Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Archéologie du bâti'
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Cousseau, Florian. "Archéologie du bâti mégalithique dans l'ouest de la France." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S153.
Full textRecent megalithic research on Neolithic tumulus in western France takes more and more interest in architecture in its entirety. However, our knowledges remain uneven. The architectonic data, related to the construction site, are almost nonexistent compared to the architectural data, about the formal and ornamental aspects. Moreover, both are more numerous for the massive blocks (orthostats and cap stones) than for the dry stone masonry which however is the predominant part of a tumulus. This thesis aspires to balance and improve our understanding of these architectures by developing an appropriate methodology to read all kinds of elevations. It adapts the building archeology, used for historical edifices, to the megalithic architecture principles. Its application has two steps. The first concerns the little studied circular plan buildings. The examined sites are the cairn III of the tumulus C of Péré at Prissé-la-Charrière, the edifice B of Boixe necropolis at Vervant and the Motte de la Jacquille at Fontenille. This step results in a global synthesis on the tumulus of this type. The second step aims to understand both architectonic and architectural evolutions of megalithic buildings. It includes the study of the Carn tumulus at Ploudalmezeau, as well as the south tumulus of Barnenez at Plouezoc'h, both revealed by P.-R. Giot whose excavations had suggested complex phasings. Furthermore, these two buildings contain almost all the corbelled vaults in good condition in the west of France, opening a particular research axis on this type of covering. The architectural studies synthesis of these different sites allows an assessment of the methodological approach of the megalithic architectures and lead to discussions and perspectives of studies about the times of the construction and the architectural evolution for the whole megalithism in western France. This synthesis also gives a new vision of Neolithic societies who ordered, built, used, restructured and abandoned these architectures
Blanc, Fabien. "Archéologie du bâti médiéval et moderne en Provence orientale." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010721.
Full textVanetti, Alice. "L'archéologie du bâti entre étude des vestiges médiévaux et politique patrimoniale : une étude historique et épistémologique." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCH020.
Full textThe archeology of building is a specialism of the archeology that emerge in Europe between 1990 and 2000. It is generally described as this field of research which deals with the study of the historical buildings, especially medieval, through the application of methods and topics of archeology. The literature on archaeology of buildign where it is used, however, shows significant differences either in the methods and in the objectives pursued during the research. This heterogeneity revelas the differents visions that the archaeologists attribute to the archaeology of building, which in each country are different. This work seeks to define the current status of the archeology of buildings in France, Italy and Switzerland, the "flagship countries" of this specialism, and to highlight the similarities and differences through a both historical and epistemological analysis. Since the rise of the archeology of the building results from the meeting between two main poles, the study of the medieval remains on the one hand, and the cultural heritage policy on the other, we first report on the development of interest in medieval remains from the XIX century to today. This first analysis, carried out at the scale of each country, enables us to detect the main characteristics of this national substratum from which the archeology of the building is derived, which leads us in a second time to define the contours of first proposals for the archeology of building and, hence, to account for the present status of this specialism in the countries considered
Labbas, Vincent. "Archéologie et dendrochronologie du bâti subalpin dans le massif du Mercantour durant le deuxième millénaire de notre ère." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3049.
Full textMy research focuses on the building located in the subalpine zone in the French Mercantour Massif (French Alps). These constructions, essentially related to summer agropastoralism, are the material expression of the occupation and exploitation of the mountain by the human communities during the second millenium of our era. The present approach has called upon dendrochronology and the building archeology in an interdisciplinary project. The study of 90 buildings whose woodwork has provided 541 dendrochronological dates, brings new data on the history of these constructions. The earliest ones dated back to the middle of the 12th century and were still standing in the early 20th century. Reconstructions and frequent renovations have underlined an economy of raw materials, among which pieces of larch (the main local tree and therefore mostly used), that were used all over again on each building or renovation site. The long chronologies of tree rings established during this present research have enhanced the importance of the master chronology of the larch in the southern Alps and provide new knowledge on the relationship between the mountain human groups and their surrounding forest resources
Moignet-Gaultier, Anne. "La reconnaissance du temps et de l'image dans l'archéologie monumentale ou le paradoxe de l'exactitude et de la subjectivité : pour l'identification, la connaissance, l'inventaire, la publication, la conservation et la restauration des monuments." Paris 10, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA100110.
Full textMyths or realities, monuments exist through their visible and invisible representations. However, recording vestiges "exactly as they appear" is of primary importance in archaeology. This image-making process does not simply mean capturing, transposing and representing the archaeological conception of a monument according to the Vitruvian values of "solidity, convenience, beauty". It also implies such notions as time and alteration. Does this representation work as a mirror or a mask ? It must reveal the historical and architectural value of the monument, ranging from its most delicate to its most uneven aspects and subtleties, to constitute its scientific record. The history of traditionnal, photogrammetric and digital surveys shows that different forms of accuracy - corresponding to different types of subjectivity - are at work. The scientific approach of monuments is in fact inseparable from artistic, philosophic and poetic views and from their representations. Indeed, images convoke the perceiving subject just as much as the perceived object. So-called objective techniques can never be devoid of some degree of subjectivity. The objectivity of a monument's representation can only be achieved through the combination of complementary perceptions aided by techniques that range from the most rudimentary to the most sophisticated ones : so the image is necessary plural. In the process of identifying, understanding, indexing, publishing, conserving or restoring monuments, such an approach would enable archaeologists and architects who are in charge of the representation of monuments to have a really "detached" perception and reflection
Conan, Sandrine. "L'abbaye cistercienne de Vaucelles (Nord) aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles : étude architecturale et d'archéologie du bâti." Thesis, Lille 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL3H037.
Full textLocated in the Escaut Valley, thirteen kilometers southwest of Cambrai, the Cistercian Abbey of Vaucelles was founded in 1132 by Hugues d’Oisy, lord of Cambrai, under the spiritual direction of Bernard of Clairvaux. A large part of the abbey was destroyed during the Revolution. Monastic buildings remained only the aisle of the monks, which closed the cloister to the east, and the abbey palace of the eighteenth century, which were reconverted. The occupation of the site by the Germans during the Great War ended the embellishment work undertaken by the family Fontana, owner since 1898. The fire marked the end of the conflict: the building of the monks lost its roof and its first floor, while the abbey palace was almost completely destroyed. In 1920, the monks’ building was classified as a historic monument. Beginning a series of works that intensified from the 1970s. Into the hands of the family Lagoutte, restored buildings are opened to the public. A new page is turning in December 2017 since the abbey becomes the tenth cultural equipment of the department of North.This work focuses on two monuments of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries: the building of the monks, the only one that is today largely preserved, and the church dedicated in 1235 which benefited from some archaeological operations between 1879 and 2002 still unpublished. Today the monk’s building benefits from a study of building archaeology confirming a construction from 1170 attributed by the texts to the abbot Aleaume (1166-1181). He chose, forty years after the foundation of the abbey, to build a monumental abbey inspired by Clairvaux, the mother house. This building is a typical example of a monastic typology set up by the Benedictines and specified by the Cistercians during the first half of the twelfth century. It is illustrated by a work of the rational and quality stone and a sober decor in the spirit of the Cistercians.The archaeological analysis of the remains of north transept’, adjoining the monks’ building, encourages the attribution to Aleaume abbot, not only of the construction of the east and south aisles of the cloister, but also the conception of the overall project of a great perennial abbey with a new church. This hypothesis is also based on a new reading of the texts. But as suggested by the study of the remains, the general structure of the church of Aleaume was modified to give it a new monumentality. These works, to which must be added the construction of an imposing choir, are perhaps due to the abbot Godescalc (1181-1198) who disappeared between 1192 and 1194, after the reception by the abbot of Clairvaux of a blame from the General Chapter of the Order for the sumptuousness of the abbey. The excavation carried out in 1988 revealed the remains of a choir presumably posterior to the cross of the transept. The singularity of his plan, with ambulatory and discontinuous radiating chapels, unique within the Cistercian order, brought Villard de Honnecourt to draw it in his notebook around 1210/1215-1225, according to the recent dating proposed by Jean Wirth. Completed in 1216, this choir testifies to gothic architectural practices, that manifested in the region of northern France and in the counties of Champagne, Flanders and Hainaut from the last quarter of the twelfth century and up to the middle from the thirteenth century. The abbot and his master builder found their models outside the order. They were inspired by Benedictine sites like Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, adapting an old model to new architectural uses.This study, using texts, iconography, archaeology and art history, invites us to take a new look at the Vaucelles abbey, through two major buildings built between 1170 and 1216
Marouard, Grégory. "Archéologie, architecture et images de la maison urbaine d'époque hellenistique et romaine dans la chôra égyptienne." Poitiers, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010POIT5033.
Full textBeing based on the analysis of more than 200 archaeological examples and about 30 models of houses, this work provides a first architectural synthesis about the urban habitat of the Hellenistic and Roman periods in the Egyptian chôra. The development is constructed around three main themes: - a detailed analysis based essentially on the observations and investigations in the field focusing on the principal building materials used for domestic construction, especially mud-brick ; - a wider synthesis encompassing construction techniques (walls, roofs and ceilings, treatment of openings) which are based on qualitative and quantitative data emphasizing the important contribution of the relevant period to the study of non- monumental mud-brick architecture in ancient Egypt ; - on the basis of a careful selection of plans, a first classification according to type and chronology has been conducted as well a statistical synthesis as including the inventory of interior and exterior installations and equipment, this study finally clarifies the evolution of different types within the chosen period and adds to our understanding of the principal characteristics of space and its organization by a three-dimensional projection of the daily environment It is now finally possible to address the domestic construction that is inherent in the continuity or predominance of architectural traditions and Egyptian identity during a phase of Egyptian archaeology where the urban provincial aspects occupy an important place within settlement studies. For the first time, the Lagid rule shows well the adherence to local solutions and the observed facts refine our understanding of the Hellenistic influence which is being regularly referred in connection with the phenomenon of founding and re-founding agglomerations which mark this early period
Kurdy, Micheline. "Outils numériques et Archéologie du bâti - Acquisition, gestion et représentation de données 3D : Deux cas d’étude : Le site de Saint-Syméon (Syrie) Et L’abbaye de Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa (France)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3040.
Full textNowadays, the heritage architectural studies benefit of the contributions of diverse digital methods and open new perspectives for the conservation, the analyses and the knowledge sharing especially on complex sites. Those new tools and techniques have become common and very useful presently, but how much they become common or indispensable for architectural and archeological studies? How do they fit into the different phases of the research work?We will discuss these principal questions by working mainly on two experimented sites, the site of Saint-Simeon the stylite in Syria and the abbey of Saint-Michel de Cuxa in France. The methodology used for the analysis and the elevation restoration is based on the digital tools and acquisition techniques and of three-dimensional information management and also on their setting relation with archaeological issues to build a dialogue between these two domains. Based on this reflection, we have developed a work protocol in scale of monographic study of a specific building in Saint Simeon site “the Residence”. This research is based on a combination of digital tools applied on this building for its analysis and by using them as a privileged instrument to support archaeological reflection, not an end in itself.The main contribution of this thesis focuses on the methodology and the ethics of the use of 3D digital service in archaeological approach, from the filed acquisition till the restitution representations. This approach highlights several axes, dynamism and interactivity of the work, the multidisciplinary and the collectivity context, the objective of documentation and diffusion
Chaleat, Franck. ""Devant la porte du priore, dessoubz le chastel dudict lieu" : la question des bourgs dits "castraux" et "monastiques" : oekoumène, synoecisme et sens des lieux durant le "long moyen Age" dans les agglomérations péricastrales et périmonastiques du Charolais-Brionnais (Bourgogne du Sud)." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2183.
Full textThe concepts of bourg castral and bourg monastique are two of the most important concepts of french urban history, aiming to modelize the genesis of new settlements around the feudal seats of power such as castles or monasteries near the beginning of the 11th century. Historiographically, this unprecedented grouping movement was justified by the power exercised over the people but also by the protection and privileges provided by the lords. In the social aspect, this is included in the general dynamics of encellulement (R. Fossier), which is a polarization process of social dependancy areas in favour of emblematic places like the parish church or the seigniorial buildings. The present thesis aims to comparatively explore the spatial modesof genesis and evolution of four « bourgs » in South Burgundy, in order to understand the long-term spatial and social constitution of agglomerations around seigniorial structures, and also to test the heuristic value of historical models of bourgs castraux or bourgs monastiques. The geographic area chosen for this study is the homogenic space of Charolais-Brionnais, between the Loire and the Saône rivers, a mostly rural area. With no central town, this territory is characterized by several small towns often combined with a medieval castle or a monastery.In accordance with recent historiographic evolutions (such as the re-evaluation of the incastellamento model, the reconsideration of the village genesis, and the rethinking of the 11 th century interruption) and methodological renewals (re-examining the hierarchization of historic sources regarding settlement history, the new place of morphologic analysis of plans), we first chose to focus on a spatial analysis of agglomerations, in which the material space is the central point of the study. The analysis thenproceeds to examine other sources which can provide strictly spatial data. Secondly, we chose a regressive reading of space, by means of historic morphological study of ancient town plans : the goal is to deconstruct the spatial evolution of towns by looking as far as possible back into the past.First of all, the results show a variety of urban evolution patterns downgrading the ring model (usually summoned to explain the attraction of seigniorial centers). Also, successive housing estate operations demonstrate a continuous evolution and plasticity of town plans, which in consequence are sometimes very different from the configuration shown by the napoleonic cadastre. While the seigniorial center is socially important, its spatial role is not always decisive : in half of the cases, the carolingian strong territorial structure has remained as a determining grid for later developments, which accounts for many implantationsand demarcations at the end of the Middle Ages. In other cases, a planned structure can be set up when the territorry is authoritatively supervised by a new seigniorial power. These planned structures foster deep social polarization. In any case, the feudal space must deal with two former networks : the parish network, which is very stable up to the end of the Middle Ages, and the road network, which favours settlement at crossroads
« Bourg castral » und « bourg monastique » sind zwei wichtige Konzepte der französischen Geschichte der Städte, sie zielen darauf, das Erscheinen von neuen Siedlungen um die Orte der herrschaftlichen Macht, befestigte Schlösser und Kloster zu modellieren, und dies etwa zu Beginn des 11. Jahrhunderts. In der Historiographie lässt sich diese völlig neue Zusammenführung der Bevölkerung durch die auf das Volk ausgeübte Macht erklären, aber auch durch den Schutz oder durch die Privilegien, die ihm die Machtträger gewährten. Sozial gesehen integriert sich diese Zusammenführung in die gesamte Dynamik des« encellulement », es geht um einen Prozess der Polarisierung der Orte sozialer Abhängigkeit zugunsten emblematischer Orte, herrschaftlicher Sitze oder Pfarrkirchen. Diese Doktorarbeit zielt darauf ab, in vegleichender Form die räumlichen Modalitäten der Entstehung und Entwicklung von vier Ortschaften (« bourgs ») des südlichen Burgunds zu erforschen, damit wir die räumliche und soziale Entstehung des verdichteten Aufbaus der Dörfer um die Altstadt auf eine lange Zeit verstehen können. Wir werden auch den Erklärungswert der historischen Modelle « bourg castral » oder « bourg monastique » prüfen. Als geographischer Rahmen haben wir den vom Charolais und Brionnais homogen gebildeten Raum gewählt, ein ländlich geprägtes Gebiet zwischen Saône und Loire. Ohne zentrale Stadt besteht das Gebiet aus einer Kette kleiner Städte, die oft über ein Kloster oder ein befestigtes Schloss verfügen.Im Einklang mit den jüngsten historiographischen Entwicklungen (das Modell des incastellamento wird nuanciert, die Ortschaftsgründung und die Zäsur des Jahres 1000 werden in Frage gestellt) aber auch mit den methodologischen Innovationen (Kritik an der Hierarchie zwischen den verschiedenen Quellen in der Geschichtsschreibung der Bevölkerungsorte, Platz und Rolle des morphologischen Lesens der Pläne). Wir haben eine vor allem räumliche Analyse der Siedlungen gewählt. Im Zentrum der Studie steht das konkrete, materielle Gebiet, dann werden alle Quellen gesammelt, die Informationen ausschliesslich über den Raum liefern können. Dann haben wir uns für die Rückschreibung entschieden, insbesondere durch eine Analyse der historischen Morphologie der alten Pläne. Das Ziel ist die räumliche Entwicklung der Siedlungen zu zerlegen, indem wir so weit wie möglich in die Vergangenheit zurückgehen.Das Ergebnis zeigt in erster Linie eine Vielfalt der Schemen der Entwicklungen der Siedlungen, weit weg vom ringförmigen Modell, das oft erwähnt wird um die Anziehungskraft des herrschaftlichen Zentrums darzustellen. Es ist auch zu bemerken, dass es eine ständige Entwicklung und Veränderung der Sadtpläne gibt, wegen der Aufeinanderfolge der Parzellierung (als Locatio), sehr oft weit weg von der Darstellung des napoleonischen Katasters. Die sehr wichtige Rolle des herrschaftlichen Zentrums ist aber in sozialer Hinsicht, räumlich nicht immer entscheidend. In der Hälfte der Fälle kann man vermuten, dass es eine stärkere Strukturierung des Gebiets schon zur karolingischer Zeit gab, diese Organisation wird ein vorhandenes Rasterzur späteren Entwicklungen bleiben und kann in gewisser Weise die Ansiedlungen und Abgrenzungen am Ende des Mittelalters erklären. Im Gegenteil, wenn eine herrschaftliche Macht ein Gebiet autoritär beherrschen will, ist es anzumerken, dass eine geplante Organisation entsteht, die zu einer Strukturierung führt, die günstig für eine tiefe soziale Polarisierung ist. Auf alle Fälle muss der herrschaftliche Raum mit zwei Netzwerken rechnen, die ihm vorausgehen und die er teilweise gestaltet : das Netzwerk der Pfarrgemeinden, das bis zum Ende des Mittelalters stabil zu sein scheint und das Strassennetz, dessen Kreuzungen die ersten Bevölkerungsversammlungen bestimmen
Andrianaivoarivony, Rafolo. "Habitats fortifiés et organisation de l'espace dans le Vonizongo (centre-ouest de Madagascar) : le cas de Lohavohitra." Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010538.
Full textFittings of old fortified malagasy site are diversified and complicated. This work studies those of Lohavohitra, a malagasy highlands fortified site. The author presents firstly the site in its environment and its excavations methodology. He studies then the expressions of various fittings worked by man on the site: space organization, architecture and technical buildings, relations between man and animals, agriculture and watercatchment. He finishes his study by examining inhabitants material cultures (the pottery) and settlements hill story from the origins at the end of the fifteenth century a. D. To the abandonment in the middle of the nineteenth century a. D
Foucher, Marion. "La pierre et les hommes en Bourgogne : archéologie et histoire d'une ressource en oeuvre du Moyen-Âge à l'époque moderne." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOL034/document.
Full textIn order to go further limits inherent to subject disjunction, or those imposed by sources, periods or sites, this thesis emphasises a multidisciplinary and diachronic approach of stone supply on medieval and modern building sites. Thanks to the confrontation of buildings with different origins and functions, this work tries to dissect process of choices and stone supply network. It finally considers connection between people and a natural ressource
Shindo, Lisa. "Bois de construction et ressources forestières dans les Alpes du sud au IIe millénaire : dendrochrono-écologie et archéologie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3001/document.
Full textTimber study makes it possible to date the traditional buildings (farms, barns, wine presses, mills, bridge ...) and specify the time variations of relationships between human societies, timber uses and forest management. The studied area is the Durance valley, from Briançon to Riez region, and, more generally, the southern French Alps. The time windowof our study is the medieval times, modern and contemporary periods, when a large amount of material (wood) is available.The first purpose of my work is to establish a better knowledge of the built heritage, using dendrochronology. We have been highlighting the types of wood used (species, age, size) as well as the trees felling and human construction phases. Given the human occupation and the land use changes, the development of this type of study is essential to preserve the historical track of this fragile heritage, witness of a mountain society in strong relationship with its environment, especially forestry. The second purpose is to develop knowledge of the relationship between buildings and forest. This relationship addresses the issue of the Alpine forests state and forest as a resource, during the last millennium. Human occupation history, in the southern French Alps, is questioned.To reach these goals, interdisciplinarity has been a necessity. Thus, a dialogue was established with historians, archaeologists, foresters, computer specialists, carpenters, anthracologists, managers, engineers and workers in construction and restoration. In order to overcome the limits of each discipline, dendrochronology has been used to implement an interdisciplinary approach
Panier, Arthur. "Approche archéologique et architecturale des monastères de l'ordre des Célestins :L'exemple de Sainte-Croix-sous-Offémont (Oise-France)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/322796.
Full textDoctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie
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CUNIN, Olivier. "De Ta Prohm au Bayon, Analyse comparative de l'histoire architecturale des principaux monuments du style du Bayon." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007699.
Full textLa chronologie locale et globale des monuments du style du Bayon a permis la mise au jour de quatre classes typologiques de temples régissant l'ensemble du programme architectural du Jayavarman VII. Il a été, de plus, possible de déduire quelles parties de celui-ci était exécutée dès 1191, date de consécration du Preah Khan d'Angkor. Cet essai de datation absolue des monuments du style du Bayon découle de l'analyse comparative de la chronologie relative de Ta Prohm et du Preah Khan d'Angkor avec leur description et la distribution de leur population divine qui en ont été faites dans les inscriptions de leur stèle respective.
Épaud, Frédéric. "L'évolution des techniques et des structures de charpenterie du XIe au XIIIe siècle en Normandie : une approche des charpentes par l'archéologie du bâti." Rouen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ROUEL424.
Full textThe first part of this study consists of text (560 pages in two volumes) and the second part of illustrations (495 illustrations in size A3). The first part deals with the various approaches and monographs related to the corpus which consists of 43 frames dating from between the eleventh and thirteenth century. All 43 frames are located inHight and Low Normandy, 34 of them are still in elevation, 6 have been dismantled and 3 have disappeared. All the buildings and their frames are the object of an archaeological description of their stone and wooden structures and of a historical study based, in most cases, on dendrochronological datations. The Bayeux, Rouen and Lisieux cathedrals , as well as the Saint-Martin-de Boscherville and Fécamp churches are given particular attention to. The second part of the dissertation -the synthesis-is divided into three chapters. The first one is about timber, and its use from the forest to the buildong site (choice of timber, selection of felling periods, methods to select trees transportation of logs). The second part deals with woodworking (squaring techniques, timber orientation, "lignage", "piquage", drawing of sketches, "mise sur ligne", stamping and jointinf of timber, tools, lifting machines, dowelling and roofing materials). The last chapter concerns the evolution of carpentry structures in connection with the evolution of architecture and masonry techniques. Differentiating the models of the Romanesque frame and the Gothic frame, this dissertation insists on the long evolving process that started in the twelfth century and that consisted in gradually adapting the distribution of the roof loads following the narrowing of the walls, the opening of the walls, the opening of broad windows and the development of buttresses
Cannoni, Camilla. "Le palais épiscopal d'Autun au Moyen Age. Apports des technologies numériques à l’archéologie d’un ensemble architectural complexe (IVe-XVIe siècles)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUL144.
Full textThe Bishop's Palace of Autun is a singular building in the French monumental landscape, as it has been the residence of bishops almost uninterruptedly since the High Middle Ages. This vast edifice is the result of a long process of transformations and redevelopments, as shown by the archaeological study of the buildings. Its analysis provides a detailed overview of the urban dwellings of medieval elites and their evolution over the very long period of the Middle Ages. Sources relating directly to the building are scarce for the medieval period, but more abundant from the 16th century onwards. A rich graphic file provides invaluable information on modern-day restorations. Researchers of the 19th and 20th centuries have made observations and left numerous accounts of chance discoveries made in and around the building. More recently, excavations at Autun's medieval episcopal group have provided detailed knowledge of the building's layout and clarified certain archaeological questions. The building's evolution is difficult to assess for a number of reasons: the building's constant occupation, which led to numerous transformations and modernizations linked to changing lifestyles; the building's typology, which, like all medieval palatial complexes, brings together residential and private components as well as institutional and public spaces; its architecture imbued with a heterogeneous vocabulary (military, ecclesiastical and domestic); tenuous archaeological clues that prevent the functional identification of spaces; and finally, the building's function, which is still occupied. The study of complex architectural ensembles, which have undergone a long history and numerous phases of development, lends itself particularly well to the experimentation of a methodology integrating digital technologies and the use of a 3D model of the building with the methods of building archaeology. Ten successive states of the building have been identified. The Paleochristian period saw the establishment of the primitive episcopal group, the fortifications of Autun's upper town and the first domus ecclesiae built within the city walls. From the 5th to the 8th century, the episcopal group underwent a phase of monumentalization, with the redistribution of several residential and ecclesiastical buildings around a portico. The ecclesiastical reforms of the Carolingian era, which saw the sharing of liturgy and space around cathedrals between the bishop and the canons, led to changes in the topography of the episcopal group and in the layout of the bishop's palace. From the 9th century onwards, a complex organized into several poles took shape, influencing the development of the bishop's residence in the Romanesque period. Following the Gregorian reform and the increase in episcopal offices and personnel surrounding the bishop, a profound restructuring of the palatial complex was undertaken between the 13th and 14th centuries, leading to the creation of a large Gothic palace bringing together all the public and private components of the prelate's residence. By the 15th and 16th centuries, the layout of the palace had been established, and would remain so until the present day, with only decorative and comfort features added to the residence. The study of Autun's episcopal palace, using digital technologies, has enabled us to gain a detailed understanding of the development phases of a large-scale palatial complex, thus complementing our knowledge of cathedral groups
Kanhoush, Yasmin. "L’habitat urbain de Syrie au Bronze moyen : analyses technique, fonctionnelle et sociologique." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2122.
Full textWhilst houses are certainly a work of architecture, they are also Man’s lived environment that reflect their technical expertise, home comforts, customs, way of life and their relationship with death. However, this type of vestige is often overlooked in favour of large, prestigious buildings of greater interest. Furthermore, Syria's Middle Bronze Age habitat has not yet been the subject of any detailed study, despite the strategic importance of this region and the period from an urban development perspective. In fact, the end of the third millennium (or Early Bronze) saw the abandonment of many sites, or at least a very significant reduction in their size and complexity, whereas the Middle Bronze II (between 1800 and 1500 B.C.), the period which concerns us, appears to have been a flourishing time.Our thesis is divided into two distinct parts. The first focuses on a thorough and critical analysis of the available materials from 36 sites located in four separate regions, these being Northwest Syria, the Middle Orontes Valley, the Middle Euphrates Valley and Northeast Syria. This research has been enriched by unpublished data from previous German excavations on the site of Tell Halawa A on the Middle Euphrates valley, and archaeological work that we conducted on the site of Tell Mishrifeh / the ancient Qatna in Western Syria.All the available archaeological data has been used (architectural surveys, excavation photographs, field notes, articles already published, etc.), as well as certain pieces of textual data (notably those found in Area T at Qatna). These were interesting points of comparison that helped us to reconstruct more fully the history and the volumetry of the ancient houses.The second part of our work is based on the comparison and cross-referencing of the various results obtained, which enabled us to uncover the main technical, typological and functional characteristics of the houses of that period. We have highlighted regional differences and a possible evolution of the types of buildings and their uses. We have also sought, as far as is possible, to consider housing in its urban environment and to restore the social dimension of domestic architecture through the hierarchy and neighbourhood relations that it is likely to reveal
De, Togni Stefano. "Les suburbia d'Ostie antique. Nouvelles recherches sur l'évolution urbain de la ville de la fin de la période Républicaine jusqu’à l'Antiquité tardive." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCH012.
Full textIn this thesis the study of the suburbs of Ostia (Rome, Italy) took place at different levels of study, from the macro scale of the entire neighborhoods to the micro scale of the single stratigraphic trench. The archaeological evidence of the porta Marina area and of the “Trastevere Ostiense” have been analyzed and filed as Topographical Units and recorded in a GIS. For each structure data were collected either through the consultation of archives, through field surveys, aerial photography, direct examinations and excavation essays. 148 artifacts from the old excavations were recorded and inserted in a data base created ad hoc. Where possible, spatial data was associated with the objects, with the positioning in the place of discovery within the GIS. The survey of the archaeological evidences of the “Trastevere Ostiense” allowed to recognize a densely built territory, with a chronology that goes from first to at least the fifth century AD. Among the types of buildings identified, the “horreum” seems to be the prevailing. The precise positioning of some excavation trenches of 1957 at the loop of the Tiber has allowed to identify a flood zone of second-third century AD reclaimed and built. At the same time, on the other side, the Via Ostiense was rebuilt further south due to erosion.The overall study of the urbanistic evolution of the suburban area of porta Marina has allowed to identify 13 main phases of life, from the first century BC until the 6th century AD, in addition to two phases of spoliation and a phase of sea erosion of the Middle Age. Among the main novelties there is the discovery of a notable construction activity dating back to the Julio-Claudian age to the Flavia age, previously almost unknown, which can be partially connected to funerary buildings. It is very probable, in the light of the new data, that there was a necropolis outside porta Marina, which was completely dismantled during the Hadrianic urban renovation and the thermal development of the maritime district. The large-scale analytical approach, also thanks to the chronological extremes derived from the excavations carried out with the Ostia Marina Project, has led to a completely renewed vision of the city's maritime sector. The presumed preservation of late Republican funerary monuments in the imperial era turned out to be a not entirely exact theory, the result of the distorted vision created with the E-42 restorations and demolitions. The stratigraphic analysis shows a partial obliteration of the funerary monuments already occurred by the end of the first century. A.D. due to the raising of the walking surfaces. The research on buildings built close to and above the Late-Republic walls made it possible to highlight that they quickly lost the defensive functions, but continued to be respected until the beginning of the second century AD. Subsequently, the eastern part functioned as an aqueduct, while the western part was demolished to build new buildings. An arch was built in place of the porta Marina door, to set the limit between town and suburb. Starting from some aerial photos, the plan of a large building, located in the eastern unexcavated portion of the porta Marina suburban area, was completed. The particular form of the complex allows to hypothesize a link to the “foro ad mare” built by Aureliano, mentioned in the Historia Augusta. The study of the late-antique phases revealed a remarkable vitality of the district throughout the IV until the beginning of the fifth century AD, while during the first half of the 5th century AD strong signs of abandonment appear. The probable effects of the earthquake of 443 AD were found, starting from the traces of collapse found in at least four buildings. Another important acquisition concerns the relationship between the city and the sea and changes in the coastline over the centuries
Turci, Marcello. "Lo sviluppo termale del settore costiero della città di Ostia." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0198.
Full textThe coastal area of the city of Ostia is characterized by a concentration of bath facilities built between the end of the 1st c. AD and the Late Antiquity period. The aim of this work is on the two main baths complexes discovered in the late 18 and mid 19 centuries, and extensively excavated in the first half of the 1970s: the Porta Marina Baths and the Terme Marittime. Their results were left unpublished, except for few specific studies on mosaic floors, architectonical elements and statuary.On these premises, the field research was organized in four steps: surveying, stratigraphic and technical studies; diachronic/synchronic analysis; interaction between maritime and coastal environments; and parallels with comparable contexts. Furthermore, new technologies have been involved for 3D surveying (UAV-photogrammetry, thermography, geophysical survey) thanks to the multidisciplinary project set up between CCJ, MAP and CEREGE, which turned into an innovative work in terms of methods of analysis.Concurrently, the investigation was extended on written sources based on the documentation of Ostia archives, Archivio Centrale di Stato, and Aerofototeca Nazionale. Ostia inscriptions preserved in the Vatican and Capitoline Museums, and recorded on the manuscripts of the late 18th century by G. Marini (Biblioteca Apostolica) and E.Q. Visconti (BNF Paris), were also included. The main objective was to understand the long-term evolution of these baths in the coastal townscape of Ostia, mainly based on architectural, functional, urbanistic and decor analyses.The project also inquires the legal status of these complexes, their commissioners and property, funding sources, and users
L'Heritier, Maxime. "L'utilisation du fer dans l'architecture gothique : les cas de Troyes et de Rouen." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00295179.
Full textFavre-Brun, Aurélie. "Architecture virtuelle et représentation de l'incertitude : analyse de solutions de visualisation de la représentation 3D : Application à l'église de la chartreuse de Villeneuve lez Avignon (Gard) et à l'abbaye de Saint-Michel de Cuxa (Pyrénées-Orientales)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3114/document.
Full textThe item of uncertainty into the architecture representation is not new. The ancient figurations showed differences in visual processing between existing structures and missing elements. Since the 1990’s, the emergence of digital tools and the use of 3D in virtual archaeology have offered to the archaeologists new possibilities to represent the uncertainty. But the 3D restitution is not always express the historical authenticity. This is in this context that rules were written, based on the transparency and the traceability of the process of study and the construction the three-dimensional representation. Researches in the domain of the uncertainty representation have concerned the modalities of expression and perception of the uncertainty with, especially, the development of devices able to translate the state of the knowledge. Whether information systems linking 3D representations and documentary sources or application of visual variables, the different propositions on the definition of uncertainty and its representation modes allowed to experiment some of these approaches to the charterhouse of Villeneuve lez Avignon (Gard, France) and the benedictin abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa (Pyrénées-Orientales, France). From the documentary sources, archaeological studies and digital data, 3D models have been built. But our researches led us to think about the uncertainties of those information and on ways to visualize them.The approaches and methodologies produced in this thesis underline the multidisciplinary of the work, mixing archaeological knowledge and the exploitation of the digital instruments for the acquisition, the treatment and the visualization of data in 3D
Bassi, Marie-Laure. "L'abbatiale de Baume-les-Messieurs à l'époque romane : histoire d'un chantier." Thesis, Besançon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BESA1006.
Full textThe Benedictine monastery of Baume-les-Messiers, attested in the textual sources at the end of the ninth century, is, along with Gingy, at the origin of the foundation of the abbey of Cluny. Two centuries later Balma figures among the preeminent monastic establishments in modern day Franche-Comté, and its church appears in the regional historiography as one of the stand out buildings of the Romanesque period. In spite of this, however, until recently the abbatial church still lacked a monographic study of the type that it was our intention to carry out, through the use of methods such as building archaeology. The archaeological investigations carried out between 2006 and 2012 have completely reshaped our understanding of the architectural layout of the earliest phase of the Romanesque church and have allowed us to identify a number construction phases. The study of the upstanding building, allied with the results of the archaeological excavations of the chancel, have revealed an initial phase of construction dateable to the beginning of the 11th century, which is characterised by an ambitious and hitherto unexpected architectural layout, in which the monumentality of the chevet is expressed through a series of five staggered chapels, framed by two imposing bell towers positioned at either extreme of the transept. A second Romanesque phase is discernable at a point in which the nave ensemble undergoes alteration, becoming vaulted. This modification is indicative of the early experimentation with vaulting that came about in the Jura, and more generally in the Saône valley, during the years 1020-1030. This second building campaign is also characterised by a considerable amount of experimentation in new forms of decorative features on the external walls, expressed through the inclusion of a series of lesenes and blind arcades. The architectural and decorative choices adopted throughout the course of the 11th century for the abbatial church of Saint-Pierre of Baume place the building firmly at the forefront of the new architectural expression of early Romanesque art, which was expanding more or less concomitantly, appearing in numerous centres throughout Europe. Moreover, this reconstruction of a large abbatial church from the 11th century onwards, conveys the wishes of a flourishing monastic community and reflects the power, albeit temporary, of the establishment
Ardisson, Sandrine. "Etude des ensembles thermaux de Cimiez (Nice, Alpes maritimes)." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2002.
Full textThe treble complex of thermae which is assembled in the district of Cimiez is the most important testimony of the antique town; nevertheless, no study had been so far thoroughly realized. The analysis of the three thermae which we are proposing is founded upon a full and critical new examination of the old excavations and finds data, as well as a complete inventory of the vestiges remaining on the place. Although it is well known by the public since a long time, the thermae complex of Cimiez holds a great part that is still unknown, such as their absolute and relative chronology and also the ground of their assembling. The review of some part of the archeological material brought by old excavations which were conducted without stratigraphy nor exhaustivity, enabled many universitary studies but it did not bring concrete data which would have enable a relation between them, the building and its evolution. Thus, we tried to propose a periodicity of these buildings and re-buildings, from, on one side, contacts and relations between each building structure and, on the other side, a reflection about the technology and the material that was used. Our study concerns also the organization and evolution of the thermae district with its sanitary office, from the setting in of the hydraulic network (aqueduct and waterworks), first step toward the district modelling, until the time of its full use when the three thermae worked together. Studying how long it was working, what were the changes in the users moves and even in the buildings typology brings interesting data about the evolution in the way of bathe and more generally about the social uses on the scale of the Empire. These results enabled by the strict study of the whole vestiges remaining on the place allow us to set the analysis of the thermae complex of Cimiez in a much wider frame. Finally, these evolutions prove the continuous activity and the thermal function of this district until the late Antiquity. The results of our research can bring concrete elements for the purpose of a rehabilitation campaign which began already for the frigidarium of the north thermae with the “Plan Patrimoine Antique” and which should be urgently followed, in order to protect against obvious damage these noteworthy monuments and district which are unrivalled in the Alpes Maritimes department
Hermenault, Léa. "La ville en mouvements : circulations, échanges commerciaux et matérialité de la ville : pour une articulation systémique des facteurs d'évolution du tissu urbain parisien entre le XVè et le XIXè siècle." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H006/document.
Full textIn this work, we sought to understand effects of circulations on the Parisian urban fabric between the 15th and the first third of the 19th century, and, in particular, we sought to understand how it is evolving according to the interactions that develop at different scales between the materiality of the city and potentialities of exchange. The mapping of several corpus of planimetric and written data allow us to build our own geohistoric data, while theirs integration in a GIS bas made comparisons of results possible. This way, we were able to highlight different process according to scale choice for forms study, and, every time, to emphasize the particular character of the evolution of materiality of the city nearby traffic flow areas : high density of plots and buildings, frequent resetting of circulations inside blocks, preponderance of commercial activities and faster rhythm of change. These features are the consequence of systemic interactions that develop between buildings, streets and the traffic flow they bear, and lead to a densification of the urban fabric and street resilience. The attractiveness of the traffic flow for commercial activities is, according to us, one of the main factors of this systemic, and because there is little evolution in the operating mode of commercial activities between the 15th and the 19th century in Paris, it is also one of the main factors of morphology stability of urban fabric during this period
Muller, Vianney. "Le patrimoine fortifié du lignage de Neufchâtel-Bourgogne (XIIIe-XVIe siècles)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0130/document.
Full textThe seigneurial families are rarely a framework for reflection of the castral phenomenon. The Neufchatel-Burgundy’s lineage is particularly interesting for two reasons. Firstly, for its social rise between the 13th and 16th centuries and secondly, for its 37 castles which are settled through several medieval principalities, from County of Burgundy to the Duchy of Luxembourg. The historical approach allows to decrypt the territorial strategy and the adaptability to manage his familial demography. The archeology of architecture shows family’s role into construction and development of its castles. Both of these methods help for comprehension of the functions of the castles (residence, defense, administration, economy and influence) and their evolutions. Finally, it shows the mechanisms of a castral network and how exchanges between castles can overcome the borders of the principalities
Puel, Olivia. "Saint-Martin de Savigny : archéologie d’un monastère lyonnais : Histoire monumentale et organisation spatiale des édifices cultuels et conventuels (IXe-XIIIe siècle)." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20121/document.
Full textThe abbey of Savigny (Rhône), founded during the Carolingian period and nearly destroyed at the dawn of the French Revolution, has long been ignored by archaeologists due to the extent of its destruction. The epistemological approach of the Savigny studies revealed at first the archaeological potential of this site, emphasizing important differences between the official publications and the personal archives of the scientists. Comparing the results of the analysis of both archival sources and archaeological remains enabled to reconstitute the monumental history of the monastic buildings and to suggest drawing reproductions of the monastery for the Carolingian period, the Romanesque period and the end of the Middle Ages. New lines of thinking can now be put forward with regard to Savigny history. Probably built to the standard plan of benedictin abbeys from its onset during the first third of the IXth century, the abbey mainly reflects the fast integration of the Carolingian values of community life in the diocese of Lyon. It then underwent several changes which do not challenge its general organization but help the existing buildings to adapt to the requirements of a new liturgy. The transformation of the second church paradoxically results in the creation of a marian church at the intersection of the infirmary and the cemetery and, in addition, of a front-nave. Consequently, it is both an answer to the growing number of funeral masses and to the rituals used to accompany the dying that reflect the Cluny traditions. We may then consider that the abbey of Savigny could have been reformed by the abbey of Cluny at the turning from the Xth to the XIth century without being integrated into the Ecclesia cluniacensis
Touchard-Houlbert, Anne. "Rupture et continuité dans la chronologie de la côte équatorienne : réflexions autour de la culture Manteña-Guancavilca." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010518.
Full textBazy, Damien. "Relation entre place publique et espaces privés dans les cités mayas des basses terres centrales et méridionales du Préclassique au Classique terminal." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010689.
Full textHatoum, Chadi. "Études des aménagements ruraux en Syrie du Sud de l'époque pré-provinciale à l'avènement de l'Islam (Ier s. av. J.-C. - VIIè s. ap. J.-C.) : apport des méthodes et techniques modernes de l'archéologie agraire." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H020.
Full textThe rural planning works in Southern Syria is mainly driven by the density of the interest paid to the study of the evolution of landscape spatial organization, especially of the formation of agrarian landscapes. The aim of this PhD is to study the operations realized in the rural landscape, their evolution and the vestiges left in this landscape. A cultivated mountainous area of the NO Jabal al-' Arab (Southern Syria) was studied. The spatial distribution of rural planning works, that date from the Pre-provincial, Roman and byzantine were analyzed. These rural planning works were mapped through a GIS software (QGIS). The study of the sites distributed in the study area, their fields and the installations associated to them led to identify the processes of occupation and the exploitation of the natural environment. These works makes it possible to formulate hypotheses on a problematic concerning the nature and the phases of the occupation of this region. This research is situated in a context of agrarian archeology. The general question treated is that of rural planning works that landscape observation can provide
Urbanová, Petra. "Recherches sur la datation directe de la construction des édifices : exploration des potentialités de la datation des mortiers archéologiques par luminescence optiquement stimulée (OSL)." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30078/document.
Full textThe heart of the proposed research lies in the possibilities of direct dating of historical constructions, the interdisciplinary issues of a high significance. The aim of this research is to put into practice a dating method dealing with mortars, the category of materials more convenient and much more representative for the chronology of buildings in comparison with bricks or wood constructions that may be reused. Lime mortars composed of the mixture of sand and lime can be dated by optically stimulated luminescence: the objective is to determine the last moment when the grains of sand have been exposed to light which corresponds exactly with the fabrication of the mortar at the moment of building. The monuments dated within this PhD. thesis constitute a group of reference structures from the Gallo-Roman antiquity to the Middle Ages well-dated by other independent chronological approaches. The objective is to compare the chronology obtained by OSL with the known one and thereby to proof the validity of the method. The OSL dating procedure of mortars is complicated by numerous factors. First of all, due to the short exposure to light the optical bleaching of quartz grains in mortar is not homogeneous. In addition, the young age of dated material (maximally 2000 years old) implies signals of a weak intensity and the necessity to adapt conveniently the measurement protocol. Finally, especially the coarse-grained mortars can be affected by the microdosimetric effects. All these factors are taken into account when selecting a convenient dating methodology comprising the following stages: characterization of mortar by optical microscopy, by SEM-EDX and by beta autoradiography, the measurement of individual archaeological doses by the single grain technique, the determination of the annual dose and the calculation of the archaeological dose and of the age. The latter stage is a tricky one; it is necessary to select from the measured distribution of archaeological doses the well-bleached grains that contain the right chronological information. In this context, different statistical approaches usually used in luminescence dating are tested. This thesis brings a demonstration of the OSL dating method and shows that in many cases we can get reliable dates. The individual analysis of each grain is here the only way how to get the precise information about the nature of the studied material
Léon, Cécile. "Le château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Yvelines) au Moyen Âge : étude historique et archéologique d'une résidence royale (XIIe - XIVe siècles)." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0139.
Full textThe royal house, founded in the 12th century, is developped with Philippe Auguste and Louis IX. They set up a royal chapel with a permanent chaplain, a superintendant, a water adduction system, a garden and a private hunting ground. The surrounding houses were Les Loges in the forest of Laye, casties of Montjoie and Retz in the forest of Marly. The architectural evolution of the royal house is a permanent extension of the residential area with each monarch. A first oblong royal accommodation with a cellar is extended at the end of the 13th century on a structure of royal accommodation / residential tower. A second royal accommodation is founded in the 14th century and the cellar is use again. The building of a surrounding wall with a path round the battlements around the area of the residence by Charles V is the last extension of the royal house and now the place is call « castle » in the medieval texts
Deshayes, Gilles. "Le cellier médiéval en Normandie orientale : contribution à l'étude des utilisations, implantations et architectures des caves et celliers dans la Normandie orientale du second Moyen Âge, principalement dans les établissements monastiques." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUEL001.
Full textDuring the second period of the Middle Ages, many cellars in Eastern Normandy were built, enlarged or transformed. The cellar is an economic space of various uses, regularly visited, used to store, keep and shelter goods (mostly barrels for wine). Based upon an analysis of the semantics concerning cellars, vaults and basements in the medieval times, the research deals with the cellar's use, situations and architectures found in written, iconographic and archeological documents. Exhaustive plotting and studies mainly concern seigniorial residences, especially abbeys. At a regional scale, the different points expounded give a global view on stonework cellars, often vaulted, and amidst their usual activities ranging from the building sites to everyday life use. The variety of sites and landscapes generate diverse uses, sizes and types of administration (vineyard, residence, urban areas). According to the evolution of habits, containers and contents, some cellars that weren't very deep slowly disapeared and were replaced by deeper, and sometimes underground cellars. The use and the environment determined the obvious or most convenient location of the cellar, close to other spaces associated to it. Plans, elevations, vaults, means of access, materials and techniques of building are characteristic of each ruin and enable its datation. For two centuries, the square cellars were replaced by « partitioned cellars », quite numerous in half of the South-East area and in a geat variety of rural sites
Ouriachi, Marie-Jeanne. "Habitat, terroirs et territoire en Languedoc oriental durant l'Antiquité : Approche spatio-temporelle d'un système de peuplement." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00429724.
Full textVarano, Mariacristina. "" Espace religieux et espace politique en pays provençal au Moyen Âge (IXe-XIIIe siècles). L'exemple de Forcalquier et de sa région "." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656210.
Full textBuffler, Eléonore. "Evolution de l'architecture bouddhique bâtie au Xinjiang (Turkestan chinois) : étude archéologique." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR20070.
Full textThe Xinjiang possess a network of commercial roads linking China to the Occidental world, known as "Silk Road", whose two principal ways skirt around the North and South of Taklamakan Desert. This road has not only been used for the conveyance of merchandises or spices, but it has also allowed the spreading of religious doctrine like Buddhism. This religion introduce in Xinjiang during the lst B. C. And the lst A. D. , has given birth to a Buddhist civilisation, whose number of remnants have survived in spite of Chinese persecutions and the Muslim invasion. The older religious establishments take place along the southern road in Khotan, Lulan, Miran. They are proof of the existence of an important religious community from the High Time. The opening of the northern road some years later will secure prosperity of the religious foundations of Tumshuk, Kucha and others. With this study based on Buddhist monuments along the Silk Road, we have been able to show building specificities of this region, and to understand the evolution scheme of this constructions, by comparing them with their Gandharian, Afghan and Indian model
Moulis, Cédric. "Bâtir en Lorraine méridionale (XIe-XIIe siècles) : chantier et mise en œuvre des matériaux." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0184/document.
Full textThanks to steps forward on art history regarding the Romanesque architecture in the Lorraine region, this thesis revisits a number of sites in terms of archaeological issues related to the art of building. Fourteen monographs of churches, abbeys or castles, plus a hundred or so sites explored in the ancient diocese of Toul, make it possible to understand the use of building materials, primarily stone and wood. This can be done along nine themes related to construction: how to define location, proportionate, extract, cut, assemble, build, vault, scaffold, cover. This work highlights the know-how of architects, quarrymen, stonecutters, masons or carpenters involved in projects that have been neglected as they are often too modest to attract the attention of researchers.In fact, this topic has not been so far the subject of substantial studies for the geographical area and the chronological period involved. We have highlighted buildings for which plan and volume vary from one place to the other, although they all fit well with the known Romanesque canons. Specificities are prevalent in the Toul area, the Saintois or the Vallage. They are distinguished first by the density of remains in comparison with the rest of the Lorraine. This testifies to the vitality of these three entities during the 12th century in particular. It seems also related to the lithic resources available in these sectors.Examination of the materials and locations of available resources in the area highlights an economy based on short distribution channels, whereas materials rarely come from more than five kilometers away from the construction site, with the possible exception of pine wood and mortar. Physico-chemical analyzes have completed the research. They have often made it possible to reconsider the datings proposed by art historians, aging the buildings by several tens of years.On the sites themselves, we often provide the first observations in the archeology of buildings carried out so far, especially for rural buildings of low volume or for parts of buildings which are difficult to access, either in ruin or still in use. In light of these explorations, a new field of research is emerging and has to extended: the use of wood in the masonry and the carpentry. More traces remain than thought of at the beginning of the investigation. In a more general way, we notice an evolution in the technicality of the building sites, and their rationalization, which encompasses first the religious buildings at the end of the 11th century, before extending to the castle construction during the 12th century, and later to the small country churches. From a similar perspective, we demonstrate that local know-how is more often used than grand architectural concepts developed on more prestigious buildings and in regions of more political importance.We have also taken special care to put the Man and his gesture back in the center of the construction process. Most of the time, studies in this area are concerned with motivations and consequences of an action, be it political, artistic or editorial. We have focused more on technicality. How to go from motivation (the will to build) to realization (reception of the finished work) ? More than the point of arrival, it is the process that has been at the center of our concerns. Thus, we can imagine the position of the stonecutter in front of his stone, the position of his hand, the movement he infuses to the tool. How to organize the facings and how to differentiate the first stone laid from the last? How to respond to architectural constraints ? How to develop the scaffolding ? Here again, certain local peculiarities have appeared, probably showing a movement of workers to the various sites according to the opening of the construction works. Finally, our work brings new heuristic tools to the attention of researchers making the reading of the wall facings less tedious and more rational
Bochaton, Sidonie. "Les chanoines réguliers en Savoie du Nord : Restitution des abbayes d'Abondance et de Sixt (XIIe-XVIIe siècle)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE2076.
Full textFounded in the Savoyard "deserts" in the first half of the 12th century, the Abondance congregation had five abbeys in its heyday, spread between Savoy and the Jura, before disappearing at the beginning of the 17th century due to the reform of the mother abbey. Abondance and its first daughter in Sixt are the only abbeys of the congregation to remain in the former diocese of Geneva and are today major sites of Savoyard heritage. While Abondance has benefited from the curiosity of a few archaeologists and architects since 1860, Sixt remained ignored until the year 2000, due to the destruction of parts of the conventual buildings and the development of a hotel within them. A transdisciplinary approach, calling on archaeology, history, art history and the study of textual and iconographic sources, has made it possible to retrace the architectural evolution of the two sites over time, from the 12th to the 19th century. Confronted with the main issues of the canonical movement, such as communal life, pastoral ministry, assistance and charity, or the presence of women in the Augustinian communities, the study of the buildings reveals the choices and the evolution of the life of the brothers of Abondance, from the Gregorian reform to François de Sales, who put an end to this part of Savoyard religious history in 1604. More broadly, this thesis has made it possible to better understand Augustinian architecture in Northern Savoy, a historical region where the Regular Canons were numerous and spread over the territory, but also to refute certain legends and hypotheses generally accepted, such as the identity of Blessed Ponce "de Faucigny"
Trouki, Évangélia. "Αναλήμματα και περίβολοι [Analimmata kai périvoloi]." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR20050.
Full textThe purpose of this dissertaion is the study of the retaining walls and of the enclosure walls of delphi, build on dressed stones. In the first part, we are talking about the nature of the materials used : their nature, the quarries, the quarrying and transport process. The second part contains the treatment of the materials : the successif stages of each construction from its foundations to its crowning, the development of the building technics (processing of all the sides of a block, masonry choosed, technical solutions adopted in order to make the constructions more resistant, different phases of the work) as well as the definition of the general tendances of each period. The study of the architectural environment occupies the 3rd part of this study ; we are talleing about the regional and urban system of roads as well as of the main stages of the development of the principal architectural groups
Sosnowska, Philippe. "De briques et de bois: contribution à l'histoire de l'architecture à Bruxelles :étude archéologique, technique et historique des matériaux de construction, XIII - XVIIIe siècle." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209373.
Full textDes trois matériaux qui marquent le bâti bruxellois, deux seront étudiés :le bois et la céramique architecturale. Un troisième volet sera consacré à l’étude des remplois, recyclages et remaniements. Dans le temps imparti à ce travail, compte tenu des impératifs méthodologiques, des contraintes factuelles, il n’était pas possible de traiter de manière approfondie et novatrice des trois types de matériau. La pierre domine symboliquement (mais certainement pas quantitativement) le paysage bruxellois :son emploi caractérise en effet la production architecturale des grands ensembles monumentaux tels que l’Aula Magna, l’hôtel de Ville de Bruxelles ou encore la collégiale Saints-Michel-et-Gudule, pour ne citer que ces exemples. D’une manière générale pour l’ancien duché de Brabant, dans sa partie couvrant l’espace belge actuel, c’est le matériau le mieux étudié dans ses aspects divers (extraction, façonnage des blocs, mise en œuvre…). La pierre sera abordée indirectement, lorsque son emploi a des implications directes dans la mise en œuvre des matériaux étudiés. Une approche de l’ensemble des matériaux lithiques ainsi qu’une réflexion sur certaines mises en œuvre et le développement de futures pistes de recherche seront en outre proposées en conclusion.
Le choix s’est porté sur le bois et la brique, car leur emploi est, de manière générale, moins bien apprécié et moins connu en région bruxelloise par rapport à la pierre. Il fallait en fonder solidement l’étude. L’objectif est donc de pallier à cette lacune en proposant une lecture nouvelle de l’habitat selon des champs d’investigations spécifiques à l’histoire de la construction. La construction de typochronologies pour les planchers, les revêtements de sol, et la brique a pour but d’apporter aux archéologues des marqueurs chronologiques fiables pour l’interprétation et la construction de l’évolution des structures rencontrées. Mais pas seulement. La mise en place de ces typochronologies va de pair avec l’élaboration d’une réflexion sur l’ensemble des chaînes opératoires de la fabrication ou du façonnage des matériaux. Cette production n’est pas uniquement matérielle mais répond à des critères environnementaux, économiques, techniques et sociétaux. Il s’agit donc de comprendre ou d’ouvrir des pistes de réflexion pour appréhender les mécanismes qui ont permis aux bâtisseurs d’utiliser à Bruxelles une large gamme de matériaux et qui par ce biais a façonné le visage urbain bruxellois. L’apport de cette recherche, bien que se focalisant pour l’essentiel sur Bruxelles, a pour objectif de renouveler l’approche des matériaux de construction en apportant une base de références solides dans leur étude pour Bruxelles mais également pour les autres villes et de dépasser ainsi les méthodes traditionnelles d’histoire des formes pour développer une relation dialectique entre matériau, forme, usage et caractérisation sociale de la ville, de son habitat et de ses populations.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Mathé, Virginie. "Le prix de la construction en Grèce aux IVe et IIIe siècles avant J.-C. : étude sur les chantiers financés par les sanctuaires de Delphes, d’Epidaure et de Délos." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20099.
Full textHow may we evaluate the cost of a greek building ? In this study, based on building accounts and on Delphi, Epidauros and Delos vestiges, we tried to answer this question following two ways. A greek building cost can be estimated while studying all epigraphical and architectural data of the site. We followed this path in the first third chapters treating of the Apollo temple in Delphi (1), the Asklepios temple and Tholos in Epidauros (2) and then nine temples and sanctuaries in Delos (Pôrinos, Grand temple d’Apollon, Pythion, Artemision, Archegesion, Kynthion, Asklepieion, Dioskourion, Thesmophorion) (3). We can also compare building accounts of several constructions in order to estimate materials, freight and work costs, and deduce from this data how the costs were fixed. The 4th chapter consists of researches on prices of timber, stones, moist clay bricks, tiles and metals. We have to be aware of that epigraphical data series are incomplete and not necessarily similar. It is hard to make connections between these and archeological evidences. We had to restrict our study to moistly 4th and 3rd c. B.C. cultual buildings financed by sanctuaries, and our conclusions would not be valid for any type of construction, any time or other classic economic sectors. We can only estimate, within a short range, the cost of the Apollo temple in Delphi and the Asklepios temple in Epidauros. The first one cost 400 talents, the second 24 talents. We can not give any conclusion for other buildings. The contexts are so different that it is difficult to give a representative price of materials. Anyway, people who ordered the construction of sanctuaries did not try to save money : they wanted these buildings to be an eloquent testimony to devotion and prestige
Martin, Franck. "Jeux de pouvoir et dynamique de l'habitat : l'exemple de Saint-Affrique et de son terroir, en Rouergue, du VIe au Xllle siècle." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0116.
Full textThis study aims to go beyond the simple observation of the passage from scattered settlement to a concentration thereof to preferentially approach the conditions of emergence and development of the medieval town of Saint-Affrique during the Middle Age s: what physical features (natural topography, ancient terroir, street network. . . ) and sociological (Christianization process, cultural intermingling, geopolitical stakes. . . ) have chaired the slow formation of a loose long habitat to see it win small urban status. Topic of binding hubs, commonly reduced to churches and castles, is it really relevant in the case of Saint-Affrique? And perhaps even more, to what weight have really weighed in this dynamic the various powers, secular or ecclesiastical, which are successively attached to all or part of this land ? To address and to better concern this issue, we were obliged to resort to varied sources. Archaeological, textual and planimetric data were confronted dialectically. The chronological range adopted, meanwhile - between the sixth and thirteenth century - as part of this desire too to broaden the scope of thinking
Marc-Blin, Séverine. "Architecture monumentale et décoration architecturale en Gaule de l’est et dans les Germanies à l’époque impériale : Les monuments publics de Mandeure." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20070.
Full textIn Eastern Gaul and Germanies, several monuments still standing witness of the quantity and the quality of public buildings in lingon, aeduan, leuquan, sequan, raurac and helvet territory during the Imperial period. Our knowledge of this monumental architecture remains however incomplete, since there is no monograph dealing with those monuments or any lapidary collection catalog. This study, devoted to the city of Mandeure, reveals an ambitious display of monuments from the augustean period to the tetrarchian's. It is based on the fieldwork carried out since 2001, including digging and more specifically prospecting of all kind. Mandeure, the city where the largest sequani civic sanctuary was located, displayed during the imperial period every monumental elements of a classic roman city: theatre, temples, thermae, monumental gates, horrea, etc. The study of the preserved remains in situ and of isolated blocks unables us to re-establish all the differents process of construction, restitution or redevelopment from the medio-augustean era to the severinian's. The study of the decoration programs allowed us aswell to restore a very rich ornemental repertoire. The influence of italian models, probably coming from Northern Italy and the Narbonese Gaul, is a sign of the classic dimension of those realizations. Several set of large Carrare marble capitals constitute a rare testimony of the work of Italian craftsman in this area
Aalil, Issam. "Contribution à l’étude du patrimoine bâti. Méthodes de diagnostic des pathologies des structures et moyens de restauration : Etude de cas. Site archéologique Volubilis au Maroc." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2067/document.
Full textThe restoration of the built heritage is mandatory to ensure its sustainability. The archaeological site of Volubilis in Morocco, registered on the UNESCO World Heritage list since December 1997, requires restoration works. The main objective of this thesis is to determine the causes of stones’ deterioration and to propose mortars for restoration of its monuments. Firstly, a multi-scales characterization study was carried out on the three facies of the calcarenite, the main building stone in the site. It showed that despite their similar mineralogical composition, the three facies have dissimilar hydric, thermal and mechanical properties and they are quite different in terms of durability against salt crystallization. Besides, non-destructive testing could be used to distinguish the three facies by estimating their porosities and their coefficients of capillarity. Secondly, a diagnosis study revealed the presence of halite and gypsum in most deteriorated stones affected by detachment and loss of material. These salts originated from neighboring mortars, used during the previous interventions. In addition, the deterioration of uncontaminated calcarenites is likely due to thermal stresses. In the last part, we formulated mortars using lime, sand and the brick dust using the mixtures method. This approach would determine compatible mortars to the stone calcarenite
Vuillemin, Adrien. "Enceintes urbaines en moyenne Alsace (1200-1850)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG003.
Full textThis study deals with the defensive systems of three dozen small and middle-sized towns of central Alsace, from their building between the 13th and 15th Centuries, to their definitive dismantling during the 19th Century. Various resources were exploited : examination of existing remains, archaeological surveys, visual sources (maps, prints, old photographs), Middle Age and Modern period archives. The latter source included a major condition report on Alsace’s small cities, towns and villages, initiated by the province’s head of fortifications in 1779, which offers a complete overview of fortification systems before they were abandoned.The study addresses the questions of the construction materials used, the variety of defensive elements (doors, walls, moats, ramparts, etc.), topographical data and a chronology of their construction.The major teachings, in a field so far focused on large cities’ walls, are the broad range of solutions to the protective needs and the diversity of their chronology and layout models that are just as interesting as those of larger cities. This is noted until the 16th Century, when, with few exceptions, these small and middle-sized towns were not able toupgrade their defense to the level of bulwarks. Well maintained though, they were still seen as a major defensive support for the region by the royal administration, soon before the French revolution
Bouticourt, Emilien. "Construire des charpentes autrement : le Midi rhôdanien à la fin du Moyen-Âge." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010580.
Full textMost of the medievial buildings on the south side of the Rhone Valley turn out to be without roof frameworks or simply covered by wooden structures showing little technical interest. This idea is supported by an unmistakable observation: the architectural landscape of the region is mostly mineral. From early times, masonry work developed thanks to an unlimited building-stone reserve in the subsoil, and furthermore forests produced little high-quality lumber. Even though they have long been ignored, timber roof structures exist and (they) bring out remarkable singularities. The purpose of this study is to bring to light roof frameworks and floor frameworks which were built in an area little suited to their construction. It aims to bring new evidence that allows to moderate the notion of a wooden- free architecture. The study seeks to point out another way of designing of roof frames, undoubtedly less monumental than the ones built in areas with extensive forests, and yet equally innovative. The theory is based on remains dating back from the 14th to 15th centuries, the study of which proves the existence of a particularly active building sector, and reveals specific skills. Carpenters thus managed to overcome wood supply difficulties by implementing original shapes and techniques
Condello, Celia. "Le château ducal de Moulins (Allier) de Louis II de Bourbon à Anne de France : étude historique et archéologique d'une résidence princière (XIVe - XVIe siècle)." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2029.
Full textDuring his history, the ducal castle of Moulins has been subject to several destructions and improvements. Despite this, it still contains elements that should be studied carefully in order to restore its original state. From written sources, one knows at least two major buildings campaigns. First one was initiated by the third duke of Bourbon, Louis II, in the late fourteenth century. The remaining main tower, known as “Mal-Coiffée” ("Untidy Top"), has been dated by dendrochronology around 1399/1400. A second campaign of expansion and redevelopment begins after 1488, commissioned by the Duke of Bourbon, Pierre de Beaujeu and his wife Anne de France, Charles VIII’s sister. This expansion will be completed in the early sixteenth century with the construction of a renaissance architecture portico, very early in France. This thesis combines both History and art history, starting from an archaeological reflection of the remaining buildings. The aim of this work is to combine and compare these different approaches in order to obtain the most comprehensive and exhaustive study of this forgotten site which play a key role in History
Defendenti, Federico. "« Bâtir un Empire ? » Recherches sur le concept d’« Empire assyrien » : l’interprétation de la documentation archéologique de la Mésopotamie du Nord, XIXème-XXIème siècles de notre ère." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP060.
Full textSince the Antiquity the political experience of the Assyrians has been defined as an “Empire”. Biblical and ancient sources have created a historiographical image of the Assyrians, which was characterized by military violence, an excessive sexuality and an exaggerated urbanism. Moreover, following the theory of the translatio imperii, the Assyrian Empire should have been the first empire of history. Starting from the middle of the XIX century the discovering of the vestiges of the royal cities in the north of Mesopotamia, and especially of the bas reliefs which adorned the royal palaces, gave access to an enormous quantity of direct information about the Assyrians. The historiographical model which was employed in order to interpret this data was the roman empire, which was already very well-known by scholars. The deciphering of the cuneiform system and the consequent possibility of accessing to Assyrian written sources certified the powerful and militaristic image suggested by the ancient sources. Since that period and during the next excavations up until today, the information about the Assyrians has constantly increased. At the same time the work of historical interpretation has been influenced not only by the different economic and political theories but also by the interests of the nations which financed the researches. In order to try to understand the Assyrian political experience, typically modern categories have been employed by Assyriologists, such as imperialism and colonialism, or more recently the globalization. The aim of this doctoral thesis consists in reconstructing the epistemological course of the concept of “Assyrian Empire”, with a specific attention to the contribution of archaeological researches in the Northern Mesopotamia
Huang, Lei. "L'abbatiale Sainte-Foy de Conques (XIe - XIIe siècles)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H052.
Full textThis archaeological study of the building of the abbey church of Sainte-Foy in Conques, which is mainly focused on facing stones, has a double objective: on the one hand, to discern, as much as possible, material indications likely to enlighten the progress of construction work; on the other hand, to understand technical and economic dimensions and, more generally, the site organisation of this major Romanesque building project. Archaeological data, such as masonry discontinuities, distribution of different petrographic types, stone-cutting techniques, masons’ marks and putlog holes, make it possible to propose a construction phasing, which offers an independent and efficient framework for study of the sculpture of Sainte-Foy. The sculpture evolution is thus traced, through a global stylistic approach. Artistic transfers between Conques, Santiago de Compostela and Auvergne have also been better defined, which leads to reconsider the chronology of Romanesque churches of Auvergne, especially as Conques and Auvergne were located in the same technical geography during the second half of the eleventh century
Dujardin, Laurent. "Carrières de pierre en Normandie : Contribution à l'étude historique et archéologique des carrières de pierre à bâtir à Caen (calvados) et en Normandie aux époques médiévale et moderne." Caen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CAEN1253.
Full textFerraresso, Ivan. "La maison en Lorraine, du Moyen Âge à la Renaissance (XIIIe-XVIe siècles)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0353.
Full textUntil now the buildings of the 13th-16th centuries in the Lorraine region have not yet been investigated systematically by modern building research. Only the profane architecture of the city of Metz has been studied occasionally. In the rest of the study region, the domestic building constructed during the late Middle Age is remaining still largely unknown, without any doubt resulting from a lack of its visibility. It is evident that the bad state of conservation is remarkably hampering modern methodological building research. This has forced us to modify our scientific approach by integrating sociological concepts, the architectural language and the evidence of important chrono-historical developments. The regional bibliography dealing with this subject is evidencing that the anthropo-historical approach has largely influenced former studies and analysis. Today, modern research is taking profit from a much more developed scientific documentation, which is based on a systematic inventory, architectural studies and results from archaeological excavations. The stock of the inventoried buildings is without any doubt reflecting the socio-political developments of the Lorraine region between the 13th and the 16th c. AD. In this work the building’s architecture was studied from three different viewpoints to understand their today’s socio-cultural value: the surviving and persisting elements deriving from older architectural practices, the abandonment of practices and techniques and, not to forget, the local architectural and technical Know-how. This approach has allowed identifying the archetype of the domestic building in the Lorraine region between the 13th and 16th centuries and its heritage within the known historical building stock