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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Archaeology of War'
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1
Roberts, Julia. "Towards a cultural history of archaeology : British archaeology between the Wars." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2005. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/towards-a-cultural-history-of-archaeology(689403e4-b24e-4158-ba82-0e1d5f06a114).html.
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Wheeler, Tessa Verney. "Tessa Verney Wheeler : women and archaeology before World War Two." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496428.
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Price, Neil S. "The Viking way : religion and war in late Iron Age Scandinavia /." Uppsala : Dept. of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2002. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/24659.
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Queiroga, Francisco Manuel Velada Reimao. "War and Castros : new approaches to the Portuguese Iron Age." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357696.
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Clarke, Robert. "Landscape, memory and secrecy : the Cold War archaeology of the Royal Observer Corps." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/27937.
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This project covers the development of a model framework intended to allow researchers of the archaeology of the Cold War to recognise a range of behaviours played out on military sites. The order and chaos model developed and utilised in this thesis introduces a heterotopian landscape populated by the Royal Observer Corps. Through a process of archaeological fieldwork a number of behavioural traits are recognised and discussed here for the first time. The group in question is fully researched, providing a historiography of the practice played out during the groups life-cycle. The landscape archaeology is discussed and contextualised by narration from the volunteers who once operated the posts. A range of case studies are introduced confirming the validity of the order and chaos model and potential for application elsewhere. Finally, the findings are discussed in detail and a proposal for the next step in the research are revealed.
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Wickham, Jason. "The enslavement of war captives by the Romans to 146 BC." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/17893/.
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War captives are generally thought to have comprised the main portion of the Roman slave supply during the Republic. Likewise, the result of mass enslavement through continuous war has been interpreted as a principle factor in the agricultural evolution in Italy from the second century BC which saw a significant increase in large plantation style farming (latifundia). The misconception of a male bias in agricultural labour has put a heavy influence on the need for an external supply of slaves rather than through reproduction. However, an analysis of documentary evidence suggests that wartime enslavement was more limited. Problems in supervising, transporting, and trading large numbers of slaves, as well as competing markets elsewhere in the Mediterranean, made immediate absorption of captives as slaves into the central Italian economy problematic. Furthermore, the vast majority of wartime enslavements occurred following the capture of cities, where larger numbers of civilian prisoners were taken, mostly comprising women, children and slaves. Ancient sources frequently exaggerated the number of war captives and often neglected to elaborate on the fate of those taken in war. Many modern historians have been far too quick to assume that prisoners were enslaved, which has given a disproportionate view of the importance of the contribution of war captives to the slave supply and their effect upon the growing slave population at Rome during the Republic. Such assumptions have left critical analysis wanting and, as a result, war captives have been largely neglected by Roman historians. This study attempts to address the gap in our analysis of these crucial practices in antiquity and to offer an explanation of how the taking of war captives was impacted by Rome’s changing socio-political and economic structures during the Republic.
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Rakoczy, Lila. "Archaeology of destruction : a reinterpretation of castle slightings in the English Civil War." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11092/.
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This thesis addresses the archaeology of destruction and the challenges and opportunities it presents to archaeologists. It primarily focuses on the recording, analysis, and interpretation of destroyed buildings, and how the overall life cycle of these buildings affects our understanding of the destruction evidence. At its core are two fundamental arguments. The first is that the deliberate destruction of a society's material culture is a complex social phenomenon with a variety of causes and effects, all of which deserve to be examined closely by the archaeological community. The second is that the methodological challenges posed are so complex that they require a multidisciplinary approach utilising a range of subjects including-but not limited to-history, structural and explosives engineering, building construction, and conservation. These themes are explored by looking at one particularly misunderstood type of destruction: the slighting of castles in the English Civil War, specifically between 1642 and 1660. While the word 'slighting' is generally used as a synonym for destruction, its application to castles has been problematic as interpretations of what this means vary widely. In the absence of a universally recognised definition, this thesis has provided one: the non-siege, intentional damage during times of war of high status buildings, their surrounding landscape or works, and/or their contents and features. In the course of expanding the definition of slighting, several common assumptions regarding the motivation for slighting are challenged. The most prevalent is that slighting was simply a fiscal and military policy by Parliament to save money and 'deny use to the enemy'. Instead, other social, religious, and political factors are shown to be equally if not more significant causes for destruction, including local rivalries, social climbing, gender tensions, property speculating, and religious turmoil. The conclusion is that communities both benefited and suffered from slighting, and played active roles in instigating, stopping, and interacting with the destruction in their midst.
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Sturdy, Colls Caroline. "Holocaust archaeology : archaeological approaches to landscapes of Nazi genocide and persecution." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3531/.
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The landscapes and material remains of the Holocaust survive in various forms as physical reminders of the suffering and persecution of this period in European history. However, whilst clearly defined historical narratives exist, many of the archaeological remnants of these sites remain ill-defined, unrecorded and even, in some cases, unlocated. Such a situation has arisen as a result of a number of political, social, ethical and religious factors which, coupled with the scale of the crimes, has often inhibited systematic search. This thesis will outline how a non-invasive archaeological methodology has been implemented at two case study sites, with such issues at its core, thus allowing them to be addressed in terms of their scientific and historical value, whilst acknowledging their commemorative and religious significance. In doing so, this thesis also demonstrates how a study of the physical remains of the Holocaust can reveal as much about the ever-changing cultural memory of these events as it can the surviving remnants of camps, execution sites and other features associated with this period. By demonstrating the diversity and complexity of Holocaust landscapes, a case is presented for a sub-discipline of Holocaust Archaeology.
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Winberg, Marlien. "Stories of war and restitution Curating the narratives of the !xun storyteller Kapilolo Mahongo (1952 – 2018)." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33979.
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Southern Africa's San people have embodied the sub-human other in colonial and Apartheid historiography and has lived fractured, often traumatised lives as a result. The aftermath of dispossession, genocide and war has echoed down the generations and still manifests itself in visible and intangible ways. Previous research has not addressed the personal stories of the immigrant !xun community living on the San farm, Platfontein, near Kimberley in the Northern Cape Province. My thesis works towards filling this gap. The focus of my research was to open up a space in which the !xun leader and storyteller, Kapilolo Mario Mahongo, could actively engage the energy of storytelling in representing his personal history and for the first time, record an Indigenous !xun perspective of the regional wars during the latter part of the 20th century - and its aftermath. By focusing on his personal stories, I demonstrate how anti-colonial narratives are embodied in specific and multiple histories and cannot be collapsed into homogenized narratives. Kapilolo Mahongo died at the age of 68, on May 12th 2018 while working with me on curating his own and his community's stories. My thesis thus evolved to question his place in the San corpus, asking how his memoirs, and the ways in which we produced it over a period of more than twenty years, may contribute toward our knowledge – not only of his personal life, but of the !xun community's history and southern Africa's San people as a whole. With our colonial and apartheid background of discrimination, my role as fellow storyteller and researcher assumes a compelling resonance. I address this directly by engaging an autoethnographic voice to tell my story parallel to the stories by Mahongo and other !xun storytellers, with the intention of creating a record of coming together against the background of our otherness, showing how we lived our difference (through the methodology of storytelling), to create new narratives of truth. My findings report on how storytelling in indigenous epistemologies are knowledge producing and disruptive of colonial narratives, while supporting recovery from the posttraumatic effects of dispossession and war among indigenous communities.
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Swanepoel, Natalie Josephine DeCorse Christopher R. "'Too much power is not good' War and trade in nineteenth-century Sisalaland, northern Ghana /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Capps-Tunwell, David. "WWII conflict archaeology in the Forêt Domaniale des Andaines, NW France." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/22611.
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This thesis integrates archaeological survey, aerial photographs and historical documents to undertake the first analysis of the conflict landscapes and military history of some of the most important German logistics facilities in northern France during the Battle of Normandy in 1944. Post-war survival of features has been remarkably good in this forested setting and this likely constitutes one of the best- preserved and most extensive examples of a non-hardened WWII archaeological landscape yet documented in northwest Europe. Over 900 discrete archaeological earthworks have been mapped and interpreted with the aid of primary source material from both Allied and German archives to characterise munitions, fuel and rations depots in the Forêt Domaniale des Andaines around Bagnoles-de-l’Orne, Orne Département, Basse-Normandie. These landscapes also preserve bomb craters associated with air raids on the facilities by the US Ninth Air Force and these have been mapped and analysed to show that despite 46 separate attacks by over 1000 aircraft, and the dropping in excess of 1100 tons of bombs in the forest during the spring and summer of 1944, the depots continued to function and to support German Army operations until the area was occupied by American forces in August 1944. In some areas of the forest it has been possible to link discrete arrays of bomb craters to individual air raids and even specific flights of aircraft. This work is yielding new perspectives on the character and operation of fixed depots in the German logistics system in Normandy both before and during the battles of 1944, while also permitting a detailed analysis of the effectiveness of Allied intelligence gathering, targeting and bombing operations against forest-based supply facilities. In doing so it is making a unique contribution to the newly-emerging record of WWII conflict archaeology to be found in the forests of northwest Europe.
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Lindsay, Gavin J. "Legacies of conflict : a community-based approach to World War II archaeology on small islands." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=232403.
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Papadopoulos, Alexandros. "A violent archaeology of dreams : the aesthetics of crime in austerity Britain, c.1944-1950." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-violent-archaeology-of-dreams-the-aesthetics-of-crime-in-austerity-britain-c19441950(657c8798-e850-4154-90c8-ff2a00e93e0b).html.
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In the immediate post-Second World War period, London's criminal cultures generated popular understandings of fantasy and cinematic escapism as a modern mode of life, a pleasure-seeking activity and a form of rationality. These narratives centred on increasingly visible but enigmatic genres of urban transgression: notably the phenomenon of spivery. Mixing petty crime, gambling and the black market with proletarian dandyism, urban waywardness and celebrity posturing, the cultural iconography of spivery was also associated with the deviant lifestyles of confidence tricksters, army deserters, good-time girls and mass murderers. Drawing on cinema, popular literature, courtroom drama, autobiography and psychiatry, this thesis explores how debates about the escapist mentalities of the spiv shaped the public discussions of crime as a socio-aesthetic practice. The central aim is to explore the cultural and symbolic associations between street-wise forms of deviant illusion and the cinematic representation of fantasising criminals in 1940s London. The thesis reveals how contemporary historical actors and cultural institutions understood the imagination as a popular and contested form of knowledge about the self, social change and erotic life. The method interweaves intertextual analysis of a key cinematic subgenre of crime, 'spiv films', with a historical focus on two 'true crime' stories: the cleft chin murder (1944) and the serial killings carried out by John George Haigh (1944-45). Utilising the criminals' self-confessions, trial transcripts, autobiography and popular journalism, these cases studies show how spivery was rooted in the experience and representation of everyday metropolitan life. The interdisciplinary examination of cinematic text and historical evidence emphasises how Hollywood aesthetics and indigenous national culture co-determined the public construction of 1940s crime as an embodiment of the contradictions of post-war British modernity.
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Coupar, Sally-Anne. "The chronology and development of the coinage of Corinth to the Peloponnesian War." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2557/.
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This study's objective is to elucidate the numismatic history of the city of Corinth from the inception of the coinage to the beginning of the Peloponnesian War in 431BC. The method used in pursuit of the objective was to carry out a comprehensive die study which collected and analysed all known Corinthian dies with curved wing Pegasus type. Hoard and overstrike evidence was used to help order the sequence of the dies, as was the stylistic development. The numismatic, historical and archaeological evidence provided key dates which anchored the sequence and allowed the chronology of the coinage of Corinth to be revealed. The results of this study show that Corinth was one of the earliest Greek cities to issue coins. The silver necessary for the coinage was obtained from the coins of other cities and probably also from mines in the Thrace and Macedonian area. The main mint of Corinth was supplemented by an auxiliary mint at times and it also provided either dies or coins for Corinthian colonies. This study's conclusions indicate that the output from the Corinthian mint was sustained and prolific, and participation in the Corinthian economy was rigorously controlled by the city authorities. This study has also shown that the only evidence for a break in activity at the Corinthian mint is in the mid 450's BC, and that the operation of the mint was not affected by the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War.
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Jensen, Todd L. ""Gimmie Shelter": Union Shelters of the Civil War, a Preliminary Archaeological Typology." W&M ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1593092168.
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Kellenbarger, Tenninger. "The Art of War: The Creation of Type A and B Sword During the Aegean Bronze Age." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/522983.
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Art HistoryM.A.
The Bronze Age brought about new knowledge and technology throughout the Aegean world. The new-found technology the Aegean world acquired brought about the creation of the earliest swords, Type A and B, which ultimately revolutionized both combat and societal wealth. Even though the creation of the sword defined the new era of warfare, only the late sword types, Type C through Naue ii, are thoroughly discussed concerning Bronze Age combat over their predecessors, due to the high number of surviving blades. Although only a small amount of Type A and B swords have been uncovered, it is clear these earlier sword blades were deadly weapons just as much as they were elite art objects. By focusing on these swords as such, this paper seeks to highlight the duality that both the Type A and B swords represented to the peoples of the Aegean.
Temple University--Theses
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Logue, Paul James Connor. "A reinterpretation of the archaeology of the Nine Years' War in Ulster from a cultural perspective." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707818.
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This thesis is a study of cultural interaction in Ulster between indigenous Gaelic, Anglo-Irish and English colonial society during the later sixteenth-century. It focuses particularly upon the period of the Nine Years’ War, a conflict between the native Gaelic lords and the Elizabethan crown which is traditionally dated 1594-1603. It does not examine how the two cultures encountered each other on the battlefield but how they did so through the built environment. As noted by Per Cornell (2015, 103) the archaeological profession encounters only traces of the past. In order to gather as many evidential traces as possible my study is rooted in historical archaeology, combining evidence from archaeological excavations, fieldwork and archive data with contemporary text records, cartographic sources and pictorial representations. By incorporating the work of historians, archaeologists and geographers the thesis research gathers more evidential traces than any single approach. The thesis challenges current narratives on the role and meaning of churches, crannogs and tower houses in the contemporary Ulster Gaelic landscape and society. It discusses for the first time evidence of Gaelic secular and military occupation of church buildings in sixteenth-century Ulster. It identifies the role of crannogs within sixteenth-century Ulster Gaelic society and reveals a new archaeological site-type, the crannog-bawn, from which crannogs were accessed and within which ceremonies of hospitality were initiated. It examines tower houses as texts, arguing that they were not built primarily for defence but to help elites display messages of status and identity. The thesis places discussion of Gaelic elite sites within wider debates, showing how the study of Gaelic Ulster can contribute to archaeological discussion at an international level.
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Kaziewicz, Julia. "Artful Manipulation: The Rockefeller Family and Cold War America." W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539624010.
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My dissertation, "Artful Manipulation: The Rockefeller Family and Cold War America," examines how the Rockefeller family used the Museum of Modern Art, Colonial Williamsburg, and the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Collection to shape opinions about America, both at home and abroad, during the early years of the Cold War. The work done at Colonial Williamsburg tied the Rockefeller name to the foundations of American society and, later, to the spread of global democracy in the Cold War world. The establishment of a new museum for the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art collection in 1957 renewed the narrative that American folk art was the basis for American modern art, thus creating a legacy of creative cultural production that could match America's Cold War economic and military power. A close reading of the Museum of Modern Art's famous 1955 Family of Man exhibition shows how the Rockefellers promoted America as the head of the post-war global family. The show, a large scale photography exhibition, glorified universal humanism as the only option for global peace after World War II. The implicit message of the show, which traveled nationally and internationally through 1962, was that Americans would lead the free world in the second half of the twentieth century. In their insistence on shaping American society in their view, the Rockefellers shut out dissenting opinions and alternative narratives about American culture. A consideration of James Baldwin and Richard Avedon's 1964 photo-text Nothing Personal is then offered as a rebuttal to the narrative of modern American culture endorsed by the Rockefellers. In Nothing Personal, James Baldwin's essays and Richard Avedon's photographs signify on the narrative of white domination, the same narrative evoked across the Rockefellers' institutions. Juxtaposing Nothing Personal against the hegemonic work of the Rockefellers' cultural organizations offers readers a consideration of how narratives of exclusion necessitate and give life to narratives of resistance.
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Sivilich, Michelle Diane. "Measuring the Adaptation of Military Response During the Second Seminole War Florida (1835-1842): KOCOA and The Role of a West Point Military Academy Education." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5309.
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Conflict archaeology is a fairly new discipline and is in the process of defining its methods and theories. Recently, the American Battlefield Protection Program has started requiring that grant applicants perform a KOCOA analysis. KOCOA is a modern military technique and stands for Key terrain, Obstacle, Cover and Concealment, Observation, and Avenues of Approach. However, this method was developed for modern warfare, and its adoption by the archaeological community has not yet been analyzed. I argue that this method needs a few modifications to make it more applicable to historical research and that it can be broadened to investigate more complex questions regarding decision-making processes. In its current form, KOCOA only looks at how a landscape was used during conflict based on the results of what happened. I contend we can use this method to analyze the landscape and look at the decisions that went into selecting it. Employing KOCOA in this manner will allow us to understand how militaries adapted, or failed to adapt, to a given landscape.
The Second Seminole War in Florida (1835-1842) can serve as an ideal case study. For one thing, the military had never experienced the Florida environment, and therefore adaptations to landscape utilization will be readily apparent. Also, in the early 19th-century, the military as a cultural institution indoctrinated its members through extensive training at the United States Military Academy in West Point, NY, and I propose this standardized education had a significant negative effect on the shape, direction, and outcome of the Second Seminole War due to the gap between the knowledge gained through training and the knowledge needed in the field when fighting a war with Indians in the swamps and hammocks of Florida. Using modern military theory, the purpose of this research is to develop tools to measure how traditional European educational methods, which officers received while at the Military Academy, hindered their ability to adapt to the unique and challenging environment they encountered while trying to remove the Seminole Indians from the Florida territory.
Conflict archaeology is also well suited to investigate the more human side, such as the decision-making processes and adaptations required, moving beyond the "what" and "how" aspects of conflict to the "why." One traditional approach to conflict archaeology is KOCOA. As used archaeologically, KOCOA employs modern cartographic information. Those participating in the conflict, however, would not have had access to this level of detail. Therefore, I propose that KOCOA be revised to incorporate the knowledge that would have been available to the decision makers at the time of the conflict. The aim of this research is to expand the methodologies of conflict archaeology to include indirect expressions of warfare and to incorporate them into a meaningful discussion of their role in the outcome of conflict. To accomplish this, I have developed a model against which hypotheses about the decision-making processes and their effectiveness can be compared.
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West-Rosenthal, Jesse Aaron. "“We are all going into log huts – a sweet life after a most fatiguing campaign”: The Evolution and Archaeology of American Military Encampments of the Revolutionary War." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/581517.
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AnthropologyPh.D.
This dissertation focuses on the history and archaeology of the American military encampments of the American Revolution. The organization of this dissertation reflects the purpose and methodology of the study to create context — both historically and archaeologically — for the American military encampments of the American Revolution, in order to understand the encampments’ design, implementation, and evolution over the course of the war. By employing a multifaceted approach towards the documentary record, this dissertation illustrates as many perspectives as possible by consulting a diverse collection of primary source material to construct a historical framework that explores how the military and the individual soldiers involved negotiated the theater of war during the encampment periods. Specific attention is paid to the orders that were handed down from the military hierarchy and how the soldiers reacted. This dissertation further refines the discussion of the American military encampments of the American Revolution by examining the physical remains of the encampments through the archaeological record. Utilizing information collected from nearly a century of archaeological investigations at places such as Middlebrook, New Jersey, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, Pluckemin, New Jersey, Redding, Connecticut, Morristown, New Jersey, and New Windsor, New York, this dissertation will provide a review and assessment of the archaeology of American military encampments of the American Revolution. In doing so, this dissertation examines the results these investigations have yielded and evaluates whether different approaches or a reevaluation of the results obtained from these investigations can provide new avenues of information to further interpret these historic sites. A case study is presented based on the author’s own excavations within the Valley Forge winter encampment on the grounds of the modern Washington Memorial Chapel. Through this case study, the physical and material remains of this encampment site are interpreted as expressions of the Continental Army’s adaptation to the landscape, as well as an expression of their status and training during this early stage of the war. Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben’s work is presented as a determining factor in this development. This dissertation uses the archaeological remains of these military landscapes to provide insight into the lifeways and power structures of the military as well as the soldiers who defined the social and economic disposition of this diverse community. Viewing each of these sites as a particular marker in time, this dissertation provides case studies of events over the course of the American Revolution to examine how the Army and its soldiers interact with the then-contemporary conflict, training, and the environment. Each of these influences played a role in the evolution of this military force.
Temple University--Theses
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Christian, Terence Alexander. "Phased Aviation Archaeology Research [PAAR] : development and application of a standardised methodology to Second World War aircraft sites in Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5478/.
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Past research has focused on aircraft wreck sites as historic entities with characteristics similar to any other archaeological site. The Phased Aviation Archaeology Research [PAAR] Methodology is the first study to examine historic aircraft wreck sites as unique, self-contained data sets. With a production total of nearly 500,000 units, combat aircraft represent one of the largest composite artefact classifications of the Second World War. Despite the vast production quantities, the number of archaeologically secure specimens has been drastically reduced by salvage, corrosion/decay and haphazard research. Improper research and conservation practices, usually employed by the enthusiastic but inexpert avocational aviation archaeology community, are responsible for much of the site attrition since the 1960s/1970s. Sites in close proximity to areas of human habitation have drawn thousands of hill walkers who encounter, handle and re-deposit aircraft wreck site artefacts. When combined with the media attention which often accompanies excavation of aircraft wrecks, the perceived ease of artefact identification in the internet age emboldens history enthusiasts to acquire aircraft debris without regard to the contextual integrity of air wreck sites. This dissertation addresses the lack of methodological rigour in the aviation archaeology sub-discipline through the development and application of the Phased Aviation Archaeology Research [PAAR] Methodology. Following a discussion of statutory protections for aircraft wreck sites in the United Kingdom, the practices and procedures of both avocational and professional organisations involved in aviation wreck investigations are examined. Taking into account the best practices of each of these communities, the proposed PAAR Methodology enhances standard archaeological methodology by establishing a systematic approach uniquely appropriate for the study of aircraft wrecks. By combining historical primary sources and modern archaeological and air crash investigative techniques to examine Second World War aircraft wreck sites, the PAAR Methodology both compensates for tourism induced site modification and provides a template for future resource management. Field surveys of eight Second World War wreck sites, including excavation of de Havilland Mosquito MM244 and Consolidated LB-30A AM261, assess the effectiveness of the PAAR Methodology.
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Eaton, Melissa Ann. "Grandfathers at War: practical politics of identity at Delaware town." W&M ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623367.
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This research explores the meaning, construction, representation, and function of Delaware ethnic identity during the 1820s. In 1821, nearly 2,000 Delawares (self-referentially called Lenape) crossed the Mississippi River and settled in Southwest Missouri as a condition of the Treaty of St. Marys. This dissertation argues that effects of this emigration sparked a vigorous reconsideration of ethnic identity and cultural representation. Traditionally, other Eastern Algonquian groups recognized Delawares by the metaphoric kinship status of "grandfather." Both European and Colonial governments also established Delawares as preferential clients and trading partners. Yet, as the Delawares immigrated into a new "western" Superintendency of Indian Affairs in 1821, neither status was acknowledged. as a result, Delaware representations transitioned from a taken-for-granted state into an actively negotiated field of discourse. This dissertation utilizes numerous unpublished primary source documents and archaeological data recovered during the Delaware Town Archaeological Project (2003-2005) to demonstrate the social, political, and material consequences of Delaware ethnic identity revitalization. Utilizing Silliman's (2001) practical politics model of practice theory, the archival and archaeological data sets of Delaware Town reveal the reinforcement of conspicuous ethnic boundaries, coalition-building that emphasized Delaware status as both "grandfathers" and as warriors, and also reestablishing preferred client status in trade and treaty-making. This study illuminates this poorly-known decade as a time where Delawares negotiated and exerted their ethnic identity and cultural representations to affect political, economic, and social outcomes of their choosing in the rapidly-vanishing "middle ground" of early-19th century Missouri.
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Charland, Amanda Corinne Ellen. "Unravelling the walls of God's war : an archaeological approach to the Holy Land's Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Frankish city walls from 1099-1291." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5727/.
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This thesis presents a study of urban defence from a social or symbolic as well as a military perspective. For the past 150 years, Crusader castle research has provided many excellent studies. However, the field has been dominated by military historians, focussed on the evolution of architecture and debating stylistic origins. Urban fortifications are overshadowed by the imperious keeps standing within their walls unless they contribute to the discussion of military advancements. The study of these fortifications is further biased by their Frankish-centric material, rarely considering the biography of the site, thus downplaying Muslim elements. Other castle research, like that from Britain, has moved past this military focus, turning towards social or symbolic interpretations. Instead of incorporating both lines of interpretation, a divide was created leading to the interpretative straightjacket known as the ‘war or status’ rut. In order to rectify these biases and escape the straightjacket this PhD project seeks to answer the question: what are the military and social or symbolic functions of city walls? This thesis aims to: address the field’s bias by evaluating the full biography of the city walls during the Frankish era (1099–1291); take into account both Frankish and Muslim occupations of the sites; incorporate evidence of city wall use from multiple disciplines, such as history, architecture, sigillography, and art; and analyze the data using the theoretical concepts of biography, monumentality and memory. These aims are met through the case studies of Ascalon and Caesarea. By taking into account evidence from multiple fields, this thesis effectively unravels the functions of these cities’ city walls so that they are no longer limited by their military treatments. These case studies demonstrate that the city walls did not stand idly throughout the course of the Crusader era. They were used as monumental demonstrations of élite power as well as objects of civic pride and community achievement. They provided apotropaic as well as military protection against their enemies and were used to display domination and victory, demonstrating one group’s oppression and conquest over the other.
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Lueth, Ranelle Marie. "Conflicting lines: the ambush on America's World War I combat art." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5558.
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During World War I, art produced in the United States shaped various opinions about the nation's role in global affairs, whether that art supported isolation or intervention. The U.S. government called on its artists to rally public support, and for the first time in its history, the military officially commissioned eight men, most of whom were classically-trained artists who worked as illustrators, to go to the front lines on its behalf. The AEF 8, as the official artists are commonly called, created approximately 500 artworks illustrating all aspects of the First World War, which were used in the popular press and exhibitions in an attempt to connect Americans "over here" with the efforts of the soldiers "over there." By uncovering the Army's dilemma of how to visually depict a controversial war, how the military used these images, and how the public responded to them, a new understanding of early twentieth century American art comes to light, linking the conflicting approaches of pictorial representation in early American modernism.
By the spring of 1918, the eight illustrators landed in Europe and began their service as captains in the Army Engineer Corps. These men--William Aylward (1875-1956), Walter Jack Duncan (1881-1941), Harvey Dunn (1884-1952), George Harding (1882-1959), Wallace Morgan (1873-1948), Ernest Peixotto (1869-1940), J. André Smith (1880-1959), and Harry Townsend (1879-1941)--had unique access to locales and opportunities during the Great War. Back home, the U.S. government rallied other artists and effectively utilized their images, either in poster, print advertisement, film, or photographic form, to elicit support for the war. The Army hoped the official combat artworks would do the same, as well as become a visual and historical record of the war.
This recognition of illustration's ability to persuade--and document--coincides with the rise of advertising, illustrated books and periodicals, and new printing technologies that occurred at the fin de siècle and into the 1910s. Most illustrators received decent wages for their work, and a few reached a level of popularity that garnered them significant salaries. Yet, many in the "high art" world considered the work of commercial artists and illustrators as less significant than that in the fine arts and, furthermore, denigrated the status of the professional fine artist. However, the skills of an illustrator--to be thorough yet quick, efficient yet detailed, and truthful yet artistic--were suited perfectly for combat art production, and the occupational limitations or criticisms of being a commercial artist seemed moot in the minds of those who commissioned the AEF 8.
Considering the amount of time, effort, and funding the War Department extended to the creation of this new corps of combat artists, one must question what became of the art, what its purpose was, and if it fulfilled the mission stipulated by the Army, the patron for these eight artists. The Army desired that the art reveal the hard work and hardships of the common soldier to the American public, thus eliciting support for the war. One way citizens interfaced with the art was through magazines, journals, and books. Another more public form of interaction occurred in the museum setting. The analysis of these platforms presents a broader understanding--both historical and cultural--of the ways in which the official World War I art accomplished or failed in its mission to connect with the American public.
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McWilliams, Anna. "An Archaeology of the Iron Curtain : Material and Metaphor." Doctoral thesis, Södertörns högskola, Arkeologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-20766.
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The Iron Curtain was seen as the divider between East and West in Cold War Europe. The term is closely connected to the Cold War and expressions such as ‘behind the Iron Curtain’ or ‘after the fall of the Iron Curtain’ are common within historical discussions in the second half of the twentieth century. Even if the term was used regularly as a metaphor there was also a material side with a series of highly militarised borders running throughout Europe. The metaphor and the material borders developed together and individually, sometimes intertwined and sometimes separate. In my research I have carried out two fieldwork studies at sites that can be considered part of the former Iron Curtain. The first study area is located between Italy and Slovenia (formerly Yugoslavia) in which the division between the two towns of Nova Gorica on the Slovenian side and Gorizia on the Italian side was investigated. The second study area is located on the border between Austria and Czech Republic (formerly Czechoslovakia) within two national parks. A smaller study was also carried out in Berlin as the Berlin Wall is considered of major importance in the context of the Iron Curtain. This research has resulted in large quantities of sources and information and a constant need to re-evaluate the methods used within an archaeology of a more recent past. This thesis falls within what is usually referred to as contemporary archaeology, a fairly young sub-discipline of archaeology. Few large research projects have so far been published, and methods have been described as still somewhat experimental. Through my fieldwork it has been possible to acknowledge and highlight the problems and opportunities within contemporary archaeology. It has become clear how the materials stretch both through time and place demonstrating the complex process of how the material that archaeologists investigate can be created. The material of the Iron Curtain, is also well worth studying in its own right.
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Brooks, Jason N. "A Landscape of Conflict: An Archaeological Investigation of the New Hope Church Battlefield." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/anthro_theses/67.
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The Battle of New Hope Church was fought on May 25-26, 1864 as part of the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. This research utilizes historical records along with archaeological fieldwork in order to better understand the battlefield landscape. In particular, I seek to answer whether soldiers behaved in, perceived of, and constructed the battlefield landscape based on a set of cultural norms imposed on them by the strict structure of the military. This research offers insight into the construction of the battlefield landscape at New Hope Church, how it is connected to related battlefield landscapes, and how it has been memorialized as a landscape of conflict.
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Rowe, Philip. "'We shall defend our island' : investigating a forgotten militarised landscape." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/374724/.
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The outmanoeuvring of Allied forces in May 1940 led to the eventual evacuation of the BEF from the continent in June 1940. Fearing an invasion, GHQ Home Forces set about the rapid re-militarisation of the UK to oppose, arguably, the first very real threat to this country’s sovereignty since the Norman conquest of 1066 AD. Constructing a series of anti-invasion defences throughout the countryside, a network of defensive fieldworks and concrete gun emplacements were erected, with linear stop lines forming part of the overall stratagem for a countrywide defence in depth. Examining one particular linear stop line, GHQ Line Green, despite previous research into its archaeological route through the landscape several questions still remain unanswered - Did the proposed wartime route for the stop line match the documented archaeology? Did the defensive fieldworks conform to 1940 WO specifications, or were they similar in design to the linear fieldworks of the First World War? Did GHQ Line Green dismiss the defensive ‘folly’ notion of the Maginot Line by being strategically sited in the Bristol hinterland? A prepared battlefield that never faced the unpredictable test of conflict, evidence offered by original cartographic, archaeological and GIS ‘Fields-of- Fire’ analysis concluded that the GHQ Line Green was strategically placed in the landscape. In ideal conditions GHQ Line Green could have had limited success in slowing down an invasion force. This dismisses the notion that the stop line was a defensive ‘folly’. With its origins found to lay in First World War fortifications, the research undertaken for this thesis will further our understanding of an often forgotten Second World War landscape.
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Martinez, Morales Jennifer. "Women and war in Classical Greece." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2042479/.
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This thesis examines the lives of women in Classical Greece in the context of war. War is often regarded as the domain of men but actually it is a social phenomenon where everybody is involved. Scholarship has begun to be interested in issues of women and war in Classical Greece, while they are insightful and demonstrate portions of women’s experience, studies to date have not attempted to create a holistic view. In such studies, women are generally depicted as a single homogeneous group, their involvement in war is viewed as limited and exceptional, and they are only seen as the marginal victims of war. This thesis, by contrast, strongly argues for diversity in women’s experiences during war. It demonstrates the centrality of war to women’s lives in Classical Greece, as well as how women’s experience might vary according to (for example) their social and economic circumstances. By analysing both written sources and archaeological material across the Classical period, this thesis intends to produce a broader perspective. By providing the first full-length study on the subject, this thesis, thus, contributes to the disciplines of both gender studies and warfare studies. This thesis begins by investigating the way in which ancient sources outlined wartime boundaries for women. While there were no formal ‘rules of war’, ancient writers nonetheless suggest that there were certain social conventions particular to the treatment of women in Classical Greece at times of war. As chapter 1 shows, perhaps surprisingly, women were not always evacuated from their communities as is commonly thought, they were not supposed to be maltreated, nor killed in Classical Greek warfare. Chapter 2 then examines ancient authors’ positive and negative evaluations on the behaviour of women in war. By analysing the way in which different sources rationalized women’s wartime behaviour, this thesis shows that there existed boundaries for women in war. Having established women’s potential involvement in war, an exploration follows of their contributions to the war effort, both in the city and abroad. Two observations emerge from chapter 3. First, women were heavily involved in crucial wartime activities such as defending the city, distribution of food and missiles, giving military advice, among others. However, they also participated in negative and traitorous wartime behaviour such as facilitating enemy soldiers to escape a city under conflict. Second, their wartime contributions were not perceived to be ‘breaking social norms’ as is commonly maintained in much scholarly discussion. In chapter 4, the analyses of the different social and economic impacts of war on women reveals that war affected them directly through their experience of evacuations and their necessity to find employment due to wartime poverty, but war also affected women in more insidious ways, especially in their family life and relationships. Finally, chapter 5 then analyses the impact of war with special reference to women’s experiences in post-war contexts such as captivity, slavery, and rape and sexual violence. By showing the variety of experiences and how there existed selection processes with regards to women, this chapter demonstrates that not all women were going to experience the same fates after war. The result is the emergence of a rounded picture of the wartime lives of women in Classical Greece.
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Bell, Christine. "Investigating Second Seminole War Sites in Florida: Identification Through Limited Testing." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000550.
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Lloyd, Matthew. "The archaeology of Greek warriors and warfare from the eleventh to the early seventh century BCE." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5514ca01-db7a-4c3d-b85c-05248c2a88c8.
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This thesis studies the evidence related to warfare and warriors in the Early Iron Age of Greece, from the eleventh to the early seventh century B.C.E. It argues that "warrior" identity, as expressed through burial with weapons or depictions of armed men and combat in pictorial painting and literature, is connected to violent action in order to create, maintain, and reinforce the relationship between authority and violent action. The forms that this violent action took were variable, from interregional conflict to overseas raids. This is outlined in Chapter 1, which is followed by two chapters summarizing the palatial (Chapter 2) and postpalatial (Chapter 3) background to the Early Iron Age. Chapters 4 to 7 present the evidence. In order to provide a more thorough analysis the focus is limited to the regions of Attica, central Euboea, the Argolid, and Knossos. The study of warfare in this period has been dominated by the study of weapons; in this thesis the approach focuses on the contexts in which these weapons are found, burials (Chapter 4), sanctuaries (Chapter 5), and occasionally settlements (Chapter 6). In these chapters the particular treatment and emphasis on weapons and armour is considered based on an understanding of these contexts in the period. In Chapter 7, representations and the treatment of warriors and warfare in Early Iron Age pictorial pottery is considered, as is briefly the literary evidence from the end of this period, which form the means by which contemporary people came to understand warfare. Chapter 8 discusses the evidence, while Chapter 9 summarizes the conclusions. This thesis shows that while warrior identity and the practice of war are closely related, in these areas of Early Iron Age Greece there are variations in the identification of men as warriors and in the intensity with which war is fought. Throughout the period, these regions express warrior identity in broadly similar ways, but with variations in duration, accessibility, and meaning. The eighth century is particularly a period of change with the intensification of warfare manifest in the destruction of settlements, but these changes are not restricted to this century, and are in many ways similar to the preceding centuries on a larger scale.
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Broadwater, John D. "Yorktown Shipwreck 44YO88: Stores and Cargo from a British Naval Supply Vessel from the American War for Independence." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625489.
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Dench, Tracy Johnson. "'An archaeology in search of a utopia' : reading women's writing of the interwar years in the light of Kristeva's concept of the third space." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU155525.
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Julia Kristeva's 1979 essay, 'Le temps des femmes', translated as 'Women's Time' in 1981, most explicitly articulates her approach to feminist thought, addressing women's troubled relationship to patriarchy in terms of time and space. In the essay, Kristeva identifies three distinct positions in the history of feminism: 'equality' feminism, 'difference' feminism; and finally, an anticipated 'third-generation' feminism that will integrate the previous two attitudes, representing what she defines as a new 'signifying space'. The value of the 'third space' is that is offers a method for proceeding beyond the either/or status offered by previous stages of feminist thought and analysis, challenging gender identity per se, and bringing out of the singularity of each individual subject. Women's literature of the interwar period provides a rich source of material in terms of the construction of the gendered subject, as political and military pressures transformed masculine and feminine roles. While literary giants such as Sassoon and Faulkner have committed the experience of the trenches to print, women's writing of this era often explores the effects of the First World War on the community at home, away from the front and its visceral nightmares. This thesis therefore examines the destabilising effect of war on both combatants and civilians as evident in this writing, and each chapter identifies a space in the text where identity is challenged and thrown into debate by the hardships of the War. The resulting signifying space is configured in varying ways, often bringing happiness and personal satisfaction to the protagonist, but it may also represent the darker aspects of Kristevan thought, resulting in negativity and even death.
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Mouliou, Maria. "The writing" of classical archaeology in post-war Greece (1950 to the present) : the case of museum exhibitions and museum narratives." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/7661.
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This study puts forward an argument for the importance of studying museum constructions of the past in relation to the intellectual histories of archaeological scholarship involved with the investigation of material culture of the past. Informed by post-structuralist theories in the fields of archaeology and museology, this study essentially proposes to investigate why museum representations of the past come to look the way they do through a critical analysis of the discourse of archaeology, that is the disciplinary poetics and socio-politics of archaeology. Furthermore, it argues that museum receptions of the Greek classical past and the discipline of classical archaeology, with its abundance of original material, its vast body of scholarly production let alone its key role in the genesis of European thought and archaeological discipline as such, provides a fertile ground for exploring the above supposition. Thus, classical archaeological discourse and museum representations of the classical past in post-war (1950 to the present) Greece are examined in order to understand the architectonics of their interrelation in their various scholarly, socio-historical, political, ideological and economic dimensions. Essentially, it is sought to unmask how the long standing intellectual tradition of classical archaeology and its operation within a certain historical, cultural and political context informed or even governed museum constructions of the Greek classical past and their varied receptions from audiences in Greece and beyond, both in the past and in the present. Thirty four case-studies are selected and provide ample material to proceed beyond the strictly empirical analysis and experience into further philosophical reflection and theorising. National, Site, Regional, Private and University Museums together with temporary and travelling exhibitions are thoroughly examined to demonstrate how master narratives of classical archaeological discourse have been for so long endorsed and perpetuated by the Greek Museum discourse. The examination of the case studies is most revealing and empowering for making some general observations regarding the poetics and politics of scholarly traditions and the manner in which these traditions lead to specific cultural appropriations and constructions of the past in museum displays. Finally, this study also shows how such a theoretically and historically informed approach to museum constructions of the past, Greek classical and other, can potentially bring new impetus to archaeological exhibitions, their themes and forms of expression.
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Sabick, Christopher Robert. "His Majesty's hired transport schooner Nancy." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2190.
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In 1997 a group of archaeologists from Texas A&M University's Nautical Archaeology Program traveled to Wasaga Beach, Ontario to document the hull remains of the eighteenth-century schooner Nancy. In 1927, the schooner was recovered from the banks of an island in the Nottawasaga River, near its confluence with Lake Huron. The hull is now on display in the Nancy Island Historic Site. Despite being available to the public for more than 75 years, the 1997 documentation was the first to thoroughly record the construction of the vessel. In addition to archaeological investigation, historical research was carried out to further our understanding of Nancy's commercial and naval career.
The archaeological data reveal a schooner that was built by talented shipwrights using the fine timber harvested around the Great Lakes in the eighteenth-century. This study adds a considerable amount of new information to the otherwise scanty base of knowledge available on the construction of early Great Lakes sailing vessels.
Historical research shows that Nancy and her crews were participants in many important events that shaped the Great Lakes Region. From her construction in Detroit in 1789, Nancy was employed in the fur trade. As tensions flared between Great Britain and the United States in 1812, Nancy was utilized as an armed transport for the British forces around the lakes. in August of 1814, the schooner was trapped in the Nottawasaga River by a strong American naval force. Nancy's commander set fire to the vessel to deny it to the enemy.
This thesis examines the construction details and history of the schooner Nancy in detail. Preliminary chapters will provide the historical context for the vessel and describe Nancy's long journey that ended at the Nancy Island Historic Site. The second half of the thesis describes the construction of the schooner and compares it with other contemporary vessels. The study concludes that Nancy's hull represents an eighteeth-century construction tradition modified for use on the Great Lakes, and also demonstrates the vessel's dual roles as trader and military transport.
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Barry, Marie Porterfield. "Lesson 18: On the Dada of Art versus the Dada of War." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/art-appreciation-oer/20.
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Burman, August. "Morgantina under och efter det andra puniska kriget : Den sista fria grekisk-sicilianska stadens fall." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Antikens kultur och samhällsliv, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328795.
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The ancient city of Morgantina in Sicily was an important city during the Hellenistic age and probably member of a koinon (a union) under the leadership of Syracuse. Much research has been done on the city of Morgantina, but as far as I know, no study has had the aim to show what role Morgantina played in the Second Punic War. Therefore, this essay focuses on Morgantina during and after the Second Punic War (218–201 BCE). The main questions presented in this essay are what happened to the city after the war and what was the aftermath of the war? What happened to the people in the town and why were some houses abandoned and others not? To answer these questions archaeological evidence (numismatic material and buildings) as well as ancient historians’ narrations have been used (the historians used are Diodorus Siculus, Livy, Cicero and Strabo). The study argues that Morgantina might have been the last important free Greek town in Sicily (and possibly the very last) and that the city probably did not fight actively for either side, but might have provided Rome with grain and therefore taken Rome’s side.
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Wehri, Elizabeth G. "A Classification System of Osteomyelitis for Historic Skeletal Remains: An Assessment of Civil War Soldier Amputees." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1243015132.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.Advisor: Alan P. Sullivan. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Aug. 27, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: Osteomyelitis; Civil War; Paleopathology; Osteology. Includes bibliographical references.
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Harwood, Jameson Michael. "An historical archaeological examination of a battlefield landscape: An Example from the American Civil War Battle of Wilson's Wharf, Charles City County, Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626393.
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scharffenberg, melissa. "The Lacy Hotel Site: Gender Ideologies and Domestic Activities in a 19th Century Boardinghouse Context." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/anthro_theses/53.
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The Lacy Hotel was a part of the "Great Locomotive Chase", a significant historical event in Kennesaw, Georgia during the Civil War (AD 1861-1864), yet little is known of this site. The Lacy Hotel was a boardinghouse that operated for roughly six years until General William Tecumseh Sherman burned it in 1864. This research utilizes historical records along with archaeological fieldwork in order to provide a more detailed analysis of daily life within the Lacy household. Dominant ideologies influence the roles of women concerning their activities and choices of consumption within the household. Although the results show that the boardinghouse is not a typical household, the social dynamics and consumption are still constrained by the culture and ideology of the time period. In conclusion, this research offers a case study about the role of women on the eve of turmoil and contends that the boardinghouse is emblematic of broader changes within the rural South during the 19th century.
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Henricksen, Richard A. "The Flux of Agency: Unsettling Objects in Contemporary Spanish Civil War Novels (1998-2008)." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1470585727.
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Hucker, Graham. "The rural home front : a New Zealand region and the Great War 1914-1926 : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History at Massey University." Massey University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1103.
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New Zealand’s First World War studies have traditionally focused on the soldier and battlefield experiences. ‘The Rural Home Front’ breaks with that tradition and focuses on the lives of people and the local communities that the soldiers left behind in the predominantly rural region of Taranaki in New Zealand. ‘The Rural Home Front’ is essentially a study of the impact and effects of the First World War on rural society. By focusing on topics and themes such as ‘war enthusiasm’, the voluntary spirit of fund raising and recruiting, conscription, attempting to maintain normality during wartime, responses to war deaths, the influenza epidemic, the Armistice and the need to remember, this thesis argues that civilians experienced the Great War, too, albeit differently from that of the soldiers serving overseas.
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Friberg, Olivia. "Vargarna från öst : En objektbiografisk studie av kanonerna på Gripsholms slott." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447055.
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This study has aimed to understand Suggan and Galten as its history and story has changed through time. To achieve this a biography perspective are applied. Suggan and Galten is war trophies taken from Russians during the Livonian war (1558-1583) and now presented at Gripsholm castle. Apart from understanding their history this study is going to discuss Suggan and Galtens role as war trophies, furthermore how they relate to society both now and then. But also, how they are viewed upon as cultural heritage. This thesis has been based on a litterature study with supplementary illustrations to put Suggan and Galten in a larger context. In the litterature study an object biographical perspective has been obtained to be able to study the entire life story. Materiality and agency have also been used to explain human relationships to the cannons and to try to clarify peoples actions around them. The object biographical perspective has verified several aspects of Suggan and Galtens life journey. With the help of the theoretical starting point, the development of the cannons from Äldre Vasatiden to the present day has partly been accounted for. The study describes how Suggan and Galten were casted in Moscow by casting master Andrei Chekhov. How they were used by the Russian army in the Livonian war. Then taken over by the Swedes and shipped to Sweden. Once on Swedish soil, they participated in a trophy parade and then became cultural heritages at Gripsholm castle. War trophies refer to an object taken during conquest, which Suggan and Galten were. Furthermore, they have been used as war trophies in parades to demonstrate the power of the royal family. It was also during this time that the cannons began to develop into a cultural heritage. Only when the cannons were placed at Gripsholm castle where they considered as cultural heritage.Studien har undersökt Suggan och Galtens livshistoria från tillverkningen i Ryssland till utställningen på Gripsholms slott. Syftet och frågeställningarna har varit att förstå och tydliggöra Suggan och Galtens utveckling genom tid och rum. Samt att redogöra för kanonerna som krigstroféer och varför dem blivit det. Slutligen har kulturarvsfrågan diskuterats utifrån objekten och hur de har speglats i samhället både då och nu. Uppsatsen har baserats på en litteraturstudie med kompletterande bildmaterial för att sätta Suggan och Galten i ett större sammanhang. I litteraturstudien har ett objektbiografiskt perspektiv erhållits för att kunna studera hela livshistorien. Materialitet och agens har också använts för att förklara människans relation till kanonerna och för att försöka klarlägga personers handlingar kring dem. Det objektbiografiska perspektivet har verifierat flera aspketer av Suggan och Galtens livsresa. Med hjälp av den teoretiska utgångspunkten har kanonernas utveckling från Äldre Vasatiden fram till idag delvis kunnat redogöras för. Studien redogör för hur Suggan och Galten gjöts i Moskva av gjutmästare Andrej Chokhov. Hur de användes av den ryska armén i livländska kriget för att sedan övertas av svenskarna och skeppas till Sverige. Väl på svensk mark deltog de i troféparaden för att sedan bli ett kulturarv på Gripsholms slott. Krigstroféer syftar på föremål som tagits under erövring vilket Suggan och Galten gjordes. Vidare har de som krigstroféer använts i triumfparader i syfte till att påvisa kungafamiljens makt. Det var även under den här tiden som kanonerna började utvecklas till ett kulturarv. Först när kanonerna placerades på Gripsholms slott ansågs de som fulländade kulturarv.
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Nilsson, Perry. "Mellan stat och imperium : En studie av gränsöverskridande förbindelser mellan Västerbotten och Österbotten under perioden 1835-1870." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136107.
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This master thesis examines cross-boundary connections between a state and an empire. This was done by mapping connections over Kvarken between the Swedish county of Västerbotten and its Finnish counterpart, Österbotten, during the period 1835-1870. Accounts from the custom houses in Jakobstad, Nykarleby, Vasa, Kaskö and Kristinestad served as primary source material together with contemporary Osterbottnian newspapers. For this thesis, a quantitative content- and network analysis as well as a qualitative text analysis was conducted out of a spatial, boundary- and imperial theoretical framework. This thesis shows that the sea trade continued during the entire period without being hindered by neither impending cholera epidemics nor the Crimean War. When other trading routes were cut off by trade embargoes or when ice covered the sea; the trade never ceased. The traffic across Kvarken was primarily Vasterbottnian, and a most Swedish project, except during the Crimean war. During the war, an enormous amount of Osterbottnian trading parties would come to Västerbotten, chiefly in pursuit of salt. Compared to other trade conducted, the Osterbottnian trade with Västerbotten was extensive both in terms of the sheer number of ships, but also in the value of traded goods. Thus, Kvarken can be seen as a cross-border region. The Russian endeavour to severe ties between Sweden and Finland during the 1840’s through the abolishment of particular tariff prescriptions and swedish currency had no noteworthy impact upon trade across the Kvark. Neither value nor flow of goods was impacted. The amount of ships consistently remained at around 25-40 ships anually for the entire study period. To the contrary, temporary prescriptions to promote trade were constantly introduced. It was probably in the greater interest among both Russian and Swedish rulers that the connection between the two peripher, northern regions should function for the well-being and prosperity of the local peoples. In newspaper reports also the cultural value of musicians and theatre companies travelling across Kvarken was greatly appreciated.
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Appelgren, Karl. "The last coin of Taras? : A study of a late Tarentine coin in the collections of the Uppsala University Coin Cabinet." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446582.
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In this thesis, a coin from the Hannibalic occupation of Taras is analysed and discussed. The method applied in the analysis is Panofsky’s iconological method, and the theoretical framework has been derived from the research questions themselves in dialogue with modern numismatic research. The focus of the discussion is on the relationship between the coin and its historical context. In the thesis, it is argued that the coin is a didrachm with heavily reduced weight, and that the weight reduction is a result of the financial difficulties caused by the Second Punic War.Denna uppsats är en analys av ett mynt from Hannibals ockupation av Taras. Den metod som tillämpas i analysdelen är Panofskys ikonologiska metod. Det teoretiska ramverket har sin utgångspunkt i uppsatsens frågeställning, och har utarbetats i dialog med modern numismatisk forskning. Diskussionsdelen fokuserar på förhållandet mellan myntet och dess historiska kontext. I uppsatsen framförs argument för att myntet är en didrachm med kraftigt reducerad vikt, och att viktreduktionen är en följd av de finansiella svårigheter som orsakades av Andra puniska kriget.
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Reusch, Kathryn. ""That which was missing" : the archaeology of castration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8118fe7-67cb-4610-9823-b0242dfe900a.
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Castration has a long temporal and geographical span. Its origins are unclear, but likely lie in the Ancient Near East around the time of the Secondary Products Revolution and the increase in social complexity of proto-urban societies. Due to the unique social and gender roles created by castrates’ ambiguous sexual state, human castrates were used heavily in strongly hierarchical social structures such as imperial and religious institutions, and were often close to the ruler of an imperial society. This privileged position, though often occupied by slaves, gave castrates enormous power to affect governmental decisions. This often aroused the jealousy and hatred of intact elite males, who were not afforded as open access to the ruler and virulently condemned castrates in historical documents. These attitudes were passed down to the scholars and doctors who began to study castration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, affecting the manner in which castration was studied. Osteometric and anthropometric examinations of castrates were carried out during this period, but the two World Wars and a shift in focus meant that castrate bodies were not studied for nearly eighty years. Recent interest in gender and sexuality in the past has revived interest in castration as a topic, but few studies of castrate remains have occurred. As large numbers of castrates are referenced in historical documents, the lack of castrate skeletons may be due to a lack of recognition of the physical effects of castration on the skeleton. The synthesis and generation of methods for more accurate identification of castrate skeletons was undertaken and the results are presented here to improve the ability to identify castrate skeletons within the archaeological record.
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Isbell, William H. "The Archaeology of Wari and the Dispersal of Quechua." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113612.
Full textAbstract:
The association of Wari with Quechua, or proto-Quechan speech, cannot be demonstrated by an unbroken tradition of material culture such as ceramic style from the Middle Horizon to ethnohistorically known Quechua speaking communities. However, the spread of Wari from its northern Ayacucho homeland, to the archaeologically most obvious colonies that stretch across Andes from Cuzco to southern Ayacucho, and into Ica and Arequipa, corresponds remarkably with the ethnohistoric distribution of Quechua IIC. This is the most convincing confirmation that Wari spoke proto-Quechua. Variation among southern Quechua IIC dialects suggests to linguists that dispersal was later than the Middle Horizon. However, if a unified Wari polity promoted a uniform speech community throughout its southern domain it is likely that differentiation would not have begun until Huari collapsed at the end of the Middle Horizon.The origins of Wari lie in long-term interactions between highland Huarpa and coastal Nasca cultures, perhaps establishing an expansive political confederation by the end of the Early Intermediate Period. If Nasca people spoke proto-Aymara and Huarpa folk spoke proto-Quechua, this alliance may account for the ancient relationship between these two proto language groups, described by historical linguists. Archaeological evidence for Wari in the north, especially the Mantaro, the Callejón de Huaylas, and Huamachuco, suggests an early phase of colonization with direct rule, followed by the rise of local elites allied with Wari nobility, indirect rule, and processes of ethnogenesis, that probably promoted linguistic distinction, albeit retaining Wari affiliation. Consequently, although Quechua may have arrived in the north highlands at more or less the same time as the south, separation of Quechua I languages in this northern region probably began early in the Middle Horizon, and experienced social pressures promoting rapid differentiation. The Quechuas of the central coast and far northern Cajamarca are confusing, but new understandings of the archaeology will require new inferences about the past. In the meantime, it is at least plausible to propose that proto-Quechua was spread by Wari, during the Middle Horizon, and that Wari should be credited with the dispersal of Quechua as a whole, not just Quechua II.La asociación de Wari con el quechua o el protoquechua no se puede demostrar con una tradición ininterrumpida de cultura material desde los estilos de cerámica del Horizonte Medio a las comunidades quechuahablantes etnohistóricamente conocidas, pero su dispersión desde su área de origen en el norte de Ayacucho hasta las colonias arqueológicamente más obvias que se extienden lo largo de los Andes desde el Cuzco al sur de Ayacucho, así como hacia Ica y Arequipa, corresponde, de manera notable, con la distribución etnohistórica del quechua IIC. Esta constituye la confirmación más convincente de que los wari hablaron protoquechua. La variación entre los dialectos quechua IIC del sur sugiere a los lingüistas que la dispersión fue posterior al Horizonte Medio. Sin embargo, si se plantea el escenario de una entidad política unificada como Wari, que promovió una comunidad con una lengua uniforme a lo largo de sus dominios en el sur, es probable que la diferenciación no haya empezado si no hasta que Huari, y su imperio, colapsaron hacia fines del Horizonte Medio.Los orígenes de Wari se pueden encontrar en una serie de interacciones de largo plazo entre las culturas Huarpa, de la sierra, y Nasca, de la costa, posiblemente con el establecimiento de una confederación política expansiva hacia fines del Período Intermedio Temprano. Si los grupos nasca hablaban protoaimara y la gente huarpa se comunicaba mediante el protoquechua, dicha alianza podría explicar la antigua relación entre estos dos grupos protolingüísticos descritos por los lingüistas históricos. La evidencia arqueológica para Wari en el norte, especialmente en el Mantaro, el Callejón de Huaylas y Huamachuco, sugiere una fase temprana de colonización acompañada de un control directo, a lo que siguió un ascenso de las elites aliadas con la nobleza wari, un control indirecto y procesos de etnogénesis que, probablemente, promovieron una diferenciación lingüística, si bien conservaron la filiación wari. Como consecuencia de ello, si bien el quechua puede haber llegado a la sierra norte aproximadamente al mismo tiempo que al sur, la separación de las variantes del quechua I en estas regiones del norte empezó, quizá, de manera temprana en el Horizonte Medio y experimentó imposiciones sociales que estimularon una rápida distinción. La situación de los quechuas de la costa central y de Cajamarca, en el extremo norte, es confusa, por lo que las nuevas interpretaciones por parte de la arqueología requerirán de nuevas inferencias acerca del pasado. En el entretanto, es posible proponer, al menos, que el protoquechua fue difundido por Wari durante el Horizonte Medio y que a Wari se le debe atribuir la dispersión del quechua en su integridad y no solo del quechua II.
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Bennie, Jennifer Shirley. "The wreck of the Dutch man o' war, Amsterdam, in December 1817 on the Eastern Cape coast of Southern Africa: an elucidation of the literary and material remains with an annotated translation of the Journal of Captain Hermanus Hofmeijer (1814-1818)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002385.
Full textAbstract:
This study endeavours to elucidate the journal of Captain Hermanus Hofmeijer of the Dutch man 0' war, Amsterdam, which has been transcribed from the original script, translated from Dutch into English and interpreted from a contemporary viewpoint. It offers an opportunity to evaluate a unique primary historical document which records an important historical event. An attempt has been made to contextualise the incident in the light of the early history of the Dutch people. The contribution of the Dutch East India Company (VaC) to the trade and commerce of the Netherlands during the 17th and 18th centuries has been assessed together with the shipbuilding techniques that served to make the Dutch a major seafaring nation. The significance of Texel and Nieuwediep has been examined and the sea route and navigational instruments placed in perspective. The voyage has been analysed in some detail. The background of Captain Hermanus Hofmeijer has proved especially interesting. Although he pursued his career with the Dutch Navy, he was born and spent his early years in Cape Town, South Africa. The time spent by the Amsterdam in Batavia, Samaraog and Sourabaya gives an insight into the Dutch possessions overseas. The return voyage, storms and ultimate grounding are of special interest as Hofmeijer records the journey and events on a daily basis. The impact and significance of 217 extra people in the Eastern Cape area did not go unnoticed, and although the event was not well documented, an attempt at some contextualisation has been made. Finally a short overview of maritime archaeology in South Africa and its significance as a relatively new discipline has been included. The study of the material remains of the wreck of the Amsterdam has resulted in a new understanding of wooden ships built in the early 19th century.
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White-Fredette, Cassandra. "Looking to the Future, Selling the Past: Churchill Weavers Marketing Strategies in the 1950s." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/art_etds/6.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the Churchill Weavers stereocards housed at the Kentucky Historical Society and Berea College based on visual analysis. By examining the stereocards as advertisements and comparing them to a series of short films created by the company, I will discuss how the Churchill Weavers created a brand that emphasized both an image of traditional American rural production and modern urban consumption. I will further discuss how the marketing strategies used by the Churchill Weavers exemplify a larger trend in American advertising in the years following World War Two.
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Boe, Jeffrey L. "Painting Puertorriqueñidad: The Jíbaro as a Symbol of Creole Nationalism in Puerto Rican Art before and after 1898." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4290.
Full textAbstract:
In the three decades surrounding the Spanish-American war (1880-1910), three prominent Puerto Rican artists, Francisco Oller (1833-1917), Manuel E. Jordan (1853-1919), and Ramón Frade (1875-1954) created a group of paintings depicting "el jíbaro," the rural Puerto Rican farm worker, in a way that can be appropriately labeled "nationalistic." Using a set of motifs involving clothes, customs, domestic architecture and agricultural practices unique to rural Puerto Rico, they contributed to the imagination of a communal identity for creoles at the turn of the century. ("Creole" here refers to individuals of Spanish heritage, born on the island of Puerto Rico.) This set of shared symbols provided a visual dimension to the aspirational nationalism that had been growing within the creole community since the mid- 1800s. This creollismo mythified the agrarian laborer as a prototypical icon of Puerto Rican identity. By identifying themselves as jíbaros, Puerto Rican creoles used jíbaro self-fashioning as a way to define their community as unique vis a vis the colonial metropolis (first Spain, later the United States). In this thesis, I will examine works by Oller, Jordan and Frade which employ jíbaro motifs to engage this creollismo. They do so by painting the jíbaro himself, his culture and surroundings, the fields in which he worked, and the bohío hut which was his home. Together, these paintings form a body of jíbaro imagery which I will contextualize, taking into account both the historical circumstances of jíbaro life, as well as the ways in which signifiers of jibarismo began to gain resonance amongst creoles who did not strictly belong to the jíbaro class. The resulting study demonstrates the importance of the mythified jíbaro figure to the project of imagining Puerto Rican creole society as a nation, and the extent to which visual culture participated in this creative process.
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Lundquist, Ann-Charlotte. "Bosniers berättelser om krigs- och folkmordstraumat : Intervjustudie med bosnier i Sverige om kriget i Bosnien-Hercegovina och folkmordet i Srebrenica." Thesis, Jönköping University, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-51708.
Full textAbstract:
Denna uppsats undersöker hur bosnier i Sverige har hanterat krigs- och folkmordstrauma med fokus på händelseutvecklingen i Bosnien-Hercegovina under 1990-talet. Med utgångspunkt i intervjuer med bosnier i Sverige, som överlevde kriget. Med hjälp av en analytisk modell av Suzanne Kaplan, analyseras hur överlevarna minns folkmordet och kriget. Därutöver hur det har påverkat dem och vilka strategier som används för att bearbeta det förflutna.Det överlevarna minns starkast från kriget i Bosnien 1992–1995 var krigsutbrottet, folkmordet i Srebrenica samt flykten under kriget. Ifrån krigsutbrottet minns de särskilt den rädsla som skapades av bomb- och granatattacker. En rädsla som aldrig försvinner utan finns fortfarande kvar 25 år senare. Under folkmordet i juli 1995 dog många pojkar och män. Det var särskilt svårt för anhöriga att inte kunna säga farväl till sina släktingar. Inte nog med det att många män och pojkar dog i juli, utan också att det tog oerhörd lång tid att hitta kropparna. Än idag identifieras defekta skelett med hjälp av DNA-matchning, som sedan begravs av anhöriga i Potočari Genocide Memorial Center. En enorm besvikelse finns bland de överlevande, för att ingen ingrep för att stoppa folkmordet på över 8000 människor i Srebrenica 1995. På olika sätt tog sig överlevare fram till tryggare platser såsom; släktingar i Turkiet, via buss till Polen därefter färja till Sverige, smuggling till Tyskland och vissa bodde kvar i Bosnien-Hercegovina men flyttade till säkrare områden. Intervjustudien visar att kriget påverkade överlevarna på olika vis bland annat i form av psykisk ohälsa i olika utsträckning samt att föräldralösa är mer ansvarsfulla men också mer sårbara,vilka är några faktorer som överlevarna påverkats av kriget. Dessutom påverkas överlevare den 11 juli som är minnesdagen för folkmordet i Srebrenica, vilket uppmärksammas i såväl Bosnien som internationellt. Det finns en variation när det gäller hur överlevarna hanterar krigs- och folkmordstrauma, men gemensamt för alla är någon form av upprättelse, att ansvariga står till svars. Det vanligaste sättet att hantera krigs- och folkmordstrauma är att samtala om överlevarnas upplevelser antingen via professionell hjälp eller med vänner och släkt. En kortsiktig strategi för att orka leva överhuvudtaget är att förtränga minnen. En mer långsiktig strategi är att acceptera deras krigs- och folkmordstrauma, vilket innebär att fokus ligger mer på framtiden än det förflutna. Genom att utsätta sig för svåra situationer samt att hjälpa andra som har det svårt blir vardagen mer hanterbar. Begrepp: krigs- och folkmordstrauma, påverkansfaktorer, hanterbara strategierThis essay examines how Bosnians in Sweden have dealt with war and genocide trauma with a focus on the course of events in Bosnia-Herzegovina during the 1990´s. Based on interviews with Bosnians in Sweden who survived the war. With the help of an analytical model by Suzanne Kaplan, it is analysed how the survivors remember the genocide and the war. In addition, how it has affected them and what strategies are used to process the past.What the survivors especially remember from the war in Bosnia 1992–1995 were the outbreak of war, the genocide in Srebrenica and the flight during the war, what they remembered most is the fear created by bomb and grenade attacks. A fear that never disappears and still exists, 25 years later. During the genocide in July 1995 many boys and men died. It was especially difficult for relatives not to be able to say goodbye to their family members. Not only did many men and boys die in July, but it also took an incredibly long time to find the bodies. Even today, defective skeletons are identified using DNA matching, which was then buried by relatives in Potočari Genocide Memorial Center. There is a huge disappointment among the survivors, because no one intervened to stop the genocide of over 8000 people in Srebrenica in 1995. In various ways, survivors found refuge in: Turkey, by bus to Poland and then ferry to Sweden, by smuggling to Germany and some remained in Bosnia-Herzegovina but moved to safer areas.The interview study shows that the war affected the survivors in various ways, including in the form of mental illness to vulnerable, which are some factors that the survivors were affected by the war. In addition, survivors are affected on July 11, which is the day of the genocide in Srebrenica, which is celebrated in Bosnia as well as internationally. There is a variation in how survivors handle war and genocide trauma, but common to all is some form of redress, that those who are responsible to be held accountable. The most common way to deal with war and genocide trauma is to talk about the survivors experiences either through professional help or with friends and relatives. A short-term strategy for being able to live at all is to repress memories. A more long-term strategy is to accept their war and genocide trauma, which means that the focus is more on the future, than the past. By exposing yourself to difficult situations and helping others who are having a hard time, everyday life become more manageable. Concepts: war and genocide traumatization, affecting factors, manageable strategies