Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Arbitral decisions'

The purpose of this article is to highlight the probable contingencies that could arise as a result of the review of the decisions of the Dispute Boards in the arbitration. To achieve this, the structure of the article is arranged in such a way as to facilitate the understanding of the conclusions.In that sense, first, the nature and function of the Dispute Boards is defined. The classes and advantages offered by these dispute resolution mechanisms are then indicated. Subsequently, the legal provision is analyzed in order to crumble its contents. The article ends with the analysis of the effects generated by reviewing the decisions of the Dispute Boards.
El presente artículo tiene la finalidad de evidenciar las probables contingencias que podrían producirse a causa de la revisión de las decisiones de los Dispute Boards en la vía arbitral. Para llegar a ello, la estructura del artículo se encuentra ordenada de tal manera que facilitará la comprensión de las conclusiones.En ese sentido, primero, se define la naturaleza y la función de los Dispute Boards. Luego, se señala las clases y ventajas que ofrecen estos mecanismos de solución de controversias. Posteriormente, se analiza la disposición legal con la finalidad de desmenuzar su contenido. Se finaliza el artículo con la exposición de los efectos producidos a causa de la revisión de estas decisiones.

The analysis of this thesis is to examine whether foreign investors can fully rely on the standard of FPS in BITs for the protection of their investments in the territories of host States which has been mandated to States by international law. This question cannot be answered without giving insights into the content and structure of the origin of FPS standard and adopts a dynamic based-perspective of the interpretation of FPS under VCLT 1969, encompassing the relationship between FPS and CIL. It investigates the tribunals' interpretation of the clause using case laws and literatures to identify and explore the underlying explanatory process behind tribunals' case findings and outcomes. The study examines the critical realism that the obligation of FPS standard does not place absolute liability to a host State, rather the exercise of a reasonable degree of vigilance. It evaluates the controversy surrounding the relationships between FPS and FET, and illuminates on how the two standards may co-evolve which has led to various arbitral tribunals' divergence opinions interpretation of the two principles. The evaluation of the application of FPS to digital assets is dynamic in this research as it addresses the nature of threats investors face globally today over cyber attacks of digital investments. The thesis also emphasis on balancing up investors' rights and obligation, which explains the measures that States can apply to prevent foreign investors from engaging in illegitimate activities. Having look at all these issues, circumstances, and the controversies surrounding FPS standard, the result found is that there is a existence of a gap in this area of the law, that would mean that foreign investors cannot completely rely on the principle of FPS for the protection of their investments in the territories of the host unless this lacunae is properly filled by both the States and arbitral tribunals, especially the tribunals' interpretative meaning of the standard of FPS.

La sentence est une notion complexe qui partage différentes caractéristiques avec le contrat, l’acte juridictionnel ou la décision de justice. En effet, la nature juridictionnelle de la sentence est aujourd’hui admise, mais en raison de son origine conventionnelle, elle demeure un acte privé. Ainsi, son régime d’acte juridictionnel est-Il modifié par un élément conventionnel – dès la désignation des arbitres appelés à rendre la sentence jusqu’à son exécution. L’étude du droit comparé montre que la notion et le régime de la sentence sont différemment appréciés en droit français et russe – tout est question d’interprétation des critères de qualification, bien qu’ils s’avèrent être les mêmes. Ainsi, convient-Il de faire ressortir ces différences à travers l’étude de la notion de la sentence et de son régime dans les deux ordres juridiques, sauf à démontrer que l’une et l’autre contribuent à la préservation du caractère particulier de la sentence qui ne peut et ne doit pas être assimilée, en définitive, à une décision de justice
The arbitral award is a complex legal notion, sharing characteristics with the contract, the jurisdictional act and the judicial decision. Indeed, the jurisdictional dimension of the arbitral award has now been admitted, though, because of its contractual source, it is still considered as a private legal act. The legal regime of this jurisdictional act is therefore influenced by a contractual bias – as from the arbitrators’ appointment up to the enforcement of the arbitral award. A comparative approach shows that the arbitral award’s notion and legal regime are differently considered in French and Russian laws. The differences lie mainly in the interpretation of the legal qualification criteria, though the latter are similar in the two legal systems. The purpose of this analysis is to identify the said differences through the study of the arbitral award’s notion and legal regime in French and Russian laws, which might lead to consider that the specificity of the arbitral award should be preserved instead of considering the award as a judicial decision

Este trabalho trata do funcionamento da prescrição extintiva relacionada a ações pessoais, além da decadência, no âmbito do direito internacional privado. Primeiramente é feita uma breve análise histórica e comparatista do direito de regência da prescrição em relações de caráter internacional antes de se demonstrar a solução abarcada pelo direito brasileiro: a regência pela lei que rege a obrigação (lex causae). Apesar de ser um instituto de direito civil, substantivo, a prescrição possui muitas ligações com o direito processual, uma vez que o principal efeito de sua consumação é tonar inexigível uma obrigação e, em decorrência, pôr fim a um processo. Assim, o autor detalha em seguida as questões que são regidas pela lex causae e as que são regidas pela lex fori (aqui abrangendo também a lex arbitri) em matéria de prescrição no direito brasileiro, antes de tratar minuciosamente de como se opera a exceção da ordem pública para afastar a aplicação da lex causae estrangeira em matéria de prescrição no Brasil (incluindo também regras de aplicação imediata lois de police brasileiras). Ao final, cuida-se da prescrição na homologação e execução de sentenças estrangeiras no Brasil.
This work deals with the operation of limitation periods (prescription) related to actions in personam in the domain of the conflict of laws. It starts with a historical and comparatist analysis of its governing law in international relations before the rule adopted by the Brazilian law is shown: the law of the obligation as the governing law of the limitation rules (lex causae). Although limitation of actions is considered a substantive issue under Brazilian law, it is closely connected with procedural law in many aspects, since its main effect is to render an obligation unenforceable and thus terminate a lawsuit. Therefore, the author presents in detail the issues that are governed by the lex causae and the issues that are governed by the lex fori (also comprising the lex arbitri) related to limitations under Brazilian law, before he deals thoroughly with the operation of the public policy exception to the application of a foreign lex causae in such a matter (also comprising Brazilian imperative rules lois de police). And finally, this work handles the operation of statutes of limitation in proceedings for recognition and enforcement of foreign judicial and arbitral decisions in Brazil.

Memoria para optar al grado de licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales
Esta investigación jurisprudencial surge a raíz de ciertas interrogantes planteadas por el denominado “Caso Clarín” (Víctor Pey Casado y Fundación Salvador Allende c. República de Chile). Específicamente, el objeto investigado alude a la decisión de postergar tomada por su Tribunal. Se pretende indagar qué argumentos ha esgrimido la jurisprudencia internacional en arbitraje sobre inversión al momento de posponer la resolución de una objeción jurisdiccional. En concreto, comprobar si es cierto que adjudicar en jurisdicción corresponde al ejercicio de una facultad primeramente preliminar, exponer además qué circunstancias se han invocado para desviarse de dicha regla y excepcionalmente realizar el examen pertinente junto con el fondo de la controversia Desde luego, el lenguaje del Artículo 41(2) del Convenio CIADI parece expresar cierta neutralidad, cuando faculta al Tribunal para determinar si ha de resolver en jurisdicción como “cuestión previa o conjuntamente con el fondo”. Sin embargo, este informe procura demostrar que, según jurisprudencia contemporánea al “Caso Clarín”, por regla general el aspecto jurisdiccional debe ser resuelto preliminarmente. Dicha afirmación tiene como justificación principal la tensión que existe entre posponer y el principio de consensualidad. De acuerdo con este último, las partes en conflicto arbitral pueden ser compelidas a litigar solo en la medida de su consentimiento, y en términos prácticos postergar supone una imposición arbitraria del proceso sobre la parte demandada. Se ha concluido que el carácter ambivalente de algunas defensas preliminares impide resolver en jurisdicción como cuestión previa. Circunstancia que, a su vez, se manifiesta a partir de hechos o argumentos legales sobre hechos con una doble pertinencia normativa. Que de modo simultáneo pueden ser referidos tanto al aspecto jurisdiccional como al fondo controvertido, de forma tal que una decisión al respecto supone una exposición del proceso al riesgo de prejuzgar la controversia
31 mayo de 2020

La present tesi doctoral té com a objectiu primordial escometre un estudi renovador, interdisciplinari, i en profunditat, sobre una de les qüestions avui dia més paradoxals en la ciència del Dret penal: l'anomenada “individualització judicial de la sanció”. Això és així perquè, per una banda, la decisió de l'òrgan sentenciador, que concreta el càstig, té una gran importància per a la vida del delinqüent –o, per ventura, és el mateix un que quatre anys de presó, amb totes les conseqüències que poden derivar-se? I de l'altra, però, no hi ha un tractament doctrinal o jurisprudencial de la matèria que sigui adequat a l’estatut processal i material d'aquesta funció, a la qual JESCHECK es refereix com l’autèntic "zenit" de l'activitat forense. La investigació es divideix en tres blocs successius, corresponents a l'estructura interna del treball. En primer lloc, i ja després d'una visió crítica del panorama actual, plantejo la necessitat d'un canvi de paradigma "instrumental"; aleshores suggereixo una aproximació conceptual i sistemàtica pròpia al dit tema. Després concentro l’anàlisi en les seves vessants iusfilosòfica i "adjectiva" (poc desenvolupades fins ara): la concreció del càstig és un procés decisori del jutge a quo, qui exerceix –i aquí d’una manera molt especial– amplis marges d'arbitri; així, ha d'estar sotmesa al control ad quem, per tal de revisar-ne la seva licitud. Finalment, i davant els diversos intents de racionalitzar aquesta tasca (de caràcter teleològic o dogmàtic), proposo un mètode alternatiu: la fenomenologia jurídica com una "eina" per quantificar la pena, a la recerca de criteris intersubjectius que siguin acceptables a la "communis opinio".
La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo principal acometer un estudio renovador, interdisciplinar y en profundidad sobre una de las cuestiones hoy más paradójicas en la ciencia del Derecho penal: la llamada individualización judicial de la sanción. Ello es así porque, por un lado, la decisión del órgano sentenciador, que concreta el castigo, tiene una gran importancia para la vida del reo –¿acaso es lo mismo uno que cuatro años de prisión, con todas las secuelas que pueden derivarse? Y, de otra parte, sin embargo, no existe un tratamiento doctrinal o jurisprudencial de la materia que sea acorde con el estatuto procesal y material de dicha función, a la que JESCHECK se refiere como el verdadero “cénit” de la actividad forense. La investigación se divide en tres bloques sucesivos, que no en vano corresponden con la estructura interna de mi trabajo. En primer lugar, tras una visión crítica del panorama actual, planteo la necesidad de un cambio de paradigma “instrumental”, y de este modo sugiero una aproximación conceptual y sistemática propia al tema. Luego centro el análisis en sus vertientes iusfilosófica y “adjetiva” (poco desarrolladas hasta el momento): la concreción del castigo es un proceso decisorio del juez a quo, quien ejerce –aquí especialmente– un amplio margen de arbitrio, y por ende debe estar sometido al control ad quem para revisar su licitud. Por último, frente a los diversos intentos de racionalizar tal labor (de carácter teleológico o dogmático), propongo un método alternativo al respecto: la fenomenología jurídica como una “herramienta” para cuantificar la pena, en busca de criterios intersubjetivos que sean aceptables por la “communis opinio”.
The doctoral dissertation mainly aims at undertaking a renewing, interdisciplinary and indepth study about one of the most paradoxical questions in Criminal Law nowadays: the so-called "sentencing phase of trial". Why so? On the one hand, since this judicial decision specifying a due punishment has a significant importance for the convict’s life: or is it the same serving one or four years in prison –taking into consideration all the attached effects to it? However, on the other hand, there is no academic or case-law treatment of the subject-matter that is in real accordance with the procedural and material status of the above-said task, to which JESCHECK refers as the genuine "peak" of judges’ activity. My research is here divided in three successive parts, now corresponding to the internal structure of the work. First of all, after a critical review of the current scenario, I advocate the need for an “instrumental” turnaround, thus suggesting my own (conceptual and systematic) approach to this issue. I later focus the analysis on its philosophical and “adjective” aspects, which have been little addressed until now: concrete sentencing is a decision- making process of the judge a quo, who exercises –specially at this point– a broad margin of discretion; therefore, it must be controlled by an ad quem court making sure of its legality. Finally, before several attempts to “rationalize” it (teleological or dogmatic), I propose another method: legal phenomenology as a “tool” for quantifying a punishment, in search of intersubjective criteria ready to be passable by the "communis opinio”.
Diese Dissertation zielt vor allem darauf ab, eine erneuerte, interdisziplinäre und eingehende Untersuchung über eine der heute paradoxesten Themen des Strafrechtswissenschaft durchzuführen: die so genannte "Strafzumessung". Warum ist das so? Einerseits, als diese gerichtliche Entscheidung, die eine Strafmaß angibt, eine wichtigsten Bedeutung für das Leben des Täters hat –oder vielleicht ist es das gleiche, dass er nur ein oder vier Jahre im Gefängnis ist, wobei alle damit verbundenen Wirkungen berücksichtigt werden? Auf der anderen Seite gibt es jedoch keine akademische oder rechtsprechende Behandlung des Gegenstands, die in Übereinstimmung mit dem prozessualen und materiellen Status der oben genannten Aufgabe steht, auf die sich JESCHECK als den echten "Höhepunkt" der Spruchtätigkeit des Richters bezieht. Meine Forschung ist hier in drei aufeinanderfolgenden Teilen geteilt, die nun der inneren Struktur des Werkes entsprechen. Zunächst einmal, nach einer kritischen Überprüfung des aktuellen Szenarios, befürworte ich die Notwendigkeit eines "instrumentalen" Paradigma Wandel, und damit meinen eigenen (konzeptuellen und systematischen) Ansatz zu dieser Frage. Ich spüre später die Analyse auf ihre philosophischen und prozessualen Aspekte, die bislang wenig angesprochen wurden: konkrete Verurteilung ist ein Entscheidungsprozess des a quo Richters, der –besonders an dieser Stelle– einen breiten Diskussionsspielraum ausübt. Deshalb muss es von einem ad quem Gericht kontrolliert 7 werden, um sicherzustellen, darüber seine Rechtmäßigkeit. Schließlich schlage ich –vor einigen Versuchen, sie (teleologisch oder dogmatisch) zu "rationalisieren"– eine andere Methode vor: die Phänomenologie des Rechts als "Werkzeug" zur Quantifizierung einer Strafe, auf der Suche nach intersubjektiven Kriterien, die für die "communis opinio" annehmbar sind.

Les contrariétés de décisions de justice sont extrêmement nocives. D’une part, elles représentent une menace pour la cohérence du droit. D’autre part, elles pèsent lourd sur la situation des parties, mettant ces dernières dans des situations inextricables. En tant que mode juridictionnel de règlement des litiges, l’arbitrage international n’échappe pas à ce phénomène. Au contraire, les spécificités de la matière en font un terrain de prédilection pour le développement des contrariétés de décisions. En effet, les contrariétés résultent de la conduite parallèle de procédures portant sur des questions litigieuses identiques, sur lesquelles sont portées des appréciations divergentes. Or, l’arbitrage international se présente comme un facteur d’aggravation de ces causes classiques de contrariété, à savoir la concurrence juridictionnelle et l’incohérence des solutions. Le risque de contrariété y est à la fois fréquent et varié. Il se présente dans diverses configurations, opposant tantôt des décisions étatiques d’encadrement de l’arbitrage, tantôt une sentence arbitrale et une décision étatique ou encore deux sentences arbitrales.En dépit de la gravité du problème et de la fréquence du risque de contrariété, l’arbitrage international paraît mal armé pour y faire face. Il est confronté d’une part aux limites de l’efficacité des remèdes curatifs, qui se contentent souvent d’écarter la contrariété d’un territoire donné, et, d’autre part aux difficultés de mise en œuvre des remèdes préventifs
The phenomenon of conflicting decisions is extremely hazardous. On the one hand, they represent a threat to the coherence of the legal systems. On the other hand, it places a burden on the parties, putting them in an inextricable situation. Being a jurisdictional dispute resolution method, international arbitration does not escape this phenomenon. On the contrary, the specificities of arbitration make it the territory of predilection for the appearance of conflicting decisions. In fact, conflicting decisions result from the conduction of parallel proceedings concerning identical issues, which receive a different analysis. International arbitration aggravates the classical causes resulting in conflicting decisions. These causes are the competition between jurisdictions and the incoherence of the solutions.The risk of the existence of conflicting decisions is frequent and it presents itself is several manners. It can oppose national courts’ decisions assisting and controlling the arbitration, an arbitral award and a national court’s decision or even two arbitral awards.Despite the gravity of the problem and the frequency of the risk of having conflicting decisions, international arbitration seems unarmed to deal with it. Firstly, it is confronted with the limited efficiency of the curative solutions, and secondly, with the difficulties of applying preventive solutions

Les litigants sollicitent les centres d’arbitrage pour diriger l’arbitrage dans toutes ses phases afin de donner une garantie supplémentaire qui assure la validité de la sentence arbitrale. Compte tenu du rôle important que les centres d’arbitrage jouent pendant l’instance arbitrale, les litigants mécontents de la sentence arbitrale ou du jugement annulant la sentence tentent d’engager la responsabilité du centre d’arbitrage dès lors qu’il a surveillé, dirigé et participé au rendu de la sentence.De plus en plus la responsabilité des centres d’arbitrage est mise en cause devant les juridictions étatiques différentes, les fonctions et les pouvoirs exercés par les centres d’arbitrage ainsi que le régime de responsabilité leur est applicable font l’objet d’une attention critique de la part de la doctrine dans plusieurs systèmes juridiques. On s’interroge sur l’origine des rapports qui lient les centres d’arbitrage aux autres acteurs de l’arbitrage, sur les obligations et les pouvoirs conférés aux centres d’arbitrage, et sur les fonctions exercées par les centres d’arbitrage pour établir enfin un régime de responsabilité homogène et pertinent à l’égard des fonctions exercées par les centres d’arbitrage qui a une vocation à s’appliquer dans la majorité des systèmes juridiques
Parties to arbitration seek arbitral institutions to administrate their arbitration in order to have an extra guarantee that ensures the validity of the arbitral award. Given the role that arbitral institutions play during the arbitral procedure, parties unsatisfied either by the arbitral award or the annulment of the award tend to claim the liability of arbitral institution for the awards it had supervised, administered and participated in.The more the allegations of liability raise against the arbitral institutions before courts, the more the issue of arbitral institutions’ functions, powers and liability becomes controversial in different jurisdictions. Therefore, the present study tends to clarify the origin of the relationship existing between arbitral institutions and other parties involved in the arbitration at issue, the duties and powers assigned to the arbitral institutions and the functions performed by the arbitral intuitions, which helps eventually in establishing a kind of liability that complies with the functions performed by the arbitral institutions and can be applied in many jurisdictions

Típicamente se sostiene que el Estado tiene por función garantizar la correcta prestación de una serie de servicios públicos que permitan a los ciudadanos desarrollar su vida en sociedad con un determinado nivel de comodidad. En ese contexto, se le presenta la posibilidad de prestar directamente dichos servicios públicos y proveer la infraestructura que les sirva de soporte, o valerse de la experiencia y especialidad de los privados para que lo hagan. Así, se inició un proceso de delegación a los particulares de una serie de actividades que tradicionalmente habían recaído directamente en el ámbito estatal. A tales efectos, el mecanismo jurídico más eficiente para lograr una colaboración de los privados para la satisfacción de intereses públicos fue la concesión. No obstante, esta delegación de facultades en favor de los particulares efectuada bajo el manto de la concesión administrativa ha pasado a convertirse hoy en día en un fenómeno de colaboración público privada que se rige bajo las normas especiales de Asociaciones Público Privadas. Estando a ello, tenemos que en los últimos años se ha generado una fuerte discusión doctrinaria respecto a la competencia de la sede arbitral para conocer aquellas controversias derivadas de la actuación de los organismos reguladores en marco de la ejecución de los Contratos de APP. Al respecto se han planteado diversas posturas, tan distantes entre ellas, que pueden vislumbrarse no solo desde un punto de vista jurídico sino también económico. De acuerdo con las consideraciones que se expresan en el presente trabajo, se postula que debería reconocerse expresamente a nivel normativo la posibilidad de someter a arbitraje las decisiones de los organismos reguladores, incluyendo la aplicación de penalidades, derivadas de contratos que se suscriban en el marco de mecanismos de colaboración público privada, a efectos de otorgarle certidumbre y mayores garantías a los inversionistas para promover la inversión con el Estado, la cual constituye uno de los fines fundamentales de nuestro Sistema de Promoción de la Inversión Privada.
Trabajo académico

Le processus décisionnel est un évènement particulier qui confronte les soignants à leurs doutes et à leurs incertitudes. Chaque décision comporte inéluctablement une part de doute et d’incertitude, sinon elle ne mérite pas d’être appelée « décision », car elle ne serait que le résultat de l’application d’un savoir acquis à l’avance, à une situation connue. C’est cette part d’incertitude qui est le lieu de la réflexion et qui offre à chacun la possibilité de se questionner, c’est-à-dire de se mettre dans la situation où il faut vaincre l’indécidable pour pouvoir décider. Au cours de ce travail, j’aborde le rôle du médecin en tant qu’arbitre entre le certain et l’incertain en situation de fin de vie chez le nouveau-né. Afin de cerner cette problématique, je rapporte six observations cliniques, toutes tirées de ma propre expérience et qui illustrent mieux qu’un long discours les notions du certain et de l’incertain, et permettent de donner à chacune de ces notions son véritable sens pratique de manière concrète.Vouloir aborder la notion de l’incertain au cours du processus décisionnel en situation de fin de vie, consiste à accepter d’aller à l’encontre de la culture médicale dominante, qui valorise la certitude, car l’incertitude véhicule une image négative dans l’imaginaire des soignants. Pourtant, le doute peut avoir un effet salvateur sur le processus décisionnel, car il incite les soignants à se concerter avant de décider. Ainsi, celui qui doute n’est pas un ignorant, mais quelqu’un de prudent au sens aristotélicien, c’est-à-dire qui soumet son choix à la critique des autres, dans le cadre d’une procédure de délibération collégiale. Ainsi, l’incertitude met en tension les convictions qui relèvent de l’éthique déontologique, et la responsabilité qui relève de l’éthique téléologique. C’est la confrontation entre ces deux éthiques qui permet au soignant de décider en ayant la paix dans l’âme
The end-of-life (EOL) decision-making process remains a particular event that confronts health care teams with their doubts and uncertainties. Indeed, for such a decision to made, there must be some doubt and uncertainty, otherwise, instead of being a conscious “decision”, it becomes a simple application of prior knowledge. EOL decisions are not simply a case of the decision-maker overcoming his or her indecisiveness. In this work, I examine the role of the doctor as an arbitrator in the conflict between the certain and the uncertain in EOL situations in the neonatal period. I have based my work on the analysis of the trajectories of six clinical observations drawn from my own experience, which illustrate, better than a long speech, the notion of the certain and the uncertain, and give these abstract concepts a concrete and practical meaning.To explore the notion of the uncertain during the decision-making process in EOL situations, is to accept to go against the dominant medical culture that values certainty, because uncertainty is negatively perceived amongst caregivers. However, doubt can have a beneficial effect on the decision-making process itself, and on the consequences of the decision taken, since it encourages discussion between caregivers and allows time for decision-making. Thus, he or she who doubts is not ignorant, but cautious in the Aristotelian sense, when trying to deliberate a choice by subjecting it to the criticism of others as part of a procedure of collegial reflection.In this work, I also show that doubt and uncertainty compel the decision-maker to confront his or her personal convictions, which constitutes ethical ethics, with his or her responsibility, which is teleological ethics. It is only in the tension between these two ethics that the caregiver can decide with peace of mind

Cette thèse porte sur la façon dont les individus prennent des décisions en présence de risque et d'incertitude. Elle est composée de quatre essais qui étudient théoriquement et expérimentalement la prise de décision.Les deux premiers essais étudient des situations où un décideur doit décider si un événement a eu lieu en utilisant des informations incertaines. Le fait d'identifier correctement que cet événement s'est produit est plus rémunéré que le fait d'identifier correctement qu'il ne s'est pas produit. Ce problème de décision induit une divergence entre deux qualités d'une décision : l'optimalité et l'exactitude. Les deux essais reproduisent de telles situations dans une expérience de laboratoire basée sur des tâches perceptuelles et analysent les décisions en utilisant la théorie de la détection du signal pour étudier l'arbitrage optimalité-exactitude. Le premier essai confirme l'existence d'un tel arbitrage avec un rôle dominant de la recherche de l'exactitude. Il explique l'existence de cet arbitrage par utilité non-monétaire associée au fait d'avoir raison. Le deuxième chapitre montre que présenter les informations perceptuelles en dernier contribue à l'existence de l'arbitrage optimalité-exactitude.Le troisième essai étudie comment les préférences vie-à-vie d'autrui interagissent avec l'attitude face à l'ambiguïté. Il présente les résultats d'une expérience où les sujets doivent faire des dons à des associations caritatives. Les dons peuvent avoir des coûts ou des bénéfices ambigus. Nous constatons que l'ambiguïté a pour effet de rendre les individus plus égoïstes. En d'autres termes, nous montrons que les individus utilisent l'ambiguïté comme une excuse pour ne pas donner. Ce comportement d’auto-justification est plus marqué pour les coûts ambigus que pour les avantages ambigus.Le quatrième essai examine la validité externe des mesures de préférence pour le risque en laboratoire en utilisant des décisions dans d'autres tâches expérimentales risquées et des décisions prisent sur en dehors du laboratoire. Nous constatons que les mesures de préférence pour le risque permettent d'expliquer les premières, mais qu'elles n'expliquent pas les secondes
This thesis investigates how individuals make decisions under risk and uncertainty. It is composed of four essays that theoretically and experimentally investigate decision-making.The first two essays study situations where a decision maker has to decide whether an event has occurred using uncertain evidence. Accurately identifying that this event has occurred is more rewarded than accurately identifying that it has not occurred. This decision problem induces a divergence between two qualities of a decision: optimality and accuracy. Both essays reproduce such situations in a laboratory experiment based on perceptual tasks and analyze behavior using Signal Detection Theory to study the optimality-accuracy trade-off. The first essay confirms the existence of the trade-off with a leading role of accuracy. It explains the trade-off by the concern of individuals for being right. The second chapter finds that presenting perceptual evidence last contributes to the existence of the optimality-accuracy trade-off.The third essay studies how other-regarding preferences interact with attitude toward ambiguity. It reports the results of an experiment where subjects have to make donations to charities. Donations may have either ambiguous costs or ambiguous benefits. We find that other-regarding preferences are decreased under ambiguity. In other terms, we highlight that individual use ambiguity has an excuse not to give. This excuse-driven behavior is stronger for ambiguous costs than ambiguous benefits.The fourth essay challenges the external validity of laboratory risk preference measures using behavior in experimental risk tasks and naturally occurring behavior under risk. We find that risk preference measures are related with the former but that they fail to explain the latter

L'analyse économique du droit conçoit les institutions d'arbitrage comme des prestataires de services qui offrent le service d'organisation de la procédure arbitrale. Comme tout marché, le marché de l'arbitrage institutionnel a besoin d'outils juridiques pour encadrer le nouement et le dénouement de ses opérations économiques. La technique contractuelle est le moyen le plus courant pour assurer la conclusion des transactions économiques sur les différents marchés de biens et services. Dans ce contexte, les prestations de services offertes par les centres d'arbitrage doivent sans doute prendre la forme d'une manifestation contractuelle qui encadre juridiquement leur activité sur le marché de l'arbitrage. C'est ainsi que le service d'organisation de l'arbitrage offert par le centre aux parties litigantes entraîne la conclusion d'un contrat d'organisation de l'arbitrage. Ce contrat dictera la relation contractuelle qui lie les parties litigantes à l'institution d'arbitrage. L'identification du contrat d'organisation de l'arbitrage nous a permis de présenter sa notion et de l'analyser via le prisme de l'ensemble contractuel de l'arbitrage. Il dérive d'une convention d'arbitrage principale et participe avec tous les contrats composant l'ensemble contractuel de l'arbitrage au bon fonctionnement de la procédure arbitrale. In fine, le contrat d'organisation de l'arbitrage devient le contrat par lequel le procès arbitral est intégré dans une structure investie, par la volonté commune des parties litigantes, de prérogatives contractuelles la rendant à même d'imposer des décisions institutionnelles garantissant ainsi un arbitrage efficace
The economic analysis of the Law conceives the arbitration institutions as service providers that offer the service of the organization of the arbitration proceedings. Like any market, the market of institutional arbitration needs legal tools to regulate the outcome of its economic operations. Contractual technique is the most common way for the conclusion of economic transactions in the various markets of goods and services. In this context, the services offered by arbitration centers take the form of a contractual event that regulates the activity on the arbitration market. Thus, the service of the organization of the arbitration offered by the center to litigants leads to the conclusion of the contract of arbitration's organization. This contract will dictate the contractual relationship between the litigants and the arbitration institution. Identifying this contract allows us to present its concept and to analyze it through the prism of the "ensemble contractuel de l'arbitrage". Our contract derives from a main convention which is the arbitration convention. Ultimately, the contract of the organization of the arbitration is a contract by which the arbitration proceedings is integrated into a structure invested by the common will of the litigants with contractual prerogatives enabling it to impose institutional decisions ensuring an effective arbitration

The new Public Procurement Law introduces the Dispute Boards as a new settlement ofdisputes and contestations during the contractual execution of the work phase. The present article works, in the first place, the framework of public procurement and the controversies that are originated in the matter. Then, it will expose the development of the Dispute Boards in other countried and their characteristics. Finally, it concludes identifying the type of Dispute Boards that is being adopted in Peruvian law, showing his vantages and disadvantages.
La nueva Ley de Contrataciones del Estado, Ley N° 30225, incorpora la Junta de Resolución de Disputas, como un nuevo mecanismo de resolución de conflictos durante la fase de ejecución contractual de obras.En el artículo se desarrolla, en primer lugar, el marco de las contrataciones del Estado y las controversias que se originan en el mismo. Posteriormente, se expone el desarrollo de los Dispute Boards internacionalmente y sus características, y se concluye identificando el tipo de Dispute Boards adoptado en la legislación peruana, exponiendo sus fortalezas y debilidades.

Au XIXe siècle, l’obligation de motivation du juge, conquête lente et difficile de par son lien fort avec l’autorité de la justice, est présentée comme « une des conquêtes les plus heureuses dans l’administration de la justice ». Instaurée à l’époque révolutionnaire pour lutter contre l’arbitraire, quatre mots satisfont à l’énoncer « il doit être motivé ». Entendue comme la simple justification des mobiles du juge, elle s’appréhende selon une pure logique déductive. Or, divers chamboulements au sein de notre société révèlent les multiples facettes de ce principe. L’influence de la Cour européenne fait sortir la motivation de son carcan procédural où, la simple justification se mue en explication persuasive, pour devenir un acte fort de rhétorique. Parallèlement, la loi perd de sa sacralité. Sa complexité croissante démontre ses limites à une époque où notre société en mutation revendique une justice davantage démocratique. La motivation devient ainsi une condition de légitimité des décisions de justice et un gage de légitimation du juge. Étudiée en matière pénale, elle s’avère particulièrement propice de par son rôle particulier au sein de notre société, invitant notre justice contemporaine à considérer à l’inverse, la nature subjective, relative des émotions. Simple obligation processuelle rattachée aux droits de la défense, la demande de connaissance démontre l’émergence d’une obligation autonome qui, tiraillée entre technique rédactionnelle et outil politico-social, pousse notre réflexion sur la place de la justice pénale. Apparaissant en crise, ce principe, loin de s’amenuiser, ne s’avère être que le miroir d’une justice pénale nécessitant d’être redéfinie
In the nineteenth century, the obligation to state reasons of the judge, slow and difficult conquest due to its strong link with the authority of justice, was presented as "one of the happiest conquests in the administration of justice". Introducing the revolutionary era to fight against the arbitrary, meet four words to state "it must be motivated." Understood as the simple proof of the judge’s mobile, she apréhende as a pure deductive logic. However, various upheavals in our society reveal the many facets of this principle. The influence of the European Court brings out the motivation of its procedural straitjacket where the simple justification turns into persuasive explanation, to become a strong act of speech. Parallèment, the law loses its sacredness. The increasing complexity seems to show its limits, at a time when our changing society claims a more democratic justice. Motivation becomes a condition of legitimacy of judicial decisions and judge the legitimacy of quality. Studied in criminal matters, it is particularly suitable because of its particular role within our society, inviting our contemporary Justice to consider on the contrary, the subjective nature on emotions. Simple procedural obligation attached to the defense of rights, the application for knowledge demonstrates the emergence of an autonomous obligation, editorial torn between technical and political-social tool, pushing our reflection on the role of criminal justice. Appearing in crisis, this principle far from dwindling, turns out to be not the mirror of criminal justice need to be redefined

L’objectif de cette recherche est de démontrer que les décisions arbitrales de la Chambre de commerce internationale peuvent être considérées comme une source potentielle de droit au Canada. Il existe actuellement une incertitude quant au droit matériel utilisé en arbitrage international pour résoudre les différends commerciaux. Bien que l’utilisation de la lex mercatoria pour résoudre un litige soit une option, elle se heurte à de nombreuses incertitudes terminologiques et conceptuelles. L’utilisation d’une approche méthodologique de la lex mercatoria permettrait une classification de ses sources en deux branches: (1) le droit statutaire international et (2) le stare decisis des tribunaux d’arbitrage commercial international. Une telle approche méthodologique conférerait plus de certitude quant à l’application d’un droit uniforme. De plus, elle faciliterait l’étude de l’interlégalité entre les règles de la lex mercatoria et le droit matériel interne. Plus particulièrement, elle permet de comparer les similitudes et les différences des règles du droit matériel entre les décisions arbitrales internationales, le droit statutaire international et les juridictions canadiennes de common law et de droit civil. Cette comparaison rend possible une évaluation de l’influence potentielle des décisions arbitrales de la Chambre de commerce internationale sur le droit matériel canadien et si cette influence est plus importante en droit civil ou en common law.
This paper’s objective is to demonstrate that the International Chamber of Commerce’s arbitral awards may be considered as a potential source of law in Canada. There currently exists an uncertainty as to the substantive law used in international commercial arbitration. While the use of lex mercatoria to solve commercial disputes is often referred to, several terminological and conceptual uncertainties undermine its credibility. The use of a methodological approach to lex mercatoria allows for a twofold classification of its sources through: (1) international legislation and (2) stare decisis from international arbitral tribunals. This methodological approach provides a greater certainty for the application of a uniform law which, in turn, allows for the study of interlegality between rules of lex mercatoria and substantive domestic law. Furthermore, this methodological approach facilitates the demonstration of the similarities and differences between international arbitral decisions, international legislation as well as Canadian common law and civil law jurisdictions. This comparative analysis will allow the study of the potential influence of the arbitral decisions of the International Chamber of Commerce on substantive Canadian law and whether this influence is more important in civil law or common law.

This dissertation aims to initiate a discussion on the nature of the decisions issued by the FIFA Dispute Resolution Chamber so that they can be enforced, or not, by the New York Convention of 1958. The subject is practically pacified by both jurisprudence and doctrine. However, in order to carry out the analysis and discussion of the theme, the reasons that led to the current understanding, developed since the mid-1990s, should be reviewed and analyzed again, under the current perspective. The purpose of this paper is to show that the scenario that existed when the concept was created, and that has consolidated over the years is different from the current scenario of the DRC. In order to achieve this objective, I will analyze and debate the cases related to this matter, as well as cases of the Swiss Supreme Court, of countries important to the debate and of the Court of Arbitration for Sport - CAS, as well as the doctrinal understanding on the subject and the sports and arbitration legislations. The idea for the discussion started with the analysis of a real case, in Ukraine. After the dispute resolution proceedings in the FIFA Dispute Resolution Chamber, which rendered a favorable award, it did not have a satisfactory outcome due to the lack of enforceability in this particular case. The first part will show the structure of FIFA and the Dispute Resolution System. The second part will analyze the matter of arbitration and the current relationship between arbitration and FIFA. The third part will analyze what is necessary for the formation of an arbitral tribunal and the relationship of the DRC with those requirements. Finally, it will be concluded whether or not it is possible to consider the decisions of the DRC as being arbitral.

O direito de greve é constitucionalmente consagrado no n.º1 do artigo 57.º da CRP. Porém, não é um direito fundamental absoluto, podendo ser alvo de restrições que se devem limitar ao necessário por forma a assegurar a harmonização daquele direito quando confrontado com outros direitos fundamentais, como dispõe o n.º2 do artigo 18.º da CRP. A obrigação de prestação de serviços mínimos corresponde a uma forma de restrição daquele direito nos serviços essenciais. Começámos por uma abordagem histórica assim como por um breve estudo dos ordenamentos estrangeiros, o que ajuda na avaliação e comparação face ao regime português. Procedemos a uma abordagem teórica do direito de greve, bem como da tentativa de concretização dos conceitos indeterminados utilizados pelo legislador (serviços mínimos, serviços essenciais ou serviços destinados à satisfação de necessidades sociais impreteríveis). Posteriormente, desenvolvemos uma componente prática de análise das decisões do Tribunal Arbitral, relativamente ao setor dos correios e telecomunicações, dos serviços médicos, hospitalares e medicamentosos, assim como no caso do Metropolitano de Lisboa, EPE. Constatámos que nos primeiros setores há fixação de serviços mínimos em moldes similares, enquanto no último caso, o estabelecimento de serviços mínimos para a circulação das composições não é uniforme nas várias decisões arbitrais. Pretendemos ainda com este trabalho averiguar se os direitos fundamentais dos utentes alheios a determinado conflito laboral estão suficientemente acautelados ou se existem situações de colisão entre direitos, quais os limites fixados pelo legislador, bem como se vigora uma hierarquização entre os serviços essenciais, sendo uns serviços mais essenciais que outros.
The right to strike is a constitutionally funded right, as the article 57º, nº1 of the CRP disposes. However, it is not a fundamental one, since it can be restricted in order to reconcile it with other fundamental rights, as the article 18º, nº2 of CRP professes. The obligation of providing minimum services configures a restriction to this right in the essential services. We started out by approaching this subject historically and by performing a comparison with foreign legal orders, which will allow us a more comprehensive analysis to the Portuguese regime. We also approached it theoretically, by proposing definitions pertaining to some undetermined concepts usually referred in the legislation, such as minimum services, essential services or services related to the satisfaction of indispensable social needs. Afterwards, we focused on the practical aspects, which involved the analysis of the Arbitral Court’s decisions, regarding the telecommunications and the post office sectors, healthcare, as well as the Metropolitano de Lisboa, EPE. We have ascertained the establishment of similar minimum services in the first two sectors, whereas in the last one, there is no agreement in the various arbitral decisions. We intend to inquire whether the fundamental rights of the users extraneous to a certain labor conflict are sufficiently secured or if it appears to happen any collision among rights and their designated limits as defined by the legislation, as well as if there is a ranking among essential services

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
經營管理系碩士班
100
The frequent fluctuations in the foreign exchange market and the discrepancy in the exchange rate provide risk-free arbitrage opportunities and many researchers have been dedicated to this topic for a few decades. In the literature, a mathematical programming method is rarely utilized to investigate the optimization problem of currency arbitrage, and heuristic algorithms can’t guarantee that the obtained solution is the globally optimal solution. Therefore, this study intends to discuss the currency arbitrage optimization models and construct a decision support system for helping decision makers in fast response to a continuously changing currency market. Numerical results demonstrate that the correctness of the arbitrage optimization models and reveal that the designed system is able to effectively locate an optimal solution for maximizing the final holdings of different arbitrage types from circulating the initial amount of money in the currency market.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito: Especialidade em Ciências Juridico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
O seguinte estudo tem como finalidade analisar a problemática da fundamentação da sentença arbitral. Ou seja, explorar o porquê de tantos pedidos de anulação de sentença arbitral no ordenamento jurídico português. Nesse sentido, estudaremos o que é a arbitragem em geral, de onde este meio alternativo de resolução de litígios surgiu, o que é necessário para compor um tribunal arbitral, as características, direitos e deveres de uma pessoa para estar apta a ser árbitro de um processo, os prazos, recursos, dentre outros elementos.Diante de toda essa análise, estaremos capacitados para destrinchar alguns acórdãos de Tribunais da Relação de Portugal que contém a problemática de que tratamos no presente estudo. Analisando caso a caso, conseguiremos entender de onde vem esse impasse em relação a fundamentação da sentença arbitral, e ainda, assimilaremos como a jurisprudência portuguesa têm lidado com o assunto.Nesse sentido, dentro do direito comparado, ainda iremos explorar outros ordenamentos jurídicos, como do Brasil, Espanha, França e Inglaterra, com o propósito de entendermos como esse tema é tratada nesses países e quais as soluções dadas em cada sistema; levando em consideração se tratar de três países do mesmo continente e de um país de continente diverso, mas sendo certo de que os cinco países em questão (incluindo Portugal) são totalmente diferentes seja em questão cultural, econômica, linguística ou territorial. Por fim, após toda essa discussão, tentaremos obter uma solução para o problema, atendendo a tudo o que está previsto na Lei de Arbitragem Voluntária, no Código de Processo Civil e na Constituição da República Portuguesa, e nos atentando também para o entendimento da doutrina e da jurisprudência.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the problem of the justification of the arbitration award. This means, to explore the reason for so many requests for annulment of an arbitration award in the Portuguese legal system.In this sense, we are going to study what is arbitration in general, where this alternative means of dispute resolution arose, what is necessary to compose an arbitral tribunal, the characteristics, rights and duties of a person to be able to be an arbitrator of a process, deadlines, resources, among other elements.In the face of all this analysis, we will be able to unravel some judgments of Courts of Relation of Portugal that contains the problematic that we deal with in the present study. Analyzing case by case, we will be able to understand where this impasse comes in relation to the justification of the arbitration award, and still, we will assimilate how the Portuguese jurisprudence have dealt with the subject.In this sense, within comparative law, we are going to explore other legal systems, such as Brazil, Spain, France and England, to understand how this issue is treated in these countries and what solutions are given in each system; taking into account the three countries of the same continent and a country of a different continent, but it is certain that the five countries in question (including Portugal) are totally different in cultural, economic, linguistic or territorial terms.Finally, after all this discussion, we are going to try to find a solution to the problem, considering everything that is provided for in the Voluntary Arbitration Law, the Code of Civil Procedure and the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, and also attempting to understand the doctrine and case law.

碩士
國立東華大學
電機工程學系
94
Video transcoder is an important intermediary between the emerging applications. One of the aims of the transcoder is for the different display resolutions. In the new video coding standard H.264/AVC, the goal is to enhance compression performance at the lower bitrates environment. Compared with the prior video coding standards, H.264 adopts new coding schemes like variable block sizes, multiple reference frames, 4×4 integer transform coding and rate distortion optimization (RDO). For the encoder in the transcoder, new schemes incur more computational complexity. To avoid the problem occurs in the encoder of the transcoder, the mode decision and motion vector composition algorithms are proposed. Our scheme for mode decision employs non-zero coefficient number of related blocks to determine the modes for downscaled macroblocks. The motion vector composition adopts the maximum area and non-zero coefficients in the covered region between original blocks and downscaled blocks to composite the new motion vector for the downscaled macroblock. The proposed algorithms not only reduce the computational complexity but also keep video quality in the transcoder.

碩士
中國文化大學
資訊管理研究所
88
Studies about the arbitrage on Taiwan stock price index futures have increased dramatically since the Taiwan government freed its market of stock index futures in Aug. 1998. Many researchers had shown different models to simulate the trend of Taiwan stock price index by selecting more than 40 among over 400 different stocks. Al-though these models are theoretically well, they are not practical for arbitrage on index futures because the amount of investment is limited and the time of making decision is brief. A decision support system is developed to help decision-makers when they are dealing with the arbitrage on index futures. In the system, a model is introduced to explore the relationship between the stock price index and stock prices by using the sta-tistical coefficient of correlation. Decision-makers can construct a set of stocks de-pending on their own preferable conditions such as the type of stocks, the percentage of stock values, the period of analyzed stock information, the method of selecting stocks, the technique of calculating simulated error, etc. A set of less than 10 different stocks is then generated to simulate the trend of stock index. Therefore the opportunity for the arbitrage on index futures is improved. Based on the generated set and the online stock trading data, the system provides the analytical information when to buy or sell stocks and futures. The system also delivers other functions such as the planning of using the investment capital and the electronic stock trading through the network. In this research, we examined the data of Taiwan stock index futures and stocks from January to April of year 2000. We experienced that when the best selection tech-nique was picked to select stocks and the percentage of stock values was chosen to greater than 0.8% using 3-month analyzed stock information, the result showed that the simulated error was acceptable while 6 corporation stocks were selected. We also de-monstrated the percentage of profit made. The profit made is vary between 12% to 20%.

La suspension pour fins d’enquête est une mesure administrative qui permet à l’employeur de suspendre la prestation de travail d’un salarié le temps de faire enquête sur des actes qui lui sont reprochés et qui sont susceptibles d’entacher la réputation ou l’image de l’entreprise. Les principes applicables en la matière ont été précisés par la Cour suprême en 2004 dans l’arrêt Cabiakman c. Industrielle-Alliance, Compagnie d’assurance sur la vie, qui traite d’un contrat individuel de travail. Notre mémoire porte sur les circonstances justifiant une suspension pour fins d’enquête en rapports collectifs. Afin de vérifier le traitement de cette mesure administrative, nous avons effectué une analyse qualitative de la jurisprudence arbitrale québécoise en matière de suspension pour fins d’enquête avant et après Cabiakman. D’abord, nous avons vérifié la compatibilité des principes formulés dans Cabiakman et des principes issus de la jurisprudence arbitrale québécoise antérieure à cet arrêt. Ensuite, nous avons analysé l’influence de cet arrêt en rapports collectifs en examinant si la jurisprudence arbitrale québécoise qui lui est postérieure s'y réfère et en applique les principes. Finalement, nous avons tenté de corréler l’influence ou l’absence d’influence de Cabiakman sur la jurisprudence arbitrale à l’adhésion des arbitres à la thèse de la coexistence ou à la thèse de l’autonomie. Nos résultats ont démontré que Cabiakman n’est pas parfaitement compatible avec la jurisprudence arbitrale qui lui est antérieure puisque des principes différents de ceux énoncés par la Cour suprême s’y retrouvent. Aussi, nous avons remarqué que la jurisprudence arbitrale postérieure à cet arrêt s’y réfère souvent et en applique certains principes. Toutefois, nous ne considérons pas que l’influence de cet arrêt sur la jurisprudence arbitrale soit entièrement corrélée au rattachement des sentences arbitrales à l’une ou l’autre des deux thèses. En effet, d’autres hypothèses pourraient expliquer les résultats que nous avons obtenus.
A suspension for investigation purposes is an administrative measure which allows the employer to suspend an employee for alleged acts that may damage the reputation or the image of the company. The principles which apply to this administrative suspension were established by the Supreme Court of Canada in 2004 in Cabiakman v. Industrial Alliance Life Insurance Co., which deals with an individual contract of employment. Our research focuses on the circumstances justifying a suspension for investigation purposes in collective labour relations. In order to study the treatment of this administrative measure, we conducted a qualitative analysis of the decisions of arbitration tribunals from Quebec regarding the suspension for investigation purposes before and after Cabiakman. We initially verified the compatibility of the principles established in Cabiakman and the principles of the arbitration decisions from Quebec rendered prior to this judgment. Subsequently, we analyzed the influence of this judgment in collective labor relations by examining if the arbitration tribunals from Quebec referred to Cabiakman and implemented its principles. Finally, we attempted to correlate the influence or lack of influence of Cabiakman on the arbitration decisions to the adhesion of the arbitrators to the coexistence thesis or to the autonomy thesis. Our results indicated that Cabiakman is not entirely consistent with the previous arbitration decisions because their principles are different from those expressed by the Supreme Court. In addition, we noticed that the posterior arbitral decisions often referred to Cabiakman and implemented some of its principles. However, we do not consider that the influence of this judgment on the arbitration decisions is entirely correlated to the linking of the arbitral decisions to one of the theses. Indeed, other hypotheses could explain the results of our research.

Os objetivos da presente investigação foram identificar os estilos de tomada de decisão dos árbitros de futebol da primeira categoria, bem como a influência que variáveis como a nacionalidade, o escalão etário, o tipo de formação, a função, o número de anos de arbitragem e o número de anos na categoria podem ter na definição do mesmo. Foi adotada a aplicação de um questionário denominado “Decision Style Inventory” (Rowe, 1981) traduzido e adaptado à realidade portuguesa, em 2001, pelo departamento de gestão da Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa. A amostra deste estudo é constituída por 94 árbitros de futebol da primeira categoria, (50 árbitros portugueses e 44 árbitros brasileiros), todos do género masculino com uma média de 35 anos de idade. A análise dos dados obtidos foi desenvolvida no SPSS Statistics, versão 24. Para testar a normalidade das distribuições utilizou-se o teste de Shapiro Wilk, seguido de estatística inferencial pela comparação de médias (teste de TStudent para dois grupos, ANOVA post-hoc e Bonferroni para mais de dois grupos) e relação de duas variáveis (coeficiente de contingência e teste de qui-quadrado). Os resultados encontrados sugerem que os árbitros de futebol da primeira categoria apresentam como estilo predominante na tomada de decisão, o estilo analítico. Contudo, tendo em consideração as pontuações atribuídas aos estilos de tomada de decisão e verificando o segundo estilo mais pontuado, o diretivo, concluímos que não é possível afirmar com clareza que os árbitros de futebol da primeira categoria apresentam um estilo maioritariamente predominante. A presente investigação torna-se fundamental, a identificação dos estilos de tomada de decisão dos árbitros profissionais da primeira categoria, pode proporcionar a diferença nas formas de gestão e planeamento do conselho de arbitragem no futebol, nomeadamente, na nomeação dos árbitros para os jogos e no plano de formação dos árbitros. Pode ainda refletir implicações ao nível das relações entre as organizações, dos clubes, do conselho de arbitragem e da federação, proporcionando uma maior transparência nas tomadas de decisão.
The objectives of this investigation were to identify the decision-making styles of football referees in the first category, as well as the influence of variants such as nationality, age class, type of training, function, the number of years of arbitration and the number of years in the same category. A questionnaire titled "Decision Style Inventory" (Rowe, 1981) was translated and adapted to the Portuguese reality in 2001 by the management department of the faculty of human mobility of the University of Lisbon. The sample of this study is made up of 94 first category football referees (50 Portuguese referees and 44 Brazilian referees), all male with an average age of 35 years. The analysis of the obtained data was developed in SPSS Statistics, version 24. To test the normality of the distributions, the Shapiro Wilk test was used, followed by inferential statistics by comparison of the averages ("T-Student" test for two groups). ANOVA post-doc and Bonferroni for more than two groups) and the relationship of two variables (contingency coefficient and qui-square test). The results suggest that football referees in the first category have a dominant style in decision-making, the analytical style. However, considering the scores attributed to the decision-making styles and checking the second most punctuated style, the directive, we conclude that it is not possible to state clearly that the football referees in the first category have a predominantly dominant style. This inquiry is fundamental. The identification of the decision-making styles of the professional referees in the first category can make a difference in the forms of management and planning of the referee council in football, notably in the appointment of referees to matches and in the referee training. This can also reflect the complications for the relationships between organizations, clubs, the arbitration board and the federation, giving greater transparency in decision-making.
Les objectifs de la présente investigation ont été d’identifier les styles de prise de décision des arbitres de football de la première catégorie, ainsi que l’influence des variantes telles la nationalité, classe d’âge, le type de formation, la fonction, le nombre d’années d’arbitrage et le nombre d’années dans la même catégorie. Un questionnaire intitulé "Decision Style Inventory" (Rowe, 1981) a été traduit et adapté à la réalité portugaise en 2001 par le département de gestion de la faculté de mobilité humaine de l'université de Lisbonne. L'échantillon de cette étude est composé de 94 arbitres de football de la première catégorie (50 arbitres portugais et 44 arbitres brésiliens), tous masculins avec une moyenne d'âge de 35 ans. L’analyse des données obtenues a été développée dans SPSS Statistics, version 24. Pour tester la normalité des distributions, le test de Shapiro Wilk a été utilisé, suivi de statistiques inférentielles par comparaison des moyennes (test « TStudent » pour deux groupes). ANOVA post-doc et Bonferroni pour plus de deux groupes) et la relation de deux variables (coefficient de contingence et test du qui-carré). Les résultats suggèrent que les arbitres de football de la première catégorie ont un style dominant dans la prise de décisions, le style analytique. Cependant, en tenant compte des scores attribués aux styles de prise de décision et en vérifiant le deuxième style le plus ponctué, la directive, nous concluons qu'il n'est pas possible d'affirmer clairement que les arbitres de football de la première catégorie présentent un style principalement dominant. La présente enquête est fondamentale. L’identification des styles de prise de décision des arbitres professionnels de la première catégorie peut faire une différence dans les formes de gestion et de planification du conseil d’arbitre dans le football, notamment dans la nomination des arbitres aux matches et dans le plan de formation des arbitres. Cela peut également refléter les complications pour les relations entre les organisations, les clubs, le conseil d’arbitrage et la fédération, en donnant une plus grande transparence dans la prise de décision.