Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Archéen'
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Guitreau, Martin. "Les isotopes de l'hafnium dans les TTG et leurs zircons : témoins de la croissance des premiers continents." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00713096.
Full textAchin, Isabelle. "Caractérisation des sources d'uranium à l'Archéen : mécanismes de genèse des gisements d'uranium les plus anciens (3,0 à 2,2 Ga) et des préconcentrations uranifères paléoprotérozoïques." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10045/document.
Full textThe oldest known uranium deposits on the Earth are the paleoplacer-type deposits hosted in quartz-pebble conglomerates from 3.09 to 2.2 Ga in age. These deposits are representative of the ancient Archean continental crust now eroded. The origin of the primary ores corresponding to accumulation of detrital uraninite is still controversy and the nature and forming processes of the Archean source rocks remain uncertain.This work provides the detail mineralogical and geochemical analysis of mineralization from different paleoplacer-type deposits (Witwatersrand in South Africa, Elliot Lake in Canada and the Jatulian series in Russia) and from Archean and Paleoproterozoic U-enriched granitoids (calco-alkaline to potassic granite series from the Kenema Man Craton in Guinea, late-orogenic granites from the Pilbara Craton in West Australia, the Tanco pegmatite from the Canadian Shield and uraninite bearing pegmatites from the Baltic Shield in Finland and Russia). The comparative study of these worldwide uraniferous rocks prove either i) the existence of highly differentiated granitoids produced by the partial melting of a pre-enriched crust as peraluminous and S-type granites in early time (>3.1 Ga), ii) obviously the presence of an effective mechanism to produce such granites as tectonic plate systems with subduction or collisional zones, iii) the magmatic origin of the thorian uraninites in paleoplacers, iv) the efficiency of a reductive atmosphere prior to 2.2 Ga permitting the preservation of uraninite during transportation, v) and finally the rise of the oxygen-free level in the paleoproterozoic atmosphere providing the disappearance of uraniferous paleoplacers in favour of weathering, oxidation of pre-existing concentrations, remobilization of uranium and formation of secondary deposits
Picard, Christian. "Contribution à l'étude pétrogénétique des sillons de roches vertes archéens : exemple de l'Abitibi nord oriental (Québec)." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10076.
Full textFraniatte, Michael. "Etude théorique et expérimentale de la biogenèse des systèmes hydrothermaux marins : une contribution à la recherche sur l'origine de la vie." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10054/document.
Full textHydrothermal Systems discovery involve it gather favorable conditions to act for the appearing of the first living shape, because significant concentrations in N2, CO2, H2S, CH4, C2H6 and C3H8 and detectable quantities (10-9 mol) of heavy weights n-alcanes (C19-C29) were measured in hydrothermal fluids of the mid-Atlantic ridge. The first living shape were without no doubt simple or unicellular microbes being which finding in organic compounds the satisfying energize for their evolution. Hydrothermal systems could have constitute a favorable environment for the appearing of life because these systems are characterized by black smokers and white smokers with an ecosystems independent of solar energize where the most primitives organisms live, found in actual environments, the hyperthermophiles. These arguments are very important concerning the conditions ruling in Archean. The hydrothermal systems of Archean were the only environment where the primitive life was protect of meteoritic impact and partial vaporization of the ocean. These systems are compatible with origin and evolution of life. The experimental study, on the synthesis and stability of prebiotic compounds in hydrothermal conditions are gathered with thermodynamic studies permit by the works of experimental measures. Abiogenic origin of nitrogen organic compounds in hydrothermal conditions is primordial in the history of the Earth
Kitayama, Yumi. "Les quatre isotopes du soufre dans les kimberlites de Sibérie, traceurs du recyclage de croûte océanique et de sédiments Archéens dans le manteau terrestre." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0244.
Full textInherited from the early atmosphere, anomalies in the relative abundances of sulfur isotopes (32S, 33S, 34S and 36S) are recorded in sediments older than 2.5 billion year (i.e. Archean). Here we test the robustness of sulfur isotopes to trace the early recycling of oceanic crust and sediments that may have been transferred to the deep mantle or stored in the lithospheric mantle since the onset of subduction. In Siberia, the lithospheric mantle has been naturally sampled by the Udachnaya-East kimberlite while it was erupting. Because it is extremely well preserved, rich in Na, K, Cl, S and contains remnants of oceanic crust recycled during the Archean, this kimberlite enables us to test : (1) the hypothesis of an early recycling of Archean atmospheric sulfur in the lithospheric mantle and/or the deeper source of the kimberlite; (2) the coherence between in situ (SIMS in sulfide minerals) and bulk methods (chemical extraction of sulfur from powdered rocks, followed by gas source mass-spectrometry) for measuring multiple sulfur isotopes. Our results, combined with measurements of Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and lead (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb) isotopes, show that: (1) sulfates from the Udachnaya-East kimberlite and its nodules composed of chloride-carbonate have a deep, magmatic origin, uncontaminated by host sediments, suggesting the presence of sulfate-rich, oxidized domains in the mantle; (2) measurements of sulfur isotopes by bulk methods are consistent with the sulfide populations observed in situ; (3) sulfides from salty kimberlites are depleted in 34S with respect to the chondritic value and record small anomalies in sulfur isotopes ; (4) sheared peridotites contain another population of sulfides that are depleted in 34S and preserve 33S and 36S anomalies inherited from the Archean surface, despite resetting of the U-Pb chronometer during kimberlite eruption
Kessi, Corneille. "Le socle archéen et les formations ferrifères du Chaillu au Congo." Rennes 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992REN10043.
Full textTeitler, Yoram. "Climat et composition de l'atmosphère au Précambrien : des paléosols aux simulations numériques." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077205.
Full textWe discovered at least six new paleosol occurrences within the Fortescue Group (Pilbara craton, Australia). Although largely reequilibrated by secondary processes, several of these paleosols preserve mineral assemblages inherited from early weathering, which raise questions about the interpretation of a reducing Late Archean atmosphere. This oxygenation process lasted long enough to trigger significant oxidative weathering as shown by numerous isotopic proxies in oceanic sediments. As a consequence, models for pCO2 estimations that rely on the anoxic atmosphere hypothesis are irrelevant, and solely the mass balance model calculations remain robust. Using climate modelling, we show that these estimates are consistent with an ice-free surface at the end of the Archean without the need of invoking a high pCH4. We propose that paleoproterozoic ice ages were triggered by the collapse of atmospheric methane that follows the oxygenation of the atmosphere, but also by a decrease of pCO2. For older points, we also show that the formation of clouds with large-sized dropplets is able to maintain an ice-free surface even at very low pCO2 (6 PAL). However, coupled climate-carbon simulations show that such a low pCO2 is unrealistic. In a general way, we argue that long-term pCO2 regulation is governed by the amount of continental surface exposed to weathering and their lithology
Foriel, Julien. "Application du rayonnement synchrotron à l'étude des microfossiles et de l'environnement archéen." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077073.
Full textRouchon, Virgile. "Les processus de métasomatisme des formations volcano-sédimentaires paléoarchéennes des cratons du Kaapvaal (Afrique du Sud) et de Pilbara (Australie) : implications pour l'évolution chimique de l'océan et le cycle géochimique de l'azote." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112046.
Full textBouhallier, Hugues. "Evolution structurale et métamorphique de la croûte continentale archéenne (craton de Dharwar, Inde du sud)." Rennes 1, 1994. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00619323.
Full textThomazo, Christophe. "Métabolismes à 2, 7 Ga dans leurs environnements." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077182.
Full textSecular variations of δ13Corg, δ34S, Δ33S et du δ15N through geological times show large shifts around 2,7 Ga. These shifts were mostly reported from independent sediment sections. In this study, we measured isotopic ratios and elemental contents of C, S and N in the same samples from a pristine drill core retrieved from the Tumbiana Formation (2,73 Ga). Organic δ 13C values vary from -43 to -34%o, reflecting variable contribution of 13C-depleted methanotrophic biomass. Sulfide δ 34S show small variation from -5,8 to 2,7%o, suggesting that the 2,73 Ga environment of the Tumbiana Formation was sulfate-limited. Mass-Independent-Fractionation of S isotopes show anomalies ranging between -0. 24 and 1. 64%o, indicating anoxic environmental conditions. A positive correlation between the 12C-enrichment of organic matter and increasing MIF-S was observed, maybe due to the decrease in atmospheric methane concentration as a result of biotic methane assimilation. Sedimentary N show strong 15N enrichment with 815N values ranging between 8,6 and 50,4%o. I propose here a process of the oxidation of ammonium to nitrite to explain these high 515N values. This thesis reports, for the first time, integrated C, N and S isotopes measurements in the same sedimentary formation at 2,73 Ga. It shows that δ 15N and δ 13C strong excursions are synchronous with the onset of Δ 33S increase while δ 34S variations remain minor. These integrated isotopes approach facilitate to identify different types of metabolisms with respect to environmental conditions. Our results suggest that a stepwise increase in the oceanic oxidation degree could exist 400 Ma before the Great Oxidation Event
Petitjean, Sébastien Jean Denis. "Rôle de la conductivité thermique des radioéléments et du solidus dans l'origine et la stabilité des cratons archéens." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30148.
Full textBronner, Georges. "La dorsale Reguibat occidentale (Mauritanie-Sahara occidental) : structure d'un craton archéen, tectonique et métallogénie des quartzites ferrugineux." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX3A001.
Full textAlthoff, Fernando. "Étude pétrologique et structurale des granitoïdes de Marajoara (Para, Brésil) : leur rôle dans l'évolution archéenne du craton amazonien (2.7 - 3.2 Ga)." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10022.
Full textRividi, Nicolas. "Diagénèse et hydrothermalisme de sédiments océaniques archéens (3,5 Ga, Formation de Dresser, Craton de Pilbara, Australie) : une fenêtre sur les premiers écosystèmes terrestres." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077159.
Full textThe characterization of Archean environments and ancient life is still controversial. To address these questions, two stratigraphic drill cores were performed thought the 3. 495 Gyr Dresser Formation (Australia) that consist of metakomatiitic oceanic floor, over-layered by hydrothermal barite-sulphides early deposits and quartz-ankerite sedimentary sequence. All these rocks were widely affected by hydrothermal circulations (100-200°C, pH -5,57-6, Fe-Mg) associated with Si, K, Al & Ba metasomatism. However, some organic matter (OM), iron oxides and tiny inclusions of quartz, calcite and siderite have been preserved within ankerite core from sedimentary layers and could reflect marine Archean environments. Siderite precipitates early whereas calcite is an exsolution. Siderite composition reflects a partial dissolution associated to iron-oxides precipitation before to be trapped inside ankerite. These equilibriums are closely linked to ƒO₂(g) and carbonates could register redox state during their precipitation. Isotopic study (macro- and micro-scale) of OM show two δ¹³Corg pools: one at -35%o (methanogenesis or Fischer-Tropsch-type reaction) the other at -15%o (anoxygenie photosynthesis). The study of Dresser carbonates is crucial to understand the occurrence of some extratefrestrial carbonates. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful device able to analyze in situ, chemically and structurally, carbonates-OM-iron oxides assemblages on planetary surfaces
Thébaud, Nicolas. "De la caractérisation des fluides aurifères par rayonnement synchroton à la géodynamique archéenne : étude des interactions fluides-roches dans un point triple de foliation archéen (Le synclinal de Warrawoona, Australie occidentale)." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066219.
Full textThe Warrawoona Syncline (Western Australia) is a key area for the understanding of Archaean tectonic and gold mineralization processes. In this study, we use a combination of field and geochemical analysis to elucidate the relationship between deformation and ore concentration. Two stages of fluid-rock interactions were recognized. The first stage involved early to syn-tectonic infiltration of seawater at low temperature and the second stage resulted in the infiltration of a mixed fluid phase of magmatic and metamorphic origin. These results indicate that ore concentration in the Warrawoona syncline is best achieved by a protracted and polyphased fluid infiltration history. Thermomechanical simulations indicate that the plumbing system associated with such a polyphased fluid-rock interaction history is best approximated in terms of a gravitational instability inducing sagduction of greenstone rocks and exhumation of granitic domes. This implies that Archaean tripe foliation junction such as the Warrawoona Syncline may be of significant importance for future gold exploration
Robin, Christophe. "Pétrogenèse des komatiites de Barberton (Afrique du Sud)." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00607819.
Full textGuerrot, Catherine. "Archéen et ProtérozoÏque dans la chaîne hercynienne ouest-européenne : géochimie isotopique (Sr-Nd-Pb) et géochronologie U-Pb sur zircons." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653455.
Full textKitayama, Yumi. "Les quatre isotopes du soufre dans les kimberlites de Sibérie, traceurs du recyclage de croûte océanique et de sédiments Archéens dans le manteau terrestre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0244.
Full textInherited from the early atmosphere, anomalies in the relative abundances of sulfur isotopes (32S, 33S, 34S and 36S) are recorded in sediments older than 2.5 billion year (i.e. Archean). Here we test the robustness of sulfur isotopes to trace the early recycling of oceanic crust and sediments that may have been transferred to the deep mantle or stored in the lithospheric mantle since the onset of subduction. In Siberia, the lithospheric mantle has been naturally sampled by the Udachnaya-East kimberlite while it was erupting. Because it is extremely well preserved, rich in Na, K, Cl, S and contains remnants of oceanic crust recycled during the Archean, this kimberlite enables us to test : (1) the hypothesis of an early recycling of Archean atmospheric sulfur in the lithospheric mantle and/or the deeper source of the kimberlite; (2) the coherence between in situ (SIMS in sulfide minerals) and bulk methods (chemical extraction of sulfur from powdered rocks, followed by gas source mass-spectrometry) for measuring multiple sulfur isotopes. Our results, combined with measurements of Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and lead (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb) isotopes, show that: (1) sulfates from the Udachnaya-East kimberlite and its nodules composed of chloride-carbonate have a deep, magmatic origin, uncontaminated by host sediments, suggesting the presence of sulfate-rich, oxidized domains in the mantle; (2) measurements of sulfur isotopes by bulk methods are consistent with the sulfide populations observed in situ; (3) sulfides from salty kimberlites are depleted in 34S with respect to the chondritic value and record small anomalies in sulfur isotopes ; (4) sheared peridotites contain another population of sulfides that are depleted in 34S and preserve 33S and 36S anomalies inherited from the Archean surface, despite resetting of the U-Pb chronometer during kimberlite eruption
Pelletier, Anne. "Etude structurale et métamorphique du socle de Terre Adélie-George V Land (Est Antarctique) : un exemple de la transition Archéen/Paléoprotérozoïque." Saint-Etienne, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STET4015.
Full textThe syn-anatectic tectonic evolution in the paleoproterozoic unit of Terre Adélie, occured between 1. 79 and 1. 69 Ga. The multiple phases of deformation were coeval with a single thermal event (5=/-1kb-750+/-50°C) which led to juxtaposition of dome-shaped structure with a flat-lying to gently dipping composite foliation and vertical shear zones. . . [etc. ]
Pons, Marie-Laure. "La Terre à l'Archéen. Apport des isotopes de métaux de transition (Zn, Fe)." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00682665.
Full textFlament, Nicolas. "Refroidissement séculaire de la Terre solide, émergence des continents, et évolution des enveloppes externes de la Terre." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENSL0550.
Full textThe secular cooling of the mantle and of the continental lithosphere trigger an increase in the area of emerged land. The corollary increase in weathering and erosion processes has major consequences for the evolution of Earth's external envelopes. We developed a physical model to evaluate the area of emerged land as a function of mantle temperature, continental area, and of the distribution of continental elevations. Our numerical results show that less than 15% of Earth's surface consisted of emerged land by the end of the Archaean. This is consistent with many geological and geochemical observations. To estimate the secular cooling of the continental lithosphere, we combined thermo-mechanical models with eld observations. Our results, constrained by geological data, suggest that the Moho temperature has decreased by ~ 200ºC over 2. 7 Ga in the Pilbara Craton. To evaluate the effect of continental growth on the evolution of the area of emerged land, we developed a model based on published thermal evolution models. Our results suggest that the area of emerged land was less than 5% of Earth's surface in the Archaean, and that it does not depend on crustal growth. This allows to reconcile the evolution of oceanic 87Sr/86Sr with early crustal growth models. Continents are enriched in phosphorus, which is essential to the biosphere. The emergence of the continents would thus have triggered an increase in the production of oxygen by photosynthetic micro-organisms, possibly contributing to the oxidation of the atmosphere 2. 4 Ga ago
Vezinet, Adrien. "Différenciation et stabilisation de la croûte continentale archéenne, l'exemple de la marge Nord du craton du Kaapvaal en Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSES054/document.
Full textThe PhD work presented in this manuscript focuses on the recognition and the manifestation of Archean crustal differentiation processes. The Archean eon which represents 1/3 of the geological record is featured by both lithologies unrecognized in younger eons and cryptic geodynamics. Most of investigations concentrate on the characterisation of aluminium-rich lithologies that allow an accurate determination of the pressure-temperature evolution underwent by crustal materials during crustal thickening geodynamics. However, aluminium-rich lithologies - mainly represented by metasediments - account for only 10% on average of Archean terranes whereas orthoderived gneisses - which also testify for crustal differentiation processes - form around 75% of these terranes. The following contribution depicts an Archean composite grey gneiss complex located at the northern edge of the Kaapvaal craton is South Africa. Results carried out during this PhD study have major consequences on Archean geodynamics. The zircon U-Pb/Lu-Hf isotope Investigation coupled with strong petro-metamorphic observations show that composite grey gneiss complexes may be built over a protracted time span, achieved through self-refinement of crustal materials, i.e. the crustal block evolved in a thermodynamically closed system. Grey gneiss compiexes are only moderately investigated even though information enclosed in these lithologies is complementary with those from aluminium-rich rocks. Therefore, deeper investigations of these geological objects must be a central scope in order to improve the knowledge of the Archean eon and appears necessary for the building of even more realistic geotectonic models
Kouamelan, Alain-Nicaise. "Géochronologie et Géochimie des Formations Archéennes et Protérozoïques de la Dorsale de Man en Côte d'Ivoire. Implications pour la Transition Archéen-Protéozoïque." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653760.
Full textLaurent, Oscar. "Les changements géodynamiques à la transition Archéen-Protérozoïque : étude des granitoïdes de la marge Nord du craton du Kaapvaal (Afrique du Sud)." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00846827.
Full textMoloto-A-Kenguemba, Gaétan Roch. "Evolution géotectonique paléoprotérozoi͏̈que à néoprotérozoi͏̈que de la couverture du craton archéen du Congo aux confins du Congo, du Cameroun et de Centrafrique." Orléans, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ORLE2034.
Full textLacarce, Eva. "Evolution structurale, minéralogique et géochimique d'une séquence Vertisol - Alfisol : étude dans la zone de transition climatique du sud de l'Inde sur socle Archéen." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066283.
Full textGouedji, Gnamba Emmanuel. "Les séquences mafiques-ultramafiques de Samapleu et leur minéralisation en Ni-Cu-EGP : un dyke éburnéen (2,09 Ga) du complexe lité Yacouba (domaine archéen de Man - Côte d'Ivoire)." Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA2051.
Full textThe Yacouba layered complex intrudes the archean (3.6-2.78 Ga) Man field in the Biankouma-Sipilou area, western Ivory Coast. In Samapleu area, the complex is composed of three entities; Samapleu Main (SM); Samapleu Extension 1 (E1) and Yorodougou (Yo). It includes websterites, peridotites, chromitites, norites, gabbro-norites horizons. These horizons (total thickness of 80 to 200 m) inclined at 70-80° to the SE; arranged symmetrically with mafic layers at the center and ultramafic layers at both margins, are features of a dyke ; show a root more than 600 m from the surface with a junction intrusion (SM, E1) in more depth.At the E1 site, contacts of intrusions with the country rock gneiss are characterized by a hybrid zone (condition P = 7.5±1Kbar and T = 850°C ± 100°C) attributed to contact metamorphism during intrusion of the complex in the lower crust at a depth of about 22 km. Zircons in country rock gneisses and granulites, as well as in the hybrid facies, yield archean ages of ~ 2.78 Ga. Rutiles in the hybrid zone give a U-Pb age of 2.09 Ga, which is interpreted as the age of contact metamorphism and emplacement of the intrusion.The Ni-Cu mineralization (disseminated mainly with subvertical and semi-massive to massive sulfide veins) is composed of pentlandite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and rare pyrite. The SM and E1 sites contain Ni and Cu sulfide deposit with reserves estimated as more than 40 million tons grading 0.25% Ni and 0.22% Cu in the upper portion (Sama Nickel-CI, August 2013). The sulfide textures range from matrix ore, net-textured, droplets or breccia textures. Zones enriched in PGM, particularly Pd, are associated with the sulfides and several chromite bands are also present. These observations suggest that an immiscible sulfide liquid formed from a parental silicate liquid and percolated through the crystal pile. These sulfides mainly mantle origin were probably formed by injecting several magmas. However few of these sulfides may have formed by the assimilation of country rocks.The parental melt composition has a basalt rich MgO and low Ti and suggest Samapleu intrusions were formed by melting of the upper mantle under the influence of a mantle plume. Thus, during its ascent, magma has assimilated the granulites country rocks
Rizo, Garza Hanika. "Différenciation précoce de la terre silicatée enregistrée dans les roches archéennes d'Isua (Groenland) : implications sur la dynamique du manteau au cours du temps." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00861891.
Full textCoussaert, Nicolas P. "Evaluation du degré d'équilibre dans les périotites mantéliques du Lesotho." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210943.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Bourbin, Mathilde. "Carbonaceous matter in Archean Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks : from the origins of life on earth to exobiological perspectives." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077250.
Full textThe first traces of Life on Earth are preserved under the form of complex carbonaceous mater embedded in the minerai matrix of siliceous sedimentary rocks named cherts. To have a better understanding of the processes controlling the evolution of such carbonaceous matter trough geological times, a set of sixteen cherts was studied. Samples were selected on the basis of their age, ranging from Neocene (45 Myr) to Archean (3. 5 Gyr), but also of their geographical setting and geological backgrounds. A multi-technical and interdisciplinary approach was adopted, combining spectroscopic techniques (Raman, EPR, NMR), but also microscopies (Optical, HRTEM) or chemical analyses (elemental analysis, pyrolysis-GCMS), This PhD work highlights the weak thermal alteration of the selected Archean samples. A methodology of carbonaceous mater datation was established, allowing contamination detection, Finally, a biomarker, i. E. A marker proving the biological origin of the studied carbonaceous matter, was proposed
Nicoli, Gautier. "The metamorphic and anatectic history of Archaean metapelitic granulites from the South Marginal Zone, Limpopo Belt, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97041.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Anatexis is the first step in granite genesis. Partial melting in the lower crust may produce leucoratic features of unusual chemical compositions, very different from the final products of crustal differentiation. Therefore, the links that exists between some migmatites and crustal-derived granites can be ambiguous. This study is an investigation of the anatectic history of a high-grade terrain: the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt (SMZ), north to the Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa. The work involved an integrated field, metamorphic, geochemical and geochronogical study of the metasedimentary granulites from two separate quarries in the northern zone of the Southern Marginal Zone, the Bandelierkop quarry and the Brakspruit quarry, where Neoarchean high-grade partial melting features can be observed. The project has aimed to address two main issues: (1) to accurately constrain the pressuretemperature conditions and the age of the metamorphic episode in the SMZ, with implication for the geodynamic processes near the end of the Archean, (2) to investigate the fluid-absent partial melting reactions that control formation of K2O-poor leucosomes and to understand the chemical relationships in the system source-leucosome-melt–S-type granite. The P-T-t record retained in the Bandelierkop Formation metapelites, constrained by phase equilibria modelling as well as zircon LA-ICP-MS geochronology, gives an insight into crustal differentiation processes in the lower crust. Rocks in both quarries indicate high-temperature metamorphism episodes with peak conditions of 840-860 oC and 9-11 kbar at c. 2.71 Ga with formation of leucosomes (L1) during the prograde path. Minor leucocratic features (L2) were produced during decompression to 6-7 kbar. The end of the metamorphic event is marked by the granulites/amphibolites facies transition (< 640 oC) at c. 2.68 Ga. The maximum deposit age for the detrital zircons in the metapelites (c. 2.73 Ga) indicates a rapid burial process ( 0.17 cm.y1). Those evidences strongly support that the Southern Marginal Zone contains sediments deposited in an active margin during convergence, and that the metapelites were metamorphosed and partially melted as a consequence of continental collision along the northern margin of the Kaapvaal Craton at c. 2.7 Ga. The leucocratic features generated along this P-T-t path display an unusual chemistry with low K2O and FeO+MgO content and high CaO content. The combination of field observations, chemical mapping and geochemical analyses leads to the conclusion the major part of the leucosomes (L1) crystallized prior to syn-peak of metamorphism concurrent with melt extraction from the source. This study documents the details of leucosomes formation using field observations in the Southern Marginal Zone and numerical modelling. This work demonstrates that the formation of K2O-poor leucosome in the metasedimentary lower crust is controlled by the difference in volume of equilibration and heterogeneities within the migmatites. The partial melting of the source coupled with melt loss and water diffusivity within the melt transfer site is a potential mechanism to explain the chemical link in the sytem residuum– melt–S-type granite.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Anateksis is die eerste stap in granietgenese. Meganismes wat in die onderste kors aan die werk is, is verantwoordelik vir korsdifferensiasie en bepaal die chemiese samestelling van die graniet. Hierdie studie het’n ondersoek behels van die anatektiese geskiedenis van ’n ho egraadse terrein: die suidelike randstreek van die Limpopo-gordel, noord van die Kaapvaal-kraton in Suid-Afrika. Die werk het ’n ge integreerde veld- , metamorfiese, geochemiese en geochronologiese studie van die metasedimentêre granuliete van twee afsonderlike groewe in die noordelike sone van die suidelike randstreek (SRS), die Bandelierkop-groef en die Brakspruit-groef, waar Neoarge iese ho egraadse gedeeltelike smeltkenmerke waargeneem kan word, ingesluit. Die projek was gerig op die ondersoek van twee belangrike kwessies: (1) om die drukâtemperatuurtoestande en die ouderdom van die metamorfiese episode in die SRS akkuraat te beheer, met implikasie vir die geodinamiese prosesse naby die einde van die Arge ikum, en (2) om die reaksies onder gedeeltelik gesmelte toestande wat die vorming van migmatiete beheer, te ondersoek en die chemiese verwantskappe in die stelsel bron - leukosoom - smelt - S-tipe graniet te begryp. Die P-T-t-rekord wat in die Bandelierkop-formasie metapeliete behoue is, ingeperk deur modellering van fase-ekwilibria asook sirkoon LA-ICP-MS-geochronologie, gee insig in korsdifferensiasieprosesse in die onderste kors. Rotse in albei groewe dui op metamorfismeepisodes teen hoë temperature met piektoestande van 840â860 oC en 9â11 kbar teen ongeveer 2.71 Ga met vorming van leukosome (L1) gedurende die progradeerpad. Geringe leukokratiese eienskappe (L2) het tydens dekompressie tot 6â7 kbar ontstaan. Die einde van die metamorfiese voorval word gekenmerk deur die fasiesoorgang van granuliete / amfiboliete (<640 oC) by ongeveer 2.68 Ga. Die maksimum afsettingsouderdom vir die detitrale sirkone in die metapeliete (ongeveer 2.73 Ga) dui op Å snelle begrawingsproses ( 0.17 cm.y1). Daardie bewyse bied sterk ondersteuning daarvoor dat die SRS sedimente bevat wat gedurende konvergensie in Å aktiewe rand afgeset is, en dat die metapeliete gemetamorfoseer en gedeeltelik gesmelt het as gevolg van kontinentbotsing langs die noordelike rand van die Kaapvaal-kraton teen ongeveer 2.7 Ga. Die leukokratiese eienskappe wat langs hierdie P-T-t-pad opgewek word, toon Å ongewone chemiese samestelling met lae K2O en FeO+MgO-inhoud en ho e CaO-inhoud. Die kombinasie van veldwaarnemings, chemiese kartering en geochemiese ontledings lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat die grootste deel van die leukosome (L1) gekristalliseer het voor die syn-piek van metamorfisme tesame met smeltekstraksie van die bron. Hierdie studie het die besonderhede van leukosoomformasie met behulp van veldwaarnemings in die SRS en numeriese modellering opgeteken. Hierdie werk toon aan dat korsdifferensiasie in die metasedimentêre onderste kors deur Å ander volume van ekwilibrasie en heterogeniteite in die migmatiete beheer word. Die gedeeltelike smelting van die bron gepaard met smeltverlies en waterdiffusiwiteit tot in die smeltoordragterrein is ’n potensiele meganisme om die chemiese skakel in die stelsel residuum-smelt-S-tipe graniet te verklaar.
Delvigne, Camille. "The Archaean silicon cycle insights from silicon isotopes and Ge/Si ratios in banded iron formations, palaeosols and shales." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209652.
Full textFirst, this study focuses on Si inputs and outputs to ocean over a limited time period (~2.95 Ga Pongola Supergroup, South Africa) through the study of a palaeosol sequence and a contemporaneous banded iron formation. The palaeosol study offers precious clues in the comprehension of Archaean weathering processes and Si transfer from continent to ocean. Desilication and iron leaching were shown to be the major Archaean weathering processes. The occurrence of weathering residues issued of these processes as major component in fine-grained detrital sedimentary mass (shales) attests that identified weathering processes are widely developed and suggest an important dissolved Si flux from continent to the ocean. In parallel, banded iron formations (BIFs), typically characterised by alternation of iron-rich and silica-rich layers, represent an extraordinary record of the ocean-derived silica precipitation throughout the Precambrian. A detailed study of a 2.95 Ga BIF with excellent stratigraphic constraints identifies a seawater reservoir mixed with significant freshwater and very limited amount of high temperature hydrothermal fluids as the parental water mass from which BIFs precipitated. In addition, the export of silicon promoted by the silicon adsorption onto Fe-oxyhydroxides is evidenced. Then, both Si- and Fe-rich layers of BIFs have a common source water mass and a common siliceous ferric oxyhydroxides precursor. Thus, both palaeosols and BIFs highlight the significance of continental inputs to ocean, generally under- estimated or neglected, as well as the close link between Fe and Si cycles.
In a second time, this study explores secular changes in the Si cycle along the Precambrian. During this timespan, the world ocean underwent a progressive decrease in hydrothermal inputs and a long-term cooling. Effects of declining temperature over the oceanic Si cycle are highlighted by increasing δ30Si signatures of both chemically precipitated chert and BIF through time within the 3.8-2.5 Ga time interval. Interestingly, Si isotope compositions of BIF are shown to be kept systematically lighter of about 1.5‰ than contemporaneous cherts suggesting that both depositions occurred through different mechanisms. Along with the progressive increase of δ30Si signature, a decrease in Ge/Si ratios is attributed to a decrease in hydrothermal inputs along with the development of large and widespread desilication during continental weathering.
Le cycle externe du silicium au précambrien (4.5-0.5 Ga) reste mal compris malgré sa position clé dans la compréhension des processus opérant à la surface de la Terre primitive. En l’absence d’organismes sécrétant un squelette externe en silice, le cycle précambrien du silicium était vraisemblablement très différent de celui que nous connaissons à l’heure actuelle. Notre conception de l’océan archéen est limitée à l’hypothèse d’une concentration en silicium proche de la saturation en silice amorphe. Cette thèse vise à une meilleure compréhension des processus qui contrôlaient le cycle géochimique externe du silicium à l’archéen (3.8-2.5 Ga). Dans cette optique, le rapport germanium/silicium (Ge/Si) et les isotopes stables du silicium (δ30Si) représentent des traceurs idéaux pour démêler les différents processus contrôlant le cycle du Si.
Dans un premier temps, cette étude se focalise sur les apports et les exports de silicium à l’océan sur une période de temps restreinte (~2.95 Ga Pongola Supergroup, Afrique du Sud) via l’étude d’un paléosol et d’un dépôt sédimentaire de précipitation chimique quasi-contemporain. L’étude du paléosol apporte de précieux indices quant aux processus d’altération archéens et aux transferts de silicium des continents vers l’océan. Ainsi, la désilicification et le lessivage du fer apparaissent comme des processus majeurs de l’altération archéenne. La présence de résidus issus de ces processus d’altération en tant que composants majeurs de dépôts détritiques (shales) atteste de la globalité de ces processus et suggère des flux significatifs en silicium dissout des continents vers l’océan. En parallèle, les « banded iron formations » (BIFs), caractérisés par une alternance de niveaux riches en fer et en silice, représentent un enregistrement extraordinaire et caractéristique du précambrien de précipitation de silice à partir de l’océan. Une étude détaillée d’un dépôt de BIFs permet d’identifier une contribution importante des eaux douces dans la masse d’eau à partir de laquelle ces roches sont précipitées. Par ailleurs, un mécanisme d’export de silicium via absorption sur des oxyhydroxydes de fer est mis en évidence. Ainsi, les niveaux riches en fer et riche en silice constituant les BIFs auraient une même origine, un réservoir d’eau de mer mélangée avec des eaux douces et une contribution minime de fluides hydrothermaux de haute température, et un même précurseur commun. Dès lors, tant les paléosols que les BIFs mettent en évidence l’importance des apports continentaux à l’océan, souvent négligés ou sous estimés, ainsi que le lien étroit entre les cycles du fer et du silicium.
Dans un second temps, cette étude explore l’évolution du cycle du silicium au cours du précambrien. Durant cette période, l’océan voit les apports hydrothermaux ainsi que sa température diminuer. Dans l’intervalle de temps 3.8-2.5 Ga, les effets de tels changements sur le cycle du silicium sont marqués par un alourdissement progressif des signatures isotopiques des cherts et des BIFs. Le fort parallélisme entre l’évolution temporelle des compositions isotopiques des deux précipités met en évidence leur origine commune, l’océan. Cependant, les compositions isotopiques des BIFs sont systématiquement plus légères d’environ 1.5‰ que les signatures enregistrées pas les cherts. Cette différence est interprétée comme le reflet de mécanismes de dépôts différents. L’alourdissement progressif des compositions isotopiques concomitant à une diminution des rapports Ge/Si reflètent une diminution des apports hydrothermaux ainsi que la mise en place d’une désilicification de plus en plus importante et/ou généralisée lors de l’altération des continents.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Mesquita, Barros Carlos Eduardo de. "Pétrologie et structure du Complexe Granitique Estrela (2. 5 Ga) et de son encaissant métavolcano-sédimentaire (Province Métallifère de Carajas, Brésil)." Nancy 1, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1997_0190_DE_MESQUITA_BARROS.pdf.
Full textBouhallier, Hughes. "Evolution structurale et métamorphique de la croûte continentale archéenne ( craton de Dherwar, Inde du Sud)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00619323.
Full textLasm, Théophile. "Hydrogéologie des réservoirs fracturés de socle : analyses statistique et géostatistique de la fracturation et des propriétés hydrauliques ; application à la région des montagnes de Côte d'Ivoire (domaine archéen)." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2290.
Full textMougeot, Rémy. "Etude de la limite archéen-protérozoi͏̈que et des minéralisations Au,+U associées : exemples des régions de Jacobina (Etat de Bahia, Brésil) et de Carajas (Etat de Para, Brésil)." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20131.
Full textBlais, Sylvain. "Les ceintures de roches vertes archéennes de Finlande Orientale : Géologie, pétrologie, géochimie et évolution géodynamique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00594697.
Full textFirdaous, Karima. "Étude des fluides dans une zone sismogénique fossile : les gisements aurifères mésothermaux archéens de Val d'Or, Abitibi, Québec." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL111N.
Full textChardon, Dominique. "Les Déformations Continentales Archéennes : Exemples naturels et modélisation thermomécanique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00619433.
Full textPivin, Marjorie. "La suite complexe des mégacristaux des kimberlites de Mbuji-Mayi en République Démocratique du Congo: témoins du métasomatisme dans le manteau lithosphérique sous-continental archéen du craton du Congo-Kasaï." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209701.
Full textL’ensemble des données minéralogiques et géochimiques acquises (éléments majeurs et en traces, géochimie isotopique de l’oxygène, du Nd et de l’Hf) est intégré dans le but de déterminer la nature du (ou des) processus qui a (ont) donné naissance à ces suites de mégacristaux.
En parallèle, l’origine d’un xénolite rare de clinopyroxénite à kyanite exceptionnellement riche en Cr des kimberlites de Mbuji-Mayi a été explorée.
Bien qu’ils partagent de nombreuses caractéristiques avec d’autres suites de mégacristaux kimberlitiques, les mégacristaux de RDC sont généralement enrichis en Cr et appauvris en Fe et Ti, et ne présentent pas de preuve d’une origine par cristallisation fractionnée à partir d’un magma, ce qui permet de suggérer une origine différente, en l’occurrence une liaison plus directe avec le manteau lithosphérique réfractaire local lors de leur formation. Une origine métasomatique par interaction entre un liquide/fluide précurseur de la kimberlite et les péridotites du manteau lithosphérique est donc favorisée. L’ensemble des espèces minérales qui forme la suite de mégacristaux peut en effet trouver un équivalent compositionnel dans les lithologies métasomatisées de la lithosphère mantélique.
Les mégacristaux de grenat des deux provinces partagent des similarités frappantes qui sont interprétées en termes de processus de formation similaires. En revanche, ils ont systématiquement montré un comportement géochimique singulier, suggérant un processus de formation différent des autres mégacristaux. Ils semblent en effet avoir retenu l’héritage des compositions variables d’anciens protolites de grenat affectés récemment par un métasomatisme de type kimberlitique. Ces grenats résultent de la recristallisation de grenats initialement présents dans les péridotites cratoniques de la lithosphère archéenne. Par contre, les mégacristaux de clinopyroxène, zircon, baddeleyite, ilménite, rutile et les nodules d’intercroissances rutile-silicates se sont effectivement formés récemment par l’interaction métasomatique entre le liquide/fluide proto-kimberlitique et les péridotites cratoniques. Des variations locales du rapport (fluide et/ou liquide)/roche et de l’activité en SiO2 lors de la percolation du magma proto-kimberlitique asthénosphérique dans le manteau lithosphérique cratonique, couplées à la nature propre à la kimberlite de la région, permettent d’intégrer l’ensemble des mégacristaux dans un modèle pétrogénétique commun, avec des processus de formation parfois contrastés.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Raymann, Kasie. "Reconstructing the evolutionary relationships between archaea and eukaryotes : a phylogenomic approach." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066605/document.
Full textIt is widely accepted that there exist an evolutionary relationship between Archaea and Eukaryotes, but the exact nature of this relationship is hotly debated. In this thesis I have taken advantage of the large available genomic data to investigate the issue through two complementary phylogenomic approaches: (i) the analysis of a specific archaeal cellular system with an evolutionary link to eukaryotes, and (ii) a large-scale phylogenomic analysis at the level of the three domains of life. In the first study, I carried out a detailed analysis of a cellular system with an evolutionary link between Archaea and Eukaryotes, DNA replication. I performed an exhaustive phylogenomic analysis of the components of DNA replication in all complete archaeal genomes. This allowed me to accurately assign them in terms of orthology, paralogy, horizontal gene transfers, and copies originating from mobile elements. My results provide a full picture of the diversity of DNA replication among different lineages, and allowed me to infer the presence of a modern-type DNA replication machinery in the last archaeal common ancestor. I was able to clarify the evolutionary history that shaped this key cellular machinery during archaeal diversification. My study allowed me to highlight a new set of markers that provide information on yet unclear evolutionary relationships within archaea. In addition, I analyzed, for the first time, the phylogenetic signal carried by DNA replication components. This is highly consistent with that harbored by two other key informational machineries, translation and transcription, strengthening the existence of a robust organismal tree for the Archaea. Finally, most of the components inferred to have been present in the archaeal ancestor are shared with eukaryotes, allowing discussion on the evolutionary relationships between Archaea and Eukaryotes
Thiéblemont, Denis. "Géologie et pétrologie de l'Archéen de Guinée : une contribution régionale à la formation de la croûte continentale." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830519.
Full textAouad, Monique. "Phylogenomic study of the evolutionary history of the Archaea and their link with eukaryogenesis." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1246.
Full textThe burst of sequencing data has helped disentangling most of the phylogenetic relationships in Archaea. Nevertheless, many questions remain to be addressed both at the level of the archaeal domain and at the level of the three domains of life. Among them, the phylogenetic relationships inside the cluster II, in particular the position of extreme halophilic archaeal lineages relatively to the methanogens which have been placed at different positions in the tree based on the different markers and reconstruction models used, as well as the position of the root of the Archaea and the position of the eukaryotes in the light of the newly sequenced archaeal lineages. During my thesis, I have contributed to (i) refine the phylogeny of the archaeal domain by focusing on the phylogenetic relationships among the cluster II Archaea, in particular the positions of the extreme halophilic lineages through dedicated analyses focusing on this specific part of the archaeal tree, and (ii) establish a global phylogeny of the Archaea to understand their early evolutionary history and their link with the eukaryotes through a large-scale two-step phylogenomic analysis at the level of the three domains of life. First, using comparative genomics approaches on 155 complete genomes belonging to the Halobacteria, Nanohaloarchaea, methanogens class II, Archaeoglobales, and Diaforarchaea, I have identified 258 proteins carrying a reliable phylogenetic signal to investigate the position of the extreme halophilic lineages in Archaea. By combining different approaches limiting the impact of non-phylogenetic signal on phylogenetic inference (like the Slow Fast method and the recoding of amino acids), I showed that the Nanohaloarchaea branch with Methanocellales, and Halobacteria branch with Methanomicrobiales. This dataset has been subsequently used to investigate the position of a third extreme halophilic lineage, the Methanonatronarchaeia, which I showed to branch in between the Archaeoglobales and Diaforarchaea. These results suggest that adaption to high salinity emerged at least three times independently in Archaea, and that the phenotypic similarities observed in Nanohaloarchaea, Halobacteria, and Methanonatronarchaeia likely result from convergent evolution, possibly accompanied by horizontal gene transfers. Finally, these results suggest that the basal grouping of Nanohaloarchaea with other DPANN lineages is likely the consequence of a tree reconstruction artefact. For the second part of my thesis, I have applied a strategy consisting in separately analyzing the three domains of life two by two, by updating 72 protein families previously identified by Raymann and colleagues (2015) to include all novel archaeal lineages that were sequenced since the publication of this study like the Asgard, the DPANN, the Stygia, the Acherontia, etc. In total, my taxonomic sampling includes 435 archaea, 18 eukaryotes, and 67 bacteria. The results of the Slow-Fast method supported a root of the Archaea lying between a basal DPANN superphylum and the rest of the Archaea separated into two monophyletic groups: the cluster I and cluster II as described by Raymann and colleagues (2015), and showed that the monophyly of the Euryarchaeota is supported only by the fast-evolving sites. My results also placed the eukaryotes as the sister group to the TACK superphylum and showed that their sister grouping with the Asgard is linked to the fast-evolving sites. These results have major implications on the inferences of the nature of the last common archaeal ancestor and the subsequent evolutionary history of this domain that led to the rise of the first eukaryotic cell
Berger, Stefanie [Verfasser]. "Energy conservation in aceticlastic methanogenic archaea and the human gut archaeon Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis / Stefanie Berger." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077290292/34.
Full textLepot, Kevin. "Recherche et caractérisation de traces fossiles d'activité microbienne archéenne (Pilbara Drilling Project, Australie)." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GLOB0007.
Full textGirault, Michel. "Pétrographie et géochimie de volcanites archéennes polymétamorphiques : reconstitution de l'histoire pétrologique (zone minière Manitou-Louvem, Val d'Or, Québec)." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1986. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739836.
Full textSantos, Pinto Marilda-Alves. "Le recyclage de la croûte continentale archéenne: Exemple du bloc du Gaviao - Bahia, Brésil." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675808.
Full textSoler, Nicolas. "Recherche et étude d'éléments extra-chromosomiques chez des Archées hyperthermophiles de l'ordre des Thermococcales." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112264.
Full textRaymann, Kasie. "Reconstructing the evolutionary relationships between archaea and eukaryotes : a phylogenomic approach." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066605.pdf.
Full textIt is widely accepted that there exist an evolutionary relationship between Archaea and Eukaryotes, but the exact nature of this relationship is hotly debated. In this thesis I have taken advantage of the large available genomic data to investigate the issue through two complementary phylogenomic approaches: (i) the analysis of a specific archaeal cellular system with an evolutionary link to eukaryotes, and (ii) a large-scale phylogenomic analysis at the level of the three domains of life. In the first study, I carried out a detailed analysis of a cellular system with an evolutionary link between Archaea and Eukaryotes, DNA replication. I performed an exhaustive phylogenomic analysis of the components of DNA replication in all complete archaeal genomes. This allowed me to accurately assign them in terms of orthology, paralogy, horizontal gene transfers, and copies originating from mobile elements. My results provide a full picture of the diversity of DNA replication among different lineages, and allowed me to infer the presence of a modern-type DNA replication machinery in the last archaeal common ancestor. I was able to clarify the evolutionary history that shaped this key cellular machinery during archaeal diversification. My study allowed me to highlight a new set of markers that provide information on yet unclear evolutionary relationships within archaea. In addition, I analyzed, for the first time, the phylogenetic signal carried by DNA replication components. This is highly consistent with that harbored by two other key informational machineries, translation and transcription, strengthening the existence of a robust organismal tree for the Archaea. Finally, most of the components inferred to have been present in the archaeal ancestor are shared with eukaryotes, allowing discussion on the evolutionary relationships between Archaea and Eukaryotes