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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Archaeology of War

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Academic literature on the topic 'Archaeology of War'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Archaeology of War"

1

HAAS, JONATHAN. "The Archaeology of War." Anthropology News 44, no. 5 (May 2003): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.2003.44.5.7.

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Otterbein, Keith F. "The Archaeology of War." Anthropology News 44, no. 9 (December 2003): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.2003.44.9.9.1.

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Pollock, Susan. "War, politics and archaeology." European Journal of Archaeology 9, no. 1 (2006): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.2006.9.1.131.

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Pollock, Susan, and Catherine Lutz. "Archaeology Deployed for the Gulf War." Critique of Anthropology 14, no. 3 (September 1994): 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x9401400302.

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Starzmann, Maria Theresia, Susan Pollock, and Reinhard Bernbeck. "Imperial Inspections: Archaeology, War and Violence." Archaeologies 4, no. 3 (September 12, 2008): 353–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11759-008-9088-2.

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Starbuck, David R. "Archaeology of the War of 1812." Historical Archaeology 51, no. 2 (April 24, 2017): 314–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41636-017-0030-6.

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Drexler, Carl. "The Archaeology of the Cold War." Historical Archaeology 51, no. 2 (April 14, 2017): 300–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41636-017-0024-4.

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Smith, Christopher. "J.B. WARD-PERKINS, THE BSR AND THE LANDSCAPE TRADITION IN POST-WAR ITALIAN ARCHAEOLOGY." Papers of the British School at Rome 86 (October 26, 2017): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006824621700037x.

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Nothing has so characterized the British School at Rome's approach, from its inception, as the commitment to landscape archaeology in one form or another. This paper discusses the origins of this commitment in the work of Thomas Ashby, but focuses on the major contribution of J.B. Ward-Perkins and the South Etruria Survey. This survey is set in the context both of intellectual developments in landscape archaeology, and the specific circumstances of the BSR, and its Director, after the Second World War. The article traces the impact of this work on subsequent landscape archaeology.

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González-Ruibal, Alfredo. "From the battlefield to the labour camp: archaeology of civil war and dictatorship in Spain." Antiquity 86, no. 332 (June 2012): 456–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00062876.

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The author explores responses to political violence through the materiality of three aspects of the Civil War in Spain: military lines in the battle for Madrid, a concentration camp in Extremadura and a remote settlement of forced labourers and their families. He shows how archaeology's revelations reflect, qualify and enrich the story of human survival under the pall cast by a dictatorship. Sharing the inquiry with the public of today also revealed some of the disquieting mechanisms by which history is composed and how archaeology can be used to deconstruct it.

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González-Ruibal, Alfredo. "War between neighbours: the archaeology of internal conflict and civil war." World Archaeology 51, no. 5 (October 20, 2019): 641–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2020.1760475.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Archaeology of War"

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Roberts, Julia. "Towards a cultural history of archaeology : British archaeology between the Wars." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2005. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/towards-a-cultural-history-of-archaeology(689403e4-b24e-4158-ba82-0e1d5f06a114).html.

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Wheeler, Tessa Verney. "Tessa Verney Wheeler : women and archaeology before World War Two." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496428.

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Price, Neil S. "The Viking way : religion and war in late Iron Age Scandinavia /." Uppsala : Dept. of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2002. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/24659.

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Queiroga, Francisco Manuel Velada Reimao. "War and Castros : new approaches to the Portuguese Iron Age." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357696.

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Clarke, Robert. "Landscape, memory and secrecy : the Cold War archaeology of the Royal Observer Corps." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/27937.

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This project covers the development of a model framework intended to allow researchers of the archaeology of the Cold War to recognise a range of behaviours played out on military sites. The order and chaos model developed and utilised in this thesis introduces a heterotopian landscape populated by the Royal Observer Corps. Through a process of archaeological fieldwork a number of behavioural traits are recognised and discussed here for the first time. The group in question is fully researched, providing a historiography of the practice played out during the groups life-cycle. The landscape archaeology is discussed and contextualised by narration from the volunteers who once operated the posts. A range of case studies are introduced confirming the validity of the order and chaos model and potential for application elsewhere. Finally, the findings are discussed in detail and a proposal for the next step in the research are revealed.

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Wickham, Jason. "The enslavement of war captives by the Romans to 146 BC." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/17893/.

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War captives are generally thought to have comprised the main portion of the Roman slave supply during the Republic. Likewise, the result of mass enslavement through continuous war has been interpreted as a principle factor in the agricultural evolution in Italy from the second century BC which saw a significant increase in large plantation style farming (latifundia). The misconception of a male bias in agricultural labour has put a heavy influence on the need for an external supply of slaves rather than through reproduction. However, an analysis of documentary evidence suggests that wartime enslavement was more limited. Problems in supervising, transporting, and trading large numbers of slaves, as well as competing markets elsewhere in the Mediterranean, made immediate absorption of captives as slaves into the central Italian economy problematic. Furthermore, the vast majority of wartime enslavements occurred following the capture of cities, where larger numbers of civilian prisoners were taken, mostly comprising women, children and slaves. Ancient sources frequently exaggerated the number of war captives and often neglected to elaborate on the fate of those taken in war. Many modern historians have been far too quick to assume that prisoners were enslaved, which has given a disproportionate view of the importance of the contribution of war captives to the slave supply and their effect upon the growing slave population at Rome during the Republic. Such assumptions have left critical analysis wanting and, as a result, war captives have been largely neglected by Roman historians. This study attempts to address the gap in our analysis of these crucial practices in antiquity and to offer an explanation of how the taking of war captives was impacted by Rome’s changing socio-political and economic structures during the Republic.

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Rakoczy, Lila. "Archaeology of destruction : a reinterpretation of castle slightings in the English Civil War." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11092/.

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This thesis addresses the archaeology of destruction and the challenges and opportunities it presents to archaeologists. It primarily focuses on the recording, analysis, and interpretation of destroyed buildings, and how the overall life cycle of these buildings affects our understanding of the destruction evidence. At its core are two fundamental arguments. The first is that the deliberate destruction of a society's material culture is a complex social phenomenon with a variety of causes and effects, all of which deserve to be examined closely by the archaeological community. The second is that the methodological challenges posed are so complex that they require a multidisciplinary approach utilising a range of subjects including-but not limited to-history, structural and explosives engineering, building construction, and conservation. These themes are explored by looking at one particularly misunderstood type of destruction: the slighting of castles in the English Civil War, specifically between 1642 and 1660. While the word 'slighting' is generally used as a synonym for destruction, its application to castles has been problematic as interpretations of what this means vary widely. In the absence of a universally recognised definition, this thesis has provided one: the non-siege, intentional damage during times of war of high status buildings, their surrounding landscape or works, and/or their contents and features. In the course of expanding the definition of slighting, several common assumptions regarding the motivation for slighting are challenged. The most prevalent is that slighting was simply a fiscal and military policy by Parliament to save money and 'deny use to the enemy'. Instead, other social, religious, and political factors are shown to be equally if not more significant causes for destruction, including local rivalries, social climbing, gender tensions, property speculating, and religious turmoil. The conclusion is that communities both benefited and suffered from slighting, and played active roles in instigating, stopping, and interacting with the destruction in their midst.

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Sturdy, Colls Caroline. "Holocaust archaeology : archaeological approaches to landscapes of Nazi genocide and persecution." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3531/.

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The landscapes and material remains of the Holocaust survive in various forms as physical reminders of the suffering and persecution of this period in European history. However, whilst clearly defined historical narratives exist, many of the archaeological remnants of these sites remain ill-defined, unrecorded and even, in some cases, unlocated. Such a situation has arisen as a result of a number of political, social, ethical and religious factors which, coupled with the scale of the crimes, has often inhibited systematic search. This thesis will outline how a non-invasive archaeological methodology has been implemented at two case study sites, with such issues at its core, thus allowing them to be addressed in terms of their scientific and historical value, whilst acknowledging their commemorative and religious significance. In doing so, this thesis also demonstrates how a study of the physical remains of the Holocaust can reveal as much about the ever-changing cultural memory of these events as it can the surviving remnants of camps, execution sites and other features associated with this period. By demonstrating the diversity and complexity of Holocaust landscapes, a case is presented for a sub-discipline of Holocaust Archaeology.

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Winberg, Marlien. "Stories of war and restitution Curating the narratives of the !xun storyteller Kapilolo Mahongo (1952 – 2018)." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33979.

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Southern Africa's San people have embodied the sub-human other in colonial and Apartheid historiography and has lived fractured, often traumatised lives as a result. The aftermath of dispossession, genocide and war has echoed down the generations and still manifests itself in visible and intangible ways. Previous research has not addressed the personal stories of the immigrant !xun community living on the San farm, Platfontein, near Kimberley in the Northern Cape Province. My thesis works towards filling this gap. The focus of my research was to open up a space in which the !xun leader and storyteller, Kapilolo Mario Mahongo, could actively engage the energy of storytelling in representing his personal history and for the first time, record an Indigenous !xun perspective of the regional wars during the latter part of the 20th century - and its aftermath. By focusing on his personal stories, I demonstrate how anti-colonial narratives are embodied in specific and multiple histories and cannot be collapsed into homogenized narratives. Kapilolo Mahongo died at the age of 68, on May 12th 2018 while working with me on curating his own and his community's stories. My thesis thus evolved to question his place in the San corpus, asking how his memoirs, and the ways in which we produced it over a period of more than twenty years, may contribute toward our knowledge – not only of his personal life, but of the !xun community's history and southern Africa's San people as a whole. With our colonial and apartheid background of discrimination, my role as fellow storyteller and researcher assumes a compelling resonance. I address this directly by engaging an autoethnographic voice to tell my story parallel to the stories by Mahongo and other !xun storytellers, with the intention of creating a record of coming together against the background of our otherness, showing how we lived our difference (through the methodology of storytelling), to create new narratives of truth. My findings report on how storytelling in indigenous epistemologies are knowledge producing and disruptive of colonial narratives, while supporting recovery from the posttraumatic effects of dispossession and war among indigenous communities.

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Swanepoel, Natalie Josephine DeCorse Christopher R. "'Too much power is not good' War and trade in nineteenth-century Sisalaland, northern Ghana /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Books on the topic "Archaeology of War"

1

Battlefield archaeology. London, UK: Jan Allan, 1987.

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John, Laffin. Battlefield archaeology. London: I. Allan, 1987.

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John, Laffin. Digging up the Diggers' war: Australian battlefield archaeology. Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press, 1993.

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Saunders, Nicholas J. Killing time: Archaeology and the First World War. Stroud: Sutton, 2007.

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Schofield, John. Aftermath: Readings in the archaeology of recent conflict. New York: Springer, 2008.

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Paul, Hill. Landscapes of war: The archaeology of aggression and defence. Stroud: Tempus, 2002.

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Bédoyère, Guy De la. Battles over Britain: The archaeology of the air war. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2000.

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FSA, Brown Martin, ed. Digging up Plugstreet: The archaeology of a Great War battlefield. Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, [England]: Haynes Pub., 2009.

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Pluskowski, Aleksander. The archaeology of the Prussian Crusade: Holy war and colonisation. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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Russell, James. The Civil War defences of Bristol: Their archaeology and topography. Bristol: James Russell, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Archaeology of War"

1

Mytum, Harold, and Gilly Carr. "Prisoner of War Archaeology." In Prisoners of War, 3–19. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4166-3_1.

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Neyland, Robert S. "War at Sea Archaeology." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_628-2.

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Neyland, Robert S. "War at Sea Archaeology." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 7678–86. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_628.

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Neyland, Robert S. "War at Sea Archaeology." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 11083–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_628.

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Cocroft, Wayne D. "Cold War." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_1067-2.

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Cocroft, Wayne D. "Cold War." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1545–54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_1067.

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Cocroft, Wayne D. "Cold War." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 2478–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_1067.

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Snead, James E. "Teaching the Archaeology of War." In Archaeology in Society, 217–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9881-1_15.

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Rushohora, Nancy A. "Archaeology of the Majimaji War." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3237-1.

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Rushohora, Nancy A. "Archaeology of the Majimaji War." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 853–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_3237.

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Conference papers on the topic "Archaeology of War"

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Nenicka, Lubomir. "IMMIGRATION AND CHANGES OF SOCIAL POLICY IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA BEFORE SECOND WORLD WAR." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s10.065.

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Gribovskiy, Mikhail. "THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND RUSSIAN UNIVERSITY TEACHING COMMUNITY: EVERYDAY LIFE OF WARTIME." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s10.081.

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Netesova, Maria. "THE WORK OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK AND TOMSK REGIONS NEWSPAPERS IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR YEARS." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s10.084.

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Alfaro Rodríguez, Ana, María Pilar Biel, and Diego Gutiérrez. "VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION APPLIED TO THE RECOVERY AND HERITAGE DISCLOSURE OF THE OLD VILLAGE OF BELCHITE." In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 8th International Congress on Archaeology, Computer Graphics, Cultural Heritage and Innovation. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica8.2016.4175.

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Virtual reconstruction allows recovering missing heritage whilst becoming a useful tool for documenting and disseminating, when physical reconstruction is non-viable. This article explains the application of new technologies of virtual reconstruction (modelling and photogrammetry) to the recovery of the historic-artistic heritage of the Old Village of Belchite, specifically applied to the case of the San Augustin’s Convent. This village was a battle scene in the Spanish Civil War in 1937 which has been abandoned since 1964. These days, it presents a state of ruin that increases exponentially over the time.

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Petrioli, Nello, and Brandon Eastwood. "London Expanding - Adding Value Through Fine Engineering." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2699.

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<p>London combines a rapidly expanding population with ever-decreasing land availability. This equation continues to attract property investors and allows developers to deliver high quality buildings.</p><p>Typically, developments must respect local site constraints. London’s rich construction archaeology – from Roman times to the post-war period – and the need to future-proof new infrastructure, create a unique blend of challenging constraints.</p><p>Unlocking such highly constrained sites by devising finely-engineered, sustainable and cost-efficient solutions has generated some of London’s most iconic buildings. A typical example is the recently completed Principal Tower, a 50-storey residential development on the edge of the City. Sited between existing 19th century railway tunnels and a protected viewing corridor that restricts building heights, the tower also sits above provision for a future rail tunnel.</p><p>WSP overcame these extreme constraints by forming a deep ‘concrete box’ through the building’s basement to support both the tower and the future railway tunnel. Adopting solutions associated more with heavy civil engineering adds significant costs, but enables high value developments on otherwise unremarkable sites.</p><p>This paper will examine some of London’s most technically challenging sites, such as Principal Tower, 22 Bishopsgate and Shard Place and the advanced engineering solutions that have made these iconic buildings possible. Further details in the design of 22 Bishopsgate are given in Paper No 16601: Twentytwo Bishopsgate, London.</p>

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Leshchinskaya, Nadezhda. "ARTISTIC BRONZE WARE OF ANCIENT PERM TRIBES FROM THE VOLGA-VYATKA INTERFLUVE DURING THE I MILLENNIUM AD." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s9.043.

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Sturges, Paul, and Anne Griffin. "The Archaeologist Undeceived." In 2003 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2688.

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The amount of unreliable information and actual misinformation available via the Internet makes its use problematic for academic purposes, particularly in a data-intensive discipline such as archaeology. Whilst there are many sources for reviews of websites, few apply the type of criteria most appropriate to archaeology. Information and library professionals have developed sets of criteria that can be adapted for the evaluation of archaeological websites. An evaluative tool for archaeological websites, using al-ready-available criteria, was developed and tested on twenty archaeological web sites. It proved capable of allowing its user to make clear distinctions between sites on the basis of quality. Further refining of the evaluative tool is possible on the basis of testing by both archaeologists and information professionals.

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Lewis, Kemper, and Deborah Moore-Russo. "Upper Level Engineering Design Instruction Using a Product Archaeology Paradigm." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47933.

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Historically, the teaching of design theory in an engineering curriculum was relegated to a senior capstone design experience. Presently, however, engineering design concepts and courses can be found through the entirety of most engineering programs. Educators have recognized that engineering design provides a foundational platform that can be used to develop educational strategies for a wide array of engineering science principles. More recently, educators have found that product archaeology provides an effective platform to develop scalable learning materials, strategies, and educational innovations across these design courses. In this paper, we focus on the upper level design experience and present a set of innovative strategies aimed at teaching design in a global perspective. Moreover, this approach facilitates meeting the challenging requirements of ABET’s Outcome h. The effectiveness of the strategies is assessed using a benchmark national survey on the Engineer of 2020. Results demonstrate a significant increase in student perception across a number of skill and knowledge areas, which are critical to the next generation of engineers.

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Tanasi, Davide, Ilenia Gradante, and Mariarita Sgarlata. "3D DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES TO RECORD EXCAVATION DATA: THE CASE OF THE CATACOMBS OF ST. LUCY (SIRACUSA, SICILY)." In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 8th International Congress on Archaeology, Computer Graphics, Cultural Heritage and Innovation. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica8.2016.3002.

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Between 2013 and 2015, Arcadia University in partnership with the Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology and the University of Catania undertook new excavation campaigns in the Catacombs of St. Lucy at Siracusa. The research focuses on some very problematic parts of Region C of the complex, including Oratory C, the so-called Pagan Shrine and Crypt VI. These areas document most effectively the long life of this Christian hypogeum, which incorporated previous structures and artefacts related to the Greek period and continued to be used until the Middle Ages. During the excavation an array of 3D digital techniques (3D scanning, 3d Modelling, Image-based 3D modelling) was used for the daily recording of the archaeological units, but also to create high-resolution virtual replicas of certain districts of the catacombs. Furthermore, the same techniques were applied to support the study of certain classes of materials, such as frescoes and marble architectural elements that could otherwise only be studied in the dark environment of the catacombs, making the visual analysis of such complex artifacts difficult and sometimes misleading, not to mention that the frequent use of strong sources of light for study can also endanger them. The virtual archaeology research undertaken at the Catacombs of St. Lucy represents the first systematic application of 3D digital technologies to the study of such a special archaeological context in Sicily.

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Liu, Ming, and Feng Song. "Urban morphology in China: origins and progress." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5654.

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Author name: Ming Liu, Feng Song* Affiliation: College of Urban and Environmental Sciences. Peking UniversityAdress: Room 3463, Building Yifuer, Peking University, Haidian district, Beijing, China 100871 E-mail: liumingpku1992@163.com, songfeng@urban,pku.edu.cn*Telephone nember: +8618810328816, +8613910136101* Keywords: urban morphology, disciplinary history, Conzen, China Abstract: This paper traces the origins and development of indigenous urban morphological research in China. It also considers the adoption of the theories and methods of the Conzenian School. Urban morphological research in China is carried out in different disciplines: mainly archaeology, geography, and architecture. The earliest significant work was within archaeology, but that has been widely ignored by current urban morphological researchers. As an urban archaeologist whose first degree was in architecture, Zhengzhi Zhao worked on the Studies on the reconstruction of the city plan of Ta-Tu in the Yuan Dynasty in 1957. He uncovered the original city plan of Ta-Tu (now Beijing) in the Yuan Dynasty by applying street pattern analysis. Before the Cultural Revolution, Pingfang Xu recorded and collated the research findings of Zhao, who was by then seriously ill, so that the methods he developed could be continued with the help of other scholars especially archaeologists. His methods of study are still used in studies of urban form in China today. Later, the dissemination of the Conzenian School of thought, aided by two ISUF conferences in China, promoted the development of studies of Chinese urban form. With the help of Jeremy Whitehand, researchers, including the Urban Morphology Research Group of Peking University, applied the theories and methods of the Conzenian School through field work and empirical studies. Taking the opportunity of the 110th anniversaries of the birth of both M.R.G. Conzen and Zhengzhi Zhao, this paper summarizes multidisciplinary urban morphological research in China.

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Reports on the topic "Archaeology of War"

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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.

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2

Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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Abstract:

The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.

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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Scotland: The Roman Presence. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.104.

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Abstract:

The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Scotland in the Roman world: Research into Roman Scotland requires an appreciation of the wider frontier and Empire-wide perspectives, and Scottish projects must be integrated into these wider, international debates. The rich data set and chronological control that Scotland has to offer can be used to inform broader understandings of the impact of Rome.  Changing worlds: Roman Scotland’s rich data set should be employed to contribute to wider theoretical perspectives on topics such as identity and ethnicity, and how these changed over time. What was the experience of daily life for the various peoples in Roman Scotland and how did interactions between incomers and local communities develop and change over the period in question, and, indeed, at and after its end?  Frontier Life: Questions still remain regarding the disposition and chronology of forts and forces, as well as the logistics of sustaining and supplying an army of conquest and occupation. Sites must be viewed as part of a wider, interlocking set of landscapes, and the study of movement over land and by sea incorporated within this. The Antonine Wall provides a continuing focus of research which would benefit from more comparison with frontier structures and regimes in other areas.  Multiple landscapes: Roman sites need to be seen in a broader landscape context, ‘looking beyond the fort’ and explored as nested and interlocking landscapes. This will allow exploration of frontier life and the changing worlds of the Roman period. To do justice to this resource requires two elements: o Development-control archaeology should look as standard at the hinterland of forts (up to c.1 km from the ‘core’), as sensitive areas and worthy of evaluation; examples such as Inveresk show the density of activity around such nodes. The interiors of camps should be extensively excavated as standard. o Integrated approaches to military landscapes are required, bringing in where appropriate topographical and aerial survey, LIDAR, geophysics, the use of stray and metal-detected finds, as well as fieldwalking and ultimately, excavation.  The Legacy of Rome: How did the longer term influence of the Romans, and their legacy, influence the formation, nature and organisation of the Pictish and other emergent kingdoms?

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