Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Archéologie et histoire – Afrique occidentale'
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Fabre, Jean-Marc. "Sidérurgie ancienne au Sahel : archéologie d'un district métallurgique de la fin de l'âge du Fer (Markoye, province de l'Oudalan, Burkina Faso)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20085.
Full textThe surveys carried out in the extreme north of Burkina Faso have led to the identification of more than 150 metallurgical sites.Two production periods have been distinguished, based on the type of slag-pit furnaces. During the first one (7th–10th c.), the production was probably restricted to the local market. During the second period (11th–13th c.), it multiplied by 25.Most of workstations are situated in the Beli River’s valley, in the North zone, but there are very tight links with settlements of the South zone, where the iconographic themes of rock engravings help to characterize the local population. It was a hybrid society, basically Sudanian with Berber influence and a Muslim varnish. The geographic distribution of a specific type of slag-pit furnace allows to locate its territory between the Niger River’s valley and the ancient springs of the Beli River.Arab-Muslim texts allude regularly to a limit of the Islam World at bilād al-Sūdān. It is argued that his symbolic boundary was situated south from Kukia / Bentia. It overlaps with geologic, climatic and cultural limits. Beyond is the world of animism, the land of gold and iron.Situated precisely in between those two worlds, this society could have been both a strategic and commercial go-between
Fabre, Jean-Marc. "Sidérurgie ancienne au Sahel : archéologie d'un district métallurgique de la fin de l'âge du Fer (Markoye, province de l'Oudalan, Burkina Faso)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20085/document.
Full textThe surveys carried out in the extreme north of Burkina Faso have led to the identification of more than 150 metallurgical sites.Two production periods have been distinguished, based on the type of slag-pit furnaces. During the first one (7th–10th c.), the production was probably restricted to the local market. During the second period (11th–13th c.), it multiplied by 25.Most of workstations are situated in the Beli River’s valley, in the North zone, but there are very tight links with settlements of the South zone, where the iconographic themes of rock engravings help to characterize the local population. It was a hybrid society, basically Sudanian with Berber influence and a Muslim varnish. The geographic distribution of a specific type of slag-pit furnace allows to locate its territory between the Niger River’s valley and the ancient springs of the Beli River.Arab-Muslim texts allude regularly to a limit of the Islam World at bilād al-Sūdān. It is argued that his symbolic boundary was situated south from Kukia / Bentia. It overlaps with geologic, climatic and cultural limits. Beyond is the world of animism, the land of gold and iron.Situated precisely in between those two worlds, this society could have been both a strategic and commercial go-between
Huillery, Elise. "Histoire coloniale : développement et inégalités dans l'ancienne Afrique occidentale française." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0111.
Full textThis PhD dissertation uses first-hand historical data on colonial French West Africa. First, I focus on the costs and benefits of colonial experience for France and its former colonies. I review the existing literature and show that evidence on whether colonialism was a costly or beneficiary experience for France is not clear yet. Then I provide an answer on the direct cost of French West Africa for French public expenses: this cost turns out to be very small -on average 0. 1 % of all public expenses. Few public investments were made during colonial times and almost all of them were financed by local population itself. Using econometrics, the thesis then seeks to provide evidence on the long term impact of colonial experience on current performances. I show that early colonial public investments m education, health and public works had large and persistent effects on current outcomes, and that a major channel for the long term effect of early investments is a strong persistence of investments: regions that got more of a specific type of investment at the early colonial times continued to get more of this particular type of investment. Finally, I give evidence that Europeans tended to settle in more prosperous pre-colonial areas and that the European settlement had a strong positive impact on current outcomes. I argue that the African hostility towards colonial power to colonisation provides a random variation in European settlement. Despite, the absence of a "reversal of fortune" within former French West Africa, some of the most prosperous pre-colonial areas lost their advantage because of their hostility: other areas caught up and became the new leaders in the region
Tall, Nafissatou. "Soufisme en Afrique au sud du Sahara : enseignements de la voie Tijâniyya dans le "Rimâḥ" d'al-Ḥâjj Umar Tall et le "Kâshif al-ilbâs" de cheick Ibrâhîm Nyaṣṣ." Paris, EPHE, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EPHE5022.
Full textIslam in Africa South the Sahara is impregnated with Sufism, this degree of excellence (ihsân) of Muhammad’s Monotheism, expressed by Turuq since 12th Century. Tijâniyya tarîqa was born in 18th Century with sheikh Ahmad al-Tijânî who had fath and received directly his awrâd from Prophet Muhammad. Charismatic African Leaders participated to the success of Tijâniyya. Two had particularly kept our attention: al-Hâjj Umar (d. 1864) the Author of “Rimâh” and sheikh Ibrâhîm Nyass (d. 1975), sâhib al-fayda al-tijâniyya who wrote “Kâshif al-ilbâs”. This Original study of these two Books are bringing to light a hagiographic angle of their personality and emphasizing about African contribution to Islamic knowledge. It also is clearing up turuq phenomena with an approach combining a complex esoteric doctrine and social reality of the believer. Trying to understand the reason of the success of Tijâniyya is taking us to the hermeneutic of its education system. An exploration of its Muhammad’s legacy will explain its title of “khâtim al-awliyâ tarîqa” with a thanks method and a prominent awrâd. The ability of the sheikh to master murîd’s soul for giving to spirit its ontological freedom with a new access to knowledge, will explain the affect of this education in Tijâniyya, especially in Fayda School
Bouledroua, Nadjib. "Missions et missionnaires anglicans en Afrique de l'Ouest et spécialement chez les Yoroubas de 1841 à 1914." Université Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne (UPEC), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA12I003.
Full textIn order to put an end to the barbaric traditions of the africans, the christian missions were determined to change completely the pagan mind, by imposing upon him a new and better civilisation: christianity. To satisfy the philanthropic policy of the beginning of the 19th century, the church missionary society began in 1841, the spiritual conquest of the yorubas. Thanks to the educated slaves, victorian values, legitimate trade and christianity found many partisans among the yorubas of west africa. Thanks to the c. M. S. Institutions in sierra leone, many freed slaves acquired a new profession. Some became missionaries, then they returned to their respective villages to preach the gospel to the natives. If the policy of the english philanthropist found many obstacles after 1861, it was because of the british colonial policy, which was looking for more influence in africa. The anglican and african missionaries played a great role in changing the native mind. Despite the conflicts, the anglican missionaries and the africans helped each other. The doctrine of the philanthropist, thomas fowell buxton, the bible and the plough had a big success in the yoruba land. It put an end to the slave trade, helped the introduction of christianity, the establishment of legitimate trade and the education of the natives
Thiam, Mbaye Alassane. "L'histoire de l'enseignement et de la pédagogie coranique au Fuuta-Tooro : L'école de Cilon : son histoire et son influence (XVIIIe-XXe siècle)." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA070137.
Full textIn this thesis, we have studied the history of the teaching and pedagogy of the coran. It's a method which is generally used in western africa and specifically in fuuta-tooro. Among the nine chapters of this thesis, we have just studied the classical system of the coranic education in fuuta-tooro, which is a republic of senegal. Chapter 1 deals with the islamic schools before the 18th. Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are devoted to the history and the influence of the cilon school, and also to the followers of this latters foundator. As to the chapter 9, we have stressed on the used pedagogy in this type of teaching by insisting on the technical terms used in the fulani language
Desnoyers, Johanne. "Histoire des femmes au Sénégal et au Mali et processus de modernisation : itinéraires et aspirations de la première génération de femmes lettrées." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ51127.pdf.
Full textBourlet, Mélanie. "Emergence d'une littérature écrite dans une langue africaine : L'exemple du poulâr (Sénégal/Mauritainie)." Paris, INALCO, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INAL0013.
Full textThe thesis considers the development of a written literature in an African language, focusing on pulaar (Senegal/Mauritania), one of the major dialectal variants of Fulani. The first part treats the interface between political context, linguistic changes and literary writing on the Latin alphabet. It is divided into two parts and (1960-1990s) centred on the appropriation of the languages by scholars seeking to integrate the culture into their nationalist claims. A second period, which extends to the present, witnesses the appearing of new and less politicised writers who, more interested to the status of individuals in a mutating society, appropriated the art of writing while refusing to use it to express ideologies. The second part considers literary creativity, using some sixty texts (mostly prose and poetry) identified during fieldwork in Senegal and Mauritania. Given the wealth of texts obtained and the author’s desire to reveal their riches, the choice was made to focus on prose, and on four novels from already well-known writers belonging to the second literary period: Yero Dooro JALLO, Nidkkiri Joom Moolo (Ndikkiri le Guitariste), 1981 ; Ibraahiima DEM, Sahre Goonga (Le Monde de la Vérité), 1997 ; Saydu Bah, Sammba Jallo. Moni fof et feccere mum (Sammba Jallo. Chacun sa destinée), 2005 ; Mammadu Abdul SEK, Ngayngu Gid’li (L’Amour-Haine), 2004. The appendix contains the detailed summaries of the four novels and a biobibliography of fifteen authors
Ouattara, Tiona Ferdinand. "Tradition orale, initiation et histoire : la société Senufo et sa conscience du passé." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010595.
Full textBased on oral and written sources, this thesis aims at favouring a better knowledge of the Senufo society. In fact, it shows a triple vision of the senufo world. In the first section, i have tackled the problems of generic terms and moral features attributed to the Senufo of Cote d'Ivoire. I have also analysed these external peoples' perception of the social structure and the initiatory institutions of the Senufo. In the second section, i have analysed the Senufo's concepts of history, the functioning of history in the Senufo society and the Senufo's perception of their historical personality. In the last section, I have tried to rebuild the history of the senufo on the basis of universal chronology. I have analysed the constitution process of the senufo historical personality, the questioning of their personality and finally the Senufo people's search for their lost identity. The general conclusion closes up on setting the limits of this work and opens other ways of research for the future
Surun, Isabelle. "Géographies de l'exploration : la carte, le terrain et le texte : Afrique occidentale, 1780-1880." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0096.
Full textMaking use of the methods from social history of sciences, from epistemology of geography, from anthropology and from sociology of interaction, this work reconsiders the History of Africa's exploration. The scientific fundaments of the exploration project are studied here, along with practical modalities of exploratory travel and with the forms of its reception in european societies. Tje thesis bases itself upon a corpus of travel reports and publicatins from different geographical societies. These institutions have set frames to run the journey, validation's procedures and data processing, in order to draw the map. The construction of geographical knowledge is considered as the result of a task sharing between armchair geographers and explorers. The interactions and experience at play in the field, where the traveler is physycally and emotionnally involved, along with his cultural and social identity, also shape the processes of the investigation
Van, Doosselaere Barbara. "Poterie et histoire au temps des grands empires ouest africains : études technologiques de l'assemblage céramique de Koumbi Saleh (Mauritanie 6e - 17e siècles)." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010604.
Full textGuillard, Pierre. "Vie et mort des sociétés commerciales coloniales bordelaises de la côte occidentale d'Afrique : Peyrissac,1847-1963." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA070101.
Full textAfter the fall of the french empire, the merchants in the city of bordeaux are encouraged to establish themselves in the occidental coast of africa, mainly in goree island and in the city of saint louis in senegal. These merchants will constitue some societies, often with money collected in their own families and will form an important and influent colonial group: the "groupe from bordeaux" will have as leaders "Maurel & Prom", "Deves & Chaumet", "Buhan & Teisseire". . . Around the year 1870 a second flood of merchants : Philip Delmas, "darling" Peyrissac, Elie Chavanel, Louis Vezia, came to Senegal and partly will contribute at the economical developpement of the french occidental coast of Africa. "Darling" Peyrissac son of a gendarme, born in a country called "Limousin" came, when he was only very young boy, very short of money, to Saint Louis for his own establishment in 1870. In 1908, "Darling" Peyrissac was able to find financial contributions in order to establish an corporation. He died in 1916. Afterwards, it happened success or misfortune to the society, after the first world war, the society began to enterprise different affairs and due to them was in a bad condition during the crisis following 1929. .
Rebour, Lucien. "Le général Faidherbe et la naissance de l'Afrique occidentale française." Paris 4, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA040029.
Full textGeneral Faidherbe was one of the supporters of the enlargement of the french colonies. .
Zannou, Martial Tiburce Arcadius. "Coexistence ou dualité des normes juridiques en matière de droit de la famille en Afrique de l'Ouest : cas du Sénégal et du Bénin." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX32038.
Full textBoullier, Claire. "Recherches méthodologiques sur la sculpture en terre cuite africaine : application à un corpus de sculptures archéologiques - en contexte et hors contexte - de la culture Nok (Nigéria)." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010591.
Full textOuedraogo, Aminata. "Banque et développement : le cas de la Banque ouest-africaine de développement (BOAD) 1973-1990." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA070067.
Full textMendes, António de Almeida. "Esclavages et traites ibériques entre Méditerranée et Atlantique (XVe-XVIIe siècles) : une histoire globale." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0054.
Full textThis thesis proposes to study Iberian slavery and slave trade of the XVth and XVIIth centuries in a large geographical space including the west African coasts, the Portuguese Atlantic ocean and the occidental Mediterranean sea. After a minutious cross-examination of Portuguese and Spanish's sources, and also of the quantitative data delivered by the new version of The Transatlantic Slave Database, we have rebuild the slave circuits through the Atlantic and the Mediterranean sea, analysed the slave system settled by the Portuguese on the African shores. The quantification of the Atlantic slave trade to Europe and the Americas, as well as the African and European trade networks have also been decrypted. A huge slave trade system is set up, the outline of which will last until the period of the Portuguese asientos of the late XVIth century. Its study enables to cast a fresh look on the modern society born out of the expansion
Lord-Daunay, Clara. "Amphidromie, endémisme et dispersion : traits d'histoire de vie et histoire évolutive du genre Sicyopterus (Teleostei : Gobioidei : Sicydiinae)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0027.
Full textIn the Indo-Pacific areas, the Caribbean region and West Africa, insular river systems are inhabited by gobioids of the Sicydiinae sub-family with a fascinating life cycle adapted to the ecological conditions prevailing in these distinctive habitats, namely, young oligotrophic rivers subject to extreme climatic and hydrological seasonal variations. These species spawn in freshwater, then the free embryos drift downstream to the sea where they undergo a planktonic phase before returning with an impressive rock climbing ability to the rivers to grow and reproduce. Hence, these species are referred to as amphidromous. The phylogenetic analysis undertaken in this PhD thesis supports the monophyly of this sub-family. This result has allowed us to formulate hypotheses concerning the origin of the group’s diversification and to improve our knowledge of the Sicyopterus genus in general. Three species were studied: Sicyopterus lagocephalus is a cosmopolitan species with its distribution area extending across the entire Indo-Pacific area; S. Sarasini is endemic to New Caledonia; while S. Aiensis is endemic to Vanuatu. Three otolith analysis techniques were used to expand our understanding of these species’ life history traits. Otolith shape analysis enabled us to determine the effects of environmental factors on the shape of these calcified structures and to identify the effect of genetic factors. Microchemical analysis of the Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca ratios in the otolith revealed the existence of different adult migratory behaviours in the river. These behavioural patterns ensure successful adult habitat colonisation and reproduction. Finally, otolith microstructural analyses, coupled with a phylogeographic study, provided additional elements concerning the marine phase of these three species, which is very important in terms of their dispersion and distribution. For instance, the marine period is twice as long for the cosmopolitan species as for the endemic species, although all have the ability to disperse far from their emission location. For the cosmopolitan species, no evidence of genetic structure was found in the Central Pacific Zone (CPZ), whereas a strong structure was revealed between the CPZ and French Polynesia and between the CPZ and the Indian Ocean, indicating the presence of physical barriers to dispersion. These studies show that dispersion is the most important life history trait in the persistence and the evolution of these taxa. The plasticity in the adult behaviour coupled with strong dispersion abilities contributes to maintaining these species by allowing them to adapt to unfavourable conditions and by sustaining the connectivity between populations (to the extent physical barriers allow). However, extinction for these species cannot be ruled out given the high anthropic pressure that may come to bear on their insular river system habitats. The results presented in this PhD thesis have obvious implications in terms of conservation, in light of which it is recommended that management be levelled at the entire distribution range of these fragile and patrimonial species
Edorh, Hokameto. "Les relations commerciales entre Marseille et l'A. O. F. Entre les deux guerres mondiales." Aix-Marseille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX10022.
Full textEl, Hamel Chouki, and al-Walātī Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr al-Ṣiddīq Bartallī. "Fath ash-shakur : hommes de lettres, disciples et enseignement dans le Takrur du XVIe au début du XIXe siècle." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010655.
Full textThis dissertation is a translation and a historical study of the fath ash-shakur fi ma'rifat a'yan 'ulama' at-takrur ("the key given by god for making known the noteworthy scholars of takrur"), a biographical anthology of the leading muslim scholars of the west african region of takrur (current-day mauritania and mali). Written by muhammad b. Abu bakr as-siddiq al-burtuli al-walati (1727 or 1728-1805), the fath contains 209 biographies of leading intellectuals of takrur, who lived between the 16th and the beginning of the 19th century. In my analysis of the fath, i have presented the author, the manuscripts used, the geographical scope, and the historical context. I have extracted important themes relating to: social life, different roles of scholars in the takruri society, islamic teaching, takruri teachers, fundamental books for islamic teaching, and relationship teacher-disciple. In sum, this study shows how this region was important for its cultural weight and its role which which rested in the fact that it constituted a human and cultural link between the maghrib and subsaharan west africa
Kuupolé, Domwini Dabiré. "Dynamisme du français non conventionnel de l'Afrique Occidentale à travers l'œuvre romanesque d'écriture française : approches linguistique et socio-linguistique." Besançon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BESA1017.
Full textNicolas, Claire. "Sport, citoyenneté et genre en Afrique de l’Ouest : histoire sociale et politique comparée de la jeunesse au Ghana et en Côte d’Ivoire au XXe siècle." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0046.
Full textThis thesis explores an unprecedented aspect of postcolonial citizen training in West Africa during the twentieth century. It compares the making and unfolding of three sporting and physical activity infrastructures in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire and reveals how sports, youth movements and physical training have helped to build the social and political history of Ghanaian and Ivorian youths. The study shows how, in both countries, physical and sporting activities were used by colonial and postcolonial states to promote the formation of a young idealized citizen: athletic, urban, educated and loyal to the state. On the one hand, this research highlights the ambivalence at play within sporting practice, between subordination and emancipation. On the other hand, it illuminates how sporting and physical activities were instruments that contributed to the redefining and reinventing of gendered social identities. This thesis is based on archives collected in Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, France, Great-Britain, Switzerland and the USA and biographical interviews with forty former sportsmen and sportswomen in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire
Keita, Fodé Bangaly. "Spécificités et enjeux de l'Union du Fleuve Mano (UFM) dans les dynamiques d'intégration régionales en Afrique de l'ouest (1959 à 2014)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC012/document.
Full textAfter the accession of the West African countries to independence, several supranational alliances were sealed. But, the search for the Union was done in a certain ideological contrariety because, there were panafricanists and the researchers of the Regional Economic Communities among the heads of state. It is in this context that three integration organizations emerged: the Mano River Union (UFM), the Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Community of West African States (ECOWAS). States of West Africa (CEAO), later became WAEMU. The MRU was created on the basis of geographical proximity and taking into account the centuries-old socio-economic and cultural links between identical settlements. Its purpose was to facilitate commercial transactions between populations separated by the colonial frontier. But, the real problem was the question of markets. In the face of globalization, relatively small countries in terms of population have often struggled to integrate into the global economy. They organized themselves in pools of resources. However, from 1973 to 2014, the UFM failed to transform its member countries for two reasons: First, in its structure, instead of creating a regional commission, Member States set up a general secretariat. Secondly, because of the socio-political crises, the MRU member countries have made less concrete achievements
Daget, Serge. "Les croisières françaises de répression de la traite des noirs sur les côtes occidentales de l'Afrique (1818-1850)." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040303.
Full textThe effect which the french cruisers had on the suppression of the african slave trade cannot be understood unless one first takes into account the forces to be curbed. Although slave trading was made illegal in France in 1818, french and west indian slavers did not hesitate to continue their trading without arousing any strong official reaction, even though repressive measures had been taken on the west african coast. Social, cultural, political and diplomatic conditions, as well as economic ones, explain the continued existence of an enterprise that had already lasted more than a century. Consequently, the question is to know how the repressive agents are going to operate on the african coast, and, if their results are not obvious, why not ? French cruisers, at first ineffectual, comply more and more with their duties: they capture national slavers that are judged and condemned. After a long policy of patience and denunciations, England in 1831 secures what she has been claiming in vain: an official co-operation of the royal navy with the french one in order to fight against the slavers. It is then a third french abolition law results in the ending of the national slave trade. We are therefore confronted with the paradox that a theoretically efficient system has no object to justify. An idyllic situation is brought about by an untraceable slave trade. Powers whose interests are less humanitarian than political create a serious crisis in France seeking to suppress the agreement signed in 1831-1833. Although successful, a new covenant with a nation that has always been resented as a machiavellian rival gives rise to a splendid french cruise: it lasts but one year as it is useless, and unable to act against the numerous brazilian or spanish slave traders. Thus, on the whole, french repression has been a failure. All the reasons for this failure have not been military ones. The weight of established mentalities, of economic needs, not nearly as urgent as implied, the weakness of humanitarian doctrines incapable of renovation, are among the deeper causes of this failure. Altogether a negative, repetitive story without any outstanding events. The knowledge of man in africa is imperceptible
Daumalin, Xavier. "Marseille et l'Ouest africain : cycle des oléagineux, attitudes coloniales, capitalisme portuaire : 1841-1956." Paris, EHESS, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992EHES0057.
Full textFrom 1841 to 1956 the history of trading between marseilles and west africa was primarily affected by the development in the oilseed cycle. With the help of integrated firms, oil-seed imports increased from 5 to 127. 000 tons between 1841 and 1881. But the people of marseilles were not the igniters of colonial expansion : their ideal was above all to reach a compromise with the african chiefs. The great slump of 188-1897 changed the tendancy and the marchands in marseilles recommended that dahomey should be placed under french administration. In the same time, they withdrew from integration. The third stage of the oil-product cycle (1898-1929) was a stage of missed opportunities. The fall of this decline was primarily due to the structures of marseilles capitalisme where the innovation consisted simply of finding some immediate saving. The crash of 1929 and the beginning of state intervention resulted in a radical change in the situation. The predominance of the oilseed cycle that had lasted for a century was shattered and the business circles questioned the use and cost of colonization
Benoist, Joseph-Roger de. "Les relations entre l'administration coloniale et les missions catholiques au Soudan français et en Haute-Volta de 1885 à 1945." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA070012.
Full textSama, Mathieu. "Paupérisation anthropologique et développement humain durable : herméneutique du burkindlem pour une éthique chrétienne inculturée de la promotion humaine intégrale en Afrique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAK014.
Full textIn 2000, through the Millennium Declaration, peoples are invited to opt for what is called the "sustainable human development". Several years later, in matter of development in Africa, the results are far below expectations. Then, it is necessary to lead reflection on the factors that influence the success of an effort to a "sustainable human development" on African soil. Therefore, our hypothesis is that whenever the Moaaga "burkĩndlem" is informed of the requirements of Christian ethics, it can become the place of a hermeneutics for efficient human development. In the Christian perspective, the anthropological foundation at the base of sustainable human development is the concept of "imago Dei" attributed to man in the biblical Revelation. In this regard, the Christian burkĩndlem appears as highly significant in the African context and is more than suggestive. The objective will be, for the burkĩmba Christians, to attain their full capacity as human beings in order to be open to the salvation that Christ, Son of God and fully man, has brought by grace
Blin, Louis. "L'Algérie, du Sahara au Sahel : route transsaharienne, économie pétrolière et construction de l'Etat." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040067.
Full textAlgeria has decided to build the transsaharan highway after the nationalization of petroleum, following years of unproductive regional co-operation. The Algerian authorities set this road as a model. This project is a symbol of the power given to the state by the hydrocarbons on both internal and external stages, as it was to turn the Sahara into the masterpiece of the establishment of a national territory, as well as it aimed at the reorganization of the regional environment, relating to the situation involved by the petroleum rent. This highway has materialized at one time the new vocation of the Sahara as a root and a stake of power, and the rivalries enhanced between its inhabitants and their states, as well as between the neighboring or non-neighboring countries. Algeria put this project aside after 1978, and sahelian countries built concurrent roads: these phenomenons show the crisis of the petroleum-based economy and the withdrawal of Algerian southern ambitions. On the cultural point of view, the transsaharan highway has lead to the reappraisal of Algeria’s saharan components, in opposition to its Mediterranean leaning during and after the colonization. The Sahara is the base of Algeria’s and even of most of the partly saharan countries ' development. It must not be considered as a peripheric or a transit zone, but as a distinct area. The awareness of belonging to Sahara may be a way for the people of this region to build their own identity
Nikis, Nicolas. "Archéologie des métallurgies anciennes du cuivre dans le bassin du Niari, République du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/276494.
Full textDoctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie
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Ba, Amadou. "Des "Sénégalais" à Madagascar : militaires ouest-africains dans la conquête et la colonisation de la Grande-île (1895-1960)." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA070024.
Full textOf Senegalese in Madagascar : West African Soldiers in the Colonization of the Grande Ile (1895-1960) France, in the second half of the 19th century, in an attempt to regain part of the grandeur she had lost during the Napoleonic wars, and most significantly in the aftermath of her defeat against Prussia in 1980, resumed her colonization policy in Africa and the Indian Ocean. In March 1895, an expedition launched against the Grande ile resulted in the capture of Antanananarivo in September that same year. The troops sent to this country included individuals hailing from Afrique Occidentale Française (French West Africa), usually referred to as the "tirailleurs senegalais" - even though most of them did not originate from the colony of Senegal per se, but rather from other territories - who played a significant part After being used as units of conquest and « pacifying », the African recruits from the A. O. F, Afrique occidentale française (French West Africa), remained stationed in this southwestern Indian océan colony as an occupying force and turned into police forces. In the year 1947, a violent insurrection broke out in eastern Madagascar. In order to repress this uprising, France sent once more battalions of "tirailleurs sénégalais", quartered in her Djibouti base, but also in metropolitan France. Many of those soldiers were killed (1,900 "tirailleurs" died). At the end of the operation, large numbers of those soldiers were maintained in this country as policemen, as had been the case at the beginning of the XIXth century, and without ever returning to their homeland. Drawing from archives (Vincennes and Aix-en-Provence in France, the National Archives of Senegal and the Archives of the Republic of Madagascar), iconography and films, fieldwork carried out in Madagascar in 2006, in Senegal (2006 and 2008), and in France; but drawing mostly from books and journals on the history of the "tirailleurs sénégalais", colonial French and Malagasy military history, I seek to pièce together this history of the "tirailleurs sénégalais". A history both neglected by scholars and overlooked by the French nation. My dissertation falls into three chapters: First, I analyze the main motivations behind the military draft in West Africa used so as to conquer a colony located thousands of kilometers away from A. O. F. (French West Africa). What were the particulars, the methods, and the strategies of the draft? What was the position of the A. O. F. In this draft? How did the young African view the army? Where those recruits volunteers? What were their social and ethnic backgrounds? The second chapter is devoted to the study of the various missions the tirailleurs sénégalais were trusted with. What was their role in the colonization of Malagascar? What happened to them after the conquest and "pacifying"? Lastly, I turn to the contemporary impact of a West African presence in the colonization of Madagascar through three themes:
Soubira, Thomas. "Hydraulique urbaine, hydraulique oasienne : archéologie d'une ville médiévale des marges sahariennes du Maroc : hydro-histoire de Sidjilmãsa et de la plaine du Tãfilãlt." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20007.
Full textWater management is a central aspect of the secular sustainability of Saharan oases and their economic dynamics. In this matter, it is important to distinguish between traditional systems and "modern" systems that have widely changed the oasian ecosystem. The oasis of Tāfīlālt (Morocco), seat of the emirate of Sid̲j̲ilmāsa and "port" of the caravan trade between the eighth and fifteenth century, is an excellent observatory of human adaptation in an arid environment. In order to have all the necessary data for our reflection on the hydraulics of Sid̲j̲ilmāsa, we have constituted a large corpus of documents, resulting from the analysis of the scientific literature around the general theme of water, focused mainly on archaeological studies and mobilization techniques. Following a contextualization of the archaeological site of Sid̲j̲ilmāsa in its oasis environment and its written documentation since the Middle Age, we establish a report of the hydraulic remains discovered since 2012 by the french-moroccan mission. Observable over all the excavation areas, these structures can be associated with the capture, supply or storage of water, as well as the disposal of wastewater. The analysis and the technical description of these remains then their insertion in a general stratigraphic context, allow us, by also mobilizing the data of the corpus, to propose functional hypotheses and an evolution of hydraulic practices in medieval Sid̲j̲ilmāsa. In the final part of the thesis, we deal in particular with the symbolic representation of water in Sid̲j̲ilmāsa conveyed since the Middle Age and changes in the way of supply of local populations over time, based on the archaeological considerations presented during all this research work and on our current observations, in order to provide an essay of hydrohistory in Tāfīlālt
Gueye, Abdoulaye. "Logiques identitaires et contraintes de l'intégration : les intellectuels ouest-africains en France de 1980 à nos jours." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0020.
Full textMadore, Frédérick. "Rivalités et collaborations entre aînés et cadets sociaux dans les milieux associatifs islamiques en Côte d'Ivoire et au Burkina Faso (1970-2017)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33246.
Full textBrunet-La, Ruche Bénédicte. ""Crime et châtiment aux colonies" : poursuivre, juger, sanctionner au Dahomey de 1894 à 1945." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979289.
Full textPeiretti, Delphine. "Corps noirs et médecins blancs : Entre race, sexe et genre : savoirs et représentations du corps des Africain(e)s dans les sciences médicales françaises (1780-1950)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3097.
Full textThis research focuses on the descriptions of African people's body according to French medical literature from the end of the 18th century to mid-20th century. Though the « black race » is seen as monolithic group in the medical writings at the beginning of the period, the african multiplicity slightly came up under the colonial doctors' pens, in the last third of the 19th century. Beyond the principal human races classification, the french doctors established a hierarchy between the black peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa, from The Cape of Good Hope to Senegambia. A sexual description of the peoples is added to raciological studies in order to clarify the racial classifications, ethnic hierarchies and to develop knowledge on African people. The african diversity is being highlighted all along the studied period, despite the permanency of numerous racial stereotypes as the hypersexuality of black people or the inversion of gender in Africa. Based on medical dictionaries, work about human races or even on colonial medecine work, our work displays, within the descriptions of the black bodies, the overlapping of the theories about race, gender and sex, and also explains the similarity of the rhetorical methods used to define and describe the Other, should they be female and/or black. Moreover, this research highlights how these representations were influenced by the scientific controversies and the political issues of the period, what they influenced in turn. Though the medical speeches stigmatize racial inferiority of the African people, this work also underlines the antithetical opinions and the conflicts between some doctors about these consensual patterns
Soubira, Thomas. "Hydraulique urbaine, hydraulique oasienne : archéologie d'une ville médiévale des marges sahariennes du Maroc : hydro-histoire de Sidjilmãsa et de la plaine du Tãfilãlt." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20007/document.
Full textWater management is a central aspect of the secular sustainability of Saharan oases and their economic dynamics. In this matter, it is important to distinguish between traditional systems and "modern" systems that have widely changed the oasian ecosystem. The oasis of Tāfīlālt (Morocco), seat of the emirate of Sid̲j̲ilmāsa and "port" of the caravan trade between the eighth and fifteenth century, is an excellent observatory of human adaptation in an arid environment. In order to have all the necessary data for our reflection on the hydraulics of Sid̲j̲ilmāsa, we have constituted a large corpus of documents, resulting from the analysis of the scientific literature around the general theme of water, focused mainly on archaeological studies and mobilization techniques. Following a contextualization of the archaeological site of Sid̲j̲ilmāsa in its oasis environment and its written documentation since the Middle Age, we establish a report of the hydraulic remains discovered since 2012 by the french-moroccan mission. Observable over all the excavation areas, these structures can be associated with the capture, supply or storage of water, as well as the disposal of wastewater. The analysis and the technical description of these remains then their insertion in a general stratigraphic context, allow us, by also mobilizing the data of the corpus, to propose functional hypotheses and an evolution of hydraulic practices in medieval Sid̲j̲ilmāsa. In the final part of the thesis, we deal in particular with the symbolic representation of water in Sid̲j̲ilmāsa conveyed since the Middle Age and changes in the way of supply of local populations over time, based on the archaeological considerations presented during all this research work and on our current observations, in order to provide an essay of hydrohistory in Tāfīlālt
Sow, Abdoul Aziz. "Essai de typologie des genres poétiques peuls (Mauritanie-Sénégal)." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040181.
Full textThe purpose of this PhD deals with oral Fulani poetry from the Fouta-Toro (Mauritania - Senegal) and is composed of three parts. In the first part, a sociological approach brings into relief the role and function of each of the social classes that are the generating of this literature. A brief survey of works already written on Fulani literature has put an emphasis on the specificity of the former in each Fulani cultural area. Starting from the local taxinomy of poetic genres, this thesis has achieved a typology of poetic genres by showing that poetry is produced in a specific context that regulates its performance and its reception. Poetic genres have had as a main axis of development the social classes that compose the Fulani society of Fouta-Toro. In the third and final part, the literary analysis illustrates two major aspects of this poetry. Rhythm is so far as poets use various means to create. Furthermore, it is the vector of an ideology proper to the social groups to which it is linked with
Sanon, J. Bernardin. "Production littéraire d'images socio-politiques dans l'écriture romanesque négro-africaine (après les Indépendances)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX10041.
Full textThis ph. D. Dissertation deals with the writing, the history and the images of the french-speaking west african novel from 1975 to 1995 in the different countries covered by our study. We present an in-depth analysis of the works of west african novelists (both male and female) and we study the evolution of the historical conditions, the literary techniques, the use of the language. We also investigate the novelists' involvement in generation movements and their sociopolitical images as well as their strategies to achieve efficiency in the process of enforcing a contemporary african fiction
Echouaibi, Mohamed-Amine. "Contribution à l'histoire de l'Etat et de la société sous le règne d'Ahmad al-Kabīr al-Madanī (1864-1893) d'après les sources arabes." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010530.
Full textIn 1864, al-haj umar disappears in full campaign before his ambitious project is not realized in its totality. The great islamic tijaniyya state to which he aspired remained unfinished. He bequeathed nevertheless to his successor a very vast territory going from oriental senegal until tumbuktu. Immediately after his advent, ahmad al-kabir al-madani had to confront many difficulties, with various nature. The problem of the succession was the principal since it remained irresolute until the end. It divided the center of commandment between ahmadu and his brothers, what provoke deeply reached to the unit of the state. Similarly, uprisings of the population against the authority of ahmadu have succeeded to intervals of very close time of each other. Consequently, the state weakens and become incapable to dress to dangers coming from exterior. This work tempts to stroller the different phases of this misunderstood history, because of the lack of research relative at this period, and tries to analyze trough original manuscripts (122 manuscripts) the different cause of collapse of the toucouleur empire under the reign of ahmadu (1864-1893), and its incapacity to resist at colonial imperialism
Demaret, Mathieu. "Portugais, Néerlandais et Africains en Angola aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles : construction d'un espace colonial." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE4022/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to question the nature of the Portuguese presence in Angola during the 16th and 17th centuries, a period which corresponds to the rise of the transatlantic slave trade in the South Atlantic Ocean. We pay particular attention to the distinctive features of the Portuguese presence: firstly, we insist on its territorial nature, that differentiates it from other African areas where Europeans went no further than setting up trading posts on the coastline; secondly, we focus on the Luso-Dutch rivalry that took place during the first half of the 17th century, leading to one of the first intra-European confrontations on sub-Sahara African soil. The first four chapters address the question of the colonial territory: they cover the period from 1483, when the Portuguese reached the mouth of the Congo River, to 1671, date of the decisive Portuguese victory over the Ndongo kingdom for the control of the Luanda hinterland. We analyse the stages in the formation of this territory by focusing on the interactions between African and European political powers. This focus leads us to take a special interest in the colonial powers' attempts at delimiting the colonial territory, a delimitation based on both the action of the colonial agents and the production of new geographical knowledge. In the fifth and final chapter, we analyse the social dynamics and characteristics of the agents that constitute what we see as a new emerging colonial society
Clist, Bernard-Olivier. "Des permiers villages aux premiers européens autour de l'estuaire du Gabon: quatre millénaires d'interactions entre l'homme et son milieu." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211046.
Full textCette séquence démarre avec les traces des derniers chasseurs-collecteurs datées avant 4.000 bp, se poursuit avec la présence des premiers villages avant 2.600 bp, se développe avec l'arrivée des premières populations métallurgistes vers 1.900 bp et se termine un peu après l'arrivée des premiers européens sur la côte Atlantique entre 1471-1475.
Ces quelques quatre millénaire d'histoire sont construits autour d'un protocole d’analyse détaillée des poteries, principaux traceurs des ensembles culturels et de leurs échanges.
A chaque grande époque culturelle (Néolithique puis Age du Fer), les données de l'estuaire du Gabon sont comparées et enrichies par toutes les autres informations archéologiques compilées au Gabon.
Dans le cadre d'une synthèse régionale, toute la documentation relative à la néolithisation en Afrique Centrale du Cameroun à l'Angola est réétudiée en utilisant la même grille d'analyse, et une nouvelle modélisation de l'expansion du système de production villageois est proposée.
Enfin, tous les éléments qui portent sur les premières traces de réduction du fer sont repris, critiqués, et une chronologie plus sûre de l'expansion de cette métallurgie est proposée.
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire de l'art et archéologie
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Tavares, Moreira Ana Karina. "Documentation et description grammaticale et lexicale du créole afro-portugais de l'île de Fogo (République du Cap-Vert, Afrique de l'Ouest)." Thesis, Paris, INALCO, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INAL0028.
Full textThis thesis is the first book-length description of the Portuguese Creole spoken on the island of Fogo (Cape Verde, West-Africa), spoken by most of the 40,000 island’s inhabitants as well as by its diaspora. This work provides an insight on the linguistic structure of this variety, based on data collected during fieldwork occurred between 2016 and 2019. This study comprises with nine chapters, namely (1) introduction, (2) phonology, (3) syllabic structure, (4), stress, (5) nominal morphology, (6) verbal morphology, (7) syntax, (8) lexical peculiarities and (9) conclusion.This thesis brings new elements both to the synchronic and diachronic analysis of Cape Verdean Creole. At the same time, it contributes with comparative data for the reconstruction of the Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole (UGPC) language family. These data show in particular that Fogo Cape Verdean emerged quite early as a distinct variety among UGPCs and illustrate the main characteristics of this variety.This thesis also provides historical data on the discovery, settlement, trade connections, maritime interactions, social structure and sociolinguistics of the island of Fogo, and shows the role played by these elements in the development and shaping of Fogo’s unique linguistic makeup
Benchekroun, Chafik Toum. "Images et connaissances de l'Occident chrétien au Maghreb médiéval." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20027.
Full textIt is difficult to refute the idea that a caricatural vision of the Christian West prevails in the medieval Maghreb, a vision that summarizes the Other with both general and stereotyped traits. In medieval times, Maghreb writers seem to struggle to differentiate the Christian powers from one another, often preferring to designate (what this thesis wants to call) the Mediterranean Other vaguely and remotely: "Romans", "Francs", "Christians", or more rarely "unbelievers". These appellations often appear to be thrown at random, and to be perfectly equivalent. But, although this impression is largely correct, some nuances may perhaps bring greater clarity to the state and degree of knowledge of the Other in the cultivated consciousness (in the Hegelian sense of expression) of the elite medieval Maghreb intellectuals. This other multisecular, pre-Islamic. Already, in 171, 540 years before 711, the Moors crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to attack Betic, pushed by a crop more than insufficient. Constituting a danger quite considered at the time. Already under Nero, the poet Calpurnius wrote: "trucibusque obnoxia Mauris pascua Geryonis". Although Islam comes to complete and anchor this gigantic psychological situation. The medieval Maghreb intellectual identity is based on a fantasized pre-Islamic period of Arabia of Muhammad. It must not be forgotten that Jews and Christians were simply expelled from Arabia after the death of Muhammad, for they would defile the homeland of the Prophet by their mere presence. This is a founding element of the traditional representation of Christians and Jews in the Land of Islam. This will influence the legal visions of the relations that can be undertaken between the Maghrebians and the Christian West. Thus many medieval Maghreb jurists will present as illicit trade between Maghrebians and Christians (of the West) being realized with Christian coins engraved with crosses, even engraved with Latin inscriptions quite simply. Even the relationship with the Other is therefore defined by the refusal of the Other. Because, the Christian West is Dār al-ḥarb (a land of war)
Esseili, Ahmad. "La peinture contemporaine au Moyen-Orient arabe et ses sources traditionnelles islamiques." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040412.
Full textThis study aims to establish the relationship between the contemporaneousness in Arabic painting and the traditionalism in Islamic art through a synthetic, analytical and methodological vision. My dissertation consists of three parts : the first part discusses the influences of modernism and the European orientalism : negative influences upon popular arts but positive ones upon the birth of the contemporary Arabic painting in its relation to the modern Arabic renaissance in the nineteenth century. The second part probes the Islamic influences in the painting of Lebanon, Egypt, Syria and Iraq. In addition, we have examined those Islamic influences within the occidental current - from academicism to abstractionism. In the third part, our methodology starts from the factors of sociopolitical, cultural and artistic ones in order to establish a wholly and objective vision that respects the aesthetical, historical and critical dimensions of work leading us to three categories of Arabic painting : 1. It is completely occidentalized. 2. It is an Arabic orientalist's vision. 3. It is more authentic i. E. It comes from the fusion of both traditional Islamic aesthetic and modern occidental one. The most important elements in the general conclusion are the following: 1. We showed up the subject - content (in painting) as an Arabic, Islamic and aesthetic notion. 2. We discovered three stages within the current of Arabic painting. 3. We examined the attitude of contemporary Arabic painting vis-a-vis the limitation (interdiction) in the figurative painting
Feron, Patrick. "Héritage, métissage de traditions d'architecture nautique : foyers de traditions : Afrique, Europe, Amérique XVIe-XXIe siècle." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H015.
Full textIn the present study, three archetypal boats called baleinière, chaland and sharpee are observed in the west area and the equatorial area of Africa. They sail on the rivers of Sénégal, and Niger ; on Oubangui, Chari and Chad lake, between seventeenth century and contemporary period. The whole of waterways measure eight thousand kilometres of Iength. The three previous occurrences suggest a relationship between Europe, America and Africa, these continents linked by Atlantic ocean, are called "foyers of traditions". Manuscripts, stories of the first voyagers, publications, plans, charts, iconography are examined. Then, the collector's item of baleinière du Chari showed in Musée des troupes de marine, Fréjus, France is looked over in detail. The study analyses the architectural characteristics of boats, the aquatic mobility, the reasons of this mobility and the intelligence put into practice. It makes an inventory of vernacular nautical traditions and examines their harmony with natural environment and the daily life of men. Geography, history, ethnography allow to determine local area, genesis, architecture, functionality, and the use of boats. The result elucidates the process of cultural and technical mix of baleinière, chaland and sharpee. The ethnographic survey substantiates the genesis of chaland sablier currently built nearly Bamako city
Kouassi, Kouamé Germain. "Les écrivains ivoiriens et la langue française: heurs et malheurs d'un mariage contre nature : l'exemple de l'oeuvre romanesque de Dadié, Kourouma et Adiaffi." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040245.
Full textThe present thesis entitled: Ivorian writers and french language: fortunes and misfortunes of a marriage against nature. An example of Dadié, Kourouma and Adiaffi's romance work, it takes a formal study and some detailed stylistic procedures put to work by the three principle writers of Côte d'Ivoire ( Dadie, Kourouma, and Adiaffi) to try and overcome the major obstacles that constitutes, obviously, french language in free expression of their tradition and of their cultural personalities. Also, it clearly looks like these writers have cunningly used in their romantic speech some terms, some constructions and particular forms of expression directly extracted from languages of their motherland by the help of a diversity of gathering and putting together into interlinguistics. Having in that one reference the imaginary african, they have in general foreseen obstacles, succeeded in showing that in the centre of a large language of international communication like french, it is possible to find a place for a plural expression, and, by the same way, for exchange between different languages and cultures
Huy, Julien d'. "Nouvelles perspectives sur l'histoire de l'Afrique : mythologies, arts rupestres et génétique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H100.
Full textIn this dissertation, I will try to show you the interest of a phylomemetic approach of myths in the perspective of a reconstruction of the settlement of Africa, and of the globe over longterm.After an historical presentation of this methodological approach, I will argue that the myths form a distinct and largely independent class of cultural replicators whose behaviour and fidelity can rival those of genes and languages, and show that it is possible to apply computer tools used in biology to families of myths or oral traditions in an attempt to answer questions about the history of people and their migrations, or to contribute to the interpretation of archaeological remains.I will discuss common objections to the application of the phylogenetic model of myths, and highlight the extreme slowness of evolution for some of them. I will then establish a correlation between myths and gene diffusion, thanks to the construction of phylogenetic trees, a model of diffusion of peoples inside Africa and throughout the world.The first form of several oral narratives or traditions, sometimes existing prior to the Out-of-Africa process, can thus be found at the same time as a clarification on the meaning of certain archaeological remains including rock art can be brought. Results appear solid, in particular because they resist changes in the corpus and method and remain consistent with those from other approaches
Fare, Yohann. "Origine et transformation d'un système agraire au Sénégal - La zone des Niayes -." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0009/document.
Full textA study on the agrarian system of the Niayes region, situated in the northern coastal area of Senegal, between Dakar and Saint Louis was accomplished, implementing historical surveys coupled with a hundred ones related to agricultural exploitations. About eighty surveys were used to help establish economic results. Main phases within the region’s agrarian system were distinguished.1. During the precolonial period, an economy of gathering (wine and palm oil) and a shifting agriculture with as basis millet and peanut in the South; transhumant stockbreeding system in the North;2. During colonization, market gardening became a source of income for Niayes farmers who, seen the area conditions, could not take advantage of the peanut boom of their Dieri neighbor. This development was also a response to cities’ increasing needs in fruits and vegetables.3. During the great drought (1970’s and 1980’s), the market gardening areas extension and the culture system’s intensification caused by migrants’ influx and thanks to the creation of a fruit-part-type contract, the mbeye seddo which allows sharing added value between the employer and the seasonal worker, the sourgha.4. For 20 years, the development of motorized culture systems, with an increasing differences of incomes between manual and motorized exploitations in one hand and the employers’ and family exploitations on the other hand.Within one contemporary agrarian system, we distinguished three main farming categories (family business, employers’ and capitalist ones). Within these groups, farms use manual, semi-motorized or motorized cultivating systems. The survival threshold (meaning the minimal level of necessary resources) was estimated for an average family at CFA 149’000 per working person and per year (227 euros).The first farm category is a food-producing system on short fallows with palm groves. With manual cultivating systems, it is possible for a working person to develop 800 to 1’200 m2 of vegetable basin (Niaye) depending on species to cultivate, with at best 2 campaigns per year. The income varies from 500 to 1’500 euros/working person/year. With combined systems (motorized drainage and manual water distribution), it increases to 2’500m2/year with also 2 campaigns per year and an income of 500 to 2’600 euros/working person/year. Complete motorization (motorized drainage and spraying water distribution, using hose) allows 2 to 4 campaigns per year on 3’000 to 3’500 m2/working person. Incomes vary between 2’000 to 10’000 euros/working person/year.Manual family farms or employers’ exploitations which hire few sourgha most face difficulties with an income barely situated beyond survival threshold (average of 260 to 300 euros/working person/year, sometimes 100 euros) on less than 2’000 m2/family working person. While appealing to sourghas a great deal, manual exploitations earn between 1’000 and 1’800 euros/working person/year on 4’000 m2 to 1 ha/family working person. Motorized exploitations (combined and integral) can use between 1’000m2 (combined) and 1ha/family working person (integral), with incomes varying from 1’500 euros/working person/year (family system with motorized drainage and manual water distribution) to 3’500 euros/working person/year (intensive and motorized capitalist system with 4 campaigns/year).If motorization seems tempting to improve incomes, though not deemed sustainable for the area (ground water overexploitation, various pollutions, and dependence to fossil energy), “race for motorization” brings about important income differences within manual exploitations and current social relationships, and added value sharing deserves review
Béringue, Yves. "La frontière entre Soudan français (Mali) et Guinée : d'une limite intra-impériale vers une frontière interétatique (1878-1956)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H006/document.
Full text"The two lungs of one and the same body" is a metaphor commonly used to refer to the states of Mali and Guinea, indicating the absurd and arbitrary nature of their separation. Their common border is a 858-kilometer long line, inherited from the administrative boundary between two colonies of French West Africa. Though never clearly demarcated nor actually materialized, it stems from the territorial division of French West Africa, the purpose of which was simply to create manageable geographical units, not future states. This thesis proposes to consider the border between Mali and Guinea (former French Sudan) in its entirety, from the territorial conquest initiated by the French in 1878, up to 1956 with the establishment of autonomous territories within the AOF (French West Africa). It proposes to write its history: its construction and then administration by the French but, above all, the story of its appropriation by the communities which live in the border territories. Analysing the populations' trans-territorial habits and the forms of exploitation of the imposed spatial framework enables us to grasp its historicity, to gradually erase the phantom nature of this line and imagine the processes of spatial appropriation from the bottom up and how this helped generate new identities and caused the border to take root on the eve of the upheavals of independence
Kouyaté, Mamadou. "La variabilité dans quatre versions de l’épopée mandingue." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30003/document.
Full textThis thesis is to variability in rewriting four versions of the Mandingo epic. By referring to comparison differential initiated by Ute Heidmann (2005) who defend an approach to no-hierachizing texts, this thesis proposes to put an evidence variability indices in the diversity of their textual forms. These are generated by different enunciative sources including the figure of the griot representing different characters, the description of some historical facts and nature, featuring as it sees fit cut and thrust. Finally, the variability indices refer to the different editions of the same text of the Mandinka heritage literature. Based on the corpus, this study explores the variables that represent editorial movement places inducing shifts in meaning sometimes due the rivalry between the griots, authors of the performance