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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Archaeology – Zimbabwe'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Mukwende, Tawanda. "An archaeological study of the Zimbabwe culture capital of Khami, south-western Zimbabwe." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23409.

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This study sought to understand the archaeology of the Zimbabwe Culture capital of Khami through synchronic and diachronic analyses of its material culture. The research employed a number of methodological approaches that included a review of historic documents, surveying and mapping, excavations, museum collection analysis, and artefact studies, in order to collect datasets from various sections of the site, including the walled and the nonwalled areas. The main indication is that there is a great deal of similarity in material culture distribution across the whole site. An analysis of objects by stratigraphic sequence exposes continuity and change in local and imported objects. Dry stone-wall architectural data suggests that the site was constructed over a long period, with construction motivated by a number of expansionary factors. The study confirms that Khami began as a fully developed cultural unit, with no developmental trajectory recorded at Mapungubwe or Great Zimbabwe, where earlier ceramic units influenced later ones. Consequently, this study cautiously suggests that Khami represents a continuity with the Woolandale chiefdoms that settled in the south-western parts of the country and in the adjacent areas of Botswana. On the basis of the chronological and material culture evidence, Khami is unlikely to have emerged out of Great Zimbabwe. However, more research is needed to confirm these emergent conclusions, and to better understand the chronological and spatial relationships between not just Woolandale and Khami sites but also Khami and the multiple Khami-type sites scattered across southern Zambezia.
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2

House, Michelle. "The archaeology of Mapela Hill, South-Western Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20527.

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The Middle Iron Age in southern Africa has long been associated with the development of class distinction and state formation. However, most research focus has been on K2 and Mapungubwe in the Middle Limpopo Valley, the presumed first state capitals of the region. Mapela Hill is a site located outside the Middle Limpopo in south western Zimbabwe. Preliminary excavations at the summit of the hill by Peter Garlake in 1968 has resulted in archaeologists drawing contrasting conclusions about the position of the site in the development of complexity in the region. The problem is that we do not have sufficient evidence to support nor deny these theories. As a result of excavations from the foot of the hill to the hill summit, this study has used a combination of theories and analyses in order to classify the material cultural objects recovered at Mapela Hill. Ceramic studies have been used to identify the cultural groups which occupied the site, and tight radiocarbon dates were established, giving insight to the chronology of the site. The results showed that Mapela Hill was occupied by the same groups as at Mapungubwe Hill, contains vast revetment stone walling, successions of thick solid dhaka hut floors and an abundance of traded glass beads; attributes which collectively signify state formation in the region. The radiocarbon dates revealed that the site was occupied before, during and after the abandonment of Mapungubwe Hill. These results call for more research at relatively unknown sites in the region as a progression towards new frameworks for the development of state formation in the Shashe Limpopo confluence
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3

Gray, Jean Mary. "Understanding the farming community sequence from the Mateke Hills, South-East Lowveld, Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4173.

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4

Schenck, Catherine. "Interaction, integration, and innovation at the 17th century feira of Dambarare, northern Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26944.

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Several feiras (or trading towns) were established north and south of the Zambezi River towards the end of the 16th and early 17th centuries. Those feiras south of the Zambezi were mercantile and domestic settlements built by the Mutapa state and the Portuguese, and acted as points of contact between foreign and local traders. Dambarare, one of the more important feiras of the 17th century, was excavated in 1967 and the archive subsequently grew due to development activities in the region. In nearly fifty years, no-one has considered this archive as a whole, and few questions have been asked about the nature of the relationships between its inhabitants, and between them and their neighbours. The archival records are considered to better understand the site, and the objects are approached by considering their ability to show multivocality and entanglement at a site where various people were converging. The themes of interaction, integration, and innovation at this contact site are put to the fore in this dissertation. The results of the study point to a much more complex settlement and manner of interaction than previously understood. It does not seem as though changes and adaptations were brought on by force from one group at the site, but rather choices were deliberate, whether by choice or necessity. These interactions indicate a complex negotiation and creolisation that occurred between the various identities at the feira. These interpretations then fit into a larger attempt in the archaeology of the region to better understand the role of hinterland communities in the Indian Ocean Trade System, and to change existing opinions of such sites and their peopling. This dissertation attempts, therefore, to show that at a Zambezian hinterland site such as Dambarare, people were not merely passive receptors, but rather active agents in the changes that occurred, as well as causing their foreign counterparts to adapt to them.
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5

Scholfield, Jordan Ryan. "Exploring Networks of Interaction at the Iron Age Site of Mtanye, South Western Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31815.

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Networks of interaction as well as community formation have been widely researched within Southern Zambezian archaeology of the early second millennium A.D. Despite this, research into these communities is often asymmetrical with objects delegated a passive role in the formation of not only networks of interaction but also socio-material development. Further, research tends to focus on society as the source of action in these processes. Using the site of Mtanye, the aim of this study is to create a relational ontology in which agency is distributed among heterogenous entities. Moreover, this study attempts to demonstrate how networks of interaction might have shaped this community. Mtanye is a Leopard’s Kopje phase 2 site with stratified Transitional K2 (1200-1250 A.D.) and Mapungubwe (1250-1300) deposit. This site has further been placed into the wider conventional narrative as being evidence for the expansion of the Mapungubwe state. In order to recreate the networks of interaction that were present at Mtanye, Actor-Network Theory informed in part by the ethno-historical record was enlisted. The results of this study show that Mtanye has hill occupation, stone walling and access to prestige goods, characteristics conventionally not ascribed to periphery sites. Further, the results of this study suggest that it is more prudent to view the socio-material development of Mtanye, not in terms of the political or economic expansion of a hegemonic power but rather as a product of heterogeneous networks of interaction. This study may further provide a framework for understanding socio-material development and networks of interaction during the early second millennium A.D. in Southern Zambezia.
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6

Nyamushosho, Robert Tendai. "Living on the margin?: The Iron Age communities of Mananzve Hill, Shashi region, South-western Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24451.

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In conventional reconstructions of the Iron Age archaeology of southern Africa, drylands have long been viewed as marginal landscapes that did not host any significant agropastoral communities in the past. Against this background, this study explores the discourse of dryland marginality in southern Zambezia using the Shashi region as a case study. Archaeological surveys and excavations were conducted to retrieve reliable data for establishing the settlement history and adaptation strategies of Iron Age communities that lived in this landscape. The study was guided by the concepts of vulnerability, adaptation and resilience, as well as landscape archaeology. Results from excavations conducted at Mananzve, one of the surveyed and excavated sites, show that this part of the Shashi region has a long settlement history spanning the Early Iron Age and the Later Iron Age. Analyses of the recovered material culture shows that Iron Age communities that resided at Mananzve adapted various methods of indigenous dryland agriculture to maintain food security. These findings show that adaptation is context-specific and challenge the designation of drylands such as the Shashi region as 'marginal', since that term undermines the adaptive capacity and resilience of Iron Age communities.
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7

Sonnenberg, Liesl. "A comparison of the commoner material culture to that of the elite material culture at Great Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25526.

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This dissertation presents the results of a study done on the area situated outside of the Outer Perimeter Wall, believed to be the commoner area at Great Zimbabwe. The methodology used in this study combined archival with artefact studies and archaeological field work. The study aimed to acquire an understanding of the uses at the commoner area at Great Zimbabwe. Focus was aimed at material culture used by the underclass to understand how it compares with that of the upper class. The comparison between the elite and non-elite areas showed that there was not a large difference between the material cultures. The ceramic analysis showed an expansion of Great Zimbabwe over time. These results are important and offer a new perspective on the social stratigraphy of the Great Zimbabwe civilization. The differences found related to objects of power, such as stone walling and soapstone artefacts; these objects only being seen in the elite areas. This study offers a new perspective in the analysis of Great Zimbabwe, and the methodology could be used as a foundation for future studies of ancient civilizations world-wide.
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8

Chiripanhura, Pauline. "Archaeological collections as a prime research asset: objects and Great Zimbabwe's past." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27947.

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This thesis sought to explore the lifeways of second-millennium AD inhabitants of Great Zimbabwe through the analyses of material objects housed in museums. Great Zimbabwe comprises walled stone enclosures and non-walled settlements covering approximately 720ha. A number of data acquisition techniques, such as desktop survey, analyses of museum collections, supplementary field survey and excavations, were employed to collect relevant datasets to address the research questions. The sampling strategy adapted for this research enabled the study of material objects from different components making up Great Zimbabwe. The main conclusions drawn from this study are as follows: (i) Within varying temporal scales, the nature and distribution of local and imported objects are largely similar across the site; (ii) chronologically and typologically speaking, there is evidence that different parts of the site were occupied and abandoned at different times; and (iii) based on the similarities in material objects and associated production debris and infrastructure, it is likely that different components were self-sufficient units. This study has underscored the significance of existing collections in developing new interpretations of Great Zimbabwe's past lifeways, thereby motivating for the need for similar work to understand the hundreds of similar settlements scattered across southern Africa.
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9

Furberg, Burén Frida. "Great Zimbabwe as Illustrated : A Discourse Analysis of Today's Representation of the Monument." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413714.

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This study investigates the current discourses of Great Zimbabwe by analysing traces of colonial terminology within present-day literary illustrations. The aim is to identify western ideas and perspectives still dominant within the discourses and explore its implications. By conducting research on how Great Zimbabwe is being illustrated today within academic literature as well as more popular texts, the study demonstrates the role and power of discourse in relation to questions regarding who is authorized to write history and define heritage. Special focus is placed on discourse’s implications on the perception of reality and identity within a context heavily tainted by colonialism. This investigation is a pilot study which hopes to encourage further research on the representation of heritage sites that are vulnerable to political discourses.
Studien undersöker den nuvarande diskursen kring Stora Zimbabwe genom att identifiera och analysera spår från den koloniala terminologin inom dagens litterära illustrationer. Syftet är att urskilja dominanta västerländska idéer och perspektiv inom diskursen och granska dess inflytande. Genom att undersöka hur Stora Zimbabwe illustreras inom dagens akademiska och mer populära litteratur kan studien demonstrera diskursens roll och maktposition, vilket leder till frågor om vem som bär på rätten att definiera historia och kulturarv. Speciellt fokus har lagts på diskursens påverkan vad gäller hur människan uppfattar verkligheten och hur identiteter formas inom den koloniala kontexten. Underökningen är en förstudie som hoppas kunna uppmuntra vidare forskning som behandlar representationen av kulturarv som formats och påverkats av politiska diskurser.
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10

Machiridza, Lesley H. "Material culture and dialectics of identity and power : towards a historical archaeology of the Rozvi in South-Western Zimbabwe." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30082.

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The desire to attach identities (e.g. ethnic, gender, race, class, nationality etc.) to material culture has always featured at the core of archaeological inquiry. Archaeologists share the view that material culture is an active cultural agent that can reflect complex ideas that operated in the minds of prehistoric agents when carefully examined. These ideas were often shaped by dynamic social interactions and they sometimes manifested through stylistic patterns or material culture variation at archaeological sites. In Zimbabwe, various archaeological identities have been defined but Rozvi identities remain the most problematic. This study, therefore, revisits the Rozvi subject in the light of contemporary ideas on ethnicity, agency and material culture. Rozvi identities are probed from material culture at Khami and Danamombe sites, which are also linked with the Torwa historically, thus historical archaeology largely informs this investigation. Through documentary and fieldwork research results, I found that Rozvi identity construction processes were extremely fluid and sophisticated. Diverse elements of culture (both tangible and intangible) were situationally invoked to mark Rozvi ethnic boundaries. Whilst ceramics at Khami were diverse and complex, Danamombe pottery became more simple, less diverse or homogenous. Polychrome band and panel ware however still occurred at Danamombe, but in very restricted numbers. Perhaps the production and distribution of polychrome wares was controlled by Rozvi elites as part of their ideology and power structures. On the contrary, beads, dry-stone walls, and status symbols became more diversified at Danamombe than at Khami. However, Dhaka structures show no difference between the two research sites, where mundane stylistic differences manifesting at Danamombe, the former Rozvi capital, are perceived as demonstrative of ethnic objectification.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Anthropology and Archaeology
unrestricted
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11

Nyamushosho, Robert Tendai. "States, agency, and power on the ‘peripheries': exploring the archaeology of the later Iron Age societies in precolonial Mberengwa, CE 1300-1600s." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33942.

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In southern Africa, as elsewhere, the tendency of Iron Age (CE 200-1900) researchers has been to focus on the more prominent places on the landscape, especially those believed by pioneering archaeologists to have been centres of big states. Consequently, most research foci were accorded to Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Khami, Danamombe and many other places considered as centres (mizinda) of expansive territorial states. However, landscapes away from, and in-between these states and their centres are traditionally viewed as ‘peripheries' where resources that made them prosperous were extracted. The inhabitants of such ‘peripheries' are presented as if they possessed little or no agency. One such area is Mberengwa, a gold-rich area situated between the edges of Mapela, Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Danamombe, and Khami. This thesis explores the archaeology of Chumnungwa, a drystone-walled muzinda located in Mberengwa. Because of abundant gold, and a landscape optimal for cattle production and crop agriculture, Chumnungwa is often marginalised as a docile ‘periphery' of the more powerful and territorial states that surrounded it. Stratigraphic excavations were performed in different parts of the site to recover artefactual and chronological evidence. Indications are that the inhabitants of Chumnungwa exploited locally acquired resources such as gold, iron, and soapstone, but mixed these with resources from distant areas. Cumulatively, this evidence, when assessed in relation to chronology, suggests that Chumnungwa flourished more or less at the same time as Mapela, and the later phases of Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Khami, and Danamombe. As a powerful actor in Mberengwa, Chumnungwa also networked and was therefore entangled not only with local, but also with regional, and inter-regional politicoeconomic processes. This suggests it is only a historical invention that can marginalise some landscapes as ‘peripheral', especially in the absence of research, but once attention is directed to them, multiple layers of agency and entanglement emerge.
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12

Pwiti, Gilbert. "Continuity and change an archaeological study of farming communities in northern Zimbabwe, AD 500-1700 /." Uppsala : Dept. of Archaeology, Uppsala University, 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/35371109.html.

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13

Manyanga, Munyaradze. "Resilient Landscapes: socio-environmental dynamics in the Shashi-Limpopo Basin, southern Zimbabwe c. AD 800 to the present." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Archaeology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7205.

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The general perception today is that the Shashi-Limpopo Basin in southern Africa is hot and dry and not conducive to human habitation. Today there is no doubt that the Shashi-Limpopo Basin has been home to many communities throughout the pre-historical period. A study of the changing ecological conditions in the Mateke Hills and the Shashi-Limpopo Valley as well as historical and present day land-usage offers an alternative explanation of how prehistoric communities could have interacted with this changing landscape. The archaeological record, historical sources and recent land-use patterns show that settlement location has always been orientated towards the rivers and circumscribed environments. The mosaic of floodplains, wetlands, drylands and circumscribed zones provided the ideal ecological setting for the development of socio-political complexity in southern Africa. The resilience of these semi arid savanna regions together with human innovation and local knowledge ensured that societies continued to derive subsistence even in the face of seasonal variability in rainfall and even climate change.

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14

Swan, Lorraine. "Minerals and Managers: : production contexts as evidence for social organization in Zimbabwean prehistory." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, African and Comparative Archaeology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8588.

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In the Zimbabwean past, farming societies utilized mineral resources for their own use and for exchange to local and regional populations, as well as to markets beyond African borders. Successful agriculture was constrained by environmental hazards, principally unpredictable and often inadequate rainfall. Farming communities managed this predicament in various ways. It is likely that some groups used mineral resources found in the vicinity of their settlements to produce materials or items to exchange. The social contexts that defined the nature of mineral production and exchange altered between the mid-first and mid-second millennium AD, as social ranks emerged and political and economic systems became increasingly complex. The thesis is a commentary on how the motivation of society to broaden its resource base, to improve the benefits to households and to society in general, contributed to the emergence of leaders and, ultimately, of an elite class. The focus of the research is on iron and copper production because the author has examined gold production thoroughly in a previous study. Four published papers outline the history of iron and copper production in Zimbabwe. The papers provide case studies of the scale and social context of iron and copper production and exchange.

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15

Massie, Gordon. "Frobenius' archaeological photography at Great Zimbabwe: activating the archive as a creative space of engagement." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/23784.

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A Research Report submitted to the Department of History of Art, Wits School of the Arts, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (History of Art) (by course work and research report) June 2017
Images of the past survive longer than the theories they were designed originally to support; they linger on in museum displays, as illustrations in archaeologically orientated books, and as part of popular culture (Smiles & Moser 2005: 6). At a time when western audiences grew excited by the news of discoveries and became vicarious armchair explorers, photographers selected subject matter, composed and constructed photographs to meet the audience appetite, document archaeological sites and satisfy their sponsors. When German explorer Leo Frobenius led his 9th expedition 1 to South Africa, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Zambia, Mozambique and India from 1928 to 1930, there were photographers in the team (Wintjes 2013: 171,172). On their two visits to Great Zimbabwe, the primary objective of the team’s archaeological photographs may have been to document the monumental stonewalled site, collect archaeological data and illustrate Frobenius’ publications; however, once I started to explore the layers within these photographs as more than just re-presentations of the surface subject matter, the narratives became increasingly interesting and complex. The Frobenius photographs have an immediate striking presence as visual re-presentations of the Great Zimbabwe monumental site. I will demonstrate that, through re-looking, re-seeing and re-making, their content extends beyond continued representation of western epistemological ideology to provide a valuable source of new understandings of Great Zimbabwe at the time the photographs were taken and today. Frobenius may not have planned the layers that I examine but that is not relevant. What matters is that these photographs, much like Smiles & Moser’s anticipation, were produced for an initial purpose but almost ninety years later provide new information (Smiles & Moser 2005:6). [Abbreviated introduction; No abstract]
MT2018
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16

Chikumbirike, Joseph. "Archaeological and palaeoecological implications of charcoal assemblages dated to the Holocene from Great Zimbabwe and its hinterland." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/14942.

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In most of Africa archaeological charcoal samples are often used to establish chronology through radiocarbon dating, but are rarely used to address why people may have selected specific wood taxa for particular purposes. This thesis is an enquiry into the palaeo-ethnobotanical and palaeoecological implications of charcoal assemblages dated to the late Holocene from the Great Zimbabwe and Chigaramboni sites, Zimbabwe. The research provided a more detailed picture of socio-economic utilization of wood, such as the use of woods for iron smelting, construction and domestic hearths. Previous excavations at Great Zimbabwe and Chigaramboni have produced large samples of charcoal at specific activity sites and at a few different depths thus giving a minor perspective of time. There was a wider selection of wood at Great Zimbabwe as compared to Chigaramboni. Charcoal samples analyzed in this thesis are a product of purposeful human action and they represent a subsample of the local vegetation and related human activities contemporaneous with the period of sites’ use. A substantial effort has been invested in the development of a modern vegetation reference collection database. This will go a long way in assisting future researchers in the region and is an extremely valuable and essential primary contribution to the development of wood charcoal studies in the region. Thirty different tree species were burnt at Great Zimbabwe and indicate the multipurpose nature of the settlement. In contrast only 14 species were exploited at Chigaramboni which is an iron and metallurgical processing site. The latter fuel woods were also used at Great Zimbabwe. Based on the cracks and fissures in the charcoal it is postulated that the firewood used in metallurgy were collected whilst they were wet. Since Spirostachys africana and Colophospermum mopane do not occur in the area today it is suggested that there was long distance movement of wood, particularly those with excellent construction qualities. It is quite possible that the inhabitants of Great Zimbabwe, or their trading partners, opted to travel long distances in order to collect those particular logs. The fuel woods used at the two sites occur in the region today so it is likely that the Miombo woodlands of Great Zimbabwe and Chigaramboni have not changed notably from the time of occupation by their original inhabitants to date. Based on the mesophytic species identified, such as Acacia robusta, Acacia sieberiana, Acacia xanthophloea, Acacia polyacantha, Acacia burkei, Faurea saligna, Schotia brachypetala, Kigelia africana and Parinari curatellifolia, it is concluded that the inhabitants of ancient Great Zimbabwe and Chigaramboni archaeo-metallurgical site experienced a mesic environment. New excavations of different occupation levels would be required to determine vegetation and climate fluctuations during the past but at present there is a moratorium on such disturbance of the historical sites.
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17

Machiridza, Lesley Hatipone. "Material culture and dialectics of identity and power : towards a historical archaeology of the Rozvi in South-Western Zimbabwe." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30082.

Full text
Abstract:
The desire to attach identities (e.g. ethnic, gender, race, class, nationality etc.) to material culture has always featured at the core of archaeological inquiry. Archaeologists share the view that material culture is an active cultural agent that can reflect complex ideas that operated in the minds of prehistoric agents when carefully examined. These ideas were often shaped by dynamic social interactions and they sometimes manifested through stylistic patterns or material culture variation at archaeological sites. In Zimbabwe, various archaeological identities have been defined but Rozvi identities remain the most problematic. This study, therefore, revisits the Rozvi subject in the light of contemporary ideas on ethnicity, agency and material culture. Rozvi identities are probed from material culture at Khami and Danamombe sites, which are also linked with the Torwa historically, thus historical archaeology largely informs this investigation. Through documentary and fieldwork research results, I found that Rozvi identity construction processes were extremely fluid and sophisticated. Diverse elements of culture (both tangible and intangible) were situationally invoked to mark Rozvi ethnic boundaries. Whilst ceramics at Khami were diverse and complex, Danamombe pottery became more simple, less diverse or homogenous. Polychrome band and panel ware however still occurred at Danamombe, but in very restricted numbers. Perhaps the production and distribution of polychrome wares was controlled by Rozvi elites as part of their ideology and power structures. On the contrary, beads, dry-stone walls, and status symbols became more diversified at Danamombe than at Khami. However, Dhaka structures show no difference between the two research sites, where mundane stylistic differences manifesting at Danamombe, the former Rozvi capital, are perceived as demonstrative of ethnic objectification.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Anthropology and Archaeology
unrestricted
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