Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Architectural profession'

The core of this thesis is the report of an empirical investigation of the knowledges used by architects in practice. Eighty one respondents were contacted at regular intervals and asked to describe their current activities and what knowledges they had needed to employ to undertake the activities. Subsequently, thirty two of these architects were interviewed in order to find out what they believed differentiated architectural knowledge from that used by competitors in the building field. Results are categorised, analysed and interpreted in terms of a variety of theoretical approaches. Report of the empirical work is preceded by a broad theoretical investigation of a range of themes in development of the thesis title, with particular emphasis on conceptions of knowledge. Sociological theorising about professions and an historical interpretation of the development of‘professional society' are explored. Ideas related to the interaction of power and knowledge are also brought to attention. The final section is devoted to implications of the research for architectural education. This chapter draws on theoretical material, covered earlier in the work, which gives consideration of status issues in professions, the concept of social closure and the role played by tertiary-level education in ‘gate-keeping' on behalf of the architectural profession.

This thesis investigates the emergence of a new specialisation within the profession of architecture, namely that of the architectural technologist. The main original contributions from the research concern a deep understanding of how that emergence has been realised, and a study of the implications for buildings in the longer term. Using the UK and Denmark as examples it finds that this profession has existed for a long time, but until recently without formal recognition. It also finds that the consequences of the lack of attention are potentially major, and it suggests why recognition came so late. By researching literature the history of the building and architecture industries was investigated and it is shown how the architects were cooperating with well-trained craftsmen for many centuries. This is compared with the kind of cooperation with architectural technologists going on today, and what will most likely occur in the future. Questionnaires, to provide data about current architectural and architectural technologist education, were sent to groups of newly graduated professionals. After statistical treatment the resulting quantitative data were thoroughly analysed by discussing the possible interpretations. Focus groups of highly qualified professionals also interpreted the data and insights into the needs of industry in both the UK and Denmark were provided. Finally, the thesis concludes by identifying necessary means of improvement, and points at the serious risk of a further division of the construction industry into more consulting companies. This increases the risk of future architecture failing to properly integrate technology and design.

The architectural profession is multiple, rich, and diverse. This multiplicity can be characterised by diverse cultures of practice that differ in their particular understandings of the profession and their definitions of the role of the architect within the process of building procurement and production. Among these cultures, my thesis proposes that two cultures of practice are most prominent: what I call the instrumental culture and the critical culture. The instrumental culture is characterised by what I term the technical-rational mode of practice, which is the dominant mode in the contemporary profession. This mode of practice is often adopted in the production of buildings by or for multinational corporations, and largely shares their values. The discourse of the instrumental culture is so influential that it is frequently embraced by regulatory bodies in architecture and the building industry. The critical culture, on the other hand, while not dominant, maintains a prominent presence within the cultural sphere of the architectural profession. It covers a broad range of practices that generally embody ideas of qualitative, sensory, and social conceptions of architecture, and shares the frame of knowledge of cultural and critical theory. This research pursues a creative practice methodology, beginning by mapping the territories of different modes of practice in the contemporary global architectural profession. It traces the discourse of the dominant instrumental culture of practice and the nature of the dialogue between this culture and the critical culture of practice. The research investigates this dialogue and its influence on the configuration of the status quo of the architectural profession. It interrogates the imperatives of this domination on the particular values of the architectural profession and its future trajectory. To do so, the research proposes the proactive metaphor of Practiceopolis: the city of the architectural profession. Practiceopolis is an imaginary world where the architectural profession is conceived as a city-state in a confederation of states representing different actors forming the ‘country of the building industry’. By using this metaphor, the cultural capital of the architectural field is architecturalised through visible and tangible elements in a series of iterative narratives that help to investigate the dialogue between prominent cultures of practice. Practiceopolis draws from the philosopher Andrew Feenberg’s classification of varying stances towards technology and technical knowledge as key factors of how contemporary practices differ in their ideologies towards the profession (Feenberg, 2012). In addition, they comprise an intrinsic component distinguishing the values of the dominant instrumental culture of practice. The first part of the research builds-up the metaphor of Practiceopolis through four narratives. It concludes with the acknowledgment of a critical ideological division between the two prominent cultures of architectural practice I have identified. This first part of the research in turn prepares the foundation for second part: Stories from Practiceopolis. The second part is a set of quasi-realistic stories that take place in the imaginary city. These stories take the form of a graphic novel, which narrates situations experienced by the researcher: a self-confessed technical-rational practitioner through his experience of working in a research-led practice which pursues a critical approach. The stories revolve around the researcher’s role in the renovation of a Grade II listed building in the UK. The investigations of the research expand upon Donald Schön’s methods of ‘reflection on action’ and ‘reflection in action’ (Schön, 1985; 2017). 3 The research concludes by warning against subsuming distinctive values of the architectural profession under the instrumental values of other actors in the building industry. The research warns of the danger of the domination of one mode of practice and the strict attachment to technological processes, which could result in influential changes to the foundations of the architectural profession. The research ends with propositions regarding the particular values and the tacit knowledge of the architectural profession, and proposes a critical-instrumental mind-set to explore how these values could be defined, communicated, and marketed. This idea of critical-instrumentalism offers an alternative mode of conceptualising architectural practice.

Transdisciplinary practice blurs disciplinary boundaries and reconstructs patterns of architectural practice. It is also a vigorous paradigm which is shaping practitioners’ philosophy, perspectives, and actions. This thesis explores transdisciplinary practice through the observation of different scales of firms to identify the nature of cross-boundary practice. Their mutually reciprocated intention is to create a mode of omni-collaboration in the architecture profession. The thesis aims to extend the current interpretation of ‘social capital and social practice’ in the architectural profession. Following the booming of free market policies in the majority of the world, the architectural profession has been increasingly challenged by greater complexity and fierce competition for demanding subjects for research and design. The accelerating climate of transdisciplinary practice has become prevalent so that it is no longer a novelty to integrate knowledge and expertise into the collaboration. Whereas many scholars have contributed to the theorisation of the architectural profession, focused study on cross-boundary practice including transdisciplinary research is insufficient. The deficiency of research interests in transdisciplinary practice identified a gap for this thesis to fill in. The case study is the primary method of investigation for this thesis. Selected companies were defined into three categories depending on their scales, namely small and medium enterprises (SMEs), transforming institutions and mega-firms. Comparative studies have been used to analyse discourses and projects, and to discuss the substance of transdisciplinarity. This thesis argues that transdisciplinary practice has restructured the function of the architectural profession, and transforms knowledge, resources and collective intelligence into innovative creativity in the form of social capital.

There are critics who argue that marketing processes when applied to the practice of architecture encourage architects to compromise design excellence by giving into clients desires and discarding architectural values. But there are also supporters who see marketing as a process by which better buildings are generated and clients are subsequently more satisfied with the product, as well as the service. Marketing is a management tool. It was developed to help organizations respond to the forces that affect business operations. Nearly 30 years after the introduction of marketing concept few architecture firms fully understand the benefits marketing can afford the profession. This paper is intended to identify the complexities and uniqueness of marketing architectural services. The goal is to generate an understanding of what marketing is, what it is not, and how it applied to the practice of architecture.

The fundamental question in design communication is how closely the architect's intention matches what the viewer perceives in the proposed design representation. The goal of this thesis is to find more efficient means to facilitate understanding of design ideas, especially between the architect and the client or other lay-people.In the following sections this will be accomplished by investigating the history of various communication modes and evaluating their significance. The development of communication technology throughout recent centuries has contributed to changes in the architectural process. After assessing the current situation of applying communication technology in the architectural process, the thesis concludes with a scenario. The scenario will describe a futuristic architectural process, which eliminates misunderstanding in design presentations by using the next level of communication technology - immersive computer generated spaces.
Department of Architecture

This thesis argues that the emergence of architect-designed project housing in Sydney in the late 1950s and 1960s was associated with a cultural and political shift within the local architectural profession. In order to provide an understanding of how such a shift might be defined, the thesis draws from the literature on the sociology of professions and the theories of sociologists Pierre Bourdieu, Paul du Gay and Sharon Zukin. Beginning in the 1930s and then progressing through the war and postwar years, the thesis will show how the popular housing market came to assume a major point of focus for the local architectural profession not only as an area of practice but also in relation to issues of identity and public image. The emergence of architect-designed project housing in Sydney in the late 1950s and 1960s is seen as an extension of that process. The thesis demonstrates how successful models of architectural engagement with project housing were used to highlight limitations in the way in which the profession had defined itself, particularly through such devices as the Royal Australian Institute of Architects' Code of Professional Conduct. It is argued that the dramatic revision made to that code in 1969 embodied a distinct cultural and political shift for the profession and was the result of a growing tension between traditional ideals and the realities of practice. It is concluded that architect-designed project housing served to inform that shift by providing a context in which aspects of this tension could be tested and, in some cases, reconciled.

This thesis analyses the architectural development of the nineteenth-century country house by considering the importance of relationships in the complex history of country house building. It reconsiders traditional assumptions concerning country house ownership, aristoricratic patronage, the building process and the architectural profession during the period 1800–1900 which hitherto has received comparatively little attention from country house historians. Whilst considerations of style have, to a limited extent, been addressed, the importance of country house alteration and the role of patrons in determining the form these alterations took has been neglected. The patronage, design, and construction of a country house and buildings on the country house estate was a collaborative process. It was the consequence of a series of decisions and conversations. Negotiation and renegotiation of professional and personal relationships between architect and patrons, and between patrons, usually husband and wife, resulted in redesigns and compromises. On the country house estate these conversations might also include prominent residents, such as the local clergyman. Accessing these relationships and negotiations is a difficult task for the historian as they are often un-recorded. It is therefore hard to define the roles and impact of individulals in the design and construction process. This thesis attempts to recover these complex relationships through an exploration of alterations to four Northamptonshire country houses: Laxton Hall, Lamport Hall, Haselbech Hall and Overstone Hall.

There is considerable evidence that those working within the construction industry are at risk of poor health and well-being due to a number of stressors. The structure and culture of the construction industry combine to result in stressors for those employed within the sector, namely, long working hours, high workload, job insecurity, low professional worth and poor work life balance. Architects occupy a unique position in the construction industry and may face additional stressors due to their reliance on construction as their sole client. There is also evidence that some architects enter the profession due to a mis-belief that the architect's role is primarily creative. This conflict between expectations and reality may act as an additional stressor. Poor health and well-being may have damaging consequences for the individual, for example, illness, and for the organisation, through reduced productivity and attrition of employees.

À l’issue de la Révolution, la rationalisation de la politique architecturale opérée au moyen d’une centralisation des affaires qui s’appuie sur un découpage administratif très hiérarchique allait permettre, en moins d’un demi-siècle, de fournir aux nouvelles institutions les édifices nécessaires à leur exercice et d’inscrire leur existence symbolique dans le bâti. Comme commission consultative établie auprès du ministre de l’Intérieur en 1795, le Conseil des bâtiments civils fut appelé à se prononcer sur l’ensemble des questions relatives à l’architecture que lui soumettait le ministre. Ses compétences portaient tout autant sur l’examen sous le rapport de l’art de tous les projets d’architecture construits aux frais de l’État que sur des sujets aussi divers que le règlement des honoraires, les alignements de voirie ou la liquidation des sommes dues aux entrepreneurs. Principal outil de la politique architecturale de l’État, le Conseil des bâtiments civils allait être à l’origine d’une pratique encadrée de l’architecture. En commandant l’accès à la commande publique la plus rémunératrice et la plus importante pour la notoriété de l’architecte, et par la normalisation du processus de production architectural, le Conseil et l’administration des bâtiments civils furent à l’origine, selon le mot de Georges Teyssot, d’un véritable « système des bâtiments civils » dont le rôle fut sans doute plus déterminant encore que celui de l’École et de l’Académie des Beaux-Arts dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle
At the end of the Revolution, the rationalization of the architectural policy that engendered a centralisation based on a strict hierarchical administrative division would, in less than a century, allow to give to the new institutions the buildings they needed and to inscribe their symbolic existence in the built. As a consultative commission established next to the Interior ministry in 1795, the Conseil des bâtiments civils was called to decide on all architectural matters submitted to it by the Minister. His competences were equally relevant to the examination of all architectural projects built at public expense under the art point of view, or on topics as diverse as the payment of fees, road alignments or liquidation of amounts due to contractors. Main tool of the architectural policy of the State, the Conseil des bâtiments civils would frame the architectural practice. By controlling access to the most lucrative public command and the most determinant for the reputation of the architect, the standardization of architectural production process that the Conseil des bâtiments civils introduced, was a true "system of civil buildings" whose role was probably even more important than that of the École des Beaux Arts or the Académie in the early nineteenth century

This thesis examines the emergence of the professional architect in the provinces of eighteenth-century Britain, drawing upon new research into the career of William Newton (1730-1798) of Newcastle upon Tyne. Section I assesses the growth of professionalism, identifying the criteria that distinguished professions from other occupations and their presence in architectural practitioners. It contrasts historians’ emphasis upon innovative designs by artist-architects, such as Sir John Vanbrugh and Robert Adam, with their absence from the realisation of their designs. Clients had to employ capable building craftsmen to supervise construction and this was an opportunity for an alternative practitioner to emerge, the builder-architect exemplified by Newton, offering clients proven practical experience, frequent supervision, peer group recommendation and financial responsibility. Patronage networks were a critical factor in securing commissions for provincial builder-architects, demonstrated here by a reconstruction of Newton’s connections to the north-east élite. Section II reveals that the coal-based north-east economy sustained architectural expenditure, despite national fluctuations. A major proposal of this thesis is that, contrary to Borsay’s theory of an ‘English urban renaissance’, north-east towns showed continuity and slow development. Instead, expenditure was focused upon élite social spaces and industrial infrastructure, and by the extensive repurposing of the hinterlands around towns. This latter development constituted a ‘rural renaissance’ as commercial wealth created country estates for controlled access to social pursuits by élite families. Section III examines the designs of architects practising in north-east England during the eighteenth century, proposing that the martial history and cultural traditions of the region sustained the appeal of castellated and Roman architecture (as interpreted in the publications of Andrea Palladio) among its architectural patrons. The thesis concludes that ii concentration upon London-based artist-architects has obscured the contribution to British architecture of provincial builder-architects and the varied cultural aspirations of their clients.

The modern form of humans has thrived on the planet for the past 200.000 years. Since back then and all the way to the present we’ve had several basic, physiological human needs, one of those being that of shelter. To create constructions that may inhabit our population in both residential and commercial regards, someone must show intelligent use of all the factors required to design a building that meets and exceeds clients’ expectations. This is where the role of the architect plays in. In this role, the study seeks to find what responsibilities can be found in line with sustainability actions and providing a better future. The study has been carried out at Blaavand & Hansson A/S architectural firm, where a study has been conducted on the basis of a recently finished project with external sustainability demands: The bay dormitory in Sønderborg. Here, it is found that a profound implementation of sustainability is lacking with the potentials of implementing ideals, reviewing the current work done and the approach taken. The architect’s role in sustainability is considered somewhat complex. the complexity is derived from open roles that lead to different interpretations of responsibilities and obligations. The architect has an initial role in the industry, attaining exclusive design and decision-making mandates on all early stages of construction projects. This means that the architect is providing consultation, suggestions, and demands that may either harm or benefit the triple bottom line performance. The architect’s responsibilities fall in line with being advice-giving, consulting, spokesmen and advocates of sustainable alternatives. They have a role in being informed of what sustainable actions can be carried out and implement them as requirements, advising the client of the need to look beyond self- benefit, knowing that a holistic approach to benefit evaluation will also benefit the client. The study finds that a suitable solution for the implementation of sustainability at Blaavand & Hansson falls to the likes of implementing a holistic approach and strategy utilizing visualization tools, attaining new knowledge through education and re-evaluating current relationships with business stakeholders and customers.
Människan har levt på planeten de senaste 200,000 åren. Sedan dess och ända tills nu har vi haft flera grundläggande, fysiologiska mänskliga behov, en av dem är skydd i form av boende. För att skapa konstruktioner som kan leva upp till vår befolkning i både boende och kommersiella hänsyn, måste någon visa intelligent användning av alla de faktorer som krävs för att utforma en byggnad som uppfyller och överträffa kundernas förväntningar. Det är här arkitektens roll spelar in. Studien syftar till att hitta det ansvar som finns i linje med hållbarhetsåtgärder och skapandet av en bättre framtid. Studien har genomförts på Blaavand & Hansson A/S arkitektbyrå, där en studie har genomförts på basis av ett nyligen avslutat projekt med externa hållbarhetskrav: Hamnfrontens studentboende i Sønderborg. Här konstateras att ett djupgående genomförande av hållbarhet saknas med potential att genomföra ideal, granska det nuvarande arbetet och den strategi som vidtagits. Arkitektens roll inom hållbarhet anses vara tämligen komplicerad. Komplexiteten härleds från öppna roller som leder till olika tolkningar av ansvar och skyldigheter. Arkitekten har en första roll i branschen, att uppnå exklusiv design och beslutsfattande mandat på alla tidiga stadier av byggprojekt. Detta innebär att arkitekten ger konsultation, förslag och krav som kan antingen skada eller gynna resultatet enligt Triple Bottom Line. Arkitektens ansvar ligger i linje med att vara rådgivande, konsulterande, talesmän och förespråkare för hållbara alternativ. De har en roll i att bli informerad om vilka hållbara åtgärder som kan genomföras och implementera dem som råd till kunden om behovet av att se bortom egen nytta, i vetskap om att en helhetssyn vid utvärdering av nytta också kommer att gynna kunden. Studiens resultat påvisar att Blaavand & Hansson A/S kan integrera hållbarhet genom att utvidga deras vy i form av att applicera en helhetssyn. Sedan bör de även implementera en hållbarhetsstrategi med hjälp av visualiseringsverktyg, kunskap och omvärdering av aktuella relationer med affärsintressenter och kunder.

With reference to Jean Lave’s and Etienne Wenger’s (1991) learning theory and its later development in advocating Communities of Practice (CoPs), this research aimed to explore how architects learn through participation in CoPs in the construction of workplace practice. It is has been identified that the Development and Construction Division of the Hong Kong Housing Authority (HA) characterizes a social practice, in which the situated nature of architects’ learning is realized through accomplishments amongst professional stakeholders who engage jointly in an enterprise with shared repertoire (Wenger 1998, p. 36) where the Project Development Process is central. Architects’ minds develop, reflect and interact mutually in social situations in which groups of professionals share their concerns or passions for knowledge of architecture and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly (Wenger 2007) in multiple CoPs. A qualitative methodological approach was adopted, involving semi‐structured interviews using a purposeful sample of architects. Saturation analysis was used to identify patterns in the data. Based on the findings, it is evident that architects participate in various CoPs to learn and, through multi‐membership, they negotiate their individual meanings of professional practice. As well, the dynamism coupled with different modes of belonging under CoPs (Wenger 2000) form the major structuring elements of architect’s social learning system in the HA. This research makes the original contribution of a lens, based on the social practice theory of Lave and Wenger (1991) and Wenger’s CoP (1998) concept to understand how architects learn in the workplace practice for knowledge generation and management.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar o perfil do professor-arquiteto após a inserção da tecnologia digital no processo projetual das disciplinas de projeto arquitetônico, analisar a influência da tecnologia digital como suporte de criação, baseado nos estudos de Levy (1993), Steele (2001), Braida et. al. (2006) e Orciuoli (2010), na criatividade, referendada pelos estudos de Guimarães (1995) e Andrade (2006) e na linguagem gráfica, a partir dos estudos de Carvalho et.al. (2002) e Matos et. al. (2010), elencar categorias emergentes do corpus de pesquisa para interpretar e apresentar argumentos que expressem a compreensão sobre o perfil do professor-arquiteto. Para tanto foi desenvolvido o levantamento histórico sobre a educação em arquitetura a fim de compreender como chegamos às práticas pedagógicas atuais; o estudo sobre a influência da tecnologia digital na criatividade, na linguagem gráfica e como suporte de criação; fundamentado na teoria sociointeracionista de Vygotsky (1998, 1990, 2001). O percurso metodológico começou com entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas a partir das ideias de Gil (2009), com cinco professores-arquitetos que ministram a disciplina de projeto arquitetônico utilizando a tecnologia digital no processo projetual. O corpus de pesquisa foi tratado pela lente da análise textual discursiva de Moares e Galiazzi (2007), constituindo-se em uma pesquisa qualitativa. Com base nesta análise textual discursiva, surgiram categorias emergentes que foram articuladas com o corpus de pesquisa e o referencial teórico, resultando no metatexto, o qual expressa a compreensão atingida sobre o perfil do professor-arquiteto, referendada pelas verbalizações dos entrevistados e pelo referencial teórico, inferindo que, para utilizar a tecnologia digital como ferramenta de aprendizagem e interagir com os estudantes, o professor-arquiteto deve inserir-se na cultura digital e qualificar-se pedagogicamente. Por fim, concluímos a investigação atendendo aos objetivos específicos do estudo e descrevendo o perfil do professor-arquiteto diante dos desafios advindos da presença da tecnologia digital no processo educativo da disciplina projeto arquitetônico.
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This master’s thesis intends to investigate the architect-professor’s profile after digital technology having been inserted in the projecting process of the architectural project courses, analyze the influence of digital technology as a support for creating, based on studies carried out by Lévy (1993), Steele (2001), Braida et. al. (2006), and Orciuoli (2010); on creativity, supported by studies performed by Guimarães (1995) and Andrade (2006); and on architectural language, from studies by Carvalho et.al. (2002) e Matos et. al. (2010). And also to list categories emerging from the research corpus in order to interpret and present arguments expressing the understanding on the architect-professor’s profile. For that purpose, a historical research was carried out on education in architecture in order to understand how we have come to the current practices; a study on the influence of digital technology on creativity, on architectural language and as a support for creating; having its theoretical basis on Vygotsky’s social-interactionism (1998, 1990, 2001). The methodological approach started with individual semi-structured interviews, based on Gil (2009), carried out with 5 architect-professors who teach the course on architectural project using digital technology in the projecting process. The research corpus was treated under the lens of discourse text analysis proposed by Moares e Galiazzi (2007), characterizing the investigation as a qualitative research. Based on that discourse textual analysis, some categories emerged and they were interweaved with the research corpus and the theoretical references, resulting in a metatext, which expresses the comprehension we have reached on the architect-professor’s profile, endorsed by what the interviewees say and by the theoretical references, inferring that, to use digital technology as a learning tool and to Interact with the students, the architect-professor has to be inserted in the digital culture and to have qualified pedagogically. And we conclude the investigation having met the specific purposes established for the study and describing the architect-professor’s profile in face of the challenges arising from the presence of digital technology in the educational process of the architectural project course.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-105).
Architectural innovation is achieved using architectural knowledge to reconfigure an established system to link together components in a new way that provides a competitive advantage. Components in professional service firms are the expertise areas in which the firms have developed proficiency or those in which they plan to develop it. Competitive advantage in professional service firms is related to the capacity of the firm to add continuing value to a dynamic set of clients and to itself. In order to add value, professional service firms, being knowledge intensive, must develop capabilities that enhance the knowledge capital they possess, which is valuable to both its clients and to the professionals they employ. This knowledge capital can be classified into Human Knowledge, Relational Knowledge and Structural Knowledge. The first two types are comprised mainly of tacit knowledge, while the third one consists of explicit knowledge. Architectural innovation modes result from the reconfiguration of these knowledge types in ways that enhance the value creation processes of professional service firms. This work explores the ways professional services firms achieve these reconfigurations and offers insights into the key characteristics of successful practices.
by Fernando Espinosa Vasconcelos.
S.M.

This study explores the potential of Bourdieu’s sociology for re-orienting the sociology of professions. Despite differences in methodology and theoretical priorities, neither classical theories nor the contemporary studies completely break with the view that professions are autonomous and elite occupational groups driven by the common objective of achieving monopoly over given service markets. This unifying and externally oppositional view does not provide an adequate framework for understanding the internal dynamics or the embeddedness of professional areas of practice within the social world. This study argues that Bourdieu’s sociology could help address some of these difficulties by enabling us to re-define professions as historically constituted, semi-autonomous fields structured around struggles over specific capitals that are instrumental both in their specific production and in internal struggles over authority and power. An examination of architecture as a case study suggests that the architectural profession can be thought of as a field driven by the ideals of design originality and a field ridden with permanent conflicts between its autonomous ideals and external demands, between creative and symbolic capital on the one hand and technical-managerial capital on the other, and between the competing narratives of its realities. The architectural field is divided and its dominant representation is contested, but architects are also united by their shared experiences and belief in architectural ideals. The study gives us an insight into the architectural universe and suggests that a field approach yields an understanding of its complexities not permitted by the notion of profession. However, as an exploratory investigation based on in-depth interviews, this is a first step in instigating a field mode of thinking on professions and needs to be supplemented with further research on architecture and the applications of the field concept to other professions.

The Washington Alexandria Center for Architecture exists as a bridge between the abstract and real world. My continued studies at the center have afforded me the opportunity to participate in a number of real projects. These projects have been invaluable in the journey toward becoming an architect.
Master of Architecture

A certain architectural "
ethos"
come into being as a result of the specific training which architects receive as producers of space, of their dual status as artists and professionals, of the conditions in which they live and the social status of their profession. This ethos is a product of the architects'
collective habitus. The attitudes of architects regarding their position in the building industry, their role in society and their self-image (or its lack of) as artists determine the transformation within the architectural profession under the impact of the changes in society. This study investigates architects'
professional practice by focusing only on those architects working independently and mostly having their on offices. Thirty-one architects were grouped by age, gender, the faculties from which they graduated and province of residence and work. The international influence on architectural discourse, the effects of architects'
organisations and their professional ideology were introduced as additional variables for investigating the nature of their habitus. The interviews revealed that the architects'
"
spontaneous professional ideology"
(SPI) is the main adhesive of their collective habitus and ethos, and it force architects to think in a specific way about space, the sovereignty of architecture, its art component, its legitamacy, architects'
devotion to their profession, their feelings of superiority over clients and users as well as their overall code of conduct.

The Professional Accreditation of Conservator-Restorers (PACR) is a practice-based professional qualifying framework developed by three United Kingdom associations representing practitioners in the conservation of cultural heritage. The author acted as project consultant for the development and implementation of PACR. To date, the PACR project has consisted of three cycles. The first established the basic principles of the framework through background research and consultation, and produced and trialled a provisional scheme. The second put the scheme into operation, gathered feedback, and made operational improvements. The third gathered further feedback from implementation, and included a small-scale evaluation to gauge initial impact and identify strategic issues. PACR represents a successful initiative by a small occupation to establish a robust and potentially respected credential, reinforcing its claim to be a credible profession. It has prompted a need for greater clarity about the nature and boundaries of the profession and routes into it, and is being followed up by work with the aim of creating a single conservation institute. Beyond conservation, it raises issues of access, qualification and continuing development that are relevant to other professions and professionalising occupations. As a practice-based assessment system it also offers some learning points relevant to the design and operation of UK National and Scottish Vocational Qualifications. The PACR project illustrates a form of systems architecture in which a structure is developed to set the parameters for future action. It has provided a vehicle for the author's development as a systems architect in the educational field, and contributed to his commitment to a particular style of consultancy, based on realisation systems and on development work as a source of knowledge and authority. This approach is well suited to a wide range of applications, ranging from learner support systems through to areas such as national qualification frameworks and lifelong learning policy.

The adoption of information technology (IT) is an intensive and ongoing process in society. All types of firms, but especially service firms, tend to adopt IT. Professional services, a sub-section of the service sector, are heavy users of IT. These firms are special because their business builds on the knowledge of the people in the firm. Therefore, tt is of special interest to study the impact of IT in these firms. The impact of IT in professional service firms is identified in four ways: service quality, competitive advantage, bottomline (management visions), and industry structure. The empirical focus is on the Swedish architectural industry and the adoption of CAD in this industry. Two extensive surveys each consisting of several in-depth interviews and a mailed questionnaire provide the empirical data. The research design is longitudinal and changes in the industry were observed. In special focus were the differences between the firms that had CAD—adopter firms—and firms that did not have CAD—non-adopters. Both the architects and their clients rated services performed with CAD to have better quality; e.g., the cooperation was eased by the use of this technology. The findings also suggest that CAD may be used as a competitive tool in the industry. The adopters increased their productivity significantly more than the non-adopters did between the two surveys and the adopters had significantly more loyal clients. CAD seems to be a tool that accentuates the differences between the adopter and the non-adopter firms. The results suggest that adopters and non-adopters develop into two different types of firms. The characteristics of these firms indicate that a division of the industry appeared. For example, the adopters were significantly larger than the non-adopters and plans to expand their business. One explanation to the disparity between these two types of firms may be the differences in management vision. The adopters may be characterized as progressive firms and the nonadopters as traditional firms.

Diss. Umeå : Univ., 2001

digitalisering@umu

O propósito central da pesquisa está na investigação do comportamento profissional do arquiteto e do urbanista, envolvendo seus valores e objetivos, frente às posturas dos códigos vigentes na profissão, no Brasil e analisando-o comparativamente com outros países. Num primeiro momento enfoca o histórico do desenvolvimento profissional, a formação das instituições, a organização da profissão atualmente e os códigos de conduta e seus procedimentos disciplinares em países de cultura anglo-saxônica, especificamente, Reino Unido e Estados Unidos. Em seguida o estudo volta-se a realidade do arquiteto e urbanista no Brasil, também estudando o histórico do seu desenvolvimento profissional, as instituições e organizações que regem a profissão no país atualmente e os códigos de conduta vigentes. O trabalho parte de uma investigação teórico-bibliográfica e documental e apóia-se na pesquisa de campo no que se refere as instituições instaladas na cidade de São Paulo. Finalmente discute comparativamente os três países estudados, tanto no que se refere ao histórico do seu desenvolvimento profissional, na formação de suas instituições, na organização da profissão atualmente em cada país, como também aos códigos e procedimentos disciplinares que norteiam o comportamento da prática profissional do arquiteto e urbanista.
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the architect and urban planner\'s professional behavior, their values and intentions, confronting them with the existing standards of the current codes of professional conduct in Brazil, as well as to compare these codes with those from other countries. Initial focus is given to the history of professional development, the rise of professional institutions, the current organization of the profession and the codes of conduct that rules the profession at present and their disciplinary procedures in countries of Anglo-Saxon culture, specifically the United Kingdom and the United States. Subsequently, the study considers the reality of the architect and the urban planner in Brazil, through the history of their professional development, the rise of the institutions and organizations that govern the profession in the country and the codes of conduct in force. To carry out this research, a theoretical and documentary survey was undertaken, supported by field research regarding the institutions located in the city of São Paulo. The study concludes with a comparative analysis of the three countries, refering to the history of the professional development, the rise of their institutions and the current organization of the profession in each country. The analysis also compares the codes and disciplinary procedures that govern the behavior and the professional practice of the architect and the urban planner.

Andrew Carnegie’s philanthropy made it possible for thousands of communities in the United States (U.S) to build free public libraries. Contemporary scholarship in library and information science (LIS) that deals with Carnegie’s philanthropy tends to place emphasis on generalized historical ideals associated with the construction of public libraries. As a result, it often fails to critically inquire into the relationships between the work performed by librarians and assumptions about the cultural value of Carnegie libraries. This dissertation investigates broad trends in library history in order to better understand the particular experiences of fifteen Midwestern communities that built public libraries with Andrew Carnegie’s money in the first decade of 20 ^th century. Mixed methods research supports the synthesis of broad qualitative data with specific quantitative data, which supports assessments of primary sources in relation to scholarship about the library profession and Carnegie’s philanthropy. Comparing and contrasting findings from two distinct data sets makes it possible to discuss idiosyncrasies architectural trends and to better understand the role professional rhetoric played in their development within a specific geographic region (the Midwest).

This thesis explores professional work and professional career development from the perspective of those working non-standard hours. It considers the various forms of non-standard working practices current within the professional labour market and examines how the working identities of professionals are constructed and how non-standard working practices impact on a professional's plans for their career development. Drawing on empirical research, involving questionnaire surveys of, and face to face interviews with, accountants and architects in the UK, the thesis details the strategies adopted by a growing number of professionals in order to meet their home and work commitments. The thesis offers a further consideration of theories of non-standard working within the professions, examining theories of time deviance within the professional labour market. It develops and expands existing theories of professional development by exploring the development of the professional project from within professions as well as between professional groups. The study concludes from its exploration of data about professionals at different stages of their careers, that the 'traditional' notion, that a professional career is necessarily full time, involving long hours and high workplace visibility, is changing. The thesis argues that a better understanding of professional identity needs to be developed, taking into account the multi-faceted nature of contemporary working lives. It concludes that, until within the professions, recognition is given, to changing working practices, those working non-standard hours will continue both to be undervalued and to have their professional identities challenged and undermined.

This reports an action research investigation of strategy implementation in a small Australian architectural practice. The research problem addressed is: what processes should the senior partners in a small Australian architectural practice use to implement a strategy? To solve this research problem, three propositions were developed and tested in a core action research project: The strategy implementation process involves several sequential steps. • Implementation processes developed for big business also apply to small professional practices. The 'hands-on' involvement of working directors in the 'day-to-day' management of professional practices inhibits rather than helps the implementation of strategies. Chapter 1 introduces the report. Chapter 2 surveys literature about strategy implementation and justifies these three propositions. Then chapter 3 outlines the core action research project which collected data for the research. The researcher collaborated with the two partners in an architectural practice to help the workgroup implement the already chosen strategic thrust of a focus differentiation generic strategy. The project consisted of first formulating the strategy to support the strategic thrust and then implementing the strategy. Chapter 4 categorises the experience of chapter 3's action research project into eight implementation processes for proposition 1, and into categories for propositions 2 and 3. Finally, chapter 5 discusses the three propositions and then concludes the report. The research finds that the first proposition listed above is correct, although the sequence is complex than the literature review suggests; the second proposition is partly correct because not every process may have to be done in a small business, and the resources and skills of the owner managers of a small business influence the choice of strategies and how those strategies are implemented; and the third proposition is also correct because of the relationships between the roles of professional, manager and owner rather than the two roles of manager and owner identified in previous literature. The research also concludes that the action research methodology is relevant to management research but should be used in forms different from action research in education.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2013.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Page 75 blank.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-74).
The ecology of contemporary journalism is experiencing a power shift from traditional media such as newspapers and TV news to social media. This shift is bringing a crisis of professional journalism in the traditional media and the emergence of public journalism based on social media. The Institute of Optimism for Professional Journalism in the Social Media Era (hereafter "lOPS") is a new institutional building for a professional broadcasting organization. The aim of the thesis is to find a new spatial medium to reformulate the function of professional journalism through a systematic friction with public journalism in the process of news production. The thesis deals with the imminent deterioration of the broadcasting station through two phased strategies. First, the thesis studies the trajectory of the relationship between the sphere of professional journalism and the sphere of the public in the broadcasting building. Based on this research, the new type of relationship envisaged by the project is formulated. Second, the thesis addresses systematic friction between professional journalism and public journalism through the architectural interfaces in a tectonic manner. Subsequently, the synthesis between the logic of the new relationship and the logic of transparency derived from the interfaces is utilized as the foundation for the construction of an institutional building generating optimal alternative journalism.
by Jin Kyu Lee.
M.Arch.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2009.
Title from title screen (site viewed January 5, 2010). PDF text: 281 p. : ill. ; 2 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3359467. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

If [the architect] will build up a closely co-operating team together with the engineer, the scientist and the builder, then design, construction and economy may again become an entity---a fusion of art, science and business. - Walter Gropius, Scope of Total Architecture Regrettably, the building-design industry Gropius imagined never came about. Buildings, specialization, professionalism, project delivery and contracts, as they developed over the century, all seemed to conspire against such a reality; but the industry has not come to the point the team and entity Gropius wrote about are impossible. This thesis is an analysis of the building-design industry today, its development and by applying certain business theories on merges and acquisitions projecting a building-design industry where Gropius' team and entity exist in mega building services firms.

In the decade (1992–2001), the Chinese architecture profession, (hereinafter using abbreviation the CAP) has been largely promoted to a higher level under the socialist circumstance. It is pivotal to note that the evolution of the architecture and the profession does not occur as a natural process, but rather as a result of power relations. In effect, the transformation in the architectural field is a result of interplay between many agents, with the state authority sitting as a predominant force amongst many components despite the complexity and complicity.
On the one hand, the CAP has experienced independence, self-improvement and integration into the world through the journey towards a liberalized position. On the other hand, the operation of architectural practice is highly channeled by the state authority, is closely tied to government policies and shaped by government regulations and facilitated by socio-economic dynamics. The state authority, at various levels, affects the direction of the CAP’s development as well as how it is evolving. This is implemented through interrelations not static but dynamic, that are constantly being re-enacted.
In the midst of the range of architectural phenomenon, the thesis focuses on changes of the CAP, and the relationship between the CAP and the state authority in China during a crucial decade of post–Mao reform, as reflected in the publications in Jian Zhu Xue Bao. It is based on a textual analysis of Jian Zhu Xue Bao, and observes the interrelations that occurred or re-occurred through historical review, discourse analysis and case studies. At the conceptual level, the study considers the interaction as that of power and knowledge.
Against the background provided, the dissertation argues that the underlying power–knowledge correlations react in the Chinese architectural field and at the same time; various interactions that drive the development related to the CAP are unfolding in Chinese architectural discourse. Drawing on scholarship concerning power and knowledge, findings are of four kinds related to: (1) the CAP obtained a relative autonomy; (2) the improvement of professional systems and enforcement; (3) the facilitation role of the state authority; (4) integration into international practice and discourse.

Informal urbanism is regarded as a global concern challenging formal systems of governance, economy and social justice. The architectural profession is largely considered to be marginal to this discourse, with recognised contributions seen as intermittent, exceptional and once off. The research is interested in determining the causal factors contributing to this continued marginality and determining whether it is possible to mitigate such apparent indifference. It investigates the current discourse internationally as it pertains to the global south, as well as in the South African context to establish some of the noted contributions made by architects and how this has resonated within the debate. From this refl ection, main issues underpinning the conditions surrounding informal urbanism are extrapolated, that in turn contribute to the identifi cation of certain key factors that can be considered causal to the marginality of the profession. The research will illustrate that the process of architectural engagement requires transformation in order to be more responsive to the complexity of the circumstances surrounding informal settlement upgrade. Learning from internationally accepted methods of engagement, it is proposed that the Community Action Planning method developed by Goethert & Hamdi (1997) can serve as a basis for such transformative practices, in as much as it requires augmentation in order to be successfully applied to architectural design processes. Applying this proposed method to a studio module in a school of architecture over a period of four years, the research illustrates that key issues contributing to the existing marginality of the profession can be mitigated to a certain degree, with the understanding that such an approach is required at various levels of professional education and praxis to ensure true transformation.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2015
Architecture
PhD
Unrestricted

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
建築與都市設計研究所
92
Interfacial integration in architectural engineering is supposed to incorporate various professional disciplines including architecture, structure and equipment systems. It must not focus only on the passive element control mechanism of each system itself and neglect interfacial integration of architecture and other professional disciplines. The lack of such integration often prevents effective communication of design concepts to every participant of the production process of the building and, as a result, adversely affects the quality of the design, as well as the progress of the construction. This study attempts to prepare a list of checkpoints for the interdisciplinary collaboration between architecture and system engineering in the integration process of basic design and design implementation. It then identifies interfacial integration issues that affect the overall design quality, proposes corresponding strategies and presents a design stage checklist for designers. Findings of this study indicate that interfacial integration is most effective if it is employed right at the start of the design stage. Even if something is overlooked during the design stage, the construction stage will serve as the final defense line for interfacial integration. Through the operational mechanism of the “Production Flowchart of the Integration Map,” increased cost, quality inconsistency and progress delay as a result of demolition/revision caused by interfacial conflicts can be avoided, and the competitiveness of the entire architectural industry can be enhanced.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1996.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 215-220).

博士
國立臺北科技大學
設計學院設計博士班
106
The researcher had the opportunity to work in the industry before graduation from the industrial high school in 1990. At the time, the teachers in the department of engineering and construction offered not only courses of theoretical knowledge, but also demonstrated relevant skills in practical courses. As a result, graduates could immediately work with certified skill in the workplace and the industry. In 2006, during courses on architecture in the university attended by the researcher, students questions in the need of designating a building line for the foundation, the kind of condition for excavating a basement (air sheltering equipment), the calculation of building coverage rate and floor area ratio, the meaning of 4R denotation in the current status map, the size of column and beam for four-story building and the representation of staircase trim line, that these "stories" of life reflected a dilemma in the current education in engineering and construction. Perhaps, these university professors might direct the problem to call for the return of technological and vocational education. However, given the current serious shortage of academic qualification, it was instead more urgent to discuss how to cultivate students into talents of the industry before addressing these questions. In addition, the majority of university professors in architecture department in Taiwan over the past 40 years were returned graduates from abroad who were directly employed in these schools and were detached from the industry. Moreover, the regulation further isolated these full-time teachers from industrial practice in the construction industry. Despite many issues in regard with teachers in architecture department, the employment of students should be the first consideration, as the industry did have certain level of anticipation in students competence. The issue of teachers ability to cultivate students competence would be the main subject of this research. In view of this, this study aimed to investigate the competence of teachers in the department of architecture of some domestic universities. The result of the study was expected to improve the quality of education in architecture and to enhance the overall competitiveness of the construction industry. This article first analyzed literatures in three perspectives, such as education of architecture, professional competence and research method, to establish theoretical basis and factors of this study. Subsequently, the factors from literature review were organized to design the Delphi experts questionnaire. After the questionnaire passed the validity and reliability test, the researcher would proceed with a survey for 12 experts in the construction industry and used the fuzzy theory after recovery of these questionnaires, in order to obtain a consensus on the required expertise of these professors in architecture. Lastly, the consensus via the fuzzy Delphi method was further used to design and prepare a Analytic Hierarchy Process of the experts questionnaire. Analytic Hierarchy Process of questionnaires adopted purposive sampling approach to select 12 practicing architects with public construction projects from four directional regions (northern, central, southern and eastern) for survey to acquire their views on the required competence of university professors in architecture. In the first phase of the study, 45 indices of required professional skill for faculty members of architecture department would be acquired from literature review and analysis. The second phase involved the fuzzy Delphi method to confirm the test value of 6.38 and a threshold value of 6.45 by 14 experts in the industry to remove 17 competence indicators to result in 28 indices for test. During the third phase of the study, Analytic Hierarchy Process was performed by 12 experts in the industry to weigh and sequence the 28 competence indices from the second phase. The research results of consensus and weight given by industry experts in accordance with the fuzzy Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process were as follows: A. Result of fuzzy Delphi method: 1. In term of "personal knowledge", experts considered that a faculty member of architecture department must have at least 4 years of college education with a major in architecture. Meanwhile, teachers must highly respect architectural knowledge and skills as a noble profession and willingly engage in practical teaching. 2. For "professional knowledge", experts expected that teachers in architecture department should have the basic learning of architecture and regard it as a noble profession to willingly become familiar with construction practices and regulations, as well as engaging more in relevant discussions on theories and practices. 3. With regard to "practical construction skills", experts of the industry believed that faculty members in architecture department could use the architectural presentation technique in accordance with the regulation on intensity of land development to rationally restructure a building, where the current status map could illustrate the building and the surrounding landscapes within the building area in connection with the outside environment, so as to help students become familiarized with the internal working of the construction business. 4. For "other practical skills", experts presumed the faculty of architecture department to possess the ability to interpret and render large drawings. 5. In term of "personal attitude", experts believed that teachers of architecture department should have the concept of lifelong learning and were able to reflect on professional performance from time to time in order to improve and refine to create a noble personality for students to respect and follow as a role model. 6. Experts expected that teachers of architecture department should have positive "teaching attitude" to regain their belief in professionalism of their industry. They should provide appropriate textbooks to equip students with required knowledge and practical skills, as well as encouraging them in learning. B. Result of Analytic Hierarchy Process: 1. The second-order of hierarchy On the second level of analysis, the three aspects of "knowledge", "skills", and "attitude" were sequenced in respect to significance, based on weight of decision-making factor by the expert group, which were in order of skill (0.5945), knowledge (0.3180) and attitude (0.0875). Experts believed that becoming a teacher of architecture or being a current faculty member of architecture department would require exploration of self-understanding of architecture inside out as a profession. The individual must re-examine personal background and professional knowledge to see if in line with the need of the construction industry to improve the communitys long-term perception of architectural education. 2. The third-order of hierarchy Based on weight in the third level of analysis, the order was “practical construction skills” (0.2798), “personal knowledge” (0.2061), “personal attitude” (0.1481), “professional knowledge” (0.1303), “teaching attitude” (0.1180) and “other practical skills” (0.1178). Experts suggested that teachers of architecture department could attempt to understand if their actual work in this profession was consistent with their inner thoughts, where they should proceed to in-depth discussion with the industry to bridge an interaction between theory and practice, in order to cultivate outstanding professional experts in the field. 3. The fourth-order of hierarchy The first five indicators of competence at the fourth level were ordered as "possession of diploma in architecture" (0.0722), "correct philosophical concept" (0.0620), "basic architectural design capability" (0.0603), "professional ethics" (0.0575) and "understanding of architectural laws and regulations" (0.0569). Experts believed the necessity of proper training and education for teachers in architecture department to avoid deviation from the core of this profession. Therefore, it was recommended for teachers to become familiar with actual construction practice in the industry. From analysis of results, experts of the industry believed that faculty members in architecture department could use the architectural presentation technique in accordance with regulations on the intensity of land development to rationally restructure a building in the current status or the cadastral map to illustrate the building and the surrounding landscapes within the building area in connection with the outside environment, so as to help students become familiarized with the basic knowledge and skills of the architectural profession. Finally, based on the research results of the comprehensive fuzzy Delphi method and the Analytic Hierarchy Process, in comparison with more than twenty years of practical experience and six years of assistant teaching to reflect on students expectation of learning skills and knowledge, the expected abilities, attitude and theories of knowledge were indeed the "core competence" and the "core attitude" of every teacher in architecture department of industrial high schools in the 1990s. Apart from architectural experts expectation of recovering the long-lost building expertise and skills in the industry, it was rather their crave to reclaim the noble and desirable architectural ethics.

碩士
中原大學
室內設計學系
88
Abstract The study is made specially for professional indoor design technicians in Taiwan (hereinafter referred to as “indoor design technicians”) on the issues of indoor fire-proof safety design in a structure that they may encounter. Descriptive experience survey method is applied in this study where the structure is established by ways of document review. The working stage problems in indoor fire-proof safety and the actual cause of the problems can then be analyzed and inducted after having an overall understanding of the existing issues through meetings with professionals and combining the contents of the thorough discussions with indoor design technicians. There are two major types of working stage problems: 1. Dubious interpretation on the related regulations for indoor construction: “Management Methods for Indoor Design in a Structure” has excluded wallpapers, carpets, furniture and decorations from the scope of indoor design. The regulations for application of indoor design materials are unclear and the rules on net width and walking distance for fire-fighting escaping facilities are incomplete in “Building Technique Regulations”. No grading has been made in “Fire-Fighting Laws” on the application of flameproof materials. Also, it is inappropriate to include application of flameproof materials in “Fire-Fight Laws”. 2. Insufficient cognition on knowledge of related indoor design regulations and fire-proof materials: Insufficient cognition has been found in “Building Technique Regulations” on regulations for definition of isolation wall, differentiation of fire-fighting area, fire-fighting escaping facilities, fire-fighting equipment, main structure and inflammable materials. Insufficient cognition has been found in Item 2, fire-proof material application regulation, of “Flameproof Performance Approval Standard”. Unclear cognition has been found on fire-proof material inspection, management authority and approval documents for indoor design. Confusion has been caused when excessive fire-proof materials are available in the market. The actual cause of the problems lies on the deviation in thinking pattern: Let the thinking pattern be that indoor design is the outward simple “internal decoration” for a vacant type building construction before its indoor space is “used”. Then, revision on related regulations will cause related regulations for indoor design to be insufficient and, consequently, dubious interpretation on the related regulations for indoor construction. Also, the practice of indoor design training education will cause the actual effect of training education to be insufficient and, consequently, insufficient cognition on knowledge of related indoor design regulations and fire-proof materials. The countermeasure for solving the actual cause of the problems is to examine the deviation in thinking pattern: Let the thinking pattern be that indoor design is the “internal decoration” for a building construction when its indoor space is “being used”. Then, the countermeasure for solving the problem of dubious interpretation on the related regulations for indoor construction will be to eliminate dubious interpretation on the related regulations for indoor construction and set up “Rules for Indoor Design Techniques in a Structure”. And the countermeasure for solving the problem of insufficient cognition on knowledge of related indoor design regulations and fire-proof materials will be to promote the effect of indoor design training education. It is hoped that the result of the study can be used as a reference for indoor design technicians in their future fire-proof designs and the competent authority in their future handling of related indoor construction matters. Key words: Indoor construction, fire-proof safety design, professional design technicians for indoor construction in a structure

碩士
正修科技大學
資訊管理研究所
97
This study focuses on unity of structure and behavior research on human resource management systems which is a subsystem of ERP II. We can see over all system from the perspective of macro picture, and we also can see the services of elements of the system from perspective of micro-structure, to focus on human resources management system structure and behavior. We provide effective management of human resources that the essences of personnel management in an enterprise to achieve the goals of hiring the right person, putting right person at right position, finding talented people, and electing virtuous. According to the other researchers’ studies, they found the main problems of the implementation of the human resource management systems that are the implementation is not supported by the organization, the failure of project management, users do not willing to use the new system, and the poor performance of the new system. Therefore, this study uses the standardization of professional services and architecture to integrate of business process and structure for providing a better solution. This study established architecture for human resources management system for all types of enterprises to use, and provided five steps of professional services of software retail system. Logically analyze the two company's system architecture, we found implicit knowledge of human resources management system of enterprises by architecture methodology from the users’ and managerial points of view. Because architecture can unite structure elements and processes so managers can understand the architecture of the company by architecture chart. They can find the key departments of all processes; reduce the human power for business re-engineering. Interviewing the system planners of the two companies, we find architecture which is a useful tool for the system analysis. Because the customers may not understand the system analysis and design, the system planners and customers can grasp the overall structure quickly and accurately by visualized architecture and unity of structure and behavior to meet the customer needs.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
建築與都市設計研究所
102
The purpose of this study was to understand the content of professional competence of participants in architectural design competition and to assessment the significance of each factor. In hopes that the establishment was to provide architectural specialized courses of technological and vocational education, as a reference. In this research, a preliminary structure of the professional competence was drafted, based on the social observational survey and literature review. Then, FDM’s questionnaire was applied to investigate the expert''s opinions. After the data collection, and statistic, the structures was builded which have 3 hierarchies. There are 4 dimensions in the first hierarchy, 8 in the second, and 23 in the third. After the mathematics of the AHP was calculated, the conclusion was provided. In the first hierarchy, “Design professionalism” has the highest weight of 48.01%. In the second hierarchy, “The knowledge of environmental planning” has the highest weight of 32.61% and is the most important item. In the third hierarchy, “Space demand and the features of user behavior” has the highest weight of 12.08% and is the most important item. Summarization above results, in the research process, the experts’s opinions was quantitatived which about the professional competence of participants in architectural design competition. Finally, the aforementioned information serves as the references for government agencies, academics and future researchers.

Historically, a disconnect has existed between the education and practice of architecture. Architectural education has long prided itself on the value of creative problem-solving, research, and the fine arts. In contrast, the practice of architecture has evolved to emphasize technical knowledge, specialization, communication, business, and collaboration. This disconnect has led education to miss opportunities to teach students business skills and knowledge required for the workplace, and allowed practice to lose sight of the importance of artistry and research. Architecture educators, students, and practitioners each have a unique set of knowledge and skills to offer the other, and a corresponding set of need and challenges which must be addressed for the profession’s continued success. By analyzing history, current debates in the field, and case studies of current innovative practices and educational models, this thesis addresses these issues with a new model of architectural synergy, embodied through a facility for lifelong learning in architecture. The primary goal of this building is to inspire integrative and collaborative processes between students, researchers, educators, and practitioners to address the current disconnect between them. Through this facility, each group will have the opportunity to leverage their unique strengths and successes to help the others. This collaborative model will allow each role mutually beneficial opportunities for lifelong learning through the exchange of knowledge, ideas, and processes between different groups.