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Shaheen, Ifqut, and M. Ashraf Khan. "An Appreciation of Sir Alexander Cunningham’s Explorations at Taxila in the Light of His Methodological Framework." FWU Journal of Social Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51709/fw127212.
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Indian archaeology adopted sounder and viable conceptual tools for fieldwork in the later nineteenth century. The name of Sir Alexander Cunningham, the two times head of Archaeological Survey of India, is of special significance in this connection. This paper particularly focuses on his methods for archaeological survey and data collection. In the first place, Cunningham’s arrival into India has been traced. Next, his archaeological methods and approach have been delineated. It is followed by outlining what Cunningham did at Taxila especially in line with his conceptual understanding. Finally, all this has further been related to the intellectual environs of the time.
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Jha, D. N. "Book Review: Ancient India: Bulletin of the Archaeological Survey of India." Studies in People's History 1, no. 2 (December 2014): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448914549903.
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Johnson‐Roehr, Susan. "The Archaeological Survey of India and Communal Violence in Post‐independence India." International Journal of Heritage Studies 14, no. 6 (November 2008): 506–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527250802503266.
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Green, Orengo, Alam, Garcia-Molsosa, Green, Conesa, Ranjan, Singh, and Petrie. "Re-Discovering Ancient Landscapes: Archaeological Survey of Mound Features from Historical Maps in Northwest India and Implications for Investigating the Large-Scale Distribution of Cultural Heritage Sites in South Asia." Remote Sensing 11, no. 18 (September 6, 2019): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182089.
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Incomplete datasets curtail the ability of archaeologists to investigate ancient landscapes, and there are archaeological sites whose locations remain unknown in many parts of the world. To address this problem, we need additional sources of site location data. While remote sensing data can often be used to address this challenge, it is enhanced when integrated with the spatial data found in old and sometimes forgotten sources. The Survey of India 1” to 1-mile maps from the early twentieth century are one such dataset. These maps documented the location of many cultural heritage sites throughout South Asia, including the locations of numerous mound features. An initial study georeferenced a sample of these maps covering northwest India and extracted the location of many potential archaeological sites—historical map mound features. Although numerous historical map mound features were recorded, it was unknown whether these locations corresponded to extant archaeological sites. This article presents the results of archaeological surveys that visited the locations of a sample of these historical map mound features. These surveys revealed which features are associated with extant archaeological sites, which were other kinds of landscape features, and which may represent archaeological mounds that have been destroyed since the maps were completed nearly a century ago. Their results suggest that there remain many unreported cultural heritage sites on the plains of northwest India and the mound features recorded on these maps best correlate with older archaeological sites. They also highlight other possible changes in the large-scale and long-term distribution of settlements in the region. The article concludes that northwest India has witnessed profound changes in its ancient settlement landscapes, creating in a long-term sequence of landscapes that link the past to the present and create a foundation for future research and preservation initiatives.
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Singh, Oinam Premchand. "Preliminary Archaeological Survey in the Salangthel Hill in Manipur, India." Ancient Asia 12 (September 28, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/aa.220.
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Pal, Debarati. "Legal framework on heritage protection in India." Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, no. 25 (June 29, 2024): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23538724gs.24.012.19871.
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W artykule opisano krajowe i miejskie przepisy dotyczące dziedzictwa stworzonego przez człowieka i naturalnego, zabytków i skarbów sztuki oraz zbadano krajowe ramy ochrony niematerialnego dziedzictwa kultury w Indiach. Przedstawiono rozwój prawodawstwa, począwszy od ustaw sprzed uzyskania niepodległości do ustawodawstwa i poprawek wprowadzonych po uzyskaniu niepodległości. Przeanalizowano rolę i obowiązki interesariuszy, w tym społeczności. Artykuł zawiera kompleksowe omówienie konstytucyjnego tła ustawy z 1904 r. o starożytnych zabytkach i stanowiskach archeologicznych oraz pozostałościach, ustawy z 1958 r. o starożytnych zabytkach i stanowiskach archeologicznych oraz ustawy z 2014 r. o krajowej polityce ochrony starożytnych zabytków, stanowisk archeologicznych i pozostałości. Poddano analizie również obowiązki różnych organów, takich jak Państwowe Rady Dziedzictwa, Organy Rozwoju Dziedzictwa i Rady, pod kątem ochrony starożytnych zabytków, stanowisk archeologicznych i pozostałości. Podkreślono przy tym funkcjonalną współpracę tych organów z Urzędem Rozwoju Miejskiego i Korporacją Miejską na mocy ustaw o planowaniu przestrzennym, które odgrywają kluczową rolę we wdrażaniu tych polityk. Ponadto zwrócono uwagę na wpływ orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego na ramy prawne, by zilustrować zastosowanie prawa w praktyce. Alternatywnie, w domenie wykonawczej omówiono rolę rządu centralnego, National Monuments Authority, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) oraz Indian Trust for Architectural and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) w celu zobrazowania pojęć inkluzywności i uczestnictwa społeczności. W ramach kategorii materialnej badane są również ruchome obiekty dziedzictwa kultury określone w ustawie z 1972 r. o zabytkach i skarbach sztuki. W dziedzinie niematerialnego dziedzictwa kultury zbadano rolę Sangeet Natak Akademi w ochronie niematerialnego dziedzictwa kultury Indii. The article describes the national and municipal legislations on built and living heritage, antiquities and art treasures and explores the national framework for conserving Intangible Cultural Heritage in India. It maps the transcendence from the pre-independence Acts to the post-independence legislation and amendments. The roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders, including the community were examined. The text serves as a comprehensive guide to the constitutional background of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1904, the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958, and the National Policy for Conservation of the Ancient Monuments, Archaeological Sites and Remains, 2014. The text also examines the roles and responsibilities of various bodies, such as State Heritage Boards, Heritage Development Authorities and Councils, in conserving ancient monuments, archaeological sites, and remains. It also highlights the functional interface of these bodies with the Municipal Development Authority and Municipal Corporation under the Town and Country Planning Acts, which play a crucial role in implementing these policies. Moreover, the text delves into the impact of the Supreme Court’s judicial decisions on the legislative framework, providing a real-world context and making the text more engaging by illustrating how the law is applied in practice. Alternatively, in the executive domain, the role of the Central Government, National Monuments Authority, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and Indian Trust for Architectural and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) is discussed to calibrate the notions of inclusivity and community participation. Under the tangible category, the movable heritage properties posited under the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972 are also examined. In the realm of Intangible cultural heritage, the article explores the role of the Sangeet Natak Akademi in granting protection and inventorising the Intangible Cultural Heritage of India.
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Molia, Tarkesh J., Vikash Kumar Upadhyay, and Arpit Sharma. "Evidentiary value of archaeological evidence: Judicial approach of the Supreme Court of India with special reference to M. Siddiq (Dead) through legal representative vs. Mahant Suresh Das (1 SCC 1)." Passagens: Revista Internacional de História Política e Cultura Jurídica 13, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15175/1984-2503-202113201.
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Ram Janmbhoomi (birth place of Lord Rama) is the most controversial dispute of the independent India. The dispute was existing in pre-independence era but after independence dispute has changed the direction and condition of Indian political system. There was claim that mosque was built after the demolition of Ram temple. This dispute was so intense that it brought the incident of demolition of mosque in 1992. After demolition suit was filed from both the side: Muslim and Hindu. The decision of apex court on civil suit came after 27 years. The apex court took the cognizance of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) report to decide the claim of parties. This paper aims to give a brief background of Ramjanmbhoomi dispute; explore evidentiary value of expert opinion; whether archaeology is science or art; to evaluate the evidentiary value of archaeological report prepared by ASI through evacuation in the judgement.
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Kumar, Ashish. "Nationalising the Harappan Past." Atna Journal of Tourism Studies 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.24.1.
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The Harappan civilisation that was discovered in the early 1920s became a matter of intense debate in the decades following the partition of India in 1947. As the boundaries of the newly created nation-states, Pakistan and India were drawn, almost entire excavated area associated with the Harappan civilisation went to Pakistan. And it inaugurated an era of academic politics in which Pakistani scholars and politicians claimed a five thousand years old antiquity for their nation-state based on the Harappan civilisation. On the other hand, the Indian archaeologists began searching for the Harappan sites in the valley of the Ghaggar (identified with Rigvedic Sarasvati River) – now dry, to justify India’s linkages with the same civilisation. In this academic politics, one British archaeologist, R. E. Mortimer Wheeler (the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India; from 1944 to 1948, and Archaeological advisor to Pakistan ministry; from 1948 to 1950) played a central role. Both, colleagues and several erstwhile students of this Englishman in India and Pakistan, this paper argues that participated in this academic politics. As they formulated a new national historical framework, the Harappan civilisation was transformed into a first civilisational landmark in the history of their respective countries.
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Vyas, Dr Narayan. "THE REMAINS OF THE VISHNU TEMPLE AND OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION." VESTIGIA INDICA: BSSS Journal of History & Archaeology 01, no. 01 (June 30, 2023): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51767/jha0106.
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This research paper explores the historical significance of the ancient city of Besnagar, located in Madhya Pradesh, India. Through archaeological excavations conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India, valuable artifacts and structures have been unearthed, shedding light on the city's prominence during the Mauryan and Shunga periods. Besnagar, believed to be a distorted form of Vaishya Nagar, was likely a prominent center of Vaishnavism in ancient times. Situated between the Betwa and Bes rivers, the city was protected by a nearly one-kilometer-long defensive wall on the Udayagiri Road. Outside the city walls, a large reservoir made of massive stones stored water from both rivers, contributing to the city's development. The study aims to shed light on the historical context, architectural features, and religious significance of the Vishnu Temple and other archaeological remains from the site.
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Kadambi, Hemanth. "Agro-Pastoralism, Archaeology and Religious Landscapes in Early Medieval South India." Medieval History Journal 24, no. 1-2 (May 2021): 207–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09719458211054593.
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Agro-pastoralism has been an important economic subsistence among diverse communities in the semi-arid climate and dry-deciduous ecology of the Deccan for the last four millennia. Recent research that looks at the entanglements of human-animal-environment relations in South Asian archaeology and history have highlighted the complex histories that prompt a reconsideration of the contexts within which political authority articulated in medieval India. This essay demonstrates the presence of non-elite agro-pastoral groups based on the evidence from my archaeological survey. I then present results from a limited study the Early Chalukya inscriptions to identify agro-pastoral activities. In addition, I employ limited architectural and iconographic analysis and argue that the non-Brahmanical religious affiliations of pastoral groups played a role in shaping the political and sacred landscapes of the Early Chalukya polity (ca. 550–750 ad) in the Deccan plateau of South India. A related aim in this essay is to highlight the productive engagement of archaeological investigations with ‘conventional’ history research. I suggest that the medieval period of Indian archaeology is a potent arena for such interdisciplinary research.
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Singh, Arjun. "THE BUDDHIST ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF AMBARAN IN A HISTORICAL RETROSPECT." JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY 2, no. 1 (2022): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/jhaa.2022.v02i01.05.
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This paper seeks to understand the excavated archaeological sites of Ambaran. The commencement of archaeology in Jammu and Kashmir acquainted the world with its rich heritage and culture of the region. Jammu and Kashmir was a cradle of culture in ancient period because it is the land where Kalhana wrote the first historical book of India, R?jatara?gini. The exploration of Jammu and Kashmir was started by foreigners in the 19th century. They brought to light many monumental heritage sites that have since attracted the world towards Jammu and Kashmir. From the 20th century onwards, the Archaeological Survey of India became active in the region and explored and excavated many sites of different cultures. The excavation of Ambaran started in 1999.
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Patra, Dipankar. "VERIES CITIES OF ANCIENT INDIA : AN ANALYTICAL SURVEY." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12457.
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Despite finding the scholars being divided in their opinions, the glorious antiquities of ancient India still continue to grow in stature since time immemorial. The rudimentary remnants of hoary tradition and a journey from the ancient, original and enriched nature of Indian culture to Gupta Dynasty with a passage through the epic age amply vouchsafes the very purpose of the article. With the subdivisions of historical ages, the cities in the Indus Valley Civilization with particular emphasis on the twin cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro along with some cardinal Archaeological credentials as well as discoveries have also been amply highlighted. In addition to that, archeologists, anthologists and ancient historians to the calibre of Sir John Marshall, Hieun Tsang, Daya Ram Sahni,Rakhal Das Bandyopadhya, Nani Gopal Mazumdar, E.J.H. Macky together with excavation samples, carbon analysis, pictograph,inscriptions,numismatic testimonies, different chronological references documented the erstwhile town planning, metropolitan civilization, societal pattern, rituals till the approach of the Aryans. The age of Rgveda and Mahabharata with the historical evidences of Epic cities like (1) Hastinapur, (2) Indraparastha, (3)Girivraja,(4)Mathura, (5) Dwarka, (6) Mahismati (7) Pragjyotishpur, (8) Prabhas, (9) Ayodhya, (10) Mithila have been cited alongside. Henceforth the article aims to allude the noteworthy references from Cities in the Period of Sungas&Guptas in reference of the populaces like Puruspur, Sakala, and historically famous provinces like Uttarapatha (including kandharpart) - Taxila ,(2) Avantrirattha (westrn part)- Ujjayini, (3) Dakhahinapatha - Suvarnagiri ,(4) Kalinga - Tosali (orisya) (5) Prachya, Prachina, Pras- Pataliputra. Thus with a renewed mission of rediscovering ancient India in light of the scientific skill and neatly organised enterprise of the erstwhile civilization, the article tends to delineate contemporary town plans, granaries, ports, tradings and prosperous populaces.
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Guha, Sudeshna. "The visual in archaeology: photographic representation of archaeological practice in British India." Antiquity 76, no. 291 (March 2002): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089845.
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Photographs produced during archaeological fieldwork can be employed in shaping the nature of archaeological discourse in different parts of the world. Such photographs are material objects that at times show what written texts fail to say. The focus of this paper is on the photographs produced during archaeological surveys and excavations in British India between the last quarter of the 19th and middle of the 20th centuries.
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Gill, David W. J. "Collecting for Cambridge: John Hubert Marshall on Crete." Annual of the British School at Athens 95 (November 2000): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400004780.
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In 1901 excavations were conducted under the auspices of the Cretan Exploration Fund at Praisos and Kato Zakro in eastern Crete. One of the members of the party was John Hubert Marshall, formerly of King's College, Cambridge. During his journey to and from the excavations, and described in the correspondence of Robert Carr Bosanquet, Marshall seems to have acquired antiquities from a number of sites which were purchased by the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge later in the year. This material included antiquities from Palaikastro which was to be become the scene of major excavations by the British School at Athens. Marshall was awarded a Craven Studentship at the British School at Athens in 1901, but in February 1902 was appointed Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India. It was Marshall's experience of excavation on Crete which was to influence the development of archaeological fieldwork in India.
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Trautmann, Thomas, and Carla Sinopoli. "IN THE BEGINNING WAS THE WORD: EXCAVATING THE RELATIONS BETWEEN HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN SOUTH ASIA." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 45, no. 4 (2002): 492–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852002320939339.
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AbstractThe study of the historic past, through material evidence and texts, was an integral component of colonial practice in India, and remains a highly visible governmental and public focus in contemporary South Asia. In this paper, we present an historic overview of the development of knowledge and research on ancient India, beginning with the formation of the Asiatic Society in 1784 and proceeding to the creation of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1861, when history and archaeology were formally differentiated. We trace this development through the post-colonial period, examining how archaeology and ancient history are practiced and conceptualized today. We conclude with four case studies that explore the existing state of, and the potential for, productive partnerships between historians and archaeologists. L'étude du passée historique, à travers l'evidence material et documentaire, faisait partie intégrante du pratique colonial a l'Inde, et reste encore un foyer du gouvernement et de la publique de la sud-Asie contemporaine. Dans cet essai, nous presentons un exposé historique du developpement de la connaissance et de la recherche sur l'Inde ancienne, a partir de la formation de la Asiatic Society in 1784, jusqu'a la creation du Archaeological Survey of India en 1861, du quel point on faisait la difference entre l'histoire et l'archeologie. Nous retraçons ce developpement au travers la periode post-coloniale, en examinant la pratique et la conception de l'archeologie et de l'histoire d'aujourdhui. Pour conclure, nous presentons quatre exemples qui considerent l'existence et le potentiel des associations fertiles entre les historiens et les archeologues.
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Boast, Robin. "Mortimer Wheeler's science of order: the tradition of accuracy at Arikamedu." Antiquity 76, no. 291 (March 2002): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089948.
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In February 1944 Mortimer Wheeler, having resigned his duties with the British 8th Army after the Salerno landings, was bound for India. Aboard the City of Exeter, in convoy to Bombay, Wheeler was planning another campaign —to sort out the ‘scientifically deplorable’ state of India’s archaeological survey. Even before he had set a foot on Indian soil, Wheelcr already had a plan. Like all good Officers, colonial and otherwise, Wheeler had determined his plan of attack beforc landing. It is no good to reach a foreign field of a battle and just see what happens. This he had learned from his idol, Lt. General Lane Fox Pitt Rivers; that you must always begin with a plan of attack.
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HUXLEY, ANDREW. "Dr Führer's Wanderjahre: The Early Career of a Victorian Archaeologist." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 20, no. 4 (October 2010): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186310000246.
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AbstractThe Rev. Dr A.A. Führer lived to the age of seventy-seven. Herein is examined his first forty years. Trained as an Oriental Linguist, Führer eventually found employment as a field archaeologist. Three years after his appointment, the Archaeological Survey of India entered the worst crisis of its existence. Führer reacted in ways incompatible with scholarly integrity. It remains to be seen whether he committed further transgressions and or forgeries during his final thirty-seven years.
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Bita, Caesar, and Wes Forsythe. "An Outport for Gedi?—Archaeological Survey in Mida Creek, Kenya." Heritage 6, no. 12 (November 24, 2023): 7366–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6120386.
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Communities of the East African coast have had a long history of international interaction. Swahili maritime networks linked African port towns across the Indian Ocean seaboard, thus enabling merchandise to reach the hinterlands of the continent. One of these Swahili towns is the ancient city of Gedi, located on the central Kenyan coast near the medieval town of Malindi. Located inshore, 6 km from the main ocean to the southeast and 3 km from Mida Creek to the southwest, Gedi’s lack of seaward connectivity has perplexed scholars. To effectively function within the vibrant Indian Ocean maritime trade networks of the 10th to 16th centuries CE, Gedi needed access to the sea. Inevitably goods had to be transported overland from a port or landing place. The ‘MUCH to Discover in Mida Creek’ project carried out an archaeological survey around the Creek to form a broader understanding of the region’s maritime past. The study identified a range of sites that evidence past coastal activity. In particular, a concentration of contemporary house sites at Chafisi near the closest point on the Creek to Gedi would suggest it may have acted as an outport for the stone town.
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Riyanto, Sugeng. "DINAMIKA KEBUDAYAAN DAN PERADABAN BATANG KUNA GAMBARAN AWAL BERDASARKAN HASIL EKSPLORASI ARKEOLOGIS." Berkala Arkeologi 34, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v34i2.22.
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Results of exploratory survey in Batang, Central Java, showing a variety of archaeological data with Hindu-Buddhist influence. There are among others, buildings and building components, inscriptions, statues, phallus-yoni, as well as artifacts that show characteristics of Indian influence. In addition, those various archaeological data obtained from the survey hypothetically reflect the dynamics of ancient Batang culture and civilization which chronologically includes pre-Hindu, the transition from pre-Hindu toHindu, early development of Hindu influence, and the heyday of Ancient Mataram.
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Lahiri, Nayanjot. "John Marshall's Appointment as Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India: A Survey of the Papers Pertaining to His Selection." South Asian Studies 13, no. 1 (January 1997): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.1997.9628531.
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Shaheen, Ifqut. "The Colonial Archaeology of Taxila: A historiographical analysis." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/2.2.24.
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Like other major archaeological sites of South Asia, Taxila has now been one and a half century old. Various scholars since the mid-nineteenth century have worked in the area. Amongst them, Sir Alexander Cunningham and Sir John Marshall, both of whom served as Director Generals of the Archaeological Survey of India, stand conspicuous. This paper deals with their work and ideas, with a focus on Taxila, about history and archaeology in South Asian context along with assessing colonial thought in their works. The approach here is historiographical with a focus on socio-cultural and ethnic re/constructions by both these pioneering archaeologists. As we know that writers and researchers cannot be separated from the thought of the age they are living in, the intellectual contexts of the work of Cunningham and Marshall has also been elaborated.
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Petrie, Cameron, Hector Orengo, Adam Green, Joanna Walker, Arnau Garcia, Francesc Conesa, J. Knox, and Ravindra Singh. "Mapping Archaeology While Mapping an Empire: Using Historical Maps to Reconstruct Ancient Settlement Landscapes in Modern India and Pakistan." Geosciences 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9010011.
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A range of data sources are now used to support the process of archaeological prospection, including remote sensed imagery, spy satellite photographs and aerial photographs. This paper advocates the value and importance of a hitherto under-utilised historical mapping resource—the Survey of India 1” to 1-mile map series, which was based on surveys started in the mid–late nineteenth century, and published progressively from the early twentieth century AD. These maps present a systematic documentation of the topography of the British dominions in the South Asian Subcontinent. Incidentally, they also documented the locations, the height and area of thousands of elevated mounds that were visible in the landscape at the time that the surveys were carried out, but have typically since been either damaged or destroyed by the expansion of irrigation agriculture and urbanism. Subsequent reanalysis has revealed that many of these mounds were actually the remains of ancient settlements. The digitisation and analysis of these historic maps thus creates a unique opportunity for gaining insight into the landscape archaeology of South Asia. This paper reviews the context within which these historical maps were created, presents a method for georeferencing them, and reviews the symbology that was used to represent elevated mound features that have the potential to be archaeological sites. This paper should be read in conjunction with the paper by Arnau Garcia et al. in the same issue of Geosciences, which implements a research programme combining historical maps and a range of remote sensing approaches to reconstruct historical landscape dynamics in the Indus River Basin.
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Willis, Michael D. "Some Notes on the Palaces of the Imperial Gurjara Pratīhāras." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 5, no. 3 (November 1995): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300006611.
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The Gurjara Pratīhāras have long been recognised as the leading royal house of northern India during the ninth and tenth centuries. A considerable number of copper plate and stone inscriptions have survived from Pratīhāra times and these have provided the requisite data for a reconstruction of the dynasty's political and social history. Following conventions established in the Gupta period if not before, the copper-plates of the Pratīhāras record grants of villages or land, while stone inscriptions typically recount the building of temples and the provision of gifts to enshrined divinities. A large number of temples from the Pratīhāra age have been preserved; some of these buildings have enjoyed the recent scholarly attention of the team working on the Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture as well as the Temple Survey of the Archaeological Survey of India. In contrast, palatial architecture is virtually unknown. This is neither surprising nor unusual, there being little left of such buildings in any part of India from before the fourteenth century. This is due to the wide use of perishable building materials, notably wood, brick and stucco. In the case of the Pratīhāra rulers there is also the fact that their capital city of Kannauj (anc. Kānyakubja) has been completely destroyed. That the Pratīhāras were responsible for some building at Kannauj is indicated by the inscription, dated Harṣa year 276 (A.D. 882–3), from the shrine of Garībnāth at Pehowa. This inscription records, among many other things, that a temple of Viṣṇu Garuḍāsana was built by the Brāhmaṇa Bhūvaka on the banks of the river Gaṅgā in Bhojapura near Kānyakubja.
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Pradines, Stéphane, and Fabien Balestra. "Excavations on the Coral Mosques of the Maldives." Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World 2, no. 1-2 (December 9, 2021): 200–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26666286-12340022.
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Abstract This report presents the results of an archaeological mission done in the Maldives archipelago located to the south-west of India, in the Indian Ocean. In November 2017, we carried out archaeological excavations and surveys as well as collected oral traditions on two sites, the Fandiyaaru Mosque and Koagannu Cemetery in Hulhumeeddhoo town on Addu Atoll and the Friday Mosque of Fenfushi on Alifu Dhaalu Atoll. Two outcomes were expected from our mission: first, to provide new scientific data on the coral mosques of the Maldives in order to improve the chances of success of nomination of the mosques on the World Heritage List of UNESCO; then to support the conservation project of the Maldivian government and international organisations such as UNESCO and the World Monuments Fund (WMF). One major question during our excavation was the continuity of the settlements from pre-Islamic cultures and influences from Buddhist architecture on local Islamic architecture.
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Connor, Melissa. "Jackson Lake Archaelogical Project." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 12 (January 1, 1988): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1988.2707.
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The Jackson Lake Archaeological Project completed its 5th and final field season in late October, 1988. While the current drought caused many problems, the lowered water levels in Jackson Lake allowed more archaeological work to be accomplished than imagined at the inception of the project in 1984. Funded by the Bureau of Reclamation, the work was completed by crews from the Midwest Archaeological Center of the National Park Service. During the project, 109 archaeological sites were recorded. This is the highest density of sites in any area in the Grand Teton-Yellowstone area and is presently reshaping the thinking of archaeologists about the importance of this area in prehistoric times. The materials found range in time from Paleo-Indian materials (ca. 11,000 - 9,000 years before present) to a historic trapper/hunter cabin (ca. A.D. 1875-1910). Much of the prehistoric material is badly disturbed by wave action due to the reservoir. However, survey, testing, and excavation by the Park Service crews, study of the landforms by U.S. Geological Survey geologist Dr. Ken Pierce, and backhoe trenching by the University of Wyoming succeeded in defining a significant amount of information.
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And V. Elangovan, Shaktivardhan Singh, Pawan Kumar Misra. "DISTRIBUTION OF SHEATH-TAILED BATS (EMBALLONURIDAE) IN BUNDELKHAND REGION OF UTTAR PRADESH." Journal Of Advanced Zoology 42, no. 02 (March 4, 2022): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v42i02.52.
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The family Emballonuridae consist 54 species and distributed throughout the world. Six species of genus Taphazous were found in India. There was no proper report on distribution of Taphozous genus from Bundelkhand region. Therefore, an extensive survey was carried out in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh to explore the distribution of the genus Taphazous. A total of six roosts were recorded, which occupied by Taphazous species. Taphazous perforatus found only in Kulpahar Mahal, while rest five roosts were occupied by Taphazous nudiventris. T.nudiventris & T perforatus found in historical monuments made up of red stone, where the average roost height from the ground is 26.9 ± 3.78 (feet) and the average humidity and light intensity 56.2 ± 14.13 (%) and 1.4 ± 1.34 (lux) are respectively. The highest population was in Jhansi Palace (120 to 460 individuals), while lowest one was in Kalinjar fort (12 to 25 individuals). The roosts protected by Archaeological Survey of India. Due to human activity, the roosts were destroying day by day, by erection of nets at the entrance and light source on the roost. Therefore, need a proper conservation otherwise; there will be a great loss
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Lal, Sudhanand Prasad, Abhishek Mahendra, and Akshay Singh. "Dietary analysis of traditional food cultures in India: An overview of 2600 BCE to the 21st century." Toros University Journal of Food, Nutrition and Gastronomy 1, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.58625/jfng-1885.
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Around 415 BC, Hippocrates proclaimed, “let food be thy medicine, and let medicine be thy food.” A report published in Elsevier’s Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports in 2021 by Archeological Survey of India (ASI), New Delhi, that ‘seven similar big-size brown ‘laddoos’ high protein, multigrain ‘laddoos’ (food balls)’ was found at the Harrapan site in Rajasthan India. Excavation results were surprisingly shocking to the world as many civilizations, sects & religions were not born then. Although India has capacity, if one Jute Sack of food grains is staked over another, they will reach moon and can come back and can still cover more than 1/3rd journey of the moon (2.347 times moon distance capacity). But even in 21st century scientific community are still talking about global hunger. Unfortunately, in the 2021 Global Hunger Index, India ranked 101st out of the 116 countries in 2021 GHI scores and fell under the serious group with a score of 27.5. Poshan Abhiyaan’s convergence mission to address malnutrition must be implemented through ensured community mobilization and participation. Multigrain Ladoos were used in ancient times need to be in the mainstream again to alleviate the hidden hunger. The research concludes that India in the past may have more food security than present India. Hence, ayurvedic foods are recommended for different health disorders as diet plays the most critical role in maintaining health parameters.
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Mishra, Amit Kumar. "Tabo Monastery (996 CE) A Vernacular Architecture of Lahaul and Spiti Region of Himachal Pradesh, India: A Preliminary Investigation of Deterioration and Conservation of Murals of gSer-Khang Gumpha." Nakhara : Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 22, no. 1 (July 4, 2023): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.54028/nj202322304.
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Tabo monastery of 996 CE, an example of vernacular architecture of the Lahaul and Spiti region of Himachal Pradesh, is one of the most significant examples of world cultural heritage, being not only a globally significant Buddhist site but also the oldest earthen building in India. Cultural heritage acts as a mirror of human civilization, culture, history, and development. This monastery has its own identity, which tells the story of its glorious past; the structures of the monastery are the most authentic example of the use of earthen raw materials and indigenous architectural features. The major creative forces for these structures are rooted in the local needs and traditions, which have evolved slowly over time. The mural paintings of the monastery, which are deteriorating due to natural and human induced activities, depict Buddhist Indian History. The main aim of this study is to determine the causes of this deterioration, and identify conservation measures that can be undertaken to protect the mural paintings. In fact, remarkable conservation works are already being conducted by Archaeological Survey of India, which is laudable. However, the investigation of the monastery’s structural features, techniques used in mural execution, and the relevant climatic conditions of the region, with identification of causes of deterioration can be used to develop a more effective and sustainable conservation approach for preservation of these murals in the future.
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Pakkeerappa, P., and Joby Thomas. "Strategic Role of Hampi Development Authority in Promoting Tourism in Karnataka: a Study." Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.1.8.
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Tourism has attained the status of a dominant economic activity in both the developed and the developing nations. The diversity of Indian heritage adds to the appeal and fascination of India as a tourist destination. Hampi world heritage site in Karnataka is an example of heritage tourism practices in India. To attract more number of tourists and for the preservation and conservation of the monuments the government of Karnataka established Hampi Development Authority (HDA) in the year 2002. HDA has taken many steps to satisfy the UNESCO in order to retain the world heritage site status of Hampi. The authority has carried out many activities to ensure the proper management and development of the world heritage site. Stoppage of quarrying in the heritage area, providing road infrastructure, removal of encroachments, setting up of the facilitation centre etc. are among the few initiatives by HDA towards planned tourism development in the area. Acquisition of land, excavations, optical fibre lighting etc. are certain area of cooperation of HDA with the Archaeological survey of India (ASI) at the world heritage site. The HDA plays a strategic role in promoting tourism in Karnataka by meticulously following the guidelines and suggestions of UNESCO to maintain the sustainability in and around the world heritage site of Hampi. This article also proposes few suggestions to HDA to shoulder the greater responsibility in the preservation and conservation of the monuments and also in projecting the world heritage site as a world-class tourist destination in the world tourism map.
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Shragge, Jeffrey, David Lumley, Nader Issa, Tom Hoskin, Alistair Paterson, and Jeremy Green. "Surveying Batavia’s Graveyard: Geophysical controlled experiments and subsurface imaging of archaeological sites on an Indian Ocean coral island." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): B147—B163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0531.1.
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We conducted geophysical surveys on Beacon Island in the Houtman Abrolhos archipelago offshore Western Australia, to investigate areas of archaeological interest related to the 1629 Batavia shipwreck, mutiny, and massacre. We used three complementary near-surface geophysical survey techniques (total magnetic intensity, electromagnetic induction mapping, and ground-penetrating radar) to identify anomalous target zones for archaeological excavation. Interpreting near-surface geophysical anomalies is often complex and nonunique, although it can be significantly improved by achieving a better understanding of site-specific factors including background conditions, natural variability, detectability limits, and the geophysical response to, and spatial resolution of, buried targets. These factors were not well-understood for Beacon Island nor indeed for the Australian coastal environment. We have evaluated the results of controlled experiments in which we bury known targets at representative depths and analyze the geophysical responses in terms of an ability to detect and resolve targets from natural background variability. The maximum depth of detectability of calibration targets on Beacon Island is limited to approximately 0.5 m due to significant variations in background physical properties between a thin ([Formula: see text]) and highly unconsolidated dry sand, shell, and coral layer of variable thickness overlying a sea-water-saturated sandy half-space. Our controlled measurements have implications for calibrating and quantifying the interpretation of geophysical anomalies in areas of archaeological interest, particularly in coastal and sandy-coral island environments. Our geophysical analyzes contributed to the discovery of archaeological materials and five historical burials associated with the 1629 Batavia shipwreck.
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Shinde, Kiran, and Rana P. B. Singh. "Still on UNESCO’s “Tentative List of World Heritage”? Heritage, Tourism, and Stunted Growth in Sarnath (Varanasi), India." Heritage 6, no. 7 (June 29, 2023): 5051–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6070267.
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It is not unusual for a place to wait for years before being inscribed on the World Heritage List, but Sarnath—the place where the Buddha delivered his first sermon—has been on UNESCO’s “tentative list” for close to 25 years. As a sacred place for Buddhist pilgrimages, Sarnath continues to attract thousands of visitors annually and yet, remains under-developed, unlike other pilgrim towns or religious tourism destinations. This paper examines the reasons for the stunted growth of Sarnath. The findings are based on fieldwork conducted in Sarnath in 2019. The analysis of stakeholder interviews suggests several reasons for Sarnath not being able to capitalize on its religious and cultural heritage for tourism-led development. It was found that the protection of the site as an archaeological park by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), which has been controlling development surrounding the park as well as prohibiting the performance of any rituals, have been the key endogenous factors that have contributed to the relative under-development of a Buddhist pilgrimage economy in the town. A handful of monasteries are where Buddhist followers stay and perform their pilgrimage rituals, rendering them as enclaves. Private-sector accommodation is also limited to around 15 hotels and guesthouses. Administratively, Sarnath does not have an independent governance structure. It is governed as just one ward (an electoral constituency) by the Municipal Corporation of Varanasi and is, thus, always under the shadow of Varanasi city. Varanasi is one of the most significant Hindu sacred cities and, hence, visitors stay there for much longer durations to soak in cultural offerings, including religious ceremonies around the Ganga River; a visit to Sarnath is secondary and often limited to a half-day tour. Moreover, the archaeological park at Sarnath serves a recreational purpose as a picnic site for domestic visitors. The exogenous factors mean that the interests of Sarnath (as a Buddhist site) are hardly acknowledged by the Hindu city of Varanasi. This paper argues that the multi-layered contestations that exist at the site level, the town–ward level, and between visitors and managers have further contributed to the poor state of heritage and tourism in Sarnath.
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Buckee, Fiona. "The Curious Case of the Octagonal Temple." Archives of Asian Art 70, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 173–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00666637-8620366.
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Abstract The Muṇḍeśvarī temple near Bhabuā in southwest Bihar is an octagonal, sandstone monument without a spire. Scholars have dated the temple to the first half of the seventh century, primarily on account of early inscriptions from the site and the style of the door frames. Few monuments survive from this nascent stage of structural North Indian temple architecture, and the Muṇḍeśvarī temple is intriguing because it is an anomaly in terms of its size, composition, and the shape of its plan. This study argues that the Muṇḍeśvarī temple has been misdated, and presents a systematic architectural analysis that highlights multiple features and irregularities that are incompatible with early North Indian design. The paper proposes that, rather than being seventh century, the octagonal shrine was built about a millennia later, in the sixteenth–seventeenth century, incorporating doorways and moldings salvaged from the ruins of the seventh century temples that once graced the hilltop. The latter part of the article considers how the Muṇḍeśvarī temple came to be buried by the end of the eighteenth century, and questions whether the Archaeological Survey of India might have altered the temple's appearance during the reconstructive work they undertook at the start of the twentieth century.
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Ahmad, Adil, and Khalid Moin. "Stability Analysis of Monument: A Case Study–Safdarjung Tomb." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.403.
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Present study deals with the stability analysis of an existing historical monument “Safdarjung Tomb” under Seismic Load. The tomb is situated at New Delhi, India. The building is classified as protected monument by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). This is a ground plus two storey masonry structure with a central dome. The basic seismic parameters have been evaluated using Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Codal method. Distribution of lateral forces is carried out to individual piers and walls using Rigidity Approach. The seismic performance of the building is studied under the gravity and earthquake loads. The building is modeled as a two-degree-of-freedom shear-beam system. The piers, which are located parallel to the direction of earthquake shaking are assumed to provide spring action. The mass of the walls and slabs are lumped at the storey levels. The lumped masses are assumed to be connected to each other through massless springs. The degree of each mass in horizontal direction is considered, neglecting the vertical translational and rotational degrees of freedom. Stiffness of the walls parallel to longitudinal and transverse directions of the building has been computed separately which was used for computation of lateral forces in each direction. The forces so evaluated are used in pier analysis to evaluate stress induced in various elements. The majority of the structural elements were found safe and the overall structure is stable. The stresses due to shear and bending are within permissible limit
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Chelysheva, Irina P. "The Goddess Spitting Fire: Myths and Reality of the Kangra Temple." Oriental Courier, no. 1-2 (2021): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310015822-2.
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The paper focuses on one of the most popular Hindu pilgrimage centers — Jwalamukhi temple, based in the Kangra district of the North-Western state of India, Himachal Pradesh. The temple is unique due to the absence of the main image. At the same time, people worship the deity as women’s energy Shakti in the form of a fire. The author draws attention to peculiar analogies traced by some research scholars between this temple and the fire temple named Surakhan Ateshgah near Baku in Azerbaijan. Considering this subject, the author analyses different versions of the origin of the fire temple in Azerbaijan, including the so-called “Indian angle”. Basing on the wide range of source material, including the reports of the Archaeological Survey of India established by the British colonial administration in 1861, the author evaluates and critically reviews various versions regarding possible dates of building this temple. Undertaken investigation allows concluding that the temple of Jwalamukhi could be founded in the 6th–7th centuries AD. However, the very cult of worshipping this goddess in Kangra might originate much earlier, in the first centuries BC. The article contains a cryptic narrative of the medieval history of the temple, supplemented by famous chronicles by Ferishta narrating how it was repeatedly subjected to devastating raids of Muslim armies, firstly led by the Delhi sultans and later by Mughal rulers. The description of the temple and religious rituals are based on the personal impressions of the author.
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Scott, Elizabeth M. "Horticultural Hunters: Seasonally Abundant Animal Resources and Gender Roles in Late Prehistoric Iroquoian Subsistence Strategies." Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 44, no. 1 (July 31, 2003): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.58782/flmnh.wwob7231.
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Iroquoian subsistence has been interpreted as a strategy that relied heavily on deer and corn. Recent archaeological investigations in western New York State, however, have produced diverse faunal and floral assemblages that a116w a more complex picture of Iroquoian subsistence to emerge. This paper discusses the faunal remains from the Spaulding Lake site (UB2497), located in the town of Clarence in Erie County. This single-component Iroquoian site on the Onondaga Escarpment was occupied seasonally between ca. A.D. 1450 and 1550. It was excavated between 1989 and 1991 by the Archaeological Survey of SUNY-Buffalo. This paper discusses 1) the ethnohistoric and archaeological evidence for animal procurement among Iroquoian and Great Lakes Indian groups, 2) the Spaulding Lake faunal material compared to other Iroquoian faunal assemblages from two nearby sites, the Nursery site (UB227) and the Piestrak site (UB2581), recently excavated, and 3) implications for interpretations of Iroquois settlement and subsistence systems, gender roles, and socio-political organization.
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Bharati, Priyank. "Ancients Ruins of Mahabharata Prominence Hastinapur Giving Vindication of Bioarchaeology." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.39869.
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Abstract: Hastinapur, capital of the Kuru Kingdom in the era of Mahabharata. Some ancient structures imply the name of Mahabharata personages such as Karna Ghat Mandir, Draupadi Ghat Mandir, Pandeshwar Mahadev Mandir, Pandv Tila, or Ulta Khera Mound, etc. In the year 1950-52 some portion of Ulta Khera and Mound of Raghunathji was excavated by B.B. Lal. He found 5 culture strata starting from Pre 1200 B.C. to the early 15th Century A.D and the first time he brings in limelight a new ceramic industry Painted Grey Ware. The recovery of somehow Kushan Period bones(?,for exact time period, the Archaeological Survey of India should remove all these evidences from the site and go through carbon dating.) from near site HST 2 connects this mound with Bio-archaeology. Keywords: Hastinapur, Ulta Khera Mound, Mahabharata, Bioarchaeology
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A., Dibyopama, Ranasinghe G., Shinde V., Kapukotawa A., Jadhav N., Abenayake I., and Kaushalya G. "Site Catchment Analysis of Mahalena Cave of Rajagala, Sri Lanka: With Special Reference to the Prehistoric and Anuradhapura Phase." Vidyodaya Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 08, no. 02 (2023): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fhss/vjhss.v08i02.15.
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The systematic archaeological survey was carried out around the 0-10 km radius of Mahalena cave site. Documentation of natural resources available within the estimated radius. A few satellite settlements or supportive settlements were identified within the radius of Mahalena cave. The chief aim of this research is to understand the suitability of the landscape and natural resources available within the vicinity of this archaeological site. Mahalena cave site was subjected to large-scale excavation for several seasons by Sri Lankan and Indian archaeologists. A Few seasons of detailed excavations have provided us with sufficient data to study the resource exploitation pattern around the Mahalena cave. The study of the resource exploitation pattern or site catchment study is one of the important tools to reconstruct the economy of ancient settlers of any particular region. Resources lying within the economic range of individual archaeological sites support ancient inhabitants for their day-to-day living. The current research will be helpful in identifying suitable factors which lead the Prehistoric and Early Historic inhabitants of the Mahalena cave to choose this particular location for their settlement.
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Conesa, Francesc C., Agustin Lobo, Jonàs Alcaina, Andrea Balbo, Marco Madella, S. V. Rajesh, and P. Ajithprasad. "Multi-proxy survey of open-air surface scatters in drylands: Archaeological and physico-chemical characterisation of fossilised dunes in North Gujarat (India)." Quaternary International 436 (April 2017): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.11.013.
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Legg, Robert J., and Scott J. Demel. "Ground Penetrating Radar in the Northern Great Lakes." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 45, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26904357.
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Abstract Timing, inclement weather, and limited budgets can obstruct archaeological survey efforts. Here, we ameliorate some of these with use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) at the Goose Lake Outlet #3 (GLO#3) site (20MQ140). GPR surveys to guide survey and excavation efforts in these well-drained sandy soils are limited. GPR imagery exhibited false positives; however, shovel probes, subsequent site excavation, and artifact analysis led to numerous discoveries at this protohistoric site—including glass trade beads dating to the 1630s. These discoveries solidify evidence for some of the earliest European-made trade items in the region and provide further confirmation for placement of an Indian trail and ancient travel corridor between Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. Two 14C samples obtained from moose-bone in features with trade goods fall within the expected occupation range of 1633–1668 and 1615–1647. Several anomolies, possible hearth clusters were seen on the GPR imagery; however, many features remained invisible.
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Chandran, Anu. "Scanning the Dynamics of Participatory Research (PRIT) in Heritage Tourism Management: The Case of Chitharal in Tamil Nadu, India." Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.13.6.
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Chitharal, located at Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu, South India is quite an amazing and enamouring heritage destination preserved by the Archaeological Survey of India. Tourism being a multi-disciplinary area must be open to innovative yet impactful research methods. The researcher in this work conceptualizes and adopts the Participatory Research in Tourism (PRIT) approach devised over the years, in consonance with the fabric of tourism, which is a people-centric and activities based academic subject. This study attempts to map the experiential dynamics of a chosen group of tourists who possess extraordinary interests and affinity for heritage manifestations. The various parameters to be analysed, coded, and inferred are pre-determined by the researchers by way of a preliminary visit and empirical observations, collection of tourist literature, compilation of expert opinion and review of literature and travel blogs. They are recorded for every individual member of the group on a real-time basis by the accompanying researchers. Many an aspect is researched on the spot. The present study is the first work in this direction which can be shaped and nourished to form a productive method of research in tourism. In the present paper the behavioral aspects of tourists are also recorded at Chitharal - an unsung tourism haven and Jain heritage destination.
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Lefrancq, Coline, and Jason D. Hawkes. "Accepting Variation and Embracing Uncertainty: Creating a Regional Pottery Typology in South Asian Archaeology." Open Archaeology 6, no. 1 (October 17, 2020): 269–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0112.
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AbstractThis article presents the results of the analysis of archaeological ceramics collected during landscape surveys in the Vidarbha of Maharashtra, India; and offers the first attempt at a regional pottery typology for this area. Here, as in many other parts of South Asia, the pottery from archaeological sites have been subject to considerable scrutiny. Yet, so far approaches to their study have focussed on mainly their surface colour and feel. This has resulted in overly simplistic typologies that do not (and cannot) accommodate the full range of variation that exists within a ceramic assemblage, and so limit their value as archaeological evidence. Addressing this, we apply a chaîne opératoire-based approach to the analysis of a ceramic assemblage that we have been developing in this region. This results in a much more complex and detailed pottery typology than has so far been achieved. Throughout this study we also identify points of comparison with familiar parallels published elsewhere. In doing so, the resulting typology, while by no means the final word on the matter, provides a valuable and flexible resource that others working in this region and neighbouring areas can use for their own analyses and research. Moreover, in shifting the bases of categorisation and classification to the ways that pottery was made, we are able to incorporate far more of the variation that exists in the material itself. Indeed, the amount of variation can be somewhat bewildering in comparison to the standard (limiting) typological categories that populate earlier reports, and forces us to question those frameworks. Yet, we argue that it is precisely this sort of uncertainty that has to be embraced if the study of archaeological ceramics for the region of the ancient Vidarbha is going to continue to develop as a meaningful area of archaeological enquiry.
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Priya, T. Lakshmi. "Protecting the Tangible and Intangible Heritage of Rani ki Vav: A Unique Subterranean Step Well in Gujarat." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 1057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.1057.
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The stepwells define the subterranean architecture of Western India. The term stepwell indicates the basic architectural features of a monumental well comprising of a long corridor of steps leading to five or six storeys below the ground to a well. From the 7th to the 19th century, stepwells were an integral part of the Western India. Stepwells are a response to arid regions of Western India particularly in Gujarat and Rajasthan where water is treated as a sacred element which defines the lives, myths and rituals of the people. The stepwells of Gujarat are exceptional in their monumental scale and details. One of the magnificient stepwells is located near Ahmedabad known as Rani ki Vav. The construction of this stepwell began in 1063 A.D and probably it took some ten to twenty years to complete its construction that is upto 1085 to 1090 A.D. It is constructed of bricks and decorated with stone sculptures. It measures 64m long 20m wide and 27m deep. It has the four essential components which are seen in completely developed stepwells : a staircase leading from the ground level to the underground basin, intercepted at regular intervals with multistoreyed pillared pavilion, a well at the rear end, and a large tank or kund to store the surplus water from the well. This Vav also has bracing structures just above the tank, as an extra precaution against lateral thrust. The side walls of the staircase have niches and the wall surface of the well are adorned with beautiful sculptures. The stepwell was in use during the 12th and the 13th century, during the reign of Sidharaja. During this period the niches in the stepwell were filled up with marble sculptures.Later in the 13th century huge amounts of sand and silt were deposited in the well due to major floods of the Saraswati river which flows adjacent to this well. Other floods gradually silted up the entire well. Historical records mention that the well was functional and periodically desilted. The well was buried for centuries under the soil. The Archaeological Survey of India undertook the major task of desilting and restoration of Rani ki Vav which was declared a protected monument of national importance in 1940s. Desilting of the stepwell was commenced in 1960 A.D. Extreme care was taken while resetting of the architectural members and fixing the sculptures in their proper position. The conservation works were aimed at retaining the authenticity and the integrity of the monument during the restoration works. The stone used in the construction of this Vav is sedimentary sand stone varying from fine grain to coarse grained structure. Several test such as wet chemical analysis,X ray analysis,soil analysis etc were undertaken to understand the weathering of the stone. Today Rani ki Vav reveals its original grandeur and stands testimony to the expert craftsmanship and technology of the builders of the 11th century. This paper aims to bring forth the significance of this unique typology of stepwell and the continuing efforts undertaken by Archaeological Survey of India for restoring this historic monument.
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Mishra, Gargi, Prasenjit Shukla, and Mona Iyer. "The Dying Water Heritage of Sarkhej Roza." Journal of Heritage Management 4, no. 2 (December 2019): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455929619890510.
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Sarkhej Roza, a fifteenth century complex comprising of the mausoleum, mosque and cascade of natural and man-made lakes, and located in peri-urban Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, is presently a heritage site of national importance under the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Originally, the Sarkhej lake was excavated to serve the religious purpose of ablution, recreation and climate conditioning that were quite functional until the late twentieth century before rapid urbanization in the catchment of its adjacent interconnected feeder Makarba lake took place. Unfettered development in the past two decades has encroached the common catchment of Makarba–Sarkhej lake cascade by almost 50 per cent. The then perennial sacred Sarkhej lake is now a drying sewage disposal site. Sarkhej Roza has received considerable attention for conserving built heritage aesthetically in the past. Since it is the duty of all stakeholders including ASI, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Sarkhej Roza Committee, civil society and communities to work in harmony towards sustaining their natural heritage, this research has undertaken detailed site and stakeholder assessment to understand challenges faced by the lake and its precincts, and derived learnings from the stakeholder’s perspectives on the impact of urbanization on this water heritage. This was done in order to chart out the possibilities of reviving the Markarba–Sarkhej lake cascade before it is too late.
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Mulholland, Susan C., Stephen L. Mulholland, Gordon R. Peters, James K. Huber, and Howard D. Mooers. "Paleo-Indian Occupations in Northeastern Minnesota: How Early?" North American Archaeologist 18, no. 4 (April 1998): 371–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pdhk-9fak-e8qw-fq4j.
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Environmental factors influenced Paleo-Indian occupation in northern portions of North America. Glacial features posed physical restrictions while revegetation on the post-glacial landscape limited available resources. Areas of northern Minnesota were ice-free by 13,500 B.P. with lake formation and revegetation at 12,000 to 11,000 B.P. By 11,200 B.P. northeastern Minnesota was probably habitable. However, archaeological evidence for early Paleo-Indian occupation in the area is sparse. Fluted and Holcombe-like projectile points have only been reported from three localities; well-dated sites are lacking at present, in contrast to the evidence for Late Paleo-Indian occupation. However, rugged terrain and thick vegetation hamper survey and bias the record toward accessible locations—those on modern waterways. A survey strategy based on the immediate post-glacial landscape needs to be implemented to address the question of earliest occupation. In addition, the problem of charcoal dates that are widely divergent from associated cultural remains must be addressed.
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Conesa, Francesc C., Marco Madella, Nikolaos Galiatsatos, Andrea L. Balbo, S. V. Rajesh, and P. Ajithprasad. "CORONA Photographs in Monsoonal Semi-arid Environments: Addressing Archaeological Surveys and Historic Landscape Dynamics over North Gujarat, India." Archaeological Prospection 22, no. 2 (October 31, 2014): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arp.1498.
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Sasilatha, T., M. Ashokkumar, T. Baldwin Immanuel, and G. Mohendran. "Archaeological Exploration, Excavation, and Analysis for a Richer Interpretation of the Past Chola Heritage City- Poompuhar." DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE 3 (December 18, 2023): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232022.2023.3.20.
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The article deals with the process of collecting underwater data from the historical area in South India and explicitly showcasing its ancient civilization. Various methods are used to investigate the environmental and structural variables that regulate the coastal structures. Geostatistical interpolation is a technique to predict the values of a spatially continuous bathymetry or depth of a submerged shoreline from a few sample data measurements. The bathymetric investigation of the submerged region surrounding the ancient port of Poompuhar consists of numerous processes conducted in stages. The survey was carried out with the use of an integrated measuring system developed by the National Institute of Technology, Chennai, which included various levels of Multi Beam Echo Sounder (MBES), GPS, sonar, and ROV. To discover continuous surfaces required for analyzing the morphology of the bottom of submerged Poompuhar, a suitable interpolation technique must be used to get estimated values in regions that were not physically surveyed. Bathymetric and topographic data, which typically are gathered independently for various purposes, were included in the spatial data used for elevation surface modeling. Data is gathered in multiple forms with varying resolutions and accuracy; as a result, a standard surface model that will allow for quick and accurate analysis is currently lacking. The major purpose of this study was to create a high-accuracy model of a coastal area's surface using input data from numerous sources. ArcGIS is a popular software platform for analyzing and visualizing geographic data, and it contains several geostatistical interpolation techniques. The research involves the erosion of the shoreline as well as the rise in water level. The study uncovered new scientific and methodological information on Poompuhar's bathymetric properties and submerged surface.
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Lebedinski, Victor V., and Julia A. Pronina. "THE ALL-RUSSIAN ACADEMIC CONFERENCE “ORIENTAL STUDIES AND FIELD RESEARCH”." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 2 (16) (2021): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2021-2-313-317.
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The article is an overview of the All-Russian Academic Conference “Oriental Studies and Field Research”, which was held on April 19–20, 2021, at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences in both off-line and online formats. The talks of the participants covered the problems, results and prospects of various directions of oriental field research, that is archaeological, underwater-archaeological, epigraphic, ethnographic, linguistic, anthropological, and others. Many presentations contained the latest findings of the field research. The geography of the presented surveys covered such countries as Russia, Egypt, Sudan, Syria, Iraq, India, Pakistan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Abkhazia. The event was attended by more than 30 specialists — historians, culturologists, philologists, sociologists, — representatives of 17 organizations, academic institutions, museums, schools of higher education, such as the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts RAS, the Institute of Archeology RAS, the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology RAS, Institute of World Literature RAS, the Institute for the History of Material Culture RAS, Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Makhtumkuli University, Russian State University for the Humanities, the Sevastopol State University, and others. The organizer of this academic symposium was the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS.
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Williams, Martin A. J. "Reconstructing prehistoric environments in the Son and Belan valleys, north-central India: Retrospect and Prospect." Journal of Palaeosciences 70, no. (1-2) (September 10, 2021): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.19.
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Pioneering archaeological surveys in the Son and Belan valleys of north–central India in the 1970s revealed that these valleys had been occupied at least intermittently during the Lower Palaeolithic, Middle Palaeolithic, Upper Palaeolithic and Neolithic. Later work in the early 1980s provided a reliable stratigraphic framework for the prehistoric sites and also resulted in the chance discovery of volcanic ash erupted from Toba volcano in Sumatra, Indonesia, 74,000 years ago. The discovery of the first Quaternary volcanic ash ever found in India prompted a search for the ash across the Indian sub–continent. By the early 1990s it was apparent that the entire sub–continent had been covered in a layer of ash 10–15 cm thick. Later work showed that some of this ash had been reworked by runoff and soil creep soon after deposition and accumulated in topographic depressions and valley bottoms where it remained in a relatively pure state. However, some of the ash has been reworked more than once since first deposited. Use of the ash as an isochronous marker depends upon establishing whether it is still in primary context and if not the degree to which it has been mixed with younger sediment. A key and as yet unresolved issue is whether or not the eruption had a major or minor regional and global environmental (including climatic) impact. High resolution records from speleothems, pollen spectra, varved lake deposits and ice cores will be needed to answer this question. The presence of similar stone artefact assemblages above and beneath the ash tells us nothing useful about the actual environmental impact of the eruption.
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Bakker, Hans, and Harunaga Isaacson. "The Ramtek Inscriptions II: The Vākāṭaka inscription in the Kevala-Narasiṃha Temple." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 56, no. 1 (February 1993): 46–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0000166x.
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InThe Ramtek Inscriptions[I] (hereafter RI) mention was made of a Vākāṭaka inscription in the Kevala-Narasiṁha temple on Ramtek Hill, the discovery of which was reported inIAR, 1982–83, 137. The credit for first discussing, as well as editing the text goes to the Director of the Archaeological Survey and Museums of Maharashtra, Dr. A. P. Jamkhedkar. In an article which appeared in 1986 in R. Parimoo (ed.),Vaiṣṇavism in Indian arts and culture(pp. 335–41), Jamkhedkar attributed the inscription to Prabhāvatī Guptā (op. cit., 340), an attribution for which he adduced arguments in a subsequent article that was published in M. S. Nagaraja Rao (ed.),Kusumāñjali, vol. i in 1987 (pp. 217–23).
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WILLIS, MICHAEL. "Dhār, Bhoja and Sarasvatī: from Indology to Political Mythology and Back." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 22, no. 1 (January 2012): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186312000041.
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The Bhojśālā or ‘Hall of Bhoja’ is a term used to describe the centre for Sanskrit studies associated with King Bhoja, the most celebrated ruler of the Paramāra dynasty. The Bhojśālā is also linked to Sarasvatī – the goddess of learning – whose shrine is said to have stood in the hall's precinct. Since the early years of the twentieth century, the mosque adjacent to the tomb of Kamāl al-Dīn Chishtī in the town of Dhār has been identified as the Bhojśālā. This has turned the building into a focal point of religious, social and political tension. Access to the site, currently under the protection of the Archaeological Survey of India, has been marked by communal friction and disputes in the press and in the courts. My aim in this paper is not to chart this sorry tale of events; I only need note that the legal and political wrangles, not to mention a steady flow of inflammatory assertions, have formed a toxic backdrop to the scholarly publications cited in the pages that follow. A second issue beyond the scope of this paper is how the medieval history of Dhār has played its part in the wider ‘invention of tradition’ and formation of modern Hindu identity. Stepping back from these concerns, my ambition here is rather modest: I seek only to explore how the mosque at Dhār has come to be described as the Bhojśālā and, on this basis, to undertake an assessment of that identification. Along the way, I will touch on a number of problems concerning the history, architecture and literary culture of central India.