Journal articles: 'Arc de contact'

1

Zong, Ming, Zheng Di Cao, and Tian Yu Dong. "Research on Control Method and the Structure Design of Asynchronous Modular Contactor." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.501.

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Contactors as low-voltage electrical products are largely used, contact bounce when contactor closing and arc which produces during opening is the main factor influencing a contactor’s life. This paper proposed a new structure that asynchronous modular, N-pole contactors consist of N independent contact systems, achieved each contact individually controlled by closed-loop control. This is a new idea in the field of structural design and control of contactors. This paper designed the structure size of the electromagnetic system, used Simulink software to build the model, studied dynamic characteristics of the contacts, and obtained a new closed-loop control method at last. This new method can effectively eliminate contact bounce when the contact closing and the arc generated when breaking, and increases the service life of the contactor.

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Evans, H. P., and R. W. Snidle. "Wildhaber-Novikov Circular Arc Gears: Elastohydrodynamics." Journal of Tribology 115, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2921664.

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The paper describes an elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis of heavily loaded contacts between the teeth of Wildhaber-Novikov (W-N) circular arc gears. The contacts occurring in gears of this type are elliptical in shape with lubricant entrainment in the direction of the major axis of the contact. The results shown refer to a particular practical design and cover a range of operating conditions encountered in practice. Because of the high rolling velocity in W-N gears a relatively thick oil film is predicted over most of the contact. Severe thinning of the film occurs at the sides of the contact, however. Results of the full EHL analysis are compared with predictions using a published film thickness formula based upon analysis of moderately loaded elliptical contacts. It is suggested that the side-thinning effect is dependent upon the relative elastic deformation occurring in the contact.

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Kharin, S. N., and M. Sarsengeldin. "Influence of Contact Materials on Phenomena in a Short Electrical Arc." Key Engineering Materials 510-511 (May 2012): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.510-511.321.

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Investigation of transition phenomena accompanying the evolution of metallic phase of electric arc into gaseous phase is very important for the further progress in such fields as plasma technologies, electrical apparatus, plasmatrons and other technical applications. Some aspects of this transition are considered in presented paper on the base of mathematical model described dynamics of phenomena in the arc column, near-electrode zones, anode and cathode solids. Cathode and anode phenomena such as ion bombardment, thermionic emission, inverse electron flux, evaporation, radiation, heat conduction etc. are considered in dependence on time, current, opening velocity, parameters of the gas and contact materials. The conditions of the arc transition from one phase to another are formulated in terms of above characteristics and increasing of gas ionization level. Special experiments with two contacts materials, and have been carried to verify the mathematical model. The results of calculation and experimental data enables us to conclude that in metallic arc phase (short arc length), which is characterized by material transfer from the anode to the cathode, the erosion of contacts is considerably small than erosion of contacts both for resistive and inductive circuits, while in gaseous arc phase (long arc length) with opposite material transfer the rate of erosion depends on the inductance. If the inductance, then contacts have smaller erosion in comparison with contacts, however for inductive circuits situation is quite different, thus use of contacts in the case of long arcs burning in gaseous phase is more preferable. It was found also that the addition of niobium diselenide (1%) and tantalum (5%) into silver contact material which are sublimating into arc plasma enables to change ionization potential, that leads to decreasing of the arc temperature, arc duration and contact erosion.

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Tang, Yingying, Zhiming Zhu, Zhongyu Yang, Pingpo Fu, and Yingfei Yu. "TIG arc-induced non-contact MIG arc ignition." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 257 (July 2018): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.02.010.

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Mrachkovskyi, A., and O. Solovei. "Features of arc discharges and erosion phenomena." Energy and automation, no. 2(54) (June 22, 2021): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2021.02.135.

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Low-voltage electrical appliances play an important role in ensuring the control of energy processes, protection and switching of electrical circuits. Problems that occur in low-voltage electrical devices at rated currents of 32 - 1000 A, relate to electrical contacts that determine the operation of electrical devices. The main contribution to the development of erosion of the working surface is made by an electric arc, which is formed in the inter-contact gap when opening electrical contacts. In world practice, existing solutions to increase the arc resistance of electrical contacts do not completely solve the problem of reducing erosion of their work surface. The use of additional devices in arc suppression systems leads to an increase in the size of electrical devices. The use of expensive and toxic elements in the compositions leads to an increase in the cost of electrical appliances and poisoning of the environment. Strengthening the composition of the contacts through the use of refractory elements leads to an increase in the transient resistance. The aim of the study was to substantiate and develop the main provisions of the theory of processes and phenomena that occur on the work surface and in the electrode areas of electrical contacts, and to create compositions of high arc contact compositions for switching electrical devices. The theory of the mechanism of movement of arc reference points on the working surface of electrical contacts is substantiated and the factors providing increased arc resistance due to thermoemission properties of contact composition compositions that control diffusion, migration and phase transformations during chemical reactions are obtained. It has been experimentally established and theoretically confirmed that electric erosion is mainly determined by the microstructure of the material and the change in the physical and mechanical properties of the ingredients on the working surface of the contact parts during current switching. Key words: anode, cathode, erosion, contact wear, working surface, arc column, arc resistance, transient resistance

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Rojek, Artur, and Marek Skrzyniarz. "Contact arc time – important parameter of DC high-speed circuit-breakers." MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929405002.

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The parameters of DC high-speed circuit-breakers (HSCB) and test methods are specified in the standards. These standards define requirements of the circuit breakers opening time and the total breaking time. During the direct current (DC) breaking after opening the contacts, the arc ignites, the voltage of which is so low that it does not limit the switched off current. The time in which this phenomenon occurs is defined as the contact arc time.The contact arc time has a significant influence on the breaking process. It can take up to over 40% of arcing time. Therefore, tests were carried out, which were to answer the questions about what and to a what extent affects the contact arc time.Since the standards for high-speed circuit-breakers do not refer to the contact arc time, definitions of this parameter are proposed in the article. Using this definition numerous tests of various factors have been carried out on contact arc time.The conducted research shows that shortening the DC breaking time through high-speed breakers is possible by limiting the contact arc time, which can be obtained by modifying the circuit breaker’s construction.

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Ein, Lawrence, Robert Lazarsfeld, and Mircea Mustata. "Contact loci in arc spaces." Compositio Mathematica 140, no. 05 (September 2004): 1229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x04000429.

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8

Li, Jingyu, Xin Zhou, Yan Liu, Yanming Chen, Jun Zhang, Renzhong Huang, Jun Tan, Zhenggang Li, and Bing Yang. "Effects of Different Post-Treatments on Arc Erosion Resistance of Cold-Sprayed AgC Composite Electric Contact." Coatings 11, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030363.

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Graphite-silver (AgC) composite materials are widely used in outdoor high-voltage electrical switchgear due to their combining properties of excellent conductivity and outstanding arc-suppressing performance. However, the methods for fabricating AgC composite materials still have some limitations. In this study, the cold spray technique was adopted to deposit AgC composite coatings with the optimized parameters on the copper substrate. Then, AgC coatings were annealed in the furnace and treated by laser scanning, respectively, to further improve the arc erosion resistance performance of the coatings. The results show that the phase structure and electrical resistance of AgC coatings were not influenced by the post-treatment process. Furthermore, excellent hydrophobic performance was obtained after surface laser scanning treatment. The laser scanning treatment exhibited favorable advantages in enhancing the arc erosion resistance of AgC coatings, which indicated the lowest arc erosion rate compared with the cold-sprayed and annealed coatings.

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9

Qi, Lei, Ming Zong, Shuyi Hao, and Xuejie Wang. "Breaking time control of back-to-back double E-type alternating current contactor." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 6 (June 2020): 155014772092889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720928892.

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The arc generated by breaking the main circuit exacerbates the ablation of the contact, which affects the life of the contactor seriously. By controlling the breaking time of the contactor and making contact break in the optimum time zone are the effective ways to weaken the arc. In this article, the contact movement characteristic is concerned directly in order to control the contact breaking time. A back-to-back double-E alternating current contactor is proposed, and its structural parameters are optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm. The mathematical model of circuit and magnetic is established. A closed-loop control system based on velocity feedback is proposed. The simulation results show that the designed contactor and the proposed control method are correct, and the actual velocity curve of the contact is consistent with the planned motion curve. It can realize zero-crossing breaking of the main circuit to achieve the effect of no-arc breaking.

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10

Shea, J. J. "Polymeric arc chamber walls influence on AgW/AgC contact resistance." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 23, no. 2 (June 2000): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/6144.846755.

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11

Wang, Sai Bei, Song Wang, Ming Xie, Ji Ming Zhang, You Cai Yang, Yong Tai Chen, Man Men Liu, and Jie Qiong Hu. "Electrical Erosion Characteristics of Pt-Ir-Zr Alloy Contact under DC Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.191.

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The analysis of electrical erosion characteristics of contacts under DC load is conducive to the in-depth study of the arc erosion mechanism. Through the electrical contact experiment, the electrical erosion status of the Pt-Ir-Zr alloy under DC load of 25V/15A is studied in this paper. The results show that: the contacts have excellent anti-welding behavior and lower loss on arc ablation. The separation acceleration of the breaking process between the movable and static contacts is 154.32μm/ms2. The arc erosion surfaces of the material show a large number of paste-like coagulum and bubbles. There are some micro-cracks existing on the surface of the Pt-Ir-Zr alloy contacts. The obvious material transfer phenomenon occurs between the movable and static contacts under DC load.

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12

Guo, F., Y. Zhang, Z. Wang, X. Wang, and H. Gao. "Preliminary Study on Making Arc Characteristics of AgSnO2 Contact." Plasma Physics and Technology Journal 6, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2019.3.261.

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In order to analyze the making arc characteristics of AgSnO<sub>2</sub> contact, experiments were carried out with a self-developed experimental equipment. It was found that contact resistance had no obvious change with the increase of the number of experiments.In the later stage of the experiment, the contact bounces occurred during the contact closing process, which not only prolonged the making arc duration, but also increased making arc energy. When the contact was eroded to a certain extent by arc, making welding occurs.

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13

Giere, S., T. Heinz, A. Lawall, C. Stiehler, E. D. Taylor, and S. Wethekam. "Control of Diffuse Vacuum Arc Using Axial Magnetic Fields in Commercial High Voltage Switchgear." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 1 (2019): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2019.1.19.

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During the development of a commercial vacuum interrupter for application in HV (high voltage) switchgear at a rated voltage of 145kV, we investigated the behavior of vacuum arcs controlled by axial magnetic fields (AMF). AMF arc control is already extensively used in medium voltage (1-52kV) applications, the key difference is the 2-3 times larger contact gap and the corresponding reduction of the AMF strength for HV applications. We conducted several stress tests with short circuit currents up to 40kA, thus not only testing the interrupting capability, but also the electrical endurance of such a contact system. We also investigated the dielectric behavior of the vacuum interrupter by testing the capacitive switching duty. Overall, the contacts were used in about 40 operations at high currents. Despite this large number of operations, they showed a minimal amount of contact erosion and damage and demonstrated behavior very similar to the extensive experience with MV vacuum interrupters. In line with simulation results, we conclude that even at high contact gaps and currents, a diffuse vacuum arc was maintained which distributed the arc energy evenly over the contacts.

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14

Huang, Kang, Song Bo Han, Rong De Yang, and Shun Xu. "Contact Model of Double Circular Arc Gear Based on Fractal Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 43 (December 2010): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.43.414.

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Aiming at the problem that it is difficult to solve contact strength calculation of double circular arc gear with the method of traditional the Hertz contact theory and FEM, methods of fractal theory had been used to establish the contact model of double arc gear based on fractal theory, and an example of calculation was given away. This article results that it is feasible to calculate contact strength with fractal theory in the driving of concave convex meshing gear and this contact model of double circular arc gear based on fractal theory would provide a new way of the research of contact strength calculation of double circular arc gear.

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Veklich, A., S. Fesenko, and V. Boretskij. "Plasma Peculiarities of Arc Discharge Between Carbon-Copper Electrodes." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 2 (2019): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2019.2.152.

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Composite materials on carbon-copper base have advanced electric and exploitation characteristics. They usually used as materials for sliding contacts for high-speed railway. Arc discharges appear during pantograph lowering process in pantograph-catenary system, so injection of contact material into discharge gap has place. Therefore, investigations of electric arc plasma between such composite electrodes can be useful for further optimization of materials. It would be very useful as well to examine the peculiarities of electric arc plasma and contacts’ working surface interaction. So, the aim of this work is spectroscopy investigations of electric arc discharge plasma between C-Cu composite electrodes. The mutual correlation of plasma properties and composition of contacts’ was found.

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He, Qing, Hui Yang, Law Son Chen, Xian Ping Fan, Qian Hong Shen, Xin He Wu, Cheng Fa Mu, and Ling Jie Zhang. "Arc Erosion and Morphological Characters of Ag/LSCO(12) Contacts by Different Methods." Advanced Materials Research 815 (October 2013): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.815.80.

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To diagnose the arc erosion type and improve arc erosion resistance of Ag/LSCO (Ag/La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ) contacts, making and breaking experiments were carried on Ag/LSCO(12) contacts prepared by both traditional powder metallurgy method and a modified one in this work. Arc erosion and morphological characters of this two kinds of Ag/LSCO(12) samples were investigated and the erosion mechanisms were also discussed. The results are that seven types of arc erosion morphologies of Ag/LSCO(12) contacts were classified as the lump region, the cauliflower region, the framework structure, holes and cavities, cracks, spongy region and the vestiges of fusant spreading. There are intrinsic links between these morphological characters. The spongy regions and vestiges of fusant spreading on the contact surface of Ag/LSCO(12) prepared by the new method indicates that its resistance to arc erosion is superior to the contacts prepared by traditional method.

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17

Masquere, Mathieu, Karina Hernandez, Pierre Freton, Jean-Jacques Gonzalez, and Manitra Razafinimanana. "Arc Contact Ablation: High Speed Camera Visualization." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 42, no. 10 (October 2014): 2380–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2014.2327244.

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18

Bonomo-Braberman, Flavia, Esther Galby, and Carolina Lucía Gonzalez. "Characterising circular-arc contact B0–VPG graphs." Discrete Applied Mathematics 283 (September 2020): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2020.01.027.

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19

Robert, Femi, Anita Agrawal, and Shibu Clement. "Effect of Anode Temperature and Contact Voltage on the Design of Arc- Less Micro Electrical Contact." Micro and Nanosystems 11, no. 1 (April 2, 2019): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876402911666181214143451.

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Objective: This paper presents the effect of anode temperature and contact voltage on the breakdown arc of micro electrical contact pair under DC excitation. Methods: A rectangular micro electrical contact pair is considered. The resistance and capacitance of the contact pair are obtained for the materials Al, Cu, Au and Pt. The anode temperature is calculated based on the 3D heat equation. Pre-breakdown arc due to anode temperature is analyzed. Result: The breakdown voltage and breakdown electric field characteristics for the gap between 0.5µm and 30µm are reported. The electric field of micro electrical contact pair is analyzed mathematically. The calculated values of resistance, anode temperature and electric field are compared with the simulation results obtained using COMSOL multiphysics FEA software tool. The arc-less operating region of micro contact is identified. Four cases with the ratings 50V/5A, 50V/0.5A, 400 V/ 5A and 400V/0.5A have been considered for the analysis of arcless micro electrical contact. Conclusion: These results can be considered while designing arc-less micro electrical switches, micro relays and micro circuit breakers which can be applicable for the future DC electric power distribution, protection system and automobiles. Also these results can be considered when designing micro actuators, sensors and electrostatic devices.

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Ke, Xue Wei, Jian Hou, and Ping Wei. "Dynamics Analysis for Naval Gun with Consideration of Contact between Arc and Gear." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 1535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.1535.

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The effect of contact between cradle arc and main gear of elevating mechanism on muzzle disturbance is studied.The precise 3D models of involute straight tooth gear and arc are constructed by PRO/E software.Considering the contact between cradle arc and main gear of elevating mechanism,the nonlinear finite element model for naval gun is established.The results of numerical simulation show that the contact/impact has great effect on muzzle disturbance.

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21

Ma, Douqin, Jingpei Xie, Jiwen Li, Aiqin Wang, and Wenyan Wang. "Contact resistance and arc erosion of tungsten-copper contacts in direct currents." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 32, no. 4 (July 28, 2017): 816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-017-1674-y.

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22

CHEN, Y. Z., X. Y. LIN, Z. X. WANG, and N. M. A. NIK LONG. "SOLUTION OF CONTACT PROBLEM FOR AN ARC CRACK USING HYPERSINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATION." International Journal of Computational Methods 05, no. 01 (March 2008): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876208001418.

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This paper investigates the contact problem for an arc crack, for example, under a remote compression. A hypersingular integral equation (HSIE) for curved cracks in plane elasticity is suggested. It is found that the direct usage of HSIE cannot solve the mentioned contact problem. For the contact problem, one must take necessary modifications for solving the HSIE. The main modified points are as follows. First, one should assume some portion along the crack under contact. The margin or the end of the contacted portion is determined by the vanishing normal contact stress at the margin point. In addition, it is found that a suggested quadrature rule in conjunction with the curve length method provides a very effective way to solve the HSIE. Finally, several numerical examples are given.

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Cui, Yu Sheng, Liang Zhen, Y. Wang, Wen Zhu Shao, and V. V. Ivanov. "The Contact Resistance and Arc Erosion Behavior of Separable C_P-Nb-Cr/Cu-Cd Electrical Contact Material." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 886–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.886.

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CP-Nb-Cr/Cu-Cd electrical contact material, which contains 1.7wt.% of Cd, 0.5wt.% of CP (man-made diamond particles), 2.0 wt.% of Nb and 0.7 wt.% of Cr, was fabricated by powder metallurgy process. The contact material was installed in different ac contactors covering current range from 40 to 630A. While tested under AC-4 electrical load, the electrical contact material was worn out gradually by repeated electrical arc, and microstructure of the arc-affected surface layer changed dramatically. Mechanism of arc erosion process and contact resistance fluctuation was discussed by corresponding microstructure observation and chemical composition analysis of the surface layer. CP-Nb-Cr/Cu-Cd electrical contact material is capable to be used in 63~250A ac contactors under AC-4 working conditions.

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24

Mrachkovskyi, A. "Influence of metal impurities on erosis and wearing of composite contacts." Energy and Automation, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2020.04.086.

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The questions of influence of contact material, switching modes and environment with various impurity on electroerosion resistance of contact details of switching devices are considered. Substantiated possibilities and measures to increase the reliability and efficiency of relays in electrical installations through agriculture through the use of erosion-resistant contact materials based on the study of physical and mechanical properties of the components of the composite contact material in switching current; substantiated composition of ingredients in the new composite material for contact parts of switching devices. The results of researches of electro erosive stability of composite material depending on structure of ingredients and their physical and mechanical properties are resulted. It has been experimentally established and theoretically confirmed that electric erosion is mainly determined by the microstructure of the material and the change in the physical and mechanical properties of the ingredients on the working surface of the contact parts during current switching. Factors providing increased arc resistance due to thermoemission properties of contact compositions that control the processes of diffusion, migration and phase transformations in chemical reactions are obtained, and the theory of the mechanism of arc reference points movement on the working surface of electrical contacts is substantiated.

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Рубцова, N. Rubcova, Токарский, A. Tokarskiy, Рябченко, V. Ryabchenko, Коновалов, and A. Konovalov. "Residual Voltage as a Possible Cause of Equipment Damage and Personnel Occupational Risk under Overhead Transmission Lines Outage. Part 1." Safety in Technosphere 6, no. 2 (August 21, 2017): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_598d793a1fdf59.44082216.

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To prevent substation equipment damage and to ensure safety of substation personnel under high voltage and extremely high voltage (EHV) overhead transmission line (TL) outage on the example of 500 kV TL outage voltages between switchable phase switch contacts are calculated. It is shown that under operating in the idle mode EHV TL outage, after arc clearing between switch contact connected to the phase at TL beginning and earth aperiodic voltage with the highest value exceeding the peak value of nominal phase voltage is created.The switch contact connected to the mains voltage, relative to the ground remains periodic nominal phase voltage. The resulting voltage between open contacts of the switch becomes aperiodic shifted periodic voltage with highest value exceeding the double peak value of nominal phase voltage that can cause breakdown of the switch. If there is a break switch phase, it will light the arc and switch under arc will go idle mode operating current, the voltage will recover to idle mode value, the current will stop, the arc goes out, aperiodic voltage will appear, etc. Such a process in a closed cycle can last a long time. Thus, output voltages high values can cause breakdown along the switches surface, damage to switches and health risk factor for the staff performing the bypass substation.

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Chen, Zhen, Huafeng Ding, Bo Li, Linbo Luo, Liang Zhang, and Jing Yang. "Geometry and parameter design of novel circular arc helical gears for parallel-axis transmission." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 2017): 168781401769095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017690957.

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Based on the space curve meshing equation, in this article, a geometry design of a novel circular arc helical gear mechanism with pure rolling for parallel transmission was presented. Different from conventional circular arc gears, the meshing points of circular arc helical gears were limited at the instantaneous centre of rotation. The parameter equations describing the contact curves for both the driving gear and the driven gear were deduced from the space curve meshing equation, and parameter equations of the concave–convex circular arc profiles were established both for internal meshing and external meshing. Furthermore, a formula for the contact ratio was presented, and the impact factors influencing the contact ratio were discussed. Then, the parameter design was presented for the geometry parameters of tooth profiles, such as normal pitch, tooth height and tooth thickness. Using the deduced equations, several numerical examples were then considered, and prototype samples were produced to experimentally validate the contact ratio equation and the theoretical kinematic performance. The circular arc helical gear mechanism investigated in this study showed a high gear transmission performance such as a pure rolling meshing, a high contact ratio and a large comprehensive strength, when considering engineering applications.

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Huo, W., J. Wu, Y. Deng, X. Jin, and L. Zhu. "Properties of Vacuum Arc Influenced by Electrode Diameter and Material in TMF Contact Based on Forced Current Zero." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 4, no. 1 (2017): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2017.1.36.

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With the increase in electrical equipment in More/All Electric Aircraft, 270 V dc power supply systems will be needed. One method for DC interruption is forced current zero (FCZ). Based on FCZ technology with transverse-magnetic-field (TMF) contact, the spiral-type contacts are designed. Experiments with different currents are carried out with contact diameters being 30 mm, 40 mm, and 50 mm, and arcing surface materials Cu-W80 alloy and Cu-Cr50 alloy respectively. It is indicated by the experimental results that breaking capacity of vacuum interrupter and vacuum arc appearance are closely related to the electrode diameter and material. For the same size of electrode diameter, the breaking capacity in Cu-Cr50 is better than that in Cu-W80. With increasing electrode diameter, arc column expansion velocity and diameter increase gradually. Breaking capacity is increasing with larger contact diameter.

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Bayanov, Ildar, Timur Badretdinov, Sardor Muminov, Islom Karimov, Saidaziz Saydivaliev, and Elyor Saliyev. "The electric field of the sliding contact during the interaction of the pantograph and the contact wire." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 04029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126404029.

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The process of transferring electrical energy from the contact wire to the pantograph takes place in a dynamic mode. Large currents are transmitted, and even the slightest separation of the sliding contact causes an arc formation. The arc creates a strong electromagnetic disturbance that spreads in the surrounding space. This disturbance interferes with communication channels, facility management systems, and telecommunications located in its influence zone. Determining the magnitude of the potential of the electric field at the point of contact will determine the degree of the harmful effect of arcing on adjacent objects and develop a technology to reduce the interfering effect.

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Zhang, Xiaohui, Yi Zhang, Baohong Tian, Yanlin Jia, Yong Liu, Kexing Song, Alex A. Volinsky, and Huihui Xue. "Cr effects on the electrical contact properties of the Al2O3-Cu/15W composites." Nanotechnology Reviews 8, no. 1 (October 26, 2019): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2019-0012.

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Abstract In order to investigate the effects of chromium on the electrical contact properties of the Al2O3-Cu/15W composites, vacuum hot-pressing sintering and internal oxidation methods were employed to fabricate the Al2O3-Cu/15W and Al2O3-Cu/15W5Cr composites. The microstructure was analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The electrical contacts testing was performed using the JF04C testing machine at 30 V DC with 10-30 A current. The effects of Cr on the comprehensive properties, arc erosion morphology and welding force of the electrical contacts were investigated. The mass transfer mechanism was discussed. It was demonstrated that the Al2O3 nanoparticles pinned dislocations. The diffraction spots of the Cu matrix and the γ-Al2O3 disclose an orientation relationship of <103>Cu//<103>γ−Al2O3,{020}Cu//{040}γ−Al2O3. A typical arc erosion morphology, such as needle-like and coral structures was formed, which provides significantly enhanced arc erosion resistance of the contact material. Compared with the Al2O3-Cu/15W composite, the Al2O3-Cu/15W5Cr composite has a lower welding force. The two composites present two distinct mass transfer trends before and after 25 A. The final mass transfer direction of the composites is from the cathode to the anode. The Al2O3-Cu/15W5Cr contacts have less mass change under all testing conditions.

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Sugimoto, Hitoshi, Tasuku Takagi, and Hideaki Sone. "Experiments on relationship between metallic phase and gaseous phase arc and contact resistance in ag contacts with opening arc." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part II: Electronics) 78, no. 3 (March 1995): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecjb.4420780312.

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Zhang, Qi, Guang Wen, Shuang Liang, Qin Tong, Li Hou, and Guangchun Yang. "Prediction Mathematic Model and Influencing Factors of Contact Stress of Cylindrical Gear with Arc Tooth." Complexity 2020 (November 3, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8888407.

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Given the absence of a theoretical formula to analyze the influence of parameters on the contact stress of cylindrical gear with arc tooth, an explicit mathematical model of cylindrical gear with arc tooth between the design parameters and the contact stress is established based on Kriging surrogate model. The parameters of the variation function of Kriging model are optimized by using the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), and the explicit mathematical model accuracy between the design parameters and the contact stress of the gear is in turn optimized by the improved Kriging surrogate model. The influence of design parameters on the contact stress of cylindrical gear with arc tooth is analyzed based on the established mathematical model. The proposed algorithm was realized via the programming platform MATLAB; the simulation results indicate that the precision evaluation indexes (the correlation coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and the relative maximum absolute error (RMAE)) of the proposed Kriging model are improved, in addition to the error range which is narrowed from (−2, 4) to (0, 3). As the tooth width, modulus, pressure angle, and tooth line radius increased, the contact stress of the cylindrical gear with arc tooth gear declined, which was negatively correlated with the design parameter. The amplitude of contact stress of the cylindrical gear with arc tooth was the largest due to the change of tooth radius, followed by the change of modulus, while the influence of tooth width was less. Finally, the influence of modulus-tooth line radius interaction and pressure angle-tooth line radius interaction on contact stress of cylindrical gear with arc tooth was significant.

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Lin, Zheng, Li Gang Yao, and Quan Lin. "Contact Trace of Internal Meshing Double Circular-Arc Spiral Bevel Gears." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 822–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.822.

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The meshing contact analysis of double circular-arc spiral bevel gears for nutation drive is considered. Based on gear meshing theory, the mathematical models and meshing equation of the double circular-arc spiral bevel gears are developed. The contact trace satisfies the tooth surface equations and meshing equation simultaneously, and then the contact trace is solved by using mathematical software. The analysis of tooth surface contact pressure is simulated by finite element analysis software.

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33

Sawa, Koichiro, Akira Asakawa, Tadao Uekis, and Kunio Miyachi. "Influence of arc discharge types on contact resistance." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part II: Electronics) 69, no. 4 (1986): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecjb.4420690404.

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Murav'ev, V. F., B. G. Malyavin, and Yu F. Yurchenko. "Contact-arc cutting and processing in nuclear power." Soviet Atomic Energy 65, no. 3 (September 1988): 748–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01123017.

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35

YOSHIDA, Kiyoshi, Koichiro SAWA, Kenji SUZUKI, and Masaaki WATANABE. "Influence of Arc Discharge on Contact Resistance of AgNi Contacts for Electromagnetic Contactors." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E95.C, no. 9 (2012): 1531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transele.e95.c.1531.

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Jingqin, Wang, Liu Zhou, Chen Ling, Yu Shuangmiao, and Zhu Yancai. "Effect of Cu, S Co-Doping on Properties of AgSnO2 Contact Material." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 1242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3757.

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The stability, elastic properties and conductive properties of Cu-doped SnO2, S-doped SnO2 and Cu, S-codoped SnO 2were studied by using the first-principles calculation method based on the density functional theory. The corresponding doped SnO2 powders were prepared by sol–gel method, while AgSnO2–Cu and AgSnO2–Cu–S contacts were obtained by powder metallurgy method for experimental verification. No diffraction peaks were associated with Cu and S in the XRD patterns of the doped SnO2 powders, indicating that the doped SnO2 retained the tetragonal crystal structure. The doping formation energy of Cu, S co-doped system was found to be lower than that of Cu single doping system and S single doping system. The bulk modulus, shear modulus and Young's modulus of the co-doped system became lower, the ability to resist compression deformation and shear deformation was also weakened, while its toughness was greatly improved. The hardness of the AgSnO2–Cu–S contact was 103.55 HV, which is less than the hardness of the AgSnO2–Cu contact (112.86 HV). The calculations indicated that Cu, S co-doping could narrow the band gap, reduce the hole effective mass and the acceptor ionization energy, improve the hole mobility, and enhance the conductivity of the material. The electrical contact simulation experiments showed that the conductive properties, arc corrosion resistance and welding resistance of AgSnO2–Cu–S contact were better than those of the AgSnO2–Cu contact. The conductivity of AgSnO2–Cu–S contact was 29.948 mS · m–1, the contact resistance was 1.109 Ωm ; the average arc duration and average arc energy were 1.480 ms and 171.65 mJ, respectively.

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VAUGON, ANNE. "Reeb periodic orbits after a bypass attachment." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 35, no. 2 (August 30, 2013): 615–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/etds.2013.55.

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AbstractOn a three-dimensional contact manifold with boundary, a bypass attachment is an elementary change of the contact structure consisting in the attachment of a thickened half-disc with a prescribed contact structure along an arc on the boundary. We give a model bypass attachment in which we describe the periodic orbits of the Reeb vector field created by the bypass attachment in terms of Reeb chords of the attachment arc. As an application, we compute the contact homology of a product neighbourhood of a convex surface after a bypass attachment, and the contact homology of some contact structures on solid tori.

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TONG, Ziang, Jianwen WU, Wei JIN, and Jun CHEN. "Properties of intermediate-frequency vacuum arc in sinusoidal curved contact and butt contact." Plasma Science and Technology 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 024004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-6272/ab5b19.

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39

Shea, J. J., and Xin Zhou. "Contact material and arc current effect on post-current zero contact surface temperature." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 29, no. 2 (June 2006): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcapt.2006.875881.

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Gao, Yin Han, Ju Xian Wang, Kai Yu Yang, Tian Hao Wang, and Zhan Yang An. "The Analysis and Simulation of Contact Loss between Pantograph and Catenary on Electric Railway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 1277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.1277.

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Based on the classical Mayer-arc model, this paper establishes the equivalent circuit of traction network for AC25kV electric railway from the essence of contact loss discharge. The voltage waves of contact loss arc at different moments are obtained by MATLAB/simulink. Through the analysis, it can be confirmed that the EMI (electromagnetic interference) with broad band and high amplitude will appear at the moment the contact loss between pantograph and catenary happens. Finally, relevant measures are given to avoid the probability event of contact loss.

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Dong, Guo Jun, and Ming Wang. "Modeling of Error Analysis Simulation of Normal Circular Arc Bevel Gear Transmission." Key Engineering Materials 589-590 (October 2013): 606–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.589-590.606.

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The normal circular arc bevel gears are used in industrial areas of high speed, high bearing and high strength widely. A mathematical simulation model is built and it can analyze transmission error and contact zone of normal circular arc bevel gears. In this model, the instantaneous engaging points of gear pair are transformed into the least-values of rotary angles of corresponding points between two gears along the final motion, so this method is very simple and effective. Under the condition of existing helix angle error, transmission error and contact zone of a pair of normal circular arc bevel gears are simulating analyzed. At last, the operation test of contact zone of gears indicates gears transmission is stable and the gears contact zones are largely in line with the simulation results.

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42

Najam, Ammar, Petrus Pieterse, and Dirk Uhrlandt. "Electrical Modelling of Switching Arcs in a Low Voltage Relay at Low Currents." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 6377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236377.

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The arc behaviour of short, low current switching arcs is not well understood and lacks a reliable model. In this work, the behaviour of an arc in the air is studied during contact separation at low DC currents (0.5 A to 20 A) and for small gap lengths (0 mm to 6 mm). The experiments are performed on a low voltage relay with two different electrode configurations. The arc voltage is measured during the opening of the contacts at constant current. The arc length is determined optically by tracing the mean path of the arc over time from a series of high-speed images. From the synchronised data of voltage vs. distance, first a sudden jump of the voltage at the start of contact opening is observed. Secondly, a sudden change in the voltage gradient occurs as the arc is elongated. Short arcs with a length up to approximately 1.25 mm show an intense radiation in the overall gap region and high voltage gradients. An unexpected behaviour never reported before was observed for longer arcs at low current: Two characteristic regions occur, a region in front of the cathode, with a length of approximately 1.25 mm, having an intense radiation and a high voltage gradient as well as a region of much lower radiation intensity and a comparatively lower voltage gradient in the remaining gap area despite a small anode spot region. The characteristic border of approximately 1.25 mm is almost independent of the current. A generalised arc voltage model is proposed based on the assumption that a constant sheath voltage and two discrete field regions exist, which are modelled as two independent linear functions of voltage vs. length. The data for various currents is combined to yield a general non-linear function for predicting the arc voltage vs. arc length and current.

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YIN, NA, CHENG-JIAN WANG, XUE-YAN LIU, CHUN-MING WANG, DONG-GANG RAN, and KUN YANG. "THE RESISTANCE AND ARC EROSION CHARACTERISTICS OF Ag/LaFe1-xNixO3 CONTACT MATERIAL." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 15 (June 10, 2007): 2635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207037211.

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The resistance, mass transfer, erosion and arc properties of a new contact material named Ag/LaFe 1-x Ni x O 3 conductive ceramics were investigated. Ag/LaFe 1-x Ni x O 3 performed well under low voltage conditions in contrast with other contact materials such as Ag/CdO and Ag/SnO 2. After 5000 make-and-break operations, life test was made and the surface analysis method together with an arc voltage waveform was used to research the corrosion resisting and mass transfer properties. It was found that the conductive ceramics used in the contact materials could influence the resistance performance and, in turn, influence the mass transfer, erosion and arc characteristics.

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Klimenko, Sergey, and Vladimir Li. "Possibilities of diagnosing the condition of contact wire in terms of thermal wear." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 01050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823901050.

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The paper considers the negative consequences of thermal softening of the contact wire material under the action of an electric arc, which is thermal wear. In order to determine the degree of softening of the contact wire in real time, the methodology for assessing the condition of the contact wire of electrified railways by the value of thermal wear is presented. The presented method is based on the criterial approach. The criteria for softening the material of the wire and the transition of the material to the liquid state are introduced. By comparing the amount of heat entering the wire in the event of an electric arc (with these criteria), the contact wire is diagnosed in terms of thermal wear. Calculations have been made using the proposed method; graphical dependences of the amount of heat entering the wire element on the current intensity of the electric arc for various times of its influence on the contact wire are constructed. A device for diagnosing the condition of the contact wire in terms of the amount of thermal wear is proposed, designed to record the place of occurrence of the electric arc, to collect and transmit the necessary initial data. The operating principle of the device is described and its structural diagram is given. The use of the method for assessing the condition of the contact wire in terms of the amount of thermal wear and the diagnostic device will make it possible to quantify the degree of thermal softening of the contact wire material in order to further determine its residual life.

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45

Johns-Rahnejat, Patricia M., Nader Dolatabadi, and Homer Rahnejat. "Analytical Elastostatic Contact Mechanics of Highly-Loaded Contacts of Varying Conformity." Lubricants 8, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8090089.

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In applications requiring high load carrying capacity, conforming contacting pairs with a relatively large contact footprint are used. These include circular arc, Novikov, and Wildhaber gears found, for example, in helicopter rotors. Closely conforming contacts also occur in many natural endo-articular joints, such as hips, or their replacement arthroplasty. The main determining factors in contact fatigue are the sub-surface shear stresses. For highly loaded contacts, classical Hertzian contact mechanics is used for many gears, bearings, and joints. However, the theory is essentially for concentrated counterforming contacts, where the problem is reduced to a rigid ellipsoidal solid penetrating an equivalent semi-infinite elastic half-space. Applicability is limited though, and the theory is often used inappropriately for contacts of varying degrees of conformity. This paper presents a generic contact mechanics approach for the determination of sub-surface stresses, which is applicable to both highly conforming as well as concentrated counterforming contacts. It is shown that sub-surface shear stresses alter in magnitude and disposition according to contact conformity, and lead to the different modes of fatigue failure noted in practice.

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Cai, Zhi Yuan, and Zhan Nan Guo. "Simulation and Analysis for New Contact System of Control and Protective Switching Based on Ansoft Maxwell." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1963.

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CPS (control and protective switching) one of the smart integrated include the function of circuit breakers, contactors, and low-voltage electrical appliances. The contact system is different from the traditional low-voltage electrical function. Well-designed structure of the contact system has important practical significance for overall performance of CPS. The paper proposes a new contact system. The simulation analyze the electrical repulsion of the traditional contact system and a new contact system under different current size, breaking time, blowing arc magnetic field analysis by electromagnetic simulation software. According to the results of the simulation comparison, prove that the new contactor structure making the function of CPS increased.

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Chen, Yanr Feng, Chuan Li, Yun Shui Xu, Qing Hua Yan, Shao Quan Zhang, Yan Chen, Xiao Ping Xu, Jiang Chun Xu, and Ying Na Li. "The Using of Insulated Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensor in 35kV Switch Cabinet." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 1055–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.1055.

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In long-period running of switch cabinet, the temperature of contact points will be rose by the big contact resistance, poor contact and longtime overloading. Overheat can cause oxidation of contact points and the increasing of contact resistance, and then the contact may be generated the spark and arc discharge. That is a bad circle. So the temperature of contact points can affect the reliability of switch cabinet. For detecting the temperature of contacts and the switch cabinet’s environment in Yanjin transformer substation, we design an Insulated FBG temperature sensor. The surveys of upper reaches indicate that the temperature of moving contact A gets the maximum 32.98°C Aug.20, 2011, the temperature of stationary contact A gets the minimum 5.75°C, and the change temperature between contacts and environment gets the maximum 2.82°C. According to relevant state regulations, the contact’s temperature of 70 °C and temperature’s changes of 35 °C in the case of environment’s temperature below 40°C are Alarm threshold value of switch cabinet.

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Liang, Shengli, Shuang Liu, Yi Zhang, Meng Zhou, Baohong Tian, Yongfeng Geng, Yong Liu, Yanlin Jia, Xu Li, and Alex A. Volinsky. "Effect of in situ graphene-doped nano-CeO2 on microstructure and electrical contact properties of Cu30Cr10W contacts." Nanotechnology Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2021-0031.

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Abstract The graphene oxide (GO)-doped nano-CeO2 was introduced into Cu30Cr10W electrical contact composites by ball milling dispersion, freeze-drying, and spark plasma sintering, resulting in excellent mechanical strength and high arc erosion resistance. The effects of GO and CeO2 on the microstructure and properties of the composites were investigated. The arc erosion behavior was investigated by the JF04C electrical contact testing apparatus. Consequently, the uniform distribution of CeO2 nanoparticles hinders the movement of dislocations, GO transformed into reduced graphene oxide (rGO) during high-temperature sintering, and the in situ formation of Cr3C2 between trace carbon atoms and chromium particles at the C–Cu interface, which enhanced the interface combination. Compared with Cu30Cr10W composites, the tensile strength of the two composites was increased by 47 and 36% by importing GO and nano-CeO2, respectively. Finally, electrode material migrated from the cathode to the anode, and the rGO delayed the formation of pits and sharp bumps on the contact surface of the electrode and inhibited diffusion of molten metal; when compared with Cu30Cr10W, the GO/CeO2–Cu30Cr10W composites have better welding force.

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Xing, Licheng, Xiaodong Zhang, Qingbin Tong, and Gaoqi Xing. "Study of Ablation of Arc Contacts and Dynamic Contact Resistance in High Current Breaker." Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology 15, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 1015–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42835-020-00381-1.

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50

Egorov, E. G., A. G. Kulagina, N. Yu Luiya, R. V. Fedorov, and V. N. Pichugin. "Temperature modes of the contactor contacts during the test for the limiting breaking capacity." E3S Web of Conferences 220 (2020): 01065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022001065.

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The processes of electric arc quenching of an electromagnetic contactor during testing for ultimate breaking capacity are considered. The conditions for facilitating the successful arc quenching when turning off the limiting currents are shown: by reducing the phase shift between current and voltage, by reducing the amplitude of the restriking and recovery voltages. The processes of anode heating during arcing (heat saturation mode), after the change of polarity and transition of the current through zero, processes on the cathode in the temperature equalization mode are considered. The mathematical models of cathode thermal processes adressed the heat fluxes of the ionic component and evaporation. The mathematical models of anode thermal processes in the temperature equalization mode took into account the heat fluxes of the ionic component, thermionic emission, and evaporation. The calculations were carried out for the averaged values of thermophysical coefficients for copper, since the arc base moves from the contacts to the contact holders, which are made of copper or its alloys. The calculation results showed that the used mathematical models of thermal processes are appropriate both for the cathode and for the anode. This was confirmed by the results of previously performed and published experimental and theoretical studies of thermal processes at the switching contacts of electrical devices.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Arc de contact'

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