Relevant bibliographies by topics / Arc de contact

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Arc de contact'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Arc de contact"

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Zong, Ming, Zheng Di Cao, and Tian Yu Dong. "Research on Control Method and the Structure Design of Asynchronous Modular Contactor." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.501.

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Contactors as low-voltage electrical products are largely used, contact bounce when contactor closing and arc which produces during opening is the main factor influencing a contactor’s life. This paper proposed a new structure that asynchronous modular, N-pole contactors consist of N independent contact systems, achieved each contact individually controlled by closed-loop control. This is a new idea in the field of structural design and control of contactors. This paper designed the structure size of the electromagnetic system, used Simulink software to build the model, studied dynamic characteristics of the contacts, and obtained a new closed-loop control method at last. This new method can effectively eliminate contact bounce when the contact closing and the arc generated when breaking, and increases the service life of the contactor.
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Evans, H. P., and R. W. Snidle. "Wildhaber-Novikov Circular Arc Gears: Elastohydrodynamics." Journal of Tribology 115, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2921664.

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The paper describes an elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis of heavily loaded contacts between the teeth of Wildhaber-Novikov (W-N) circular arc gears. The contacts occurring in gears of this type are elliptical in shape with lubricant entrainment in the direction of the major axis of the contact. The results shown refer to a particular practical design and cover a range of operating conditions encountered in practice. Because of the high rolling velocity in W-N gears a relatively thick oil film is predicted over most of the contact. Severe thinning of the film occurs at the sides of the contact, however. Results of the full EHL analysis are compared with predictions using a published film thickness formula based upon analysis of moderately loaded elliptical contacts. It is suggested that the side-thinning effect is dependent upon the relative elastic deformation occurring in the contact.
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Kharin, S. N., and M. Sarsengeldin. "Influence of Contact Materials on Phenomena in a Short Electrical Arc." Key Engineering Materials 510-511 (May 2012): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.510-511.321.

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Investigation of transition phenomena accompanying the evolution of metallic phase of electric arc into gaseous phase is very important for the further progress in such fields as plasma technologies, electrical apparatus, plasmatrons and other technical applications. Some aspects of this transition are considered in presented paper on the base of mathematical model described dynamics of phenomena in the arc column, near-electrode zones, anode and cathode solids. Cathode and anode phenomena such as ion bombardment, thermionic emission, inverse electron flux, evaporation, radiation, heat conduction etc. are considered in dependence on time, current, opening velocity, parameters of the gas and contact materials. The conditions of the arc transition from one phase to another are formulated in terms of above characteristics and increasing of gas ionization level. Special experiments with two contacts materials, and have been carried to verify the mathematical model. The results of calculation and experimental data enables us to conclude that in metallic arc phase (short arc length), which is characterized by material transfer from the anode to the cathode, the erosion of contacts is considerably small than erosion of contacts both for resistive and inductive circuits, while in gaseous arc phase (long arc length) with opposite material transfer the rate of erosion depends on the inductance. If the inductance, then contacts have smaller erosion in comparison with contacts, however for inductive circuits situation is quite different, thus use of contacts in the case of long arcs burning in gaseous phase is more preferable. It was found also that the addition of niobium diselenide (1%) and tantalum (5%) into silver contact material which are sublimating into arc plasma enables to change ionization potential, that leads to decreasing of the arc temperature, arc duration and contact erosion.
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Tang, Yingying, Zhiming Zhu, Zhongyu Yang, Pingpo Fu, and Yingfei Yu. "TIG arc-induced non-contact MIG arc ignition." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 257 (July 2018): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.02.010.

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Mrachkovskyi, A., and O. Solovei. "Features of arc discharges and erosion phenomena." Energy and automation, no. 2(54) (June 22, 2021): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2021.02.135.

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Low-voltage electrical appliances play an important role in ensuring the control of energy processes, protection and switching of electrical circuits. Problems that occur in low-voltage electrical devices at rated currents of 32 - 1000 A, relate to electrical contacts that determine the operation of electrical devices. The main contribution to the development of erosion of the working surface is made by an electric arc, which is formed in the inter-contact gap when opening electrical contacts. In world practice, existing solutions to increase the arc resistance of electrical contacts do not completely solve the problem of reducing erosion of their work surface. The use of additional devices in arc suppression systems leads to an increase in the size of electrical devices. The use of expensive and toxic elements in the compositions leads to an increase in the cost of electrical appliances and poisoning of the environment. Strengthening the composition of the contacts through the use of refractory elements leads to an increase in the transient resistance. The aim of the study was to substantiate and develop the main provisions of the theory of processes and phenomena that occur on the work surface and in the electrode areas of electrical contacts, and to create compositions of high arc contact compositions for switching electrical devices. The theory of the mechanism of movement of arc reference points on the working surface of electrical contacts is substantiated and the factors providing increased arc resistance due to thermoemission properties of contact composition compositions that control diffusion, migration and phase transformations during chemical reactions are obtained. It has been experimentally established and theoretically confirmed that electric erosion is mainly determined by the microstructure of the material and the change in the physical and mechanical properties of the ingredients on the working surface of the contact parts during current switching. Key words: anode, cathode, erosion, contact wear, working surface, arc column, arc resistance, transient resistance
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Rojek, Artur, and Marek Skrzyniarz. "Contact arc time – important parameter of DC high-speed circuit-breakers." MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929405002.

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The parameters of DC high-speed circuit-breakers (HSCB) and test methods are specified in the standards. These standards define requirements of the circuit breakers opening time and the total breaking time. During the direct current (DC) breaking after opening the contacts, the arc ignites, the voltage of which is so low that it does not limit the switched off current. The time in which this phenomenon occurs is defined as the contact arc time.The contact arc time has a significant influence on the breaking process. It can take up to over 40% of arcing time. Therefore, tests were carried out, which were to answer the questions about what and to a what extent affects the contact arc time.Since the standards for high-speed circuit-breakers do not refer to the contact arc time, definitions of this parameter are proposed in the article. Using this definition numerous tests of various factors have been carried out on contact arc time.The conducted research shows that shortening the DC breaking time through high-speed breakers is possible by limiting the contact arc time, which can be obtained by modifying the circuit breaker’s construction.
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Ein, Lawrence, Robert Lazarsfeld, and Mircea Mustata. "Contact loci in arc spaces." Compositio Mathematica 140, no. 05 (September 2004): 1229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x04000429.

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Li, Jingyu, Xin Zhou, Yan Liu, Yanming Chen, Jun Zhang, Renzhong Huang, Jun Tan, Zhenggang Li, and Bing Yang. "Effects of Different Post-Treatments on Arc Erosion Resistance of Cold-Sprayed AgC Composite Electric Contact." Coatings 11, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030363.

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Graphite-silver (AgC) composite materials are widely used in outdoor high-voltage electrical switchgear due to their combining properties of excellent conductivity and outstanding arc-suppressing performance. However, the methods for fabricating AgC composite materials still have some limitations. In this study, the cold spray technique was adopted to deposit AgC composite coatings with the optimized parameters on the copper substrate. Then, AgC coatings were annealed in the furnace and treated by laser scanning, respectively, to further improve the arc erosion resistance performance of the coatings. The results show that the phase structure and electrical resistance of AgC coatings were not influenced by the post-treatment process. Furthermore, excellent hydrophobic performance was obtained after surface laser scanning treatment. The laser scanning treatment exhibited favorable advantages in enhancing the arc erosion resistance of AgC coatings, which indicated the lowest arc erosion rate compared with the cold-sprayed and annealed coatings.
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Qi, Lei, Ming Zong, Shuyi Hao, and Xuejie Wang. "Breaking time control of back-to-back double E-type alternating current contactor." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 6 (June 2020): 155014772092889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720928892.

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The arc generated by breaking the main circuit exacerbates the ablation of the contact, which affects the life of the contactor seriously. By controlling the breaking time of the contactor and making contact break in the optimum time zone are the effective ways to weaken the arc. In this article, the contact movement characteristic is concerned directly in order to control the contact breaking time. A back-to-back double-E alternating current contactor is proposed, and its structural parameters are optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm. The mathematical model of circuit and magnetic is established. A closed-loop control system based on velocity feedback is proposed. The simulation results show that the designed contactor and the proposed control method are correct, and the actual velocity curve of the contact is consistent with the planned motion curve. It can realize zero-crossing breaking of the main circuit to achieve the effect of no-arc breaking.
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Shea, J. J. "Polymeric arc chamber walls influence on AgW/AgC contact resistance." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 23, no. 2 (June 2000): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/6144.846755.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Arc de contact"

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Vassa, Alexandre. "Elaboration et caractérisation d'un matériau magnétique auto-soufflant pour dispositifs de coupure électrique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENY105.

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Pechrach, Kesorn. "Arc root commutation from the contact region in low contact velocity circuit breakers." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/46530/.

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Circuit breakers are widely used in commercial and industrial installations for automatically switching off a short circuit current. Arc motion in low voltage (240VAC) high current (103-104 A.) circuit breakers is dominated by arc root mobility. This study provides a vital step in the development of a consistent arc structure and motion in circuit breakers operating at low contact opening velocity. The experimental investigations focus on the influence of the contact material, arc chamber material, contact velocity, power supply polarity, the gap behind the moving contact and the peak short circuit current level on the arc motion. The gas flows and gas composition effects are inspected. This thesis concentrates on the arc commutation at reduced contact opening velocity down to 1 m/s from a moving contact and in particular the point at which the arc root moves off from the contact region To investigate the arc root motion, the Flexible Test Apparatus (FTA) is used to simulate circuit breaker operation. The Arc Imaging System (AIS) is used to record series of the arc motion. New pressure transducers and a spectrometer are used to observe the gas flow and gas composition in the contact region. This data combination provides a new insight into the arc motion. The studies have observed that the gas flow in the region of the moving contact has been shown to affect the arc root mobility. The spectral emission from the arc gases confirms the presence of electronegative species. Experimental results are presented which include the measurements of pressures in the arc chamber, arc spectrum, and arc root motion. The interrelation of gas dynamic and magnetic forces is investigated further by developing relationships between electromagnetic forces and high temperature gas dynamic flows. New semi-empirical modelling is presented in terms of electrical and thermal energy transfer between the arc and the gas flow.
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Nielsen, Torbjörn. "Electric arc-contact interaction in high current gasblast circuit breakers." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Mechanics, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1275.

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Pons, Frédéric. "Electrical contact material arc erosion: experiments and modeling towards the design of an AgCdO substitute." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33816.

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AgCdO is one of the most widely used contact materials in the world because of its outstanding performance. Nevertheless, due to environmental considerations, it will soon be completely forbidden by European environmental directives. Therefore, finding a good substitute is of crucial importance. Electrical arc erosion plays a crucial role in the reliability and life of power switching devices. Depending on the contact material's behavior in response to an electrical arc, surface damage can induce severe changes in contact material properties that will impact the power switching device's functioning. Consequently, electrical arc effects and consequences on the contact material surface are of first importance. In this context, we have focused our research activities on the following axes. First of all, in order to better understand AgCdO (Current contact material in aerospace industry) and AgSnO₂(Potential candidate to AgCdO substitution) arc erosion behaviors, arc erosion experiments, where the power switching devices have been subjected to different numbers of arc discharges, have been realized. Further, a general macroscopic electrical contact arc erosion model valid for low and high currents was developed. To compare model results to experimental data, this model describes the complete breaking process of electrical contacts and gives the total amount of material removed after one breaking operation. In parallel, arc erosion experiments on AgCdO power switching devices have been conducted at high currents (0 -> 1000 A) in order to validate the arc erosion model. Next, using the general arc erosion model, the properties having the greatest influence on the electrical arc erosion process have been determined through simulations on silver contact material. At this stage, ab initio calculations were needed to obtain ranges of variation of certain silver contact material properties. Finally, an investigation of the trends of changing local contact material on these identified material properties was performed. This study composition of AgSnO₂was based on ab initio calculations for two different oxide compositions of AgSnO₂. These will allow us to give directions to aid the design of a good substitute for AgCdO, and therefore, to complete the main objective of this research work.
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Praquin, Jérôme. "Étude des revêtements et des paramètres de fonctionnement électrique, climatique et mécanique sur la conduction et la commutation de faibles courants des contacts électriques de type membrane." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S094.

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L'objet de la présente étude est d'étudier, de comprendre et de maîtriser les différentes propriétés électriques de contacts électriques constitués de membranes souples en carbone, qui commutent sur des pistes métalliques d'un circuit imprimé. Ces contacts sont de plus en plus utilisés dans l'automobile car ils possèdent des propriétés mécaniques intéressantes vis-à-vis du ressenti de l'utilisateur, tout en permettant une bonne durée de vie. Dans un premier temps, les paramètres électriques et mécaniques de ces contacts sont caractérisés, les phénomènes de commutation sur divers type de charges sont étudiés et l'influence de contaminants et de la corrosion sur la conduction électrique sont examinés. L'évolution des résistances d'isolement en présence d'humidité est quantifiée. Dans un second temps, une approche de fiabilité est réalisée : l'évolution des paramètres électriques et mécaniques de ces contacts est étudiée lorsqu'ils sont soumis à des stress environnementaux, en particulier la chaleur humide. Les principaux modes d'endommagement sont étudiés. Nous montrons en particulier que les défaillances mécaniques proviennent essentiellement du polymère, et les défaillances électriques proviennent plutôt du circuit imprimé. L'influence d'un revêtement doré côté circuit imprimé, pour différentes épaisseurs, est également étudiée. Notre travail se poursuit par une étude un peu plus fondamentale sur les phénomènes de commutation en présence de matériaux en carbone. Au cours de ce travail novateur, les signatures optiques sont examinées lors de la coupure du courant. Un phénomène baptisé « glowing » est mis en évidence ; les limites en courant et en tension entre « glowing » et arcage électrique sont données, et les phénomènes comparés par rapport aux phénomènes de commutation dans les contacts de type métal – métal. L'étude se termine par un bilan synthétique concernant l'utilisation de contacts comprenant une pastille en carbone, avec leurs avantages et leurs limitations
The purpose of this study is to explore, understand and master the different electrical properties of electrical contacts made of flexible carbon membranes, which switch on metal tracks on a printed circuit board. These contacts are increasingly used in the automobile because they have interesting mechanical properties for the user, while providing a good reliability. At first, the electrical and mechanical parameters of these contacts are characterized, the switching phenomena on various types of loads are studied and the influence of contaminants and corrosion on the electrical conduction is examined. The evolution of insulation resistance in the presence of moisture is quantified. In a second step, an approach to reliability is achieved: the evolution of electrical and mechanical parameters of these contacts is studied when subjected to environmental stresses, especially moist and heat. The main types of damage are considered. We show in particular that mechanical failures come mainly from polymer and electrical failures from the PCB. The influence of a gold-plated printed for different thicknesses system side, is also studied. Our work continues with a slightly more fundamental study on switching phenomena in the presence of carbon materials. In this pioneering work, the optical signatures are discussed at the current break. A phenomenon called "glowing" is highlighted; limits current and voltage between "glowing" and electrical arcing are given, and compared with respect to the phenomena switching phenomena in metal contacts - type metal. The study concludes with a summary review on the use of contacts comprising a carbon pill, with their advantages and limitations
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Abu, Sharkh Suleiman Mahmoud. "Influence of contact dynamics and point-on-wave switching on arc and contact phenomena in medium duty switches." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/47625/.

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Investigations are made into the effect of contact opening velocity on arc energy and contact erosion in both ac and dc medium duty switches. In addition investigations are carried out into the effect of point-on-wave switching on the erosion of contacts in ac circuits. Theoretical and experimental research is also made into the modelling of the impact event during contact closure. The impact model is used to develop a mathematical model of the dynamics of a contact mechanism which is used in the investigations. The phenomena of pre-impact arcing during contact closure is also studied. The investigations into the effect of contact opening velocity and point-on-wave switching on arc energy and erosion were carried out using a computer controlled experimental apparatus which enables the control of contact opening velocities in the range of medium duty switches (up to 1 m/s). The investigations into the impact and bounce phenomena were made using an existing experimental apparatus. In dc circuits, using currents up to 10 A, the molten bridge length was found to be unaffected by opening velocity indicating that the bridge remains in steady state. For dc currents below 7 A a stepped increase of the arc voltage was observed. The presence of a fourth step and a fifth step are reported in this thesis for the first time. These steps are explained to be due to the quantized nature of the electron energy in the arc which manifests itself at low current. The arc voltage in dc circuits is found to become either higher or lower than its steady state value when the contact velocity increases which was explained to a direct consequence of the energy conservation equation. Arc energy and erosion for a given arc current are found to be inversely proportional to contact opening velocity. Material transfer due to arc erosion was shown to change direction from cathodic to anodic when the circuit current increases above 7A. In ac circuits the arc is observed to extinguish near current zero at all velocities which results in the increase of arc energy and length with opening velocity. This is shown to be predictable from quasi-static arc characteristics. Opening the contacts further from the start of the ac current cycle, i.e. at large point-on-waves is shown to increase the erosion from the anode resulting in the change of the direction of material transfer to become from anode to cathode at a point-on-wave which decreases with the increase of the electrical current. This is explained to be due to the increase of anodic erosion with the increase of arc current. Increasing opening velocity is shown to increase the erosion from anode to cathode for given point-on-wave and current (below 10A)which is due to the increase of the arc length and the anode fall voltage. For currents higher than 10 A erosion due to melting increases significantly with increasing opening velocity leading to material loss from both contacts. Erosion due to random switching of rectified ac current is shown to correlated well with that of fixed point-on-wave switching. It is shown in this thesis that it is possible to model the impact event by a single process of plastic deformation which enables the calculation of impact force and duration. To reduce contact bounce the contact closing velocity has to be reduced. However, the contact velocity has to be high enough to reduce the damage caused by the pre-impact arc whose duration is shown to be inversely proportional to closing velocity. This arc is shown to be caused by field emission breakdown.
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MERLE, HAROLD. "Chirurgie des esotropies fonctionnelles selon la methode des arcs : a propos de 115 cas." Nantes, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NANT097M.

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Klonowski, Thomas. "Etude de la coupure de fortes intensités sous une tension continue de 42 Volts." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112330.

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L’augmentation du nombre de dispositifs électriques ou électroniques dans les automobiles et l’attrait croissant pour un véhicule automobile hybride (thermique + électrique) en vue de réduire la consommation de carburant pour préserver l’environnement vont engendrer dans les années à venir une forte augmentation de la puissance électrique embarquée. Dans ce but, les constructeurs vont certainement passer à un système d’alimentation sous 42 V (en ce qui concerne l’alternateur) qui permettra de réduire la section des fils et les volumes des différents mécanismes, donc réduire le poids total du véhicule. De plus, du fait de l'arrivée prochaine des systèmes de motorisation hybride pour lesquels la puissance consommée sera de l’ordre de 40 kW, les constructeurs ne s’arrêteront pas à cette valeur de 42 V et il est fort probable que celle-ci soit assez rapidement augmentée. Ceci fera apparaître de nouveaux problèmes concernant, par exemple les différents systèmes relatifs à l’ouverture (ou à la fermeture) et à la protection des circuits électriques. En effet, jusqu’à présent la tension aux bornes des électrodes d’un contact électrique ne pouvait guère dépasser 14 V. Dans ces conditions, la durée d’un arc électrique au niveau de tels dispositifs dépasse rarement quelques millisecondes. A contrario, pour une tension d’alimentation plus importante la durée d’arc peut rapidement augmenter. Cette thèse concerne l'étude de l’ouverture de contacts électriques sous une tension continue dans le cas de fortes intensités (quelques centaines d’ampères). Elle contribue à la connaissance du comportement d’un arc électrique sous 42V et à la quantification de l’érosion des contacts électriques
The increase of the number of electric or electronic devices in cars and the growing interest in hybrid vehicles (thermal + electrical motorization) in order to reduce the fuel consumption and to protect the environment will lead to a great increase of the electrical power on board in the near future. To increase the available power, manufacturers will rise the voltage to at least 42 V (regarding the alternator) in order to reduce the wire sections, the volume of electrical equipment and to prevent an increase of the weight of the vehicles. To implant the hybrid motorization for which the consumed power will be around 40 kW, the manufacturers will not stop at the present value of 42 V but will soon ask for more. In these voltage conditions, new problems will appear, concerning for instance the high current switching : opening or closing and protection of high intensity electrical circuits. Until now the voltage across the electrodes gap of the contacts reached a value of 14 V. In such conditions, the arc cannot last more than a few milliseconds, whereas for higher values of supply voltage, the arc duration may strongly increase. This thesis is about the study of the opening of contacts under DC voltage in the case of high intensity current (a few hundred amperes). It contributes to a better knowledge on the behaviour of the electric arc under 42 V and to quantify the erosion of the electric contacts
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Yee, Kin Choi Elsa. "Étude des arcs et leurs conséquences sur les matériaux de contact électrique de puissance pour des applications DC." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S045/document.

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À ce jour, nous trouvons de nombreux systèmes requérant l'usage du courant continu dans l'industrie automobile, aéronautique, ferroviaire ou encore dans les panneaux solaires. L'ouverture et la fermeture des circuits alimentés (relais, interrupteurs, etc.) engendrent inévitablement un arc électrique (température ~5000 K). Celui-ci provoque des dégradations plus ou moins importantes aux matériaux de contact, telles que l'érosion, la soudure et l'augmentation de la résistance de contact, pouvant engendrer des dysfonctionnements des appareillages et porter atteinte à la sécurité des personnes qui les utilisent. Face à la demande de puissance électrique des appareils actuels, il est nécessaire d'augmenter la tension ou le courant d'alimentation. La tension actuelle à bord d'une voiture est de 14 VDC, il est envisagé d'augmenter cette tension à 42 VDC afin d'augmenter la puissance pour faire face à la croissance des appareils électroniques et électriques embarqués. L'intérêt d'augmenter la tension, notamment pour des applications liées au milieu automobile, permet de maintenir l'intensité du courant donc conserver un faible diamètre de câble pour une puissance plus importante et permet de ne pas rajouter une masse supplémentaire à la voiture. Cependant, le passage d'une tension de 14 VDC à 42 VDC augmente fortement ces dommages causés aux matériaux de contact par les arcs électriques. Il existe différents moyens permettant la diminution de la durée d'arc, par exemple l'optimisation du dispositif mécanique (modification de la vitesse d'ouverture des contacts, double coupure), ou bien l'utilisation d'aimants permanents qui génèrent un champ magnétique et soufflent l'arc hors de la zone de contact ou encore la modification du matériau de contact (composition chimique, forme). Les matériaux caractérisés dans cette étude allient le soufflage magnétique et l'optimisation de la composition chimique de façon à trouver un bon compromis pour limiter les dégâts causés par les arcs d'ouverture et par les arcs de fermeture. En effet, l'action du champ magnétique permet de diminuer la durée de l'arc d'ouverture (diminution d'un facteur 10) mais n'a malheureusement aucun effet sur l'arc de fermeture. D'où la nécessité de modifier la composition chimique du matériau, notamment par ajout d'oxydes métalliques (SnO2) afin de limiter les dommages de l'arc de fermeture
Nowadays, we find many systems requiring the use of direct current in the automotive, aerospace, rail, or in solar panels. The opening and closing of the powered circuits (as relays, switches, etc.) inevitably generate an electric arc (temperature ~5000 K). This arc causes more or less significant damage to the contact materials, such as erosion, welding and increase the contact resistance, which can lead to malfunction of the equipment and impair the safety of people who use them. Facing the electric power demand of current devices, it is necessary to increase the voltage or the supply current. Currently, the voltage on board a car is 14VDC, it is planned to increase this to 42VDC voltage, to increase the power to deal with the increase of embedded electronics and electrical appliances. The interest to increase the voltage, especially for applications related to the automotive environment, keeps the current intensity therefore maintain a low cable diameter for greater power and allows not to add an additional weight to the car. However, the passage of a voltage of 14VDC to 42VDC greatly increases the damage caused to contact materials by electric arcs. There are different ways to decrease the arc duration, e.g. optimizing the mechanical device (change in opening speed of the contacts, double break), or the use of permanent magnets that generate a magnetic field and blow the arc out of the contact area, or changing the contact material (chemical composition, shape). The materials characterized in this study combine magnetic blowing and optimizing the chemical composition in order to find a good compromise to limit the damage caused by break and make arcs. Indeed, the action of the magnetic field can reduce the duration of the break arc (decrease by a factor 10) but unfortunately has no effect on the make arc. Hence, the need to modify the chemical composition of the material, including adding metal oxide (SnO2) to limit the make arcs damages
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FRITSCH, CLEMENT. "Dispostif de determination du deplacement des pieds d'arcs sur des pastilles de contact par sondes optiques." Paris, CNAM, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CNAM0136.

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La coupure d'un circuit electrique en basse tension par un contacteur engendre un arc electrique sur les pastilles de contact. L'erosion qui en resulte depend de nombreux parametres, dont la mobilite du pied d'arc. Cette these decrit un capteur a fibres optiques concu et realise par saisir et analyser le deplacement des pieds d'arc sur la surface de pastilles de contact planes de diametre 16 nm. La resolution spatiale est de 1,6 nm, la surface se trouvant maillee selon un reseau carre. L'electronique associee permet une resolution temporelle d'une microseconde et la memorisation de 12000 images a cette cadence. La tension et le courant d'arc sont enregistres a l'instar des signaux optiques. A partir des resultats bruts, on calcule la position de l'arc et sa vitesse a chaque instant. Ce capteur fonctionne en association avec un dispositif permettant de simuler, dans un essai synthetique, les conditions reelles de fonctionnement d'un contact de contacteur
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Books on the topic "Arc de contact"

1

Chiffelle, Frédéric. L' Arc jurassien romand à la frontière des langues: Faut-il craindre la germanisation? Lausanne: Payot, 2000.

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Rhoda, Lederer, ed. The ABC of contract bridge. London: HarperCollins, 1993.

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Mali, Musée national du. Contact zone. Edited by Fall N'Goné, Olufuwa Bisi, and Turaykī Rashīdah. Bamako: Musée national du Mali, 2007.

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Sam Taylor-wood: Contact. London: Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001.

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1er contact, festival d'art numérique à ciel ouvert (2nd 2005 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France). 1er contact: Festival d'art numérique à ciel ouvert. Paris]: Archibooks, 2005.

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Bauer, Günter. Rechtsschutzversicherung: Kommentar zu den Allgemeinen Bedingungen für die Rechtsschutzversicherung (ARB 2000/2009 und ARB 75). 8th ed. München: Beck, 2010.

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Bauer, Günter. Rechtsschutzversicherung: Kommentar zu den Allgemeinen Bedingungen für die Rechtsschutzversicherung (ARB 2000/2009 und ARB 75). 8th ed. München: Beck, 2010.

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Castillo, Vilma Sánchez del. El ABC del derecho de la contratación electrónica. San José, C.R.]: Editorial Jurídica Continental, 2012.

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Defavari, Olga. Imprensa alternativa no ABC: A história contada pelos independentes. Santo André: O. Defavari, 2008.

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Traut, Veronika. Rechtsprechungsübersicht zu den Allg. Rechtsschutzversicherungsbedingungen (ARB). München: C.H. Beck, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Arc de contact"

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de Fraysseix, Hubert, and Patrice Ossona de Mendez. "Stretching of Jordan Arc Contact Systems." In Graph Drawing, 71–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24595-7_7.

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Wu, Guangning, Guoqiang Gao, Wenfu Wei, and Zefeng Yang. "Electric Arc of Pantograph and Catenary." In The Electrical Contact of the Pantograph-Catenary System, 109–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6589-8_4.

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Huang, Shize, Fan Zhang, Liangliang Yu, and Meiyu Pan. "Overview of Non-contact Pantograph-Catenary Arc Detection Based on Image Processing." In International Symposium for Intelligent Transportation and Smart City (ITASC) 2017 Proceedings, 279–89. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3575-3_28.

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Bucca, Giuseppe, Andrea Collina, and Ezio Tanzi. "Experimental Analysis of the Influence of the Electrical Arc on the Wear Rate of Contact Strip and Contact Wire in a.c. System." In Mechanisms and Machine Science, 449–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48375-7_48.

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Cui, Yu Sheng, Liang Zhen, Y. Wang, Wen Zhu Shao, and V. V. Ivanov. "The Contact Resistance and Arc Erosion Behavior of Separable CP-Nb-Cr/Cu-Cd Electrical Contact Material." In Key Engineering Materials, 886–89. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-456-1.886.

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Liu, Wenzheng, Zhongping Yang, Zhaofeng Gong, Weiliang Wang, Huisheng Yang, and Ran Liu. "A Study on the Generated Characteristics of the Arc Discharge for Contact-Loss of Pantograph." In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on High-Speed and Intercity Railways, 1–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27963-8_1.

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Forouzanmehr, Mohsen, Kazem Reza Kashyzadeh, Amirhossein Borjali, Mosayeb Jafarnode, and Mahmoud Chizari. "Effects of CrN/TiN Coatings on Interfacial Contact Resistance of Stainless Steel 410 Bipolar Plates in Fuel Cells." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 133–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_17.

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AbstractChallenge on energy resources exists, especially when the fossil resources are limited. Fuel cells, as an alternative replacement, can be used. Fuel cells with coated bipolar plates are the interest of this paper. Current research is concerned with the effects of CrN/TiN coatings on interfacial contact resistance (ICR). Stainless steel 410 was selected as a base metal, and the coating process was performed using chromium nitride and titanium nitride by cathodic arc evaporation method. It was found that the surface roughness and ICR values of CrN-coated sample are lower than the TiN-coated sample. The concluded that the CrN layer could be replaced with the TiN layer for better performance of bipolar plates.
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Hilaire, Xavier. "RANVEC and the Arc Segmentation Contest." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 359–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45868-9_32.

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Liu, Wenyin. "Report of the Arc Segmentation Contest." In Graphics Recognition. Recent Advances and Perspectives, 364–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-25977-0_33.

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Jiang, Yuan, and Qing Li. "Contacts Characteristics of Variable Frequency Vacuum Arc." In Power Systems, 51–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4781-6_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Arc de contact"

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Huo, Wenlei, Jianwen Wu, and Bowen Jia. "Vacuum arc and characteristics of arc voltage in curved surface contact." In 2016 27th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/deiv.2016.7748734.

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Hasegawa, Makoto. "Electrical contact phenomena in switching technology - Arc discharges in switching contacts." In 2011 1st International Conference on Electric Power Equipment - Switching Technology (ICEPE-ST). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icepe-st.2011.6123035.

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"High Current AC Break Arc Contact Erosion." In 2008 Proceedings of the 54th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/holm.2008.ecp.13.

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Li, Yuanzhao, Zihan Wang, Qiming Li, Yingsan Geng, Jianhua Wang, Zhiyuan Liu, Xiaomin Zhao, and Yinghua Bi. "Vacuum Arc Characteristics of a Novel Contact Consists of Arcing Contact and Main Contact." In 2019 5th International Conference on Electric Power Equipment - Switching Technology (ICEPE-ST). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icepe-st.2019.8928874.

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Schrank, Clemens, Alexander R. Neuhaus, and Martin Reichart. "The Influence of Different Atmospheres on Arc Width, Arc Mobility, and Contact Welding investigated for Low Power Switches." In Electrical Contacts 2007. 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/holm.2007.4318205.

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Li, Jing, Mark Sumner, David W. P. Thomas, Edward Christopher, Ke Jia, and He Zhang. "Non-contact arc study for DC power systems." In IECON 2015 - 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2015.7392902.

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Zhao, Laijun, Zhenbiao Li, and Youwu Zhou. "Arc erosion characteristics of nanocrystalline CuCr contact material." In 2011 1st International Conference on Electric Power Equipment - Switching Technology (ICEPE-ST). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icepe-st.2011.6123061.

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Henke, Reinhold, and Robert P. Thorbus. "Power contact arc suppression An investigation into the relative effectiveness of snubbers vs. an engineered electronic power contact arc suppressor." In 2015 IEEE 61st Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Holm). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/holm.2015.7355098.

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Fan, Weiwei, and Shihua Wu. "A new computation model of contact breaking arc duration." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icinfa.2015.7279724.

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Deng, Jie, Lijun Wang, Xiao Zhang, Ze Yang, and Shenli Jia. "Modeling of CuCr Contact Vacuum Arc with Different Species." In 2018 28th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/deiv.2018.8537057.

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Reports on the topic "Arc de contact"

1

Mornis, M. A., T. P. Quinn, T. A. Siewert, and J. P. H. Steele. Sensing of contact tube wear in gas metal arc welding. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.3996.

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Berman, G. P., G. D. Doolen, R. Mainieri, I. E. Aronov, D. K. Campbell, N. N. Beletskii, and S. V. Dudiy. A.c. transport and collective excitation in a quantum point contact. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/671983.

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Nordin, Andrew, and Bennet Burton. Analysis of the Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center's (ALC) Contract Management Processes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada475986.

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Dickson, Richard N. Operational Art in a Middle-Power Context: A Canadian Perspective. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada435827.

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Seybold, Patricia. Are You Handling Content Management as a Customer-Critical Issue? Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/psgp7-23-05cc.

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Orahood, James A. On the Art of War: A Contrast of Clausewitz and Sun Tzu. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada208137.

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Brekhus, Dennis A., and Dale Carley. Apparel Research Network (ARN) Report Management System (RMS) RMS Field System for ARN Partner Reporting of Contract Data Requirement List (CDRL) Items. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada328796.

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Deri, R., A. Bayramian, and A. Erlandson. The LIFE Laser Design in Context: A Comparison to the State-of-the-Art. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1022157.

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Eaton, W. C. Test Plan: Phase 1 demonstration of 3-phase electric arc melting furnace technology for vitrifying high-sodium content low-level radioactive liquid wastes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/82490.

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Cardiel, Christopher. Are We Cool Yet?: A Longitudinal Content Analysis of Nerd and Geek Representations in Popular Television. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.810.

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