Relevant bibliographies by topics / Archaeology and Prehistory

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Archaeology and Prehistory'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Archaeology and Prehistory"

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Gathercole, Peter. "Childe, Marxism, and Knowledge." European Journal of Archaeology 12, no. 1-3 (2009): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461957109339695.

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Childe withdrew from revolutionary politics after his post-university years in Australia in favour of a career in prehistoric archaeology in Britain. Though remaining a Marxist, his application of Marxist principles to prehistory developed only slowly as his interpretations became more sophisticated. He became increasingly interested in knowledge about prehistory from studying results of the interactions between material remains and their interpretation (in Marxist terms, the relationships between practice and theory). In his paper ‘Retrospect’, Childe (1958b:73) charted the development in his thinking to where he rejected ‘transcendental laws determining history and mechanical causes … automatically shaping its course’ with an understanding that a prehistoric society's knowledge of itself was ‘known or knowable … with its then existing material and conceptual equipment’. Thus the prehistory of Europe could be seen not as a product of Oriental civilization, but as an independent entity. Childe could then write a prehistory of Europe ‘that should be both historical and scientific’ (1958b:74). This book, The Prehistory of European Society (1958a), also demonstrated his use of the epistemology of knowledge to understand prehistory as a sociological phenomenon.
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Lightfoot, Kent G. "Culture Contact Studies: Redefining the Relationship between Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology." American Antiquity 60, no. 2 (April 1995): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282137.

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Archaeology is poised to play a pivotal role in the reconfiguration of historical anthropology. Archaeology provides not only a temporal baseline that spans both prehistory and history, but the means to study the material remains of ethnic laborers in pluralistic colonial communities who are poorly represented in written accounts. Taken together, archaeology is ideally suited for examining the multicultural roots of modern América. But before archaeology’s full potential to contribute to culture contact studies can be realized, we must address several systemic problems resulting from the separation of “prehistoric” and “historical” archaeology into distinct subfields. In this paper, I examine the implications of increasing temporal/regional specialization in archaeology on (1) the use of historical documents in archaeological research, (2) the study of long-term culture change, and (3) the implementation of pan-regional comparative analyses.
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Besse, M., S. Fragnière, A. Müller, M. Piguet, L. Dubois, D. Miéville, S. Schoeb, and D. Schumacher. "Learning About Archaeology and Prehistoric Life." Science & Education 28, no. 6-7 (May 25, 2019): 759–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11191-019-00047-z.

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Abstract This article is about an intervention introducing prehistoric life in primary education. Its objectives were to foster openness and interest for prehistory and archaeology, as well as content knowledge and conceptual learning with a focus on four main facets: basic knowledge about prehistoric life; conceptual learning/change regarding prehistory; learning about archaeologists and archaeology as a scientific discipline; and learning about interactions of archaeology and other disciplines (interdisciplinarity). Students participated in two workshops about the creation of a prehistoric object, highlighting the close interaction between the natural sciences and humanities within archaeology. The workshop emphasised dialogue between students, teachers and researchers, as well as active participation by the students. The educational effects of the workshops were studied using a pre-post design (N = 439, ages 8–10 years). Results show that the workshops had sizeable positive effects on both affective and cognitive variables. The appreciation of the workshops ranged from ≈ 70 to 90% (of maximum value) for interest, perceived educational value and further aspects. We also found a positive impact of the intervention on cognitive variables, e.g. for several elements of key knowledge about prehistory (such as where prehistoric people lived and with what resources; medium to large effect sizes: d > 0.9 and d = 0.46, respectively). Regarding conceptual learning, we found improved understanding of the link between climate change and long-term changes in wildlife in a given area (medium to large effect sizes, d = 0.5–0.8). A positive impact was also found for the understanding of archaeology encompassing both humanities and the natural sciences (e.g. understanding of climate change as inferred from archaeological knowledge, d = 0.3–0.5). No differences of the various outcomes were found between girls and boys; the workshops appear suitable for both genders. We conclude with a discussion of the interpretation of our findings, of some limitations and possible improvements, and of future perspectives, in particular for further classroom implementation.
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Clermont, Norman, and Philip E. L. Smith. "Prehistoric, prehistory, prehistorian … who invented the terms?" Antiquity 64, no. 242 (March 1990): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00077322.

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Who first used a word for the idea of ‘prehistory’? Chippindale, in a paper published last year, tried to clear up this old confusion once and for all. He failed. Here are more answers to the question — a matter of real historical importance since the invention of a prehistoric past was so central to the 19th-century development of archaeology.
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Rückemann, Claus-Peter. "The Coherent Multi-disciplinary Knowledge Case of Prehistorical Insight: Information Science at the Edge of Structured Data Comprehension." Information Theories and Applications 28, no. 1 (2021): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54521/ijita28-01-p01.

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Up to these days, we are experiencing an omnipresent lack of a general approach for cognitive addressing of knowledge structures. This article presents new results and component reference implementations based on frameworks of coherent conceptual knowledge. Coherent conceptual knowledge provides valuable instruments for multi-disciplinary contextualisation, e.g., for contexts in prehistory and protohistory. This research addresses scientific methodologies, valorisation and intelligent re-valorisation of any scientific insight, cognostic addressing of structures, also known as nucleal cognstructures. The resulting component reference implementations enable productive, fertile environments, and learning-improvement-cycles. Central goal of this research is a consistent coherent conceptual integration of knowledge. Prehistory and prehistoric archaeology and their contexts and contextualisation provide a plethora of instructive multi-disciplinary scientific scenarios of high complexity. Thus, component reference implementations for these scenarios are implementation blueprints for informational modeling, industrial learning, and improvement cycles. The results of this long-term research provide solutions based on practical information science, beneficial for prehistory, prehistoric archaeology, and their multi-disciplinary contexts as well as for providing approaches to general solutions.
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Chippindale, Christopher. "The Invention of Words for the Idea of ‘Prehistory’." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 54 (1988): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00005867.

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The standard recent authorities on the history of archaeology date the invention of a specific word for prehistory to 1833, saying that Paul Tournal of Narbonne used the adjective préhistorique (‘prehistoric’ in the English translation in Heizer 1969, 91; and in Daniel 1967, 25, following Heizer 1962) or the noun préhistoire (Daniel 1981,48) in an article about French bone-caves.This is not true. The word Tournal used was antéhistorique (Tournal 1833, 175), and the mistake has arisen from working with an idiomatic translation into English, which rendered ‘anté-historique’ as ‘prehistoric’ (Tournal [1959]) instead of the original French. (Grayson 1983, 102., however, quotes Tournal's original French correctly.) The earliest use of ‘prehistoric’ seems to be Daniel Wilson's of 1851 in The Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland (1851), as the older histories of archaeology say (eg Daniel 1950, 86 (reprinted in Daniel 1975, 86); Daniel 1962, 9), before the error about Tournal began to circulate.
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Parker-Pearson, M. "From corpse to skeleton: dealing with the dead in prehistory." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 28, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2016): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13219-016-0144-y.

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The shortcomings of the archaeological record raise many challenges for the interpretation of prehistoric funerary practices, particularly because the remains of most people in prehistory have left no trace at all. Throughout prehistory, most human remains were treated in ways that are archaeologically invisible. A brief review of the sequence of funerary practices in British prehistory reveals major gaps and deficiencies in the burial record. It may well be that the normative rites for much of British prehistory were those that left little or no archaeological trace, such as excarnation through exposure of corpses or scattering of cremated ashes.One form of mortuary practice only recently demonstrated for British prehistory is that of mummification. Scientific analysis of Late Bronze Age skeletons from Cladh Hallan, in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, has revealed that they were not only composites of multiple individuals but were also mummified prior to burial. In particular, histological analysis of bioerosion in the bone microstructure reveals that putrefaction was arrested soon after death. This method of histological analysis has been applied to a large sample of prehistoric and historical human remains, and reveals that patterns of arrested decay are particularly a feature of the British Bronze Age from the Bell Beaker period onwards.
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Benjamin, Jonathan, and Alex Hale. "Marine, Maritime, or Submerged Prehistory? Contextualizing the Prehistoric Underwater Archaeologies of Inland, Coastal, and Offshore Environments." European Journal of Archaeology 15, no. 2 (2012): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957112y.0000000007.

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Studies in submerged prehistoric archaeology have gained momentum in recent years with particular focus on the inundated landscapes of the European continental shelf. Although this renewed interest lies primarily in modern coasts and seas, there are a variety of differences between the submerged prehistoric archaeologies of inland and marine environments, ranging from questions of scientific research to heritage management to practical field methods. Some of these differences are the result of location, function, and period. Despite this, there exist similarities that, if ignored, risk increased marginalization of the archaeology of submerged landscapes from the greater field of prehistoric archaeology. A holistic evaluation of prehistoric archaeological landscapes must include inland waters and coastal zones and their relationships. Aquatic environments, viewed both as individual locations as well as continuous and connecting waterways, are introduced for their differences and similarities, and simplified examples of material and legislation are introduced in order to contextualize submarine sites and practices within the greater fields of prehistory and underwater archaeology.
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Wood, Jacqui. "Food and drink in European prehistory." European Journal of Archaeology 3, no. 1 (2000): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.2000.3.1.89.

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There is a wealth of archaeological evidence, from bones excavated in prehistoric middens, piles of fruit stones and sea shells, that give us concrete indications of food consumed at various prehistoric sites around Europe. In addition to this information, we have pollen analysis from settlement sites and charred plant macrofossils. Wetland archaeology informs us in much more detail about not only the types of foods that were being eaten in prehistory but also, in some cases, their cooking techniques. This paper will explore whether or not a popular misconception about the daily diet in prehistory has its roots in the analysis of stomach contents of various bog bodies found in Europe.
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Appenzeller, T. "ARCHAEOLOGY: Transitions in Prehistory." Science 282, no. 5393 (November 20, 1998): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5393.1441.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Archaeology and Prehistory"

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Koutrafouri, Vasiliki G. "Ritual in prehistory : definition and identification : religious insights in early prehistoric Cyprus." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3288.

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Prehistoric archaeology has had major difficulties in identifying ritual practices. The history of archaeological approaches ranges from a total repudiation of the capability of the discipline to recognise and analyse ritual activities in the past, to absolute acceptance of all identified prehistoric patterns as ritual. Even within a postmodern apprehension of the world, where deconstruction of all established perceptions seems to have reached an end point, prehistoric archaeology has never successfully constructed a notion of ritual in prehistory. Acknowledging that ritual definition and identification is a problem of the modern western archaeologist, this thesis identifies the root of the problem in methods of thinking deeply rooted in western civilization, in our cultural schemata, and in approaches to archaeology that only superficially observe the problem rather than confront and resolve it. In seeking a resolution, this work proposes a structural dismantling of the problem and its recomposition from its basics. The thesis proposes a middle-range theory based on structuralism and pragmatics and a method of meticulous contextual and relational analysis for the identification and interpretation of ritual practices in prehistory. As a starting point, death is identified as the quintessential category for the exploration of a mytho-logic system and its subsequent definition. The treatment of the dead is recognised as the ideal starting point for an examination of the archaeological record in quest for ritual. Ritual structural elements identified in the context of burial are used subsequently for the identification of non-death ritual practices. The identification of religious practices in Early Prehistoric Cyprus reveals a vibrant ritualpracticing culture contrary to previous commonly accepted observations. Structured depositions in ritually empowered containers; ritual transport; hoarding; symbolic abandonment; ritual sealing; ritual burning; ritual use of burials for the creation of liminality; construction of highly symbolic structures and subsequent attribution of agency to them, all constitute religious practices attested by this thesis for the Cypriot PPNB and Aceramic Neolithic. This identification of ritual in Early Prehistoric Cyprus enables the exploration of this culture’s mytho-logic. The thesis demonstrates how early Cypriots viewed their world and their position in it. Finally, this research offers new perspectives in recognising past socio-cultural realities through the examination of ritual practices.
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Smith, Geoffrey M. "Pre-Archaic technological organization, mobility, and settlement systems : a view from the Parman Localities, Humboldt County, Nevada /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1436213.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2006.
"August, 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 257-268). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2006]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.
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Walker, William Howard. "Ritual prehistory: A pueblo case study." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187395.

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What is the behavioral evidence of ritual prehistory? How can the development of new archaeological method and theory enable prehistorians to identify ritual deposits and reconstruct the ritual past? This dissertation addresses these questions in a case study of puebloan sites in the U.S. Southwest. Rather than attempting to identify prehistoric belief systems, it uses an artifact life-history approach to create expectations about how certain artifacts were made, used and especially disposed of in ritual contexts. Fill and floor deposits from ceremonial structures (kivas) at the ancestral Hopi pueblo of Homol'ovi II are interpreted using this approach. These deposits are then linked to a greater ritual disposal tradition whose roots extend into Basketmaker times. These findings are also applied to fragmentary skeletal remains that have previously been attributed to cannibalism and warfare. An alternative explanation, witchcraft persecution is offered.
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Greenlee, Diana Mae. "Accounting for subsistence variation among maize farmers in Ohio valley prehistory /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6565.

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Samphire, Benjamin Robert. "Minds in Prehistory : Conceptual Issues in the Archaeology and Evolution of Mind." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486361.

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Interest in questions about the minds of people in the past has come' to take centre stage, not just within the discipline of archaeology, but more widely. This thesis argues that, to date, attempts to fashion and practice an archaeology of mind have been fundamentally undermined, if not rendered entirely incoherent, by conceptual confusions regarding the phenomena of mind with which they are interested. Such confusions have led to mistakes of varying severity effecting both the identification of mental phenomena from the evidence of the archaeological record, and subsequent attempts to explain the presence and nature of such phenomena. Here, following the insights of Wittgenstein (1958a), it is argued that conceptual clarity is a necessary foundation for a successful empirical endeavour, and that sucn clarity can only be achieved by paying attention to the use words have in our language. In this light, the conceptual confusions present in, and negative implications resulting from, two of the central approaches (the cognitivist [e.g., Wynn 2002] and Iingualist [e.g., Noble and Davidson 1996]) to the archaeology of mind are explored. Arising from these two critiques are a number of positive conceptual points (inclUding that mind can only be identified by its content, and that such content can be attributed on the basis of both linguistic and non-linguistic behaviour) that go toward the development of a methodology that allows for the secure archaeological identification of mental phenomena in prehistory. The final part of the thesis applies this methodology to a particular area of archaeological interest (regarding the temporal content of past minds), finding that many existing attributions are, at least, underdetermined by the evidence adduced, but that certain temporal content is manifest in that very same evidence. The thesis concludes by outlining some of the prospects for, and limitations of, the archaeology of mind.
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Brennan, Emily J. "Investigating Cooking in Prehistory| Results from a Bone Boiling Experiment." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1600242.

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The universality and importance of cooking both culturally and biologically is well established. Knowing when, where, and how in the archaeological record human groups began employing this practice can help answer questions concerning the timing and mechanism of both behavioral and anatomical changes in hominins. Identifying cooking in the archaeological record, however, is a complex taphonomic issue. When, where, and how hominins started controlling fire in the past is a greatly debated topic. Analyses of microscopic traces in soil and on bone may offer new lines of taphonomic evidence needed to demonstrate a specific use for fire. Specific cooking practices may also leave behind specific traces of macro-, micro-, faunal, and artifactual evidence. Previous research showed no change in the mineral component of human bone when boiled. To test the hypothesis that crystallinity changes also do not occur under low intensity thermal alteration, domestic pig limb bones were boiled for varying lengths of time. This study determined that even at longer periods of boiling, no observable change is observed in the crystallinity of the hydroxyapatite of bone. What was noted, however, was the existence of patina fractures on fleshed bone when boiled to certain lengths of time. Continued study of this novel observation may offer new insights into what degree of thermal intensity is needed for certain macroscopic observations and what micro- or primary structural properties of bone account for them. Other methods that examine the microstructure of bone may be able to detect changes that occur with low intensity thermal alteration that are unrelated to the state of the hydroxyapatite minerals. Further investigation is needed to understand which methods are best able, if possible, to identify differences that occur in bone that undergoes different diagenetic processes (i.e. weathering vs. low intensity thermal alteration vs. high intensity thermal alteration). Such investigations can illuminate how fire was utilized in the past.

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Isbell, William H. "The Archaeology of Wari and the Dispersal of Quechua." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113612.

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The association of Wari with Quechua, or proto-Quechan speech, cannot be demonstrated by an unbroken tradition of material culture such as ceramic style from the Middle Horizon to ethnohistorically known Quechua speaking communities. However, the spread of Wari from its northern Ayacucho homeland, to the archaeologically most obvious colonies that stretch across Andes from Cuzco to southern Ayacucho, and into Ica and Arequipa, corresponds remarkably with the ethnohistoric distribution of Quechua IIC. This is the most convincing confirmation that Wari spoke proto-Quechua. Variation among southern Quechua IIC dialects suggests to linguists that dispersal was later than the Middle Horizon. However, if a unified Wari polity promoted a uniform speech community throughout its southern domain it is likely that differentiation would not have begun until Huari collapsed at the end of the Middle Horizon.The origins of Wari lie in long-term interactions between highland Huarpa and coastal Nasca cultures, perhaps establishing an expansive political confederation by the end of the Early Intermediate Period. If Nasca people spoke proto-Aymara and Huarpa folk spoke proto-Quechua, this alliance may account for the ancient relationship between these two proto language groups, described by historical linguists. Archaeological evidence for Wari in the north, especially the Mantaro, the Callejón de Huaylas, and Huamachuco, suggests an early phase of colonization with direct rule, followed by the rise of local elites allied with Wari nobility, indirect rule, and processes of ethnogenesis, that probably promoted linguistic distinction, albeit retaining Wari affiliation. Consequently, although Quechua may have arrived in the north highlands at more or less the same time as the south, separation of Quechua I languages in this northern region probably began early in the Middle Horizon, and experienced social pressures promoting rapid differentiation. The Quechuas of the central coast and far northern Cajamarca are confusing, but new understandings of the archaeology will require new inferences about the past. In the meantime, it is at least plausible to propose that proto-Quechua was spread by Wari, during the Middle Horizon, and that Wari should be credited with the dispersal of Quechua as a whole, not just Quechua II.
La asociación de Wari con el quechua o el protoquechua no se puede demostrar con una tradición ininterrumpida de cultura material desde los estilos de cerámica del Horizonte Medio a las comunidades quechuahablantes etnohistóricamente conocidas, pero su dispersión desde su área de origen en el norte de Ayacucho hasta las colonias arqueológicamente más obvias que se extienden lo largo de los Andes desde el Cuzco al sur de Ayacucho, así como hacia Ica y Arequipa, corresponde, de manera notable, con la distribución etnohistórica del quechua IIC. Esta constituye la confirmación más convincente de que los wari hablaron protoquechua. La variación entre los dialectos quechua IIC del sur sugiere a los lingüistas que la dispersión fue posterior al Horizonte Medio. Sin embargo, si se plantea el escenario de una entidad política unificada como Wari, que promovió una comunidad con una lengua uniforme a lo largo de sus dominios en el sur, es probable que la diferenciación no haya empezado si no hasta que Huari, y su imperio, colapsaron hacia fines del Horizonte Medio.Los orígenes de Wari se pueden encontrar en una serie de interacciones de largo plazo entre las culturas Huarpa, de la sierra, y Nasca, de la costa, posiblemente con el establecimiento de una confederación política expansiva hacia fines del Período Intermedio Temprano. Si los grupos nasca hablaban protoaimara y la gente huarpa se comunicaba mediante el protoquechua, dicha alianza podría explicar la antigua relación entre estos dos grupos protolingüísticos descritos por los lingüistas históricos. La evidencia arqueológica para Wari en el norte, especialmente en el Mantaro, el Callejón de Huaylas y Huamachuco, sugiere una fase temprana de colonización acompañada de un control directo, a lo que siguió un ascenso de las elites aliadas con la nobleza wari, un control indirecto y procesos de etnogénesis que, probablemente, promovieron una diferenciación lingüística, si bien conservaron la filiación wari. Como consecuencia de ello, si bien el quechua puede haber llegado a la sierra norte aproximadamente al mismo tiempo que al sur, la separación de las variantes del quechua I en estas regiones del norte empezó, quizá, de manera temprana en el Horizonte Medio y experimentó imposiciones sociales que estimularon una rápida distinción. La situación de los quechuas de la costa central y de Cajamarca, en el extremo norte, es confusa, por lo que las nuevas interpretaciones por parte de la arqueología requerirán de nuevas inferencias acerca del pasado. En el entretanto, es posible proponer, al menos, que el protoquechua fue difundido por Wari durante el Horizonte Medio y que a Wari se le debe atribuir la dispersión del quechua en su integridad y no solo del quechua II.
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Peres, Castellani Marcello. "Poblamiento, producción y poder. Los patrones de asentamiento de la Edad del Bronce entre la Meseta Sur y el Levante peninsular." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672057.

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La presente tesis de doctorado está dedicada al estudio de las dinámicas del poblamiento, de la organización de la producción y de las expresiones de poder económico y político que han caracterizado la Meseta Sur y el Levante peninsular a lo largo de la Edad del Bronce Antiguo y Medio (c. 2200-1550 cal ANE). El objetivo es facilitar, a través de una perspectiva macroespacial y holística, la comprensión del proceso de cambio y ruptura ocurrido en la península ibérica entre el Calcolítico y la Edad del Bronce, considerando un marco geográfico unitario en un área donde la arqueología "culturalista" había creado fronteras basadas en criterios idealistas más que en la materialidad arqueológica. El planteamiento metodológico se inspira a la "teoría de las prácticas y de las producciones sociales", y se pone el objetivo de analizar las formas históricas de la distancia social, tanto económica (disimetría social) como sexual (diferenciación sexual). Para alcanzar estos objetivos, se han localizado e inventariado 1440 poblados de la Edad del Bronce en un área total de 117.000 km2. La creación de una base de datos específica, la recopilación bibliográfica, el acceso a las cartas arqueológicas de las comunidades autónomas, las prospecciones de superficie utilizando instrumentación GPS y dron, y finalmente la creación de un SIG han favorecido la creación de una red de conexiones entre los datos geo-espaciales y los materiales arqueológicos analizados. El capítulo 1 está dedicado a la definición de los objetivos de la investigación, del marco cronológico y geográfico examinado y de las metodologías interpretativas empleadas: estructura de la base de datos, fuentes bibliográficas y de archivo consultadas, los problemas y las variables tomadas en consideración, las técnicas de prospección empleadas, y el análisis geo-espacial realizado con el software QGIS. El capítulo 2 aborda las dinámicas de la formación del espacio social, analizando la densidad del poblamiento, las pautas de asentamiento, el tamaño y la ubicación de los poblados, las fortificaciones, el desnivel interpuesto entre los poblados de altura y los llanos circundantes, las estructuras antrópicas y el aprovechamiento hídrico. Después de estos análisis, se constata como la presencia de poblados de altura (tanto fortificados como sin fortificaciones) y más en general la protección del espacio social mediante la construcción de fortificaciones de piedra constituyen una absoluta discontinuidad con los patrones de asentamiento del Calcolítico, representando un clima de tensión social creciente y una incipiente jerarquización social. El capítulo 3 analiza las formas de la producción social y las contextualiza en cada pauta de asentamiento: la caza y la guerra (puntas de flecha de sílex, de hueso y de cobre), la agricultura (dientes de hoz, silos subterráneos, silos de mampostería, grandes contenedores cerámicos y molinos para la producción de harinas), el procesado de productos lácteos (queseras), la tejeduría (pesas de telar), la hilatura (fusayolas), el trabajo del marfil (materia prima, preformas y productos acabados), y la metalurgia (mineral, escorias, crisoles, moldes de fundición). El capítulo 4 pone en relación las ubicaciones y las formas de los espacios sociales con la gestión y el control de la producción, analizando las dinámicas socio-políticas que pueden haber generado las expresiones de poder y el clima de tensión que caracterizaban los territorios al norte del Argar durante la Edad del Bronce.
La presente tesi di dottorato è dedicata allo studio delle dinamiche del popolamento, dell'organizzazione della produzione e delle espressioni del potere economico e politico che hanno caratterizzato l'area della penisola iberica al nord di El Argar durante l'Età del Bronzo Antico e Medio (c. 2200-1550 avanti era comune). L'obiettivo è quello di favorire, attraverso una prospettiva macro-spaziale e olistica, la comprensione globale del cambiamento avvenuto nella Meseta Sur e nel Levante peninsulare tra Calcolitico e Bronzo, alla fine del III millennio AEC, considerando un quadro geografico unitario laddove le scuole archeologiche culturaliste hanno creato frontiere regionaliste basate su criteri idealisti più che su uno studio della materialità archeologica. L'approccio metodologico della presente ricerca è ispirato alla "teoria delle pratiche e delle produzioni sociali", e si pone l'obiettivo di analizzare le forme storiche della distanza sociale, tanto economica (dissimmetria sociale) come di genere (differenziazione sessuale). Per raggiungere questi obiettivi sono stati localizzati, analizzati ed inventariati 1440 abitati dell'Età del Bronzo in un'area totale di 117.000 km2. La creazione di un database specifico, la ricerca bibliografica, l'accesso agli archivi delle Soprintendenze, le prospezioni di superficie effettuate con l'uso di strumentazione GPS e drone, e finalmente la creazione di un GIS hanno favorito la creazione di una connessione analitica tra i dati spaziali e materiali dei siti archeologici presi in esame. Il capitolo 1 è dedicato alla definizione degli obiettivi della ricerca, del quadro cronologico e geografico preso in esame, e della metodologia interpretativa utilizzata: struttura del database, fonti bibliografiche e archivistiche consultate, i problemi e le variabili prese in esame, le tecniche di prospezione archeologica utilizzate, e l'analisi geo-spaziale realizzato con il software QGIS. Il capitolo 2 affronta le dinamiche di cambio dello spazio sociale, analizzando la densità del popolamento, i modelli di insediamento, l'estensione e l'ubicazione degli abitati, i sistemi di fortificazione, il dislivello metrico interposto tra gli abitati e il fondo valle, le strutture antropiche abitative e di sfruttamento idrico. Sulla base di tutte queste considerazioni, si evidenzia come la presenza di abitati in altura (fortificati e non fortificati) ed in generale la protezione dello spazio sociale e produttivo mediante la costruzione di fortificazioni di pietra, costituiscano una assoluta discontinuità abitativa rispetto all'Età del Rame, testimoniando un clima di crescente tensione sociale ed una possibile crescente gerarchizzazione. Il capitolo 3 da seguito a tutte queste considerazioni analizzando le forme della produzione sociale e contestualizzandole in ogni singolo modello di insediamento: la caccia e la guerra (punte di freccia in selce, in osso e in rame), la produzione agricola (falci di selce, silos e grandi recipienti ceramici per lo stoccaggio dei cereali, macine per la produzione di farina), la produzione di derivati del latte (formaggiere ceramiche), la tessitura (pesi da telaio in terracotta), la filatura (fusaiole ceramiche), la produzione di oggetti in avorio (materia prima e preforme di avorio), e la metallurgia (minerale, scorie di fusione, crogioli di terracotta e forme di fusione di pietra). Il capitolo 4 mette in relazione i luoghi e le forme dello spazio sociale con l'organizzazione ed il controllo delle produzioni materiali, ricostruendo le dinamiche socio-politiche che possono aver generato le espressioni di potere ed il clima di tensione abitativa osservabili al nord di El Argar durante l'Età del Bronzo.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Arqueologia Prehistòrica
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Masson-MacLean, Edouard. "Animals, subsistence and society in Yup'ik prehistory." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=239353.

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The prehistory of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta is poorly understood and the region today is home to the Yupiit, whose traditional lifeways revolve around animals. However, the fur trade and Christianity limit the use of ethnographic data to fully understand pre-contact human-animal relationships and subsistence in particular. The discovery of the prehistoric site of Nunalleq (15th-17th c. AD), therefore provides a unique opportunity to address this issue and opens a window to explore human responses to the Little Ice Age. In this research, a zooarchaeological analysis was undertaken to investigate animal exploitation at Nunallleq, potential changes in subsistence strategies and the nature of the faunal assemblage. Results suggest that people at Nunalleq focused primarily on salmon, marine mammals and caribou with migratory waterfowl possibly playing an important role at specific times of the year. This tripartite subsistence strategy appears to have provided the inhabitants of the site with the flexibility and necessary coping mechanisms to face potential environmental-related stress during the Little Ice Age by relying more on other resources, such as seals and caribou, when experiencing a reduced availability of salmon. The choice to settle at Nunalleq may have been strategic in order to have good access to multiple key resources simultaneously and it is suggested that perhaps the possible decline in salmon may be related to prehistoric warfare in the region. It is also highlighted that bone working and dog gnawing contributed to the formation the Nunalleq faunal assemblage. This raises further questions as to the nature and meaning of arctic and subarctic archaeofaunas and highlights the importance of multiple lines of evidence to document past human-animal relationships. This study better informs our understanding of Nunalleq forming a baseline for further subsistence studies in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta.
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Chattopadhyaya, Umesh Chandra. "A study of subsistance and settlement patterns during the late prehistory of north-central India." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273140.

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Books on the topic "Archaeology and Prehistory"

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Chazan, Michael. World Prehistory and Archaeology. Fourth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208183.

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Submerged prehistory. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2011.

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Blake, Emma, and A. Bernard Knapp, eds. The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470773536.

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M, Gero Joan, and Conkey Margaret Wright 1944-, eds. Engendering archaeology: Women and prehistory. Oxford, UK: B. Blackwell, 1991.

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Emma, Blake, and Knapp Arthur Bernard, eds. The archaeology of Mediterranean prehistory. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2005.

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Clark, Grahame. Economic prehistory: Papers on archaeology. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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Clark, Grahame. Economic prehistory: Papers on archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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Grant, Noble David, ed. Salinas: Archaeology, history, and prehistory. Santa Fe, N.M: Ancient City Press, 1993.

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Oban: Prehistory. Oban: C. Hunter, 1992.

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Reconstructing prehistory: Scientific method in archaeology. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Archaeology and Prehistory"

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Fagan, Brian M., and Nadia Durrani. "Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory." In Archaeology, 26–51. 13th ed. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003003700-2.

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Milisauskas, Sarunas. "Historical Observations on European Archaeology." In European Prehistory, 7–21. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6633-9_2.

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Barceló, Juan A., Vera Moitinho de Almeida, Oriol López-Bultó, Antoni Palomo, and Xavier Terradas. "Reverse Engineering in Prehistory." In Engaging Archaeology, 219–26. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119240549.ch24.

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Sutton, Mark Q. "The Discipline of Archaeology." In Discovering World Prehistory, 2–12. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003139522-2.

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Peche-Quilichini, Kewin. "Corsican Late Prehistory." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 2710–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_3184.

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Peche-Quilichini, Kewin. "Corsican Late Prehistory." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3184-1.

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Vella Gregory, Isabelle, and Michael Brass. "Sudan, Prehistory of." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3509-1.

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Sutton, Mark Q. "A Brief History of Archaeology." In Discovering World Prehistory, 13–28. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003139522-3.

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Chazan, Michael. "Getting Started in Archaeology." In World Prehistory and Archaeology, 6–33. Fourth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208183-3.

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Vella Gregory, Isabelle. "Maltese Islands, Prehistory of." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3508-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Archaeology and Prehistory"

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Lillemark, Marie Rathcke, Marie R. Lillemark, Andres Dobat, and Mia Toftdal. "Citizen science in archaeology: an interdisciplinary approach to uncover prehistory." In Engaging Citizen Science Conference 2022. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.418.0103.

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Cebrián Fernández, Rosario. "InnoArchaeology, un proyecto de innovación docente para la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la Arqueología." In IN-RED 2022: VIII Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inred2022.2022.15808.

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InnoArchaeoloy is a teaching innovation project that aims to promote the design of archaeology learning tools. They are intended to enable practical, attentive and quality teaching for the correct training of future professionals in the discipline. The basis of this project lies in Historical Archaeology, understood as the study with archaeological methodology of prehistoric societies with writing. This implies a transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary framework for approaching an integral knowledge of the past.
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Bergh, Stefan. "Turlough Hill – Place-making and Mountains in Prehistoric Ireland." In Landscape Archaeology Conference. VU E-Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.26.

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Falconer, Liz. "Interactive Virtual Archaeology: Constructing the Prehistoric Past at Avebury Henge." In 2016 15th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Communications and 2016 International Symposium on Cyberspace and Security (IUCC-CSS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iucc-css.2016.029.

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Vadillo, Veronica Walker. "Ocean Imperatives: analysing shipping infrastructure for the study of maritime networks in Southeast Asia." In The SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFACON2021). SEAMEO SPAFA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26721/spafa.pqcnu8815a-02.

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How did Southeast Asia transform from a hub of prehistoric coastal networks into a transregional interdependent port system by the early modern period? To answer this question, which is crucial to understanding the historical developments of polities along the Indo-Pacific region, this presentation proposes to examine the synergetic nature of shipping infrastructure in order to push current boundaries that place the focus on trade goods.
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Pozo Antonio, Jose Santiago, Teresa Rivas, Pablo Barreiro, Vera Caetano, Fernando Carrera, and Lara Bacelar Alves. "In situ characterization of prehistoric rock paintings: the Côa Valley (Portugal)." In 2023 IMEKO TC4 International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. Budapest: IMEKO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/tc4-arc-2023.095.

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Pozo Antonio, Jose Santiago, Teresa Rivas, Pablo Barreiro, Vera Caetano, Fernando Carrera, and Lara Bacelar Alves. "In situ characterization of prehistoric rock paintings: the Côa Valley (Portugal)." In 2023 IMEKO TC4 International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. Budapest: IMEKO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/10.21014/tc4-arc-2023.095.

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Liu, C., and D. Theodossopoulos. "Conservation Beyond Consolidation for Prehistoric Monuments: Finding Narratives from Archaeology to Architecture for Scottish Brochs." In 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. CIMNE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/sahc.2021.056.

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Maximiliano Castilejo, Alfredo, and Camilo Barcia García. "VIABILIDAD Y OPERATIVA EN LA DIGITALIZACIÓN DE CASOS RUPESTRES PREHISTÓRICO DEL “ARTE SUREÑO”: RECETAS DIGITALES DESDE TÉCNICAS SFM Y PLATAFORMAS OPEN SOURCE." In 1st Congress in Geomatics Engineering. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cigeo2017.2017.6658.

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We present a case study on digitalization of Southern Rock Art (“Arte Sureño”) in a prehistoric rock shelter from Los Barrios, Cádiz (southern Iberian Peninsula); there we use SfM techniques to obtain some digital products for both analytic and divulgation goals. This way, we highlight some opportunities that low-cost devices (e.g. no-professional digital camera) and open software have introduced in archaeology today. We made it to converge in a working process to register and manage rock art expressions and their immediate surroundings (i.e. natural stone blocks, walls, niches…). From this action, we not only support our work in digital 3D about multiple and varied entities that make up the scenario and neighbour context of rock art through the use of multiple low cost / free resources, but also, we intend to adjust all this operative for the processes of investigation, protection and diffusion on the varied cases that make up this unique singular artistic heritage.http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIGeo2017.2017.6658
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Evans, Amanda M., and Matthew E. Keith. "Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology: Confronting Issues of Scale and Context on the Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/29657-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Archaeology and Prehistory"

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Horejs, Barbara, and Ulrike Schuh, eds. PREHISTORY & WEST ASIAN/NORTHEAST AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2021–2023. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/oeai.pwana2021-2023.

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The long-established research of Prehistory and West Asian/Northeast African archaeology (the former Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, OREA) at the Austrian Academy of Sciences was transformed into a department of the »new« Austrian Archaeological Institute (OeAI) at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 2021. This merging of several institutes into the new OeAI offers a wide range of new opportunities for basic and interdisciplinary research, which support the traditional research focus as well as the development of new projects in world archaeology. The research areas of the Department of Prehistory and West Asian/Northeast African Archaeology include Quaternary archaeology, Prehistory, Near Eastern archaeology and Egyptology. The groups cover an essential cultural area of prehistoric and early historical developments in Europe, Northeast Africa and West Asia. Prehistory is embedded in the world archaeology concept without geographical borders, including projects beyond this core zone, as well as a scientific and interdisciplinary approach. The focus lies in the time horizon from the Pleistocene about 2.6 million years ago to the transformation of societies into historical epochs in the 1st millennium BC. The chronological expertise of the groups covers the periods Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. The archaeology of West Asia and Northeast Africa is linked to the Mediterranean and Europe, which enables large-scale and chronologically broad basic research on human history. The department consists of the following seven groups: »Quaternary Archaeology«, »Prehistoric Phenomena«, »Prehistoric Identities«, »Archaeology in Egypt and Sudan«, »Archaeology of the Levant«, »Mediterranean Economies« and »Urnfield Culture Networks«. The groups conduct fieldwork and material analyses in Austria, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Greece, Cyprus, Türkiye, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Sudan and South Africa.
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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
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Dalglish, Chris, and Sarah Tarlow, eds. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.163.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  HUMANITY The Panel recommends recognition that research in this field should be geared towards the development of critical understandings of self and society in the modern world. Archaeological research into the modern past should be ambitious in seeking to contribute to understanding of the major social, economic and environmental developments through which the modern world came into being. Modern-world archaeology can add significantly to knowledge of Scotland’s historical relationships with the rest of the British Isles, Europe and the wider world. Archaeology offers a new perspective on what it has meant to be a modern person and a member of modern society, inhabiting a modern world.  MATERIALITY The Panel recommends approaches to research which focus on the materiality of the recent past (i.e. the character of relationships between people and their material world). Archaeology’s contribution to understandings of the modern world lies in its ability to situate, humanise and contextualise broader historical developments. Archaeological research can provide new insights into the modern past by investigating historical trends not as abstract phenomena but as changes to real lives, affecting different localities in different ways. Archaeology can take a long-term perspective on major modern developments, researching their ‘prehistory’ (which often extends back into the Middle Ages) and their material legacy in the present. Archaeology can humanise and contextualise long-term processes and global connections by working outwards from individual life stories, developing biographies of individual artefacts and buildings and evidencing the reciprocity of people, things, places and landscapes. The modern person and modern social relationships were formed in and through material environments and, to understand modern humanity, it is crucial that we understand humanity’s material relationships in the modern world.  PERSPECTIVE The Panel recommends the development, realisation and promotion of work which takes a critical perspective on the present from a deeper understanding of the recent past. Research into the modern past provides a critical perspective on the present, uncovering the origins of our current ways of life and of relating to each other and to the world around us. It is important that this relevance is acknowledged, understood, developed and mobilised to connect past, present and future. The material approach of archaeology can enhance understanding, challenge assumptions and develop new and alternative histories. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present vi Archaeology can evidence varied experience of social, environmental and economic change in the past. It can consider questions of local distinctiveness and global homogeneity in complex and nuanced ways. It can reveal the hidden histories of those whose ways of life diverged from the historical mainstream. Archaeology can challenge simplistic, essentialist understandings of the recent Scottish past, providing insights into the historical character and interaction of Scottish, British and other identities and ideologies.  COLLABORATION The Panel recommends the development of integrated and collaborative research practices. Perhaps above all other periods of the past, the modern past is a field of enquiry where there is great potential benefit in collaboration between different specialist sectors within archaeology, between different disciplines, between Scottish-based researchers and researchers elsewhere in the world and between professionals and the public. The Panel advocates the development of new ways of working involving integrated and collaborative investigation of the modern past. Extending beyond previous modes of inter-disciplinary practice, these new approaches should involve active engagement between different interests developing collaborative responses to common questions and problems.  REFLECTION The Panel recommends that a reflexive approach is taken to the archaeology of the modern past, requiring research into the nature of academic, professional and public engagements with the modern past and the development of new reflexive modes of practice. Archaeology investigates the past but it does so from its position in the present. Research should develop a greater understanding of modern-period archaeology as a scholarly pursuit and social practice in the present. Research should provide insights into the ways in which the modern past is presented and represented in particular contexts. Work is required to better evidence popular understandings of and engagements with the modern past and to understand the politics of the recent past, particularly its material aspect. Research should seek to advance knowledge and understanding of the moral and ethical viewpoints held by professionals and members of the public in relation to the archaeology of the recent past. There is a need to critically review public engagement practices in modern-world archaeology and develop new modes of public-professional collaboration and to generate practices through which archaeology can make positive interventions in the world. And there is a need to embed processes of ethical reflection and beneficial action into archaeological practice relating to the modern past.
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4

Atkinson, Dan, and Alex Hale, eds. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.
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5

Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.
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6

Hall, Mark, and Neil Price. Medieval Scotland: A Future for its Past. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.165.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings. Underpinning all five areas is the recognition that human narratives remain crucial for ensuring the widest access to our shared past. There is no wish to see political and economic narratives abandoned but the need is recognised for there to be an expansion to more social narratives to fully explore the potential of the diverse evidence base. The questions that can be asked are here framed in a national context but they need to be supported and improved a) by the development of regional research frameworks, and b) by an enhanced study of Scotland’s international context through time. 1. From North Britain to the Idea of Scotland: Understanding why, where and how ‘Scotland’ emerges provides a focal point of research. Investigating state formation requires work from Medieval Scotland: a future for its past ii a variety of sources, exploring the relationships between centres of consumption - royal, ecclesiastical and urban - and their hinterlands. Working from site-specific work to regional analysis, researchers can explore how what would become ‘Scotland’ came to be, and whence sprang its inspiration. 2. Lifestyles and Living Spaces: Holistic approaches to exploring medieval settlement should be promoted, combining landscape studies with artefactual, environmental, and documentary work. Understanding the role of individual sites within wider local, regional and national settlement systems should be promoted, and chronological frameworks developed to chart the changing nature of Medieval settlement. 3. Mentalities: The holistic understanding of medieval belief (particularly, but not exclusively, in its early medieval or early historic phase) needs to broaden its contextual understanding with reference to prehistoric or inherited belief systems and frames of reference. Collaborative approaches should draw on international parallels and analogues in pursuit of defining and contrasting local or regional belief systems through integrated studies of portable material culture, monumentality and landscape. 4. Empowerment: Revisiting museum collections and renewing the study of newly retrieved artefacts is vital to a broader understanding of the dynamics of writing within society. Text needs to be seen less as a metaphor and more as a technological and social innovation in material culture which will help the understanding of it as an experienced, imaginatively rich reality of life. In archaeological terms, the study of the relatively neglected cultural areas of sensory perception, memory, learning and play needs to be promoted to enrich the understanding of past social behaviours. 5. Parameters: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches should be encouraged in order to release the research potential of all sectors of archaeology. Creative solutions should be sought to the challenges of transmitting the importance of archaeological work and conserving the resource for current and future research.
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