Volume 1. With Maria Elena Cepeda. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 216 pp., Candida F. Jaquez (eds)-Jorge Pérez Rolón, Maya Roy, Cuban Music. London: Latin America Bureau/Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2002. ix + 246 pp.-Bettina M. Migge, Gary C. Fouse, The story of Papiamentu: A study in slavery and language. Lanham MD: University Press of America, 2002. x + 261 pp.-John M. McWhorter, Bettina Migge, Creole formation as language contact: the case of the Suriname creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2003. xii + 151 pp.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has various unfavorable effects on individuals and the community. This study aims to assess the psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic and the subsequent social isolation on the general population of Karnataka, India. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Karnataka from 8 to 14 April 2020 using the snowball technique. The psychological impact was assessed with the help of the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and seven-item General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaires. IBM SPSS Statistics Subscription version 16.0 was recruited to analyze the data. Descriptive (Mean + Standard Deviation) and bivariate (Pearson chi-square and ANOVA tests) analysis used to present data with the significance level set at less than 0.05. Results: This study included 1537 participants from 26 cities in Karnataka. About two-thirds of the respondents were undergraduate students (951, 61.9%), females (768, 50.0%), and 40.1% stayed about 15-20 days in social isolation. The prevalence of depression was 47.0%, and anxiety was 41.5%, respectively, among the surveyed sample. After the analysis, the age group 21-30 year old (P < 0.001), females P < 0.001), urban residents (P = 0.021), and the students (P p < 0.001) were significant for depression. However, only the age group 31-40 years was found to be more susceptible to anxiety. Conclusion: As important as addressing the psychological effects, knowing people at risk of developing mental illnesses will contribute effectively to providing appropriate psychological rehabilitation programs at the right time. References World Health Organization, Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report –1, 21 January 2020. 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Mrauk U is situated in the western part of modern Myanmar and was the capital of Arakan (Rakhine) from 1430 CE until the Burmese conquest in 1784 CE. Its unique position in the Bay of Bengal via the Kaladan river and its tributaries resulted in the development of a commercial and cultural center in its heyday. European travel accounts and chronicles describe Mrauk U as a prosperous cosmopolitan city with a polyglot court, not only using native Arakanese language but also Persian and Bengali. Consequently, the remnants of art and archaeology reveal that the artisans drew much of their inspiration from Indian, European and Burmese traditions (Gutman 2001; 2002; Leider 2002:83). This paper contextualizes decorative glazed tiles of Arakanese Buddhist monuments in relation to the historical, political and cultural situation of Mrauk U. Regional interaction will be taken into account to identify the origins and development of Arakanese glazing technology. Previous research has mainly focused on the art and architecture of the Mrauk U period and the origin of the glazing technique remains vague. The comparative analysis reveals that significant elements in Arakanese glazing art, such as the use of stylized, geometric, floral or vegetal designs and animal poses seem to be borrowed from Islamic art. This article argues that Islamic tile tradition exerted considerable influence on the Arakanese glazing technique, probably via Bengal. မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ အနောက်ဖက်ပိုင်းတွင်တည်ရှိသော မြောက်ဦးမြို့သည် 1430 AD မှစ၍ 1784 AD ဗမာမင်းများ သိမ်းပိုက်ခဲ့သည့်အချိန်တိုင်အောင် ရခိုင်လူမျိုးတို့​၏ မြို့တော်ဖြစ်ခဲ့ပါသည်။ ဥရောပ ခရီးသွားမှတ်တမ်းများနှင့် ရာဇဝင်များတွင် ဖော်ပြချက်များအရ မြောက်ဦးသည် လူမျိုးပေါင်းစုံ အခြေချနေထိုင်ပီး မိခင် ရခိုင့်ဘာသာစကား သာမက ပါရှန်းနှင့် င်္ဘဂါလီဘာသာစကားများပါ အသုံးပြုသော နန်းတော်တည်ရှိရာမြို့လည်း ဖြစ်သည်။ ၎င်း​၏ အကျိုးဆက် အနေဖြင့် မြောက်ဦးမြို့ရှိ ကျွင်းကျန်ရစ်သော ရှေးဟောင်သုတေသနနှင့် အနုပညာလက်ရာများသည် အိန္ဒိယ၊ ဥရောပ နှင့် မြန်မာ့ယဉ်ကျေးမှုဟန်များ ရောယှက်လျက်ရှိပါသည်။ ယခုစာတမ်းသည် မြောက်ဦးမြို့ရှိ ဗုဒ္ဓသာသနိက အဆောက်အဦးများတွင် အလှဆင်ထားသော စဉ့်ချပ်များအကြောင်းကို မြောက်ဦးခေတ် သမိုင်း၊ နိုင်ငံရေးနှင့် ယဉ်ကျေးမှု အခြေအနေများနှင့် ချိန်ထိုး၍ လေ့လာသွားမည်ဖြစ်သည်။ စဉ့်ပြုလုပ်သည့် အတတ်ပညာကို မည်သို့ မည်ပုံ ကျွမ်းကျင်တတ်မြောက်ခဲ့ကြောင်းကို ဒေသတွင်းအခြား ခေတ်ပြိုင် စဉ့်လုပ်ငန်းများနှင့် ချင့်ချိန် လေ့လာသွားပါမည်။ ယခင်လေ့လာခဲ့သော သုတေသနများသည် မြောက်ဦးခေတ် ဗိသုကာနှင့် အနုပညာရပ်များအပေါ် အဓိကဇောင်းပေးခဲ့ပီး စဉ့်အတတ်ပညာမည်သို့ ရရှိတတ်မြောက်ခဲ့ကြောင်း လေ့လာရန်လိုအပ်လျက်ရှိပါသည်။ နှိုင်းယှဉ်လေ့လာ ချက်များအရ ရခိုင် စဉ့်ချပ်များပေါ်ရှိ ပန်းခက်ပန်းနွယ်၊ ဂျီဩမေထြီ ဟန်ပန် ဒီဇိုင်းများနှင့် တိရိစ္ဆာန် ကိုယ်နေဟန်ထား ပုံစံများသည် အစ္စလမ်မစ် အနုပညာ လက်ရာများနှင့် တူညီသော အင်္ဂါရပ်များစွာတွေ့ရပါသည်။ အစ္စလမ်ဘာသာရေး အဆောက်အဦးများတွင် စဉ့်ချပ် အလှဆင်သောဓလေ့သည် မြောက်ဦးစဉ့်ချပ် အလှဆင်မှု ဓလေ့အပေါ်တွင် လွှမ်းမိုးမှုရှိခဲ့ပြီး ၎င်းနည်းပညာမှာ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ င်္ဘဂလားဒေသမှ ဆင်းသက် လာသည်ဟု ယူဆရ နိုင်ကြောင်းကို ယခုစာတမ်းတွင် ဆွေးနွေးတင်ပြသွားပါမည်။