Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Archéozoologie'
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Grouard, Sandrine. "Subsistance, systèmes techniques et gestion territoriale en milieu insulaire antillais précolombien : exploitation des vertébrés et des crustacés aux époques Saladoi͏̈des et Troumassoi͏̈des de Guadeloupe (400 av. J-C à 1500 ap. J-C)." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100200.
Full textThe zooarchaeological study of around 95,000 Vertabrate and Crustacean remains from seven pre-columbian sites in Guadeloupe shows a very large diversity of the species. In order to analyse these remains, osteoligical identification keys for fishes and crustaceans had to be created, the size and weight of three fishes families were elaborated, and a sampling proposition was produced. Results indicate that even though the subsistence of the communities was partially based on theis environmental localisation, but different anthropological choices were made during the various chronological periods. First, two complementary subsistence forms (generalisation and specialisation) coexisted whatever the period. The specialisation corresponded to specific seasonal activities adapted to the different geographical locations. .
Auetrakulvit, Prasit. "Faunes du pléistocène final à l'holocène de Thai͏̈lande : approche archéozoologique." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX10020.
Full textRadu, Valentin. "Exploitation des ressources aquatiques dans les cultures néolithiques et chalcolithiques de la Roumanie méridionale : texte, figures, planches et annexes." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10094.
Full textBourgois, Alice. "Approche archéozoologique des campagnes et des villes de l'ouest septentrional, entre Seine et Somme, à la période romaine." Thesis, Amiens, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AMIE0056.
Full textDuring the ancient times, the Somme and the Seine were used as natural boundaries, they delimited the areas of influence of several indigenous peoples (Caleti, Veliocassi, Bellovaci and Ambiani, and some others which are less documented, like the Catuslugi located at "Bois l'Abbé" - Eu). From the Roman period, this area were the frontier between Gallia Belgica and Gallia Lugdunensis. Today, big excavation campaigns have uncovered several urban centers in this space. The development of these towns seems to begin shortly after the Roman conquest. Four of them are at the first subject of this doctoral research : Le Vieil-Evreux, Ribemont-sur-Ancre, Vendeuil-Caply and Eu. Several hundred thousand animal bones were exhumed at these sites. The zoo-archaeological analysis provides an overview of the meat diet of the inhabitants and the ancient environment of this region. It also documents agri-pastoral, hunting, artisanal and commercial practices involving animals, as well as religious practices, including blood sacrifice, unofficial magic practices, banquets followed by meat sharing, between men, but also between men and gods. Zoo-archaeological data enter into several interdisciplinary research programs conduct in the various archaeological centers concerned. These new results have been put in perspective with zoo-archaeological studies conducted in neighboring regions
Bardot, Anne. "Les coquillages en Gaule romaine, entre Méditerranée et Rhin : approche socio-économique et socio-culturelle." Bordeaux 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR30047.
Full textBetti, Eric. "Etude morphométrique du fémur du chien : variations en fonction des paramètres signalétiques de l'animal." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MNHN0008.
Full textTomé, Carine. "Les mammifères et les oiseaux dans l'économie des sociétés protohistoriques et historiques du golfe arabo-persique : (IIIe millénaire avant J.-C. - VIIe siècle après J.-C.)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10057.
Full textMallye, Jean-Baptiste. "Les restes de blaireau en contexte archéologique : taphonomie, archéozoologie et éléments de discussion des séquences préhistoriques." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13378.
Full textCochard, David. "Les léporidés dans la subsistance paléolithique du sud de la France." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00496206.
Full textCampmas, Emilie. "Caractérisation de l’occupation des sites de la région de Témara (Maroc) au Pléistocène supérieur et nouvelles données sur la subsistance des hommes du Paléolithique moyen d’Afrique du Nord : exemples des approches taphonomiques et archéozoologiques menées sur les faunes d’El Harhoura 2 et d’El Mnasra." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14592/document.
Full textThe Upper Pleistocene occupation of the Témara Region (Morocco) and new data concerning Middle Palaeolithic subsistence behaviour in North Africa: A taphonomic and zooarchaeological approach to the fauna from El Harhoura 2 and El Mnasra”This work presents a taphonomic and zooarchaeological analysis focused on Pleistocene fauna from the Temara region of Morroco with particular emphasis on the recently excavated sites of El Harhoura 2 and El Mnasra. Particular attention is paid to the Aterian (Middle Palaeolithic, MSA), a techno-complex specific to Upper Pleistocene North Africa and whose behavioural aspects remain poorly documented. This is especially the case for hunting practices, site function and the spatial organization of the territory. This work proposes an interpretative model based on large mammal faunas considered in conjunction with the little regional information that is currently available. The results suggest short occupations involving multiple activities during MIS 5. The example of El Mnasra indicates that Aterian groups consumed ungulates of various sizes (Gazelles, Equidae, Suidae, Bovinae, etc.) with the entire chaîne opératoire related to the butchery of carcasses carried out on-site. In addition to large game, these groups also integrated tortoise and shellfish in their diet. The example of El Harhoura 2 demonstrates carnivores who preyed mainly on gazelle to be the site’s main occupants during OIS 3-4, a period which can be correlated with more rigorous climatic conditions and lower sea levels. Aterian groups probably occupied the rockshelter only during brief stopovers. Despite culture changes evident in the lithic industry and the site being used as a burial ground during the ensuing Iberomaurusian period (Late Upper Palaeolithic/LSA), the accumulators of the fauna at El Harhoura 2 remain carnivores and the proportion of species larger than gazelle increases. On a larger scale, these results highlight similarities in subsistence strategies that can be added to other convergent behavioural features such as the use of pigments and the presence of Nassarius sp. beads. During OIS 5, anatomically modern humans (AMH) exploited coastal areas as well as fairly large ungulates and tortoise in both North and South Africa. However, this diversification of resources is not unique to AMH as Neanderthals are known to have exploited coastal environments in the Iberian Peninsula and Italy. This period is therefore crucial for understanding Middle Palaeolithic/ MSA evolutionary dynamics and related behavioural traits not only in North Africa, but also in a broader geographical perspective
Vuillien, Manon. "Systèmes d'élevage et pastoralisme en Provence et dans les Alpes méridionales durant la Protohistoire : Nouvelles perspectives en archéozoologie." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ2020.
Full textFor nearly eight millennia, animal husbandry and pastoralism have played a major role in the evolution of human societies in the northwestern Mediterranean. For Provence and the Southern Alps, however, the patterns and dynamics of the systems of exploitation of animal resources are little known from the end of the Neolithic to the beginning of Romanization. The aim of this PhD is to better understand these processes by studying the archaeozoological data available for these periods, and through the analysis of faunal material from five key archaeological sites: the cave of Pertus II (Méailles, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), the settlement of Place Mariéjol (Antibes, Alpes-Maritimes), the sanctuary of the Cime de Tournerie (Roubion, Alpes-Maritimes), the oppidum of Entremont (Aix-en-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône) and the city of Maritima Avaticorum (Martigues, Bouches-du-Rhône). Three major issues have been explored in this perspective: the role of livestock in the diet of protohistoric societies, the morphotypical diversity of sheep and goats present in the Provencal and South-Alpine territory, and the development of breeding practices, particularly regarding the caprines, at that time.For this purpose, in addition to the classical methods used in archaeozoology (taxonomic identification, studies of butchery and consumption practices), we have applied and developed tools that have benefited from significant methodological advances in recent years: the study of bone morphometry and the analysis of mortality profiles of ungulates. Thanks to the elaboration of a specific protocol in 2D/3D geometric morphometrics, we evidenced the existence of several sheep morphotypes. By crossing these results with the data obtained on herd management strategies and livestock productions (meat, milk and wool), we showed that different sheep and goat breeding systems were in use in Provence. This diversity seems to be partly determined by the territorial and cultural configuration of the region, with marked differences between littoral and mountains regarding sheep husbandry, while in the Aix basin and around the Etang de Berre, a particular terroir seems to have favoured goat farming. The end of this period is characterised by changes in food practices reflected, notably, by an increase in the consumption of beef and pork in certain cities, under the double influence of urbanization and the Roman conquest. This research, in addition to providing new elements of knowledge on the history of food and animal production, contributes to proposing new methodological tools to explore the past biodiversity of domestic species
Balasse, Marie. "De l'exploitation du lait au Néolithique moyen en Europe tempérée : examen des modalités de sevrage des bovins, par l'analyse isotopique des ossements archéologiques." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066032.
Full textJulien, Marie-Anne. "Chasseurs de bisons : apports de l'archéozoologie et de la biogéochimie isotopique à l'étude palethnographique et paléoéthologique du gisement épigravettien d'Amvrosievka (Ukraine)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0046.
Full textLe bison est un taxon couramment représenté dans les gisements archéologiques du Pléistocène récent européen. Il est omniprésent dans les assemblages paléolithiques des plaines méridionales d'Europe orientale où les économies préhistoriques sont généralement considérées comme spécialisées dans l'acquisition de ce boviné. La « spécialisation économique » implique l'acquisition et la consommation quasi-exclusive d'un taxon au sein des populations animales disponibles. Le complexe de sites épigravettien ancien d'Amvrosievka, particulièrement riche en vestiges osseux de bisons, permet de vérifier si cette notion est ou non applicable aux populations épigravettiennes des steppes du nord de la mer Noire. La synthèse des travaux éthologiques modernes montre que les bisons présentent une grande diversité comportementale, principalement liée à l'environnement, aux conditions climatiques locales et à la densité des populations. La caractérisation du comportement des bisons des steppes chassés par les Préhistoriques d'Amvrosievka s'est donc imposée afin de pouvoir déterminer les modalités d'acquisition de ce taxon. Deux volets ont ainsi été documentés à travers l'analyse des vestiges osseux : l'étude intra et interindividuelle des signatures isotopiques - teneurs isotopiques en carbone, oxygène et strontium de la bioapatite de l'émail dentaire ; composition isotopique en azote et en carbone du collagène de la dentine et de l'os - et l'analyse palethnographique basée sur une étude archéozoologique. Cela nous a permis de restituer certains aspects de la paléoéthologie du bison des steppes - particulièrement son caractère non migrateur - ayant eu des répercussions directes sur les comportements cynégétiques et les économies des chasseurs d'Amvrosievka. En comparant ces résultats avec les données connues pour d'autres gisements contemporains ainsi que pour d'autres sociétés de chasseurs dans lesquelles le bison est particulièrement bien représenté dans les assemblages fauniques, nous avons discuté des modalités de chasse et des économies préhistoriques en lien avec cet animal emblématique
Bison are one of the most abundant and widely distributed large mammals during the Late Pleistocene and are commonly found in archaeological sites. This large bovid is omnipresent in Palaeolithic faunal assemblages from the Southern Plains of Eastern Europe, where Palaeolithic economies are considered to specialise in bison hunting. Amvrosievka is a complex of Epigravettian sites, particularly rich in bison remains; thus, it provides a good context for verifying the applicability of this notion to the northern Black sea economies. A synthesis of recent ethological analyses demonstrates the behavioural diversity of bison, linked mainly to local environmental variability, climatic conditions and population density. It was therefore necessary to reconstruct the behaviour of the steppe bison hunted at Amvrosievka before attempting to identify the acquisition strategies used. There are two distinct aspects to this research: an intra- and interindividual study of isotopic signatures - carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope ratios from enamel bioapatite; nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios from bone and dentin collagen -, and a palethnological analysis, based on the zooarchaeological study of the faunal remains. Aspects of steppe bison palaeoethology are identified that had a direct impact on the choice of hunting strategy and subsistence economy of the Epigravettian occupants of Amvrosievka: in particular, the non migratory behaviour of steppe bison is shown to have affected the seasonality of acquisition as well as hunting and butchering strategies developed by the Epigravettians. Finally, through a comparison of the faunal data from Amvrosievka with published records from other sites where bison is well represented in the archaeofaunal material, we discuss Prehistoric acquisition strategies and subsistence economies related to this emblematic species
Cravinho, Stéphanie. "Les poissons d'eau douce à la fin du paléolithique supérieur en France : réexamen et étude complémentaire du site de Pont d'Ambon (Bourdeilles, Dordogne)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX10049.
Full textMartin, Hélène. "Nouveaux milieux, nouveaux chasseurs : une approche des comportements au post-glaciaire à travers l'étude des saisons de capture du gibier." Toulouse 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU20017.
Full textThe study of cementum rings located on mammals dental roots allows to identify accurately the age and season corresponding to the death of the considered animals. Applied to the fossil remains found in the post - glacial prehistoric sites, this method will contribute to a better understanding of the strategies of new environment
Lespes, Carole. "Pratiques alimentaires et agropastorales à la fin de l’Age du Bronze et aux débuts de l’Age du Fer en Languedoc : du littoral aux premiers contreforts méridionaux du Massif Central." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MON30042.
Full textArchaeozoological data are incomplete in Languedoc at the end of the Final Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age (IX-Vth c. BC). Therefore, this study was conducted to provide new perspectives on diet during this poorly documented period. The study concerns faunal remains from habitat sites in the Languedoc region located on the Mediterranean coast and in the hinterland of the southern foothills of the Massif Central. Archaeozoological analysis coupled with the analysis of dental micro-wear of ruminants has led to a better understanding of the feeding practices of these rural societies confronted with the proto-urban phenomenon. The meat resource is essentially based on animal husbandry, particularly of goats, and management strategies for specific herds are emerging. Hunting is practiced but in a more opportunistic context than out of necessity. Neither the location of sites on the coast or in mountainous landscapes, nor the diachronicity of occupations influence feeding practices. It seems that each site has its own characteristics, with choices linked more to local components mixing culture, opportunity, taste preferences, status of the populations, etc.Keywords: Archaeozoology, Protohistory, Dental microwear, Languedoc
Valensi, Patricia. "Les grands mammifères de la grotte du Lazaret, Nice : étude paléontologique et biostratigraphique des carnivores : archéozoologie des grandes faunes." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00507308.
Full textUnsain, Dianne. "Histoire d'os : enjeux sociaux, économiques et environnementaux des ressources carnées en Provence (Xème - XIIème siècles) : les apports de l'archéozoologie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/211129_UNSAIN_331suql41fbcot678nd262spb_TH.pdf.
Full textThis PhD thesis analyses the remains of mammals and birds found on four Provençal sites from the first feudal age (10th-12th century, Alpes de Haute-Provence). Almost 45,000 fragments were analysed. Notre-Dame of Allemagne-en-Provence is our main reference site. It consists of an aristocratic residence that was replaced by two successive fortins. At the same time as these occupations, a peasant settlement developed nearby. Two other contemporary seigneurial installations were also treated: the Moutte of Allemagne-en-Provence and the Roca of Niozelles. These three castra are of major interest, as they bear witness to the birth of private "castles" in Provence and to the daily life of the rural elites. Finally, the settlement of Petra Castellana (Castellane) offers a primordial contrast for understanding the functioning and specificities of the peasant community of Notre-Dame.Meat diet of Provence in the early Middle Ages was long misunderstood. This work addresses social, economic, cultural, and environmental dimensions of human-animal relations. For this purpose, the work of related disciplines is widely mobilised. More specifically, the aim is to characterise the production and management strategies of the territory, herds, and animal economy of the rural elites (lords and military). Their dietary behaviours are analysed and compared with those of humble populations to identify similarities, discrepancies, as well as relationships between these different social groups
Leduc, Charlotte. "Acquisition et exploitation des ressources animales au Maglemosien : essai de reconstitution des chaînes opératoires globales d'exploitation d'après l'analyse des vestiges osseux des sites de Mullerup et Lundby Mose (Sjaelland-Danemark)." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010640.
Full textLebon, Matthieu, and Christophe Falguères. "Caractérisation par spectrométrie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier des ossements chauffés en contexte archéologique : comparaison entre référentiel moderne et matériel fossile, implications diagénétiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0039.
Full textSeveral taphonomic processes can modify the color and the texture of burnt bones making their identification difficult in archaeological contextes. In the present study, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) was applied to characterize the modifications induced on bones by heating. Particularly, the analysis of a specific domain of the infrared spectrum (ν1ν3PO4 domain) of modern bones experimentally heated was used to define mineralogical proxies that ensure the evaluation of both crystallinity and crystal lattice perfection. The developed analytical protocol was then applied on archaeological material and has allowed the identification of bones heated from 250°C for archaeological samples carried out from Magdalenian layers (15 000 years old) and the establishment of new parameters for the evaluation of the alteration state of fossil bone mineral
Servat, Stéphanie. "Archéozoologie de la faune médiévale du Castrum de Rougiers (Var) de la fin du XIIème au milieu du XVème siècle." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX20700.
Full textPauthier, Philippe. "Chasse, pêche, élevage et alimentation : archéozoologie des marges occidentales du Saint-Empire romain germanique, et orientales du Royaume de France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUL015.
Full textMy work explores the relationships between man and animal, from the medieval period to the modern period, through the analysis of skeletal remains in Eastern France, in a castral and urban context. This work is based on the analysis of more than 90,000 animal bone remains found on archaeological sites. These remains come from mammals, birds and fish.The aim of my research is above all to draw up a picture of the meat diet of the wealthy sections of the population - the castral nobility or the rich bourgeoisie. The main themes concern the history of butchery, the techniques for processing meat and fish, culinary choices and prohibitions, supplying cities and social characterization through food practices. Possessions of animals as luxury goods, such as dogs constituting a hunting pack, or the importation of exotic animals, also come into play.These analyzes also make it possible to better understand the specialization of each site, and to compare these sites with each other for reflection on a regional scale. The zooarchaeological results are compared with the archaeological context in which they were discovered. The analysis of the faunal spectra obtained makes it possible to observe social distinctions through diet, as well as their evolution. Asking questions about these gaps over time also means checking the sustainability of these privileged social classes
Lacarrière, Jessica. "Les ressources cynégétiques au Gravettien en France : acquisition et modalités d'exploitation des animaux durant la phase d'instabilité climatique précédant le dernier maximum glaciaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20050.
Full textThe Gravettian is a great cultural tradition of the Early Upper Palaeolithic, present throughout Europe starting from 33 000 cal BP. Its duration and its vast geographic distribution make it a complex entity to define, both in terms of the material culture and the dynamics that contributed to its preservation for almost 10 000 years. During this period, several successive climatic changes had an impact on the human and animal communities which are still difficult to apprehend. Despite unifying features (Gravette points, feminine statuettes), a strong regionalization is perceptible. In France, the renewal of studies on lithic and bone industries opens new perspectives of research. However, data on the archeozoological records are still fragmented and are seldom integrated into discussions. In this work, the archaeozoological study of four Gravettian sites was undertaken (les Bossats, Le Flageolet, La grotte du Renne and Roc de Combe). The results were compared with the existing data on Gravettian fauna coming from French deposits. The comparison of the faunal spectrum with other paleo-environemental data allows providing with a better assessment of the impact of some important climatic events, as well as their succession. Hunting strategies used for several taxa (reindeer, horse, bison) are diversified and take into account the seasonal movements of the preys. Carcasses treatment shows an intense exploitation of the animal resources. Together, this data gives perspective to their associated archaeological contexts (industry, habitat structure) and allows us to discuss the functions of the sites and the human mobility during this period
Gay, Ingrid. "La saisonnalité des occupations humaines au Tardiglaciaire dans les Alpes occidentales." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3058.
Full textDuring the coldest periods of the Late Glacial, in alitude the development of vast colonies of marmots is to be linked with the evolution of the upper limit of the forest. Human groups (Magdalenian, Azilian and Laborien) have focused on the preferential use of this small game.From several current collections marmots, we have established two referentials for determining the age and slaughtering season. Then, the methodological tools were applied to seven archaeological series: Colomb and the Passagère (Méaudre), Olette (Lans-en-Vercors), the Freydières (Saint-Agnan-en-Vercors), Bobache (La Chapelle-en-Vercors), Jean-Pierre 1 (SaintThibaud-de-Couz), La Chênelaz (Hostiaz). Skeletochronology analysis on a sample of archaeological material has confirmed the results obtained from the referentials. This work has highlighted the preferred hunting season to the groundhog. For all archaeological series, the season of death occurs before hibernation (from late August to early October). Thus marmots were shot during the time they have in terms of the highest quality and quantity of potential resources, for both technical products (fur and fat) and for foods (fat and meat). Moreover zooarchaeological study confirms intense butchery, with a view to recovering these different products for a deferred consumption and export to lower altitude sites
Lacarrière, Jessica. "Les ressources cynégétiques au Gravettien en France : acquisition et modalités d'exploitation des animaux durant la phase d'instabilité climatique précédant le dernier maximum glaciaire." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20050/document.
Full textThe Gravettian is a great cultural tradition of the Early Upper Palaeolithic, present throughout Europe starting from 33 000 cal BP. Its duration and its vast geographic distribution make it a complex entity to define, both in terms of the material culture and the dynamics that contributed to its preservation for almost 10 000 years. During this period, several successive climatic changes had an impact on the human and animal communities which are still difficult to apprehend. Despite unifying features (Gravette points, feminine statuettes), a strong regionalization is perceptible. In France, the renewal of studies on lithic and bone industries opens new perspectives of research. However, data on the archeozoological records are still fragmented and are seldom integrated into discussions. In this work, the archaeozoological study of four Gravettian sites was undertaken (les Bossats, Le Flageolet, La grotte du Renne and Roc de Combe). The results were compared with the existing data on Gravettian fauna coming from French deposits. The comparison of the faunal spectrum with other paleo-environemental data allows providing with a better assessment of the impact of some important climatic events, as well as their succession. Hunting strategies used for several taxa (reindeer, horse, bison) are diversified and take into account the seasonal movements of the preys. Carcasses treatment shows an intense exploitation of the animal resources. Together, this data gives perspective to their associated archaeological contexts (industry, habitat structure) and allows us to discuss the functions of the sites and the human mobility during this period
Attard, Robert Isabelle. "Evaluation de l'impact du Gypaete (Gypaetus Barbatus) et des griffons dans la constitution des accumulations d'ossements animaux et humains des sites anthropises et naturels quaternaires." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHNA001.
Full textPéan, Stéphane. "Comportements de subsistance au Gravettien en Europe centrale : (Autriche, République tchèque, Pologne, Hongrie)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MNHN0008.
Full textArellano, Alonso Almudena. "Etude paléontologique des Eléphantidés, Equidés, grands bovidés et cervidés des niveaux du Pléistocène supérieur des grottes de Grimaldi (Vintimille, Italie) : comparaison avec d'autres sites de Ligurie, d'Europe et du Caucase : données archéozoologiques." Perpignan, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PERP0504.
Full textA paleontological revision of the elephants, equids, large bovids and cervids of the Upper Pleistocene of Grimaldi caves (Vintimiglia, Italia) is expose. The confirmation of the determination of Equus stenonis can be explicate by a confusion between a possible unknow level from Lower pleistocene and the more recent levels during the excavation. The presence of Mammuthus primigenius is show for the isitopic stage 2. The cervid megaloceros giganteus its newly determinate. A lot of Rangifer tarandus fossiles is determinate for the isotopic stage 2. The presence of Alces alces is demonstrate for the cold second half of the isotopic stage 3. The presence of Dama dama is demonstrate for the warm end of the isotopic stage 3. For species as Elephas antiquus, Equus caballus, Bos primigenius, Bison priscus, Cervus elaphus, the tendency go to a homogenity and to the absence of significative differences with fossiles from sites wich are far in chronology and geography. A stratigraphic and biostratigraphic syntheses is expose with new data. The archeozoological data show an important anthropic activity in Grimaldi caves. A comparaison between the Caucase, and ligurien sites is realised
Pionnier-Capitan, Maud. "La domestication du chien en Eurasie : étude de la diversité passée, approches ostéoarchéologiques, morphométriques et paléogénétiques." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENSL0593.
Full textThe first animal domesticated by human populations was the dog (Canis lupus familiaris). Wolves (Canis lupus), the wild ancestors of dogs, were tamed and domesticated by hunter-gathering communities during the Upper Paleolithic. However, the number of domestication events and their origin(s) remain controversial. Archeological data plead in favour of numerous domestication events. Indeed, numerous remains of paleolithical dogs have been excavated in multiple and independent Eurasian sites. The morphologies of these ‘first’ canids are various with large-sized individuals displaying phenotypes close to those of captive wolves, middle-sized animals having distinct morphologies from those of their wild ancestors and small to very small dogs. In parallel, data from genomics and population genetics (based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA) performed on modern breeds of dogs are contradictory. Some data support the hypothesis of a unique domestication event in South-East of Asia, whereas other data, in agreement with the archeological hypothesis, suggest that modern dogs have originated from several distinct wolf populations. The aim of our work was to focus on the diversity of ancient wolves and dogs, ranging from the end of the Paleolithic to the Bronze Age, running both morphometrics and ancient DNA studies in parallel. More than 350 remains from wolves and dogs, coming from 41 archeological sites, were included in the study. Results obtained by the two parallel approaches are congruent. They enable us to underline that most ancient dogs (Upper Paleolithic) were domesticated at least in two geographically-different regions: Asia and Western Europe. Moreover, it seems that other events occurred in the Middle-East, possibly at the beginning of the Neolithization (around 9,000 years BP). These new domestication events marked the beginning of the diffusion of dog populations and occurred in parallel with the dissemination of Neolithic culture in Europe. To conclude, our results show that domestication phenomena cannot be solely based on observations of modern diversity
Gillis, Rosalind. "Osteological and isotopic contributions to the study of dairy husbandry during the european neolithic." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0016.
Full textThe objective of the thesis is to contribute to the study of dairy husbandry at the beginning of the Neolithic from an archaeozoological perspective. This work revises the reference for dairy husbandry used in archaeozoology for the identification of dairy husbandry. The methodologies for determining caprines species (sheep and goats) and estimating accurate age at death for cattle were assessed and reviewed. These were then used to study three large sites in the North-western Mediterranean 'Trasano, Italy, Font Juvénal, France, La Draga, Spain) and to establish a strong base for tge stable isotope case study, the late 5th millennium BC site of Popina Bordusani, Romania. These sites were used as refrences within the correspondence analysis of age at death data from 152 European Neolithic sites. This analysis has indicated that mixed (milk and meat) subsistence practices existed from the Early Neolithic. During the later periods of the Neolithic, specialised practices were developed for specific milk production
Cho, Tae-Sop. "Etude archéozoologie de la faune du périgordien supérieur (couches 2, 3 et 4) de l'abri Pataud (les Eyzies, Dordogne) : paléoécologie, taphonomie, paléoéconomie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MNHN0016.
Full textSan, Roman Manuel Julio. "Stratégies économiques et sociales des chasseurs marins de Patagonie : archéozoologie des sites anciens du détroit de Magellan et des mers intérieures (Chili)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H022.
Full textThe present work concerns the zooarchaeological study of mammalian remains found in the oldest sites of marine hunter groups using navigation at the Strait of Magellan and interior seas, Southernmost Patagonia, Chile. The materials have been attributed to a common tradition: Englefield Culture, developing between 7500 and 6200 Cal years BP. Through the study of subsistence strategies, our research deals with a main characterization of the taxonomie spectrum observed in the sites, and their variation as a function of geographic differences. The objectives of this investigation are to set up which were the cynegetic resources exploited and their ranking within the social group functioning. Also, this zooarchaeological study bas allowed the evaluation of their mobility, acknowledged by the analysis of prey selection and implications based on hunting strategies. For the case of otary remains, indexes of economic utility for the main species of the region have been estimated. This approach bas allowed exploring the variation within the anatomie abundance profiles of each archaeological assemblage, and its relation to transport strategies and/or differential consumption of otariids. Moreover, ancient huntergatherer strategies and their hierarchy within different geographic zones have been assessed. An additional objective of this research bas consisted in comparing the results obtained for the early sites of the Strait of Magellan and Otway Sea with sites from the extreme southern end of the Fueguian archipelago (Beagle Channel), with similar chronologies and cultural elements
Serrand, Nathalie. "Exploitation des invertébrés marins et terrestres par les populations Saladoi͏̈des et post-Saladoi͏̈des du nord des Petites Antilles (500 B. C. - 1200 A. D. ) : étude de cas et comparaisons." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010580.
Full textTheodoropoulou, Anastasia. "L' exploitation des ressources aquatiques en Égée septentrionale aux périodes pré- et protohistoriques." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010629.
Full textCrépin, Laurent. "Le statut socio-économique du renne au Magdalénien, en Europe : nouvelles données archéozoologiques sur l'économie des derniers chasseurs-collecteurs paléolithiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MNHN0031.
Full textThe Magdalenian period offers a large range of archaeological sites rich in fauna material. However, this culture, very well known in some parts of Europe, stays poorly documented in other parts on a zooarchaeological point of view. We present our results from two Europeans regions where the subsistence behaviour was unknown: First, the “Berry” (deposit slope of “La Garenne”, Saint-Marcel – Indre, France) at the junction between the Aquitaine and Parisian basins, several times occupied by Magdalenian ; and then Moravia (Kůlna, Sloup – Czech Republic), one of the most oriental Magdalenian’s establishment. We discuss the socio-economic status of the Reindeer to see if its place in the Magdalenian society was the same in all Europe and if its exploitation results from environmental conditions or from acultural choice. Comparing these results with others disciplines then allows us to discuss about territory and its management by the hunters-gatherers from the last Pleniglacial
Tomadini, Noémie. "Hommes et animaux dans les colonies françaises des petites Antilles du XVIIe siècle à la fin du XIXe siècle : changements, résiliences et adaptations mutuelles." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0020.
Full textRecent efforts in the archeology of historical periods in the Caribbean allow investigating the daily life of European settlers and servile populations in the French Lesser Antilles. Faunal remains provide an additional insight to textual data to document the adaptation of these newcomers to an insular environment that was unknown to them. The archaeozoological study focused on a set of 27 sites in Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint-Martin, covering the period of European colonization (first half of the 17th century) to the times that followed the abolition of slavery. Thirteen habitations, twelve urban sites, a lime production workshop and a schooner wreckage yielded a corpus of 18,101 identified remains, which testify to the exploitation of 176 species of vertebrates and invertebrates. Imported species, especially beef, caprines (sheep and goat) and pig, indicate that settlers brought with them European practices. Nevertheless, the presence of 53 species of fish and 90 species of marine invertebrates indicates that colonial populations have been able to exploit the richness of their new environment. The low presence of cod in the assemblages was noted, contrasting with the importance of this taxon suggested by historical sources
Chevallier, Aude. "Chasse et traitement des mammifères durant le Magdalénien et l'Azilien dans le Sud-Ouest de la France : la place particulière du Cerf." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010624.
Full textDuring the Late Glacial, many cultural and social transformations have been highlighted in WesternEurope, along with environmental and climatic changes. A lot of hypothesis, in which hunting strategies are often essential, have been proposed to explain them. The evolution of mammal geographic ranges, especially the Reindeer emigration and the Red deer development, are frequently mentioned. In order to determine the importance of the reorientation of predation towards the exploitation of Red deer in the process of azilianisation, the way of big game acquisition and carcass processing was compared between the Magdalenian and the Azilian period. Height faunal assemblages from Southwestern France were studied: layer 8 of Troubat for the upper Magdalenian, Bourrouilla ensemble A for the terminal Magdalenian, layer 4 of Bois-Ragot and level F5 of Rhodes II for the early Azilian and layer 3 of Bois-Ragot, layer I to III of Murat and levels F6 and F7 of Rhodes II for the upper Azilian. The results were then compared to the other available data in the region and in the sourrounding areas. In Southwestern France, there are very few differences between the Magdalenian and the Azilian periods concerning the way of acquisition. Nevertheless, in the early Azilian we can notice a decrease in the number of individuals exploited, whereas the number of young individuals hunted increased. These observations could indicate a more solitary behavior of the game, leading to a more individual hunting, although the goal was still to kill as many prey as possible. A more essential evolution could be noted in the carcass processing. On the one hand, a more intensive exploitation seems to be observed for the Azilian, which could be related to the smaller number of individuals killed at the same time. On the other hand, the dismembering of carcasses seems to be less intensive at this time, which could indicate that grouping of several families on the occasion of hunting didn’t exist anymore and thus still more individual hunting. An evolution in the morphology of cut marks linked to filleting could be also noted, which could emphasize that the Azilians abandoned the practices of storage of meat supposed during the Magdalenian. All these elements tend to show a less strategic economy during the Azilian period, already evoked in the flint industry or the mobility. Although additional researches are necessary to assert it, this economical evolution could be related to the more solitary behavior of game exploited at that time. The hypothesis of an evolution of Red deer behavior during the Late Glacial, linked to the closure of the environment, is also proposed
Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste. "Hyénidés modernes et fossiles d'Europe et d'Afrique : taphonomie comparée de leurs assemblages osseux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20145.
Full text(Crocuta crocuta spelaea GOLDFUSS) is a carnivore particularly studied in taphonomy. For the XIXth century, the recognition of the role played by large predators, and more particularly the (cave) hyena, in bone assemblage formation, allowed to precise main ecological and evolutionary trends of these carnivores (cave occupation, consumption of bones, predation vs scavenging, interspecific competition, Humans-Carnivores interaction). The behavior of the fossil spotted hyena (accumulator of bones, osteophagy) is mainly based on the development of the ecological and neotaphonomic works since the 1970s. The present work concerns a paleontological and taphonomic survey of Modern and Pleistocene Hyenids. A first part is dedicated to the synthetic presentation of the 3 main genera (Crocuta, Hyaena, Parahyaena) concerning their systematics, biogeography and osteometrics. This last point, particularly developed, allows to confirm on one hand the fluctuations in body mass of hyenas in connection with climate change and on the other hand the difficulty estimating the sexual dimorphism from cranial and postcranial elements. A second part concerns the study of 14 modern and fossil bone samples produced by Hyenids. Modern samples (6 dens and 3 kill-sites) come from different ecological and geographical contexts (Republic of Djibuti, South Africa). Dens are as follows : Crocuta : Dumali (Ungulate NISP = 421), Heraide (Ungulate NISP = 216), Yangula Ari (Ungulate NISP = 133), Oboley (Ungulate NISP = 259) ; Hyaena : Datagabou (Ungulate NISP = 352) ; Parahyaena : Uniab (Ungulate NISP = 568). Kill-sites are as follows : Crocuta : Ali Daba : Ungulate NISP = 40 ; Dumali : Ungulate NISP = 185 ; Heraide : Ungulate NISP = 460). The taphonomic analysis of these bone samples allows to characterize modifications produced by modern Hyenids. This model is then taken into account in the study of 5 unpublished fossil spotted hyena dens of : Artenac c10 (MIS 5c ; Ungulate NISP = 1301), Peyre (MIS 5e ; Ungulate NISP = 2815), Grotte aux Puces, réseau supérieur (100ka ; Ungulate NISP = 2360), Fouvent (MIS 3 ; Ungulate NISP = 3347) and Conives (MIS 3 ; 1717). To characterize objectively the taphonomic signature of fossil hyenas, two other older series (Middle Pleistocene), were briefly considered (Ceyssaguet (Pachycrocuta brevirostris) and Lunel-Viel 1 (Crocuta spelaea intermedia)) as well as two bone samples produced by other large Carnivores (the European jaguar (Panthera onca gombaszoegensis) of Artenac I and II and the modern wolf (Canis lupus) of Poland). Comparisons of those bone assemblages created by Hyenids (modern Crocuta: 139 dens, modern Hyaena: 63 dens; modern Parahyaena: 68 dens ; Crocuta crocuta spelaea: 30 sites), Felidae and large Canids allow to reconsider the criteria of characterization usually used in archaeological Taphonomy. It seems that Carnivores share common taphonomic characteristics (toothmark morphometry, morphotypes of consumption, sketelal parts of preys), and ttherefore those criteria donot appear favorable to a specific or/and generic identification of Carnivores having consumed bones. The (fossil) hyena osteophagic behavior distinguishes itself from that of the other large predators by: an important production of shaft fragments, the recurring presence of coprolithes and finally a high number of ingested bones. Among the latter, the anatomical spectrum of regurgitated elements on one hand as well as their degree of dissolution mattering on the other hand characterizes significantly the paleontological series produced voluntarily by hyenas These criteria could constitute the elements of diagnosis taphonomique the most interesting
Soulier, Marie-Cécile. "Entre alimentaire et technique : l'exploitation animale aux débuts du paléolithique supérieur : stratégies de subsistance et chaînes opératoires de traitement du gibier à Isturitz, La Quina aval, Roc-de-Combe et Les Abeilles." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870872.
Full textLaroulandie, Véronique. "Taphonomie et archéozoologie des oiseaux en grotte : applications aux sites paléolithiques du Bois-Rgot (Vienne), de Combe Saunière (Dordogne) et de la Vache (Ariège)." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00082485.
Full textAu Bois-Ragot, le Harfang qui est l'espèce dominante a été utilisé en tant que ressource alimentaire et ressource en matière première (l'os et probablement les plumes). A Combe Saunière, seuls les ulnas et les radius décarnisés de cette espèce ont été introduits. A La Vache, les Lagopèdes et le Chocard ont été consommés selon un procédé relativement complexe.
Lors de comparaisons inter-sites, il a été noté pour une même espèce une variabilité (sur les plans synchronique et diachronique) dans les modes d'exploitation. D'autres sites doivent être étudiés afin de saisir les causes à son origine.
Laroulandie, Véronique. "Taphonomie et Archéozoologie des Oiseaux en Grotte : Applications aux Sites Paléolithiques du Bois-Ragot (Vienne), de Combe Saunière (Dordogne) et de La Vache (Ariège)." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931286.
Full textCordero, José Agustín. "Exploitation animale durant l'holocène au nord ouest de la Patagonie argentine : changements climatiques et transformations du comportement humain : une première approche." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S040.
Full textThis thesis is primarily organized around archaeozoological and organic chemistry data to contribute to understanding the social conditions of existence of hunter-gatherers who lived in northwestern Patagonia during the Holocene. To the taxonomic and anatomical identification of skeletal remains from several sites we add the studies of organic chemistry on soil to build a taphonomic history of Traful I cave, along with the data of scanning electron microscopy to identify the processes who affected the assemblage of bones. Based on isotope fatty acids data on soil and Lama guanicoe´s bone fat of Traful I cave, we propose a regional scale paleoclimatic sequence, from which we derive some hypotheses. In addition, chemical analysis of residues in potsherds from various sites in the study area showed the use of ceramics for both deferred consumption of meat and vegetable cooking, the latter cannot be consumed without being processed in some way previously. The analysis of taxonomic and anatomical abundance of assemblages bone determined important economically species exploited by hunter-gatherers throughout the Holocene. This behavior varied along the sequence
Guennouni, Khalid El. "Les lapins du Pléistocène moyen et supérieur de quelques sites préhistoriques de l'Europe méditerranéenne : Terra-Amata, Orgnac 3, Baume Bonne, grotte du Lazaret, grotte du Boquete de Zafarraya, Arma delle Manie : étude paléontologique, taphonomique et archéozoologique." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2001. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00494185.
Full textHachem, Lamys. "La faune rubanée de Cuiry-les-Chaudardes (Aisne, France) : essai sur la place de l'animal dans la première sociéte néolithique du bassin parisien." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010574.
Full textThis research provides new evidence on the animal's role in the first agricultural community in the paris basin called "rubane recent du bassin parisien", based on fauna which dates between 4900-4700 b. C. Discovered on Cuiry-les -Chaudardes site (Aisne, France). This extensively excavated neolithic village, including 32 well-dated houses with their lateral waste pits, yielded a total of 56,500 animal bone fragments, including 16,000 well-defined ones. An analysis of the fragments was done on three levels : the house, the site and the region. Analyzing the variety and composition of bone remains around each house with its architectural design, led to conclusions that rules existed for the systematic disposal of remains, the type of species consumed (specifically the type of animals bred or hunted according to the type of house), and as well as the spatial organization of the houses. Studying the site's development over a 200 year time span demonstrated a systematic organization of the lay-out between the houses. Comparing this study's results with other linear band keramik settlements including bone remains and with neolithic death rituals, showed that this first agricultural settlement had evolved an intricate ideology tied to a strong symbolic relationship between animals and man
Gransard-Desmond, Jean-Olivier. "L'animal et les croyances en Syrie à l'âge du Bronze : le cas des félins et des bovins." Paris, EPHE, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EPHE499F.
Full textBeyond the analysis of the implication of lions and bovines in the beliefs of the syrian populations during the Bronze Age (III-II) millenium B. C. ) and, by extension of the relationship maintained by the population mentioned with both the wild and the domestic world, this study presents a double purpose: to implement an unbiased objective quantitative method of the animal representations so that the diffusion of work in the long term makes it possible to validate or invalidate the methodology; to review the study of the belief concept in order to approach it from a new point of view, regarding the belief as relating to an ideology. That implies that the belief could be religious as well as politic. In order to respond to the problematics of this topic, the study starts with a representation of the analysis foundations, thus providing a contextualization of its spatial, temporal and conceptual limits. The approach was multidisciplinary, implementing psychology, religion, history, zoology, social anthropology, archeozoology and philology. After the zoological and ethologic criteria were established to discriminate within the animal kingdom and inside each family concerned (felines and bovines), the lion and the bovines, the archeozoological informations make it possible to refine the identifying information of the iconography data. Then, the archaeological data (bones and iconography) are screened following the above-mentioned criteria to establish the corpus data, the ethnographic and epigraphic data supplementing the analysis
Moussous, Abdelkader. "Approche biostratigraphique et évolution des paléoenvironnements au cours du Pléistocène supérieur, d’après l’étude des grands mammifères des grottes de Balzi Rossi (Ligurie, Italie)." Perpignan, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PERP1206.
Full textThe Grimaldi or Balzi Rossi Caves (Ventimiglia, Italy) are key sites for understanding the environment and the behavior of humans during the Upper Pleistocene in Liguria. An important collection of the faunal material from these sites is well-preserved and kept in the Museum of Prehistoric Anthropology at Monaco. They are mainly the finds of Canon Léonce de Villeneuve made at the end of the nineteenth century under the leadership of Prince Albert I of Monaco, who encouraged him to work in the ‘Grotte du Prince’, ‘Grotte du Cavillon’ and the ‘Grotte des Enfants’. An exhaustive analysis of faunal remains from these three sites has been conducted. This work has resulted in a more precise and greater understanding of the palaeobiodiversity of these sites. The detailed faunal list of different levels of each of the deposits has been revised. Furthermore, a paleontological study, conducted chiefly on the dental remains, has aided in the clarification and reestablishment of the stages of evolution of certain species which in turn helped to reorganize and replace the sites in a biostratigraphic framework between isotopic stages 5 and 2
Mistrot, Vincent. "Contribution des micromammifères de la Balma de l'Abeurador à la connaissance de l'évolution des paysages tardiglaciaires et holocènes en Languedoc-Roussillon." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010513.
Full textGerbe, Magali. "Économie alimentaire et environnement en Quercy au Paléolithique : étude des assemblages fauniques de la séquence des Fieux (Lot)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01080250.
Full textAl, Besso Moussab. "Recherches archéozoologiques sur le Levant nord à l'âge du fer." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2078.
Full textThis work, an archaeozoological study, deals with the food economy of an Iron Age settlement, relying on the faunal remains from the site of Tell Tweini as its prime source. It also endeavours to analyse the way animals were exploited at the time in the Levantine area. In the Iron Age, animal economy was based on the breeding of domestic animals, chiefly ovicaprids and bovines, and on taking advantage of the various products it generated (meat, milk, wool, skin, etc.). Hunting and fishing had a part as well in the sustenance of Iron Age populations and provided a food supplement. The archaeozoological analysis contributes to highlighting the breeders’ know-how in running livestock and the special status held by certain animal species in the areas of commerce – especially equids and dromedaries – or of ritual life.Although general trends in the eating habits of Levant populations could be brought to light in the course of the present study, numerous specificities displayed by the remains of the different sites are worth mentioning. These can be the outcome of several factors, such as environment (i.e. climate conditions, vegetation, reliefs), the socio-political system or economic choices
Putelat, Olivier. "Les relations homme-animal dans le monde des vivants et des morts : études archéozoologique des établissements et des regroupements funéraires ruraux de l'Arc jurassien et de la Plaine d'Alsace : de la fin de l'Antiquité tardive au premier Moyen Age." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010600/document.
Full textThis archaeozoological study focuses on human-animal relations, from late antiquity (mid 3rd c.), until the end of the early Middle Ages (11th c.).It concentrates on the Jura Mountains and the plain of Alsace. These two neighboring geographic regions were communication corridors and riverine zones (Doubs, Saône, Rhône, Rhine), which belonged to different kingdoms and were inhabited by culturally distinct populations. Three inputs are used to analyze the osteological data: rural domestic contexts, rural funerary contexts, and mortality of cattle.-The first chapter presents the issue at hand, the physical, chronological and methodological data of the interregional research program (eastern France, western Switzerland, southern Germany). Chapter 2 considers 64 settlement sites and distinguishes them geographically, environmentally and socially. Approximately 146.000 bone remains for 87 taxa are assessed. Elements of synthesis are presented, regarding in particular evidence for food, livestock and hunting.- Chapter 3 considers 30 cemeteries containing animal bones. Symbolic objects, animal skeletons and grave goods are discussed and the findings are compared with other known sites within Gaul and the Germanic sphere. Chapter 4 is based on the study of cattle skeletons discovered at three different but closely situated sites. Whether these bovine graves evidence infectious disease mortality events is discussed. These burials are compared with similar cases from early medieval France and also discussed in relation to the written evidence for animal mortality events in the Middle Ages. Chapter 5 presents a general synthesis of the results of the thesis, in regards to contexts and animal categories. Appendices and lists of additional data follow