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1
Lopez, Gerardo, Romeo R. Favreau, Colin Smith, Evelyne Costes, Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, and Theodore M. DeJong. "Integrating simulation of architectural development and source - sink behaviour of peach trees by incorporating Markov chains and physiological organ function submodels into L-PEACH." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 10 (2008): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08039.
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L-PEACH is an L-system-based functional–structural model for simulating architectural growth and carbohydrate partitioning among individual organs in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) trees. The original model provided a prototype for how tree architecture and carbon economy could be integrated, but did not simulate peach tree architecture realistically. Moreover, evaluation of the functional characteristics of the individual organs and the whole tree remained a largely open issue. In the present study, we incorporated Markovian models into L-PEACH to improve the architecture of the simulated trees. The model was also calibrated to grams of carbohydrate, and tools for systematically displaying quantitative outputs and evaluating the behaviour of the model were developed. The use of the Markovian model concept to model tree architecture in L-PEACH reproduced tree behaviour and responses to management practices visually similar to trees in commercial orchards. The new architectural model along with several improvements in the carbohydrate-partitioning algorithms derived from the model evaluation significantly improved the results related to carbon allocation, such as organ growth, carbohydrate assimilation, reserve dynamics and maintenance respiration. The model results are now consistent within the modelled tree structure and are in general agreement with observations of peach trees growing under field conditions.
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Wang, Yingxu, and Xinming Tan. "The Formal Design Models of Tree Architectures and Behaviors." International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 3, no. 4 (2011): 84–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssci.2011100106.
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Trees are one of the most fundamental and widely used non-linear hierarchical structures of linked nodes. A binary tree (B-Tree) is a typical balanced tree where the fan-out of each node is at most two known as the left and right children. This paper develops a comprehensive design pattern of formal trees using the B-Tree architecture. A rigorous denotational mathematics, Real-Time Process Algebra (RTPA), is adopted, which allows both architectural and behavioral models of B-Trees to be rigorously designed and implemented in a top-down approach. The architectural models of B-Trees are created using RTPA architectural modeling methodologies known as the Unified Data Models (UDMs). The physical model of B-Trees is implemented using the left and right child nodes dynamically created in memory. The behavioral models of B-Trees are specified and refined by a set of Unified Process Models (UPMs) in three categories namely the management operations, traversal operations, and node I/O operations. This work has been applied in a number of real-time and nonreal-time system designs such as a real-time operating system (RTOS+), a general system organization model, and the ADT library for an RTPA-based automatic code generator.
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Naharuddin, Naharuddin. "Tingkat Erosi pada Plot Model Arsitektur Pohon Attims (Eucalyptus deglupta), Corner (Arenga pinnata), dan Rauh (Arthocarpus teysmanii)." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 15, no. 1 (2021): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.v15i1.1510.
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Tree architecture models and the composition of vegetation types affected surface runoff and erosion rates due to vegetation density and various other morphological and ecological characteristic components. This research purpose was to measure and compare the level of erosion in 3 tree architectural models. The research used the path plots method. The sample pathway was made by cut off contour lines. To measure the erosion rate that occured at the tree architecture model, erosion measuring plots were used in three tree architecture models, namely Attims (Eucalyptus deglupta), Corner (Arenga pinnata), and Rauh (Arthocarpus teysmanii). The results showed that the dominant tree architecture model was the Rauh, Attims, and Corner models. The erosion level which occurred in the three tree architectural models showed that the Attims Eucalyptus deglupta model and Corner Arenga pinnata models were more effective in controlling erosion by 233.55 g/ha/year and 293.10 g/ha/year with rainfall of 493.55 mm compared to Rauh Arthocarpus teysmanii type. The correlation analysis between rainfall and the erosion rate at the three tree architecture models were 80% (very strong) for Attims model, 89% (very strong) for Corner model and 90% (very strong) for Rauh model. To control the erosion the Attims and Corner models are highly recommended as alternatives for rehabilitating the critical land.
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Hadinoto, Hadinoto, and Eni Suhesti. "MODEL ARSITEKTUR POHON ARBORETUM UNIVERSITAS LANCANG KUNING SEBAGAI PENUNJANG PEMBELAJARAN." Wahana Forestra: Jurnal Kehutanan 13, no. 1 (2018): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/forestra.v13i1.1527.
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Arboretum is an example of forest which is a collection of trees which is a form of conservation of human-made germplasm. Arboretum with various vegetation containing scientific values can be used as an open laboratory for student education and research facilities. The pattern of branching plants will form a form of plant architecture. The branching architecture is a morphological representation of a particular phase of a series of tree growth series, real and observable at all times. This research was conducted by conducting a survey (survey) and direct observation of the model of bamboo branching architecture in plants located in the research location. Identification of tree architecture model using book by F. Halle & R.A.A.Oldeman, namely: An Essay On The Architecture and Dynamics of Growth of Tropical Trees. Each tree is observed and photographed, as research documentation. Analysis conducted in this research is descriptive analysis to the type and shape of architectural architecture of Arboretum University of Lancang Kuning. Based on the results of research that has been done, can be drawn conclusion as follows: obtained 10 shapes / models of tree architecture of 41 species of trees (diamater ≥ 20 cm).
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Teobaldelli, Maurizio, Alcoriza David Puig, Terenzio Zenone, Marco Matteucci, Günther Seufert, and Vitor Sequeira. "Building a topological and geometrical model of poplar tree using portable on-ground scanning LIDAR." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 10 (2008): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08053.
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The objectives of this research were to investigate the suitability of advanced technologies like 3D-Laser scanning to acquire fair and sound information on structural and architectural characteristics of poplar stand, and to map topology of above-ground tree structures. The study area was an intensive poplar plantation located ~10 km north-west of the city of Pavia within the ‘Parco Regionale del Ticino’, Italy. A forest inventory of the poplar stand was conducted in 2005 and three 14-year-old poplar trees were selected and felled. The main architectural characteristics of poplar trees (destructive measurement) were compared with indirect measurement carried out using a portable on-ground scanning LIDAR IMAGER 5003 combined with the JRC-Reconstructor and AMAPmod softwares. The method permitted us to make an accurate estimate of the vertical and horizontal structure of the stand, to evaluate the stem and branches morphology of selected trees at different height in the canopy, and to create and validate multiscale representations of poplar tree architecture.
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Jackson, T., A. Shenkin, J. Moore, et al. "An architectural understanding of natural sway frequencies in trees." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 155 (2019): 20190116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0116.
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The relationship between form and function in trees is the subject of a longstanding debate in forest ecology and provides the basis for theories concerning forest ecosystem structure and metabolism. Trees interact with the wind in a dynamic manner and exhibit natural sway frequencies and damping processes that are important in understanding wind damage. Tree-wind dynamics are related to tree architecture, but this relationship is not well understood. We present a comprehensive view of natural sway frequencies in trees by compiling a dataset of field measurement spanning conifers and broadleaves, tropical and temperate forests. The field data show that a cantilever beam approximation adequately predicts the fundamental frequency of conifers, but not that of broadleaf trees. We also use structurally detailed tree dynamics simulations to test fundamental assumptions underpinning models of natural frequencies in trees. We model the dynamic properties of greater than 1000 trees using a finite-element approach based on accurate three-dimensional model trees derived from terrestrial laser scanning data. We show that (1) residual variation, the variation not explained by the cantilever beam approximation, in fundamental frequencies of broadleaf trees is driven by their architecture; (2) slender trees behave like a simple pendulum, with a single natural frequency dominating their motion, which makes them vulnerable to wind damage and (3) the presence of leaves decreases both the fundamental frequency and the damping ratio. These findings demonstrate the value of new three-dimensional measurements for understanding wind impacts on trees and suggest new directions for improving our understanding of tree dynamics from conifer plantations to natural forests.
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Costes, Evelyne, Colin Smith, Michael Renton, Yann Guédon, Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, and Christophe Godin. "MAppleT: simulation of apple tree development using mixed stochastic and biomechanical models." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 10 (2008): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08081.
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Construction of tree architectural databases over years is time consuming and cannot easily capture event dynamics, especially when both tree topology and geometry are considered. The present project aimed to bring together models of topology and geometry in a single simulation such that the architecture of an apple tree may emerge from process interactions. This integration was performed using L-systems. A mixed approach was developed based on stochastic models to simulate plant topology and mechanistic model for the geometry. The succession of growth units (GUs) along axes and their branching structure were jointly modelled by a hierarchical hidden Markov model. A biomechanical model, derived from previous studies, was used to calculate stem form at the metamer scale, taking into account the intra-year dynamics of primary, secondary and fruit growth. Outputs consist of 3-D mock-ups – geometric models representing the progression of tree form over time. To asses these models, a sensitivity analysis was performed and descriptors were compared between simulated and digitised trees, including the total number of GUs in the entire tree, descriptors of shoot geometry (basal diameter, length), and descriptors of axis geometry (inclination, curvature). In conclusion, despite some limitations, MAppleT constitutes a useful tool for simulating development of apple trees in interaction with gravity.
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Sievänen, Risto, Jari Perttunen, Eero Nikinmaa, and Pekka Kaitaniemi. "Toward extension of a single tree functional - structural model of Scots pine to stand level: effect of the canopy of randomly distributed, identical trees on development of tree structure." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 10 (2008): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08077.
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Functional–structural plant growth models (FSPMs) combine the description of the structure of plants and the resource acquisition and partitioning at a detailed architectural level. They offer a means to study tree and stand development on the basis of a structurally accurate description that combines resource capture at the same level of detail. We describe here how a ‘shoot-based’ individual tree model, LIGNUM of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been applied to a group of identical trees (forest). The model has been applied to isolated trees and saplings growing in forest gaps. First, we present the LIGNUM model and the changes necessary for simulation of a forest instead of individual trees. LIGNUM derives tree growth on the basis of a process-based model of tree carbon balance and the architectural development of the 3-D tree crown. The time step is 1 year. We realised the forest as consisting of individual Scots pine trees on a plot 17 × 17 m, but simplified the stand description by simulating the growth of only one tree in the middle of the plot and assumed that the other trees were identical to it at all times. The model produced results that are comparable with observations made in real Scots pine trees and tree stands in Finland. The simulations with variable values of the parameters controlling the foliage–sapwood relationship, amount of sapwood required below a point in a branch or a stem, and the senescence of sapwood showed how growth declines when the sapwood requirement in the branches and stem was high. In this case, the proportion of resources allocated to the needles became small and the needle mass was low.
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DeJong, Ted M., Romeo Favreau, Mitch Allen, and Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz. "Modeling Fruit Tree Architectural Growth, Source–Sink Interactions, and Physiology with L-PEACH." HortScience 41, no. 4 (2006): 1010D—1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1010d.
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Modeling source–sink interactions and carbohydrate partitioning in plants requires a detailed model of plant architectural development, in which growth and function of each organ is modeled individually and carbohydrate transport among organs is modeled dynamically. L-PEACH is an L-system-based graphical simulation model that combines supply/demand concepts of carbon partitioning with an L-system model of tree architecture to create a distributed supply/demand system of carbon allocation within a growing tree. The whole plant is modeled as a branching network of sources and sinks, connected by conductive elements. An analogy to an electric network is used to calculate the flow and partitioning of carbohydrates between the individual components. The model can simulate multiple years of tree growth and be used to demonstrate effects of irrigation, crop load, and pruning on architectural development, tree growth, and carbon partitioning. Qualitative model outputs are viewed graphically as the tree “grows” on the computer screen while quantitative output data can be evaluated individually for each organ or collectively for an organ type using the MatLab software.
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Lecigne, Bastien, Sylvain Delagrange, and Olivier Taugourdeau. "Annual Shoot Segmentation and Physiological Age Classification from TLS Data in Trees with Acrotonic Growth." Forests 12, no. 4 (2021): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040391.
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The development of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has opened new avenues in the study of trees. Although TLS provides valuable information on structural elements, fine-scale analysis, e.g., at the annual shoots (AS) scale, is currently not possible. We present a new model to segment and classify AS from tree skeletons into a finite set of “physiological ages” (i.e., state of specialization and physiological age (PA)). When testing the model against perfect data, 90% of AS year and 99% of AS physiological ages were correctly extracted. AS length-estimated errors varied between 0.39 cm and 2.57 cm depending on the PA. When applying the model to tree reconstructions using real-life simulated TLS data, 50% of the AS and 77% of the total tree length are reconstructed. Using an architectural automaton to deal with non-reconstructed short axes, errors associated with AS number and length were reduced to 5% and 12%, respectively. Finally, the model was applied to real trees and was consistent with previous findings obtained from manual measurements in a similar context. This new method could be used for determining tree phenotype or for analyzing tree architecture.
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Millet, Jeanne, André Bouchard, and Claude Édelin. "Plagiotropic architectural development of four tree species of the temperate forest." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 12 (1998): 2100–2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-174.
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Four tree species of the temperate deciduous forests of south-western Québec have an architectural development that corresponds to Troll's model. Two of these species, American elm (Ulmus americana L.) and American basswood (Tilia americana L.), are mid-successional and the two others, American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) and Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.), are late successional. In the four species, the main stem is the result of the stacking of modules with plagiotropic development and secondary straightening. Nevertheless, the architectural analysis of these four species reveals that two growth patterns are present. In elm and basswood, the modules are differentiated from one another and are integrated into the hierarchical structure of the tree. In beech and hemlock, the modules are mixed and their apical meristems possess an autodifferentiation potential, which provides for a greater individuality within the tree structure. In spite of belonging to the same architectural model, differences in the development pattern favour a greater efficiency in stem growth for elm and basswood versus a greater shape plasticity, including a greater lateral branch development if required, in beech and hemlock.Key words: tree architecture, organization plan, Troll's model, plagiotropy, morphological differentiation of axes.
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McCoy, R. Thomas, Robert Frank, and Tal Linzen. "Does Syntax Need to Grow on Trees? Sources of Hierarchical Inductive Bias in Sequence-to-Sequence Networks." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 8 (July 2020): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00304.
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Learners that are exposed to the same training data might generalize differently due to differing inductive biases. In neural network models, inductive biases could in theory arise from any aspect of the model architecture. We investigate which architectural factors affect the generalization behavior of neural sequence-to-sequence models trained on two syntactic tasks, English question formation and English tense reinflection. For both tasks, the training set is consistent with a generalization based on hierarchical structure and a generalization based on linear order. All architectural factors that we investigated qualitatively affected how models generalized, including factors with no clear connection to hierarchical structure. For example, LSTMs and GRUs displayed qualitatively different inductive biases. However, the only factor that consistently contributed a hierarchical bias across tasks was the use of a tree-structured model rather than a model with sequential recurrence, suggesting that human-like syntactic generalization requires architectural syntactic structure.
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Bégin, Christian, and Louise Filion. "Black spruce (Picea marianna) architecture." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 5 (1999): 664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-022.
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Genetically determined rules underlying black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) morphological development were revealed by using tree architecture analysis. Black spruce develops according to Rauh's model. Its relatively simple and well-hierarchized architecture comprises four categories of axes (A1-A4) and three distinct branching levels. First- and second-order axes (the trunk and branches) are monopodial, orthotropic structures with rhythmic growth and branching, and an unlimited life-span (or only limited by tree longevity). They are mainly devoted to spatial exploration and occupation. Axes A3 and A4 are monopodial, plagiotropic structures with a limited life-span, which are devoted to assimilation and reproduction. Female cones develop in terminal position on A3, whereas male reproductive structures develop in terminal or lateral position on A4. Reiteration (or duplication of axes) capacity is an important feature of the architecture of black spruce. Adaptive reiteration processes allow trees to renew their foliage and to reproduce vegetatively through layering. Traumatic reiteration processes tend to restore the tree's original architecture by replacing injured axes or parts of axes. In both cases, replicas originate from dormant buds located at the bottom of growth units (deferred or proleptic reiteration) or from growing axes (immediate or sylleptic reiteration).Key words: black spruce, growth form, tree architecture, architectural model, reiteration processes.
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Lagunes, Silvia Segarra. "Casa Albero: an architecture experiment." Modern Houses, no. 64 (2021): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/64.a.5twr82ij.
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Designed in 1968, the Casa Albero [Tree house], in Fregene near Rome, by Giuseppe Perugini (1914-1995), Uga de Plaisant (1917-2004) and their son Raynaldo Perugini (1950-), constitutes an exceptional case of architectural experimentation. With multiple references to the aesthetic avant-gardes of the 20th century. It is presented as an example of modular, systematic and prefabricated architecture, in which the architects are, simultaneously, authors and part of the experiment themselves. The project functions as an architectural model in 1:1 scale. The concept embodied in this work offers the possibility of studying different ways of interpreting the living space within the same architectural composition.
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Nutt, Nele, and Ardo Kubjas. "The model of trees for the restoration of historical manor parks in Estonia." Landscape architecture and art 17 (March 14, 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2020.17.03.
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The aim of this article is to work out the methodological basis for the restoration of historical manor parks according to the requirements of the Florence Charter. This is why the park is not studied as an object of biodiversity but as a built monument and an architectural piece, whose composition is mainly created by woody plants particularly trees. The purpose of the current research was to clarify the proportion of examples of distinct tree species in manor parks today and to determine the main tree and shrub species originally used in manor parks. Working out the model for the composition of stands of trees in a historic park. The model for the composition of stands of trees in a historic park was developed. The article summarizes the results of a survey what is a part larger study that explores and understand the key characteristics of Estonian Manor Ensembles and parks.
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OOI, Tetsuya, Kotaro IMAI, and Kentaro HONMA. "A TREE-BASED MODEL TO DETERMINE DESIGN DECISIONS FROM MULTIPLE ARCHITECTURAL CONDITIONS IN THE RETROFIT ARCHITECTURE." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 85, no. 775 (2020): 1921–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.85.1921.
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DeJong, T. M., D. Da Silva, C. Negron, M. Cieslak, and P. Prusinkiewicz. "The L-ALMOND model: a functional-structural virtual tree model of almond tree architectural growth, carbohydrate dynamics over multiple years." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1160 (April 2017): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1160.7.
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Perttunen, Jari, and Risto Sievänen. "Incorporating Lindenmayer systems for architectural development in a functional-structural tree model." Ecological Modelling 181, no. 4 (2005): 479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.06.034.
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Remphrey, William R., and Linda P. Pearn. "Crown development of a clone of Populus tremuloides exhibiting "crooked" architecture and a comparison with wild-type trees." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 4 (2003): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-028.
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Populus tremuloides Michx. (trembling aspen) is a tree species native to much of North America and is normally ascribed to the architectural model of Rauh, characterized by an excurrent crown structure with a central main stem and orthotropic branches. A mutant clone of trembling aspen is located near Hafford, Saskatchewan, exhibiting an architecture with crooked and twisted tree trunks. It was the objective of the present study to determine how the architectural development of the crooked clone differed from the wild type. In a study conducted over a 5-year period, four mutant trees were compared with four young wild-type aspen in the Winnipeg, Manitoba, area. Based on detailed quantitative data, it was determined that the architecture of the crooked clone of aspen differs greatly from the wild type. The trees are built by the continuous superposition of vigorous relay shoots with a mixed orientation, that is, shoots that take over the main growth of the tree, and have a more or less upright basal part and a horizontal to pendulous distal part. The development of the crookedness starts with the bending of the relay shoots, mostly in relation to the gravitational direction, which is followed in the subsequent years by various gravimorphic responses. In particular, the longest lateral shoots on a parent relay shoot occur in the middle regions, and the tip of the parent relay shoot generally loses vigour over time. The parent shoot may die back to the junction with a daughter relay shoot, causing a sharp bend at that point. Moreover, the divergence angles of relay shoots with the parent shoots were shown to be greater than in wild-type aspen, and this appears to exacerbate the crookedness. The new relay shoot may actually grow back towards the centre of the crown, opposite to the direction of growth of the parent. The results of this study demonstrate how a quantitative change in one architectural character can set in motion a series of developmental processes that result in a vastly different crown structure from the wild type.Key words: Populus tremuloides, trembling aspen, architecture, crooked clone.
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Wang, Yingxu, and Aderemi Adewumi. "The Formal Design Models of Digraph Architectures and Behaviors." International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 4, no. 1 (2012): 100–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssci.2012010105.
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Graphs are one of the most fundamental and widely used non-linear hierarchical structures of linked nodes. Problems in sciences and engineering can be formulated and solved by the graph model. This paper develops a comprehensive design pattern of formal digraphs using the Doubly-Linked List (DLL) architecture. The most complicated form of graphs known as the weighted digraph is selected as a general graph model, based on it simple graphs such as nondirected and/or nonweighted ones can be easily derived and tailored. A rigorous denotational mathematics, Real-Time Process Algebra (RTPA), is adopted, which allows both architectural and behavioral models of digraphs to be rigorously designed and implemented in a top-down approach. The architectural models of digraphs are created using RTPA architectural modeling methodologies known as the Unified Data Models (UDMs). The physical model of digraphs is implemented using nodes of DLL dynamically created in the memory. The behavioral models of digraphs are specified and refined by a set of 18 Unified Process Models (UPMs) in three categories namely the management operations, traversal operations, and node manipulation operations. This work has been applied in a number of real-time and nonreal-time system designs and specifications such as a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS+), graph-based and tree-based applications, and the ADT library for an RTPA-based automatic code generation tool.
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Boudon, Frédéric, Séverine Persello, Alexandra Jestin, et al. "V-Mango: a functional–structural model of mango tree growth, development and fruit production." Annals of Botany 126, no. 4 (2020): 745–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa089.
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Abstract Background and Aims Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the fifth most widely produced fruit in the world. Its cultivation, mainly in tropical and sub-tropical regions, raises a number of issues such as the irregular fruit production across years, phenological asynchronisms that lead to long periods of pest and disease susceptibility, and the heterogeneity of fruit quality and maturity at harvest. To address these issues, we developed an integrative functional–structural plant model that synthesizes knowledge about the vegetative and reproductive development of the mango tree and opens up the possible simulation of cultivation practices. Methods We designed a model of architectural development in order to precisely characterize the intricate developmental processes of the mango tree. The appearance of botanical entities was decomposed into elementary stochastic events describing occurrence, intensity and timing of development. These events were determined by structural (position and fate of botanical entities) and temporal (appearance dates) factors. Daily growth and development of growth units and inflorescences were modelled using empirical distributions and thermal time. Fruit growth was determined using an ecophysiological model that simulated carbon- and water-related processes at the fruiting branch scale. Key Results The model simulates the dynamics of the population of growth units, inflorescences and fruits at the tree scale during a growing cycle. Modelling the effects of structural and temporal factors makes it possible to simulate satisfactorily the complex interplays between vegetative and reproductive development. The model allowed the characterization of the susceptibility of mango tree to pests and the investigatation of the influence of tree architecture on fruit growth. Conclusions This integrative functional–structural model simulates mango tree vegetative and reproductive development over successive growing cycles, allowing a precise characterization of tree phenology and fruit growth and production. The next step is to integrate the effects of cultivation practices, such as pruning, into the model.
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Miyazawa, Yoshiyuki, and Kyoichi Otsuki. "Comparison of sapling-level daily light capture and carbon gain between a temperate deciduous and a co-occurring evergreen tree species in the growing season and in winter." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 3 (2010): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09168.
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Light capture efficiency (Ea) and mass-based daily carbon gain (Amass) were compared between saplings of a deciduous tree species, Ficus erecta Thunb. and the co-occurring evergreen broadleaved tree species, Neolitsea aciculata (Bl.) Koidzumi, in a temperate forest in Japan. Using obtained data and an ecophysiological–architectural model, we calculated the Ea and Amass of each study sapling. We also analysed the response of Amass to changes in photosynthetic traits and Ea. Saplings of F. erecta had a higher Amass than N. aciculata, due to the high leaf area : aboveground mass ratio (LAR). The model calculation suggested that changes in photosynthetic traits and Ea changed Amass but did not modify the interspecific difference of Amass. In winter Amass was lower than that in the growing season due to low light availability during the short day lenght, suggesting modest importance of winter carbon gain for the evergreen saplings of N. aciculata. In conclusion, the advantage of this deciduous species for carbon gain over the co-occurring evergreen broadleaved saplings is not modified by acclimative changes in leaf physiology, crown architecture or prolonged photosynthesis period by evergreen broadleaved trees.
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Qureshi, M. Shuaib. "Proposed architectural model for optimal transformation of decision table and decision tree into knowledge base." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 3 (2010): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2010/v3i3.31.
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Danjon, Frédéric, Hayfa Khuder, and Alexia Stokes. "Deep Phenotyping of Coarse Root Architecture in R. pseudoacacia Reveals That Tree Root System Plasticity Is Confined within Its Architectural Model." PLoS ONE 8, no. 12 (2013): e83548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083548.
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Segura, V., C. Denancé, C. E. Durel, and E. Costes. "Wide range QTL analysis for complex architectural traits in a 1-year-old apple progeny." Genome 50, no. 2 (2007): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g07-002.
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The present study aimed at investigating the genetic determinisms of architectural traits in a 1-year-old apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.). F1 progeny. A precise phenotyping including both tree topology and geometry was performed on 123 offspring. For a wide range of developmental traits, broad-sense heritability was estimated and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were investigated. Several loci controlling geometry were identified (i) for integrated traits, such as tree surface and volume; (ii) for traits related to the form of long sylleptic axillary shoots (LSAS), such as bending and basis angle; and (iii) for traits of finer components, such as internode length of the trunk and LSAS. Considering topology, 4 QTLs were mapped for the total number of sylleptic branching in the tree, suggesting a strong and complex genetic control that was analysed through colocalisations between QTLs mapped for the different shoot types (long, medium, short). Two QTLs were also mapped for a phenological trait (date of bud break). When several QTLs were detected for a trait, a linear model was built to test epistatic effects and estimate the whole percentage of variability explained. The discussion focuses on particular colocalisations and on the relevance of traits to further tree development.
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Gu, Guangtong, and Bing Xu. "Housing Market Hedonic Price Study Based on Boosting Regression Tree." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 21, no. 6 (2017): 1040–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2017.p1040.
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Based on the purchase price data of new real estate markets three cities in China, Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, including architectural features, neighborhood property features, and location features, in this study a boosting regression tree model was built to study the factors and the influence path of housing prices from the microcosmic perspective. First, a classical hedonic price model was constructed to analyze and compare the significant effect factors on housing prices in the market segments of the three cities. Second, the gradient boosting regression tree method that is proposed in this paper was applied to the three markets in combination to analyze the influence paths and factors and the importance of the type of housing hedonic price. The influence paths of housing hedonic prices and decision tree rules are visualized. The significant housing features are effectively extracted. Finally, we present three main conclusions and several suggestions for policy makers to improve urban functions while stabilizing real estate prices.
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Jumingan, Jumingan, Zulkifi Dahlan, and Dedy Setiabudidaya. "EFFECT OF ARCHITECTURAL TREE MODEL TO THE NOISE LEVEL OF MOTOR VEHICLE ON DEMANG LEBAR DAUN STREET PALEMBANG." BIOVALENTIA: Biological Research Journal 2, no. 2 (2016): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24233/biov.2.2.2016.35.
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Corniello, L. "3D SURVEYING AND 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECTURE OF THE ROYAL PARK OF TIRANA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (October 18, 2019): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-241-2019.
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Abstract. The research proposes the study of the Royal Park of Tirana in Albania, with particular reference both to the vegetation system, such as tree-lined avenues, ornamental gardens and vegetable gardens, and to the architectural elements such as the Villa, the Church, the gardener's house, the generator house and greenhouses. The few iconographic documents consist of the plans of the Grand Park of Tirana in 1957 and 1980, where some large buildings can be identified. The bibliography is relegated to the few citations found in the volumes illustrating the works of the two architects G. Bosio and G. Bertè. For the activities of knowledge of the Royal Park and of the architectural elements, in addition to the classical techniques of direct and indirect survey, we took into account the Ryobi laser instrumentation applied on portable computer support both tablets and smartphone. This digital system allows an immediate view of the relevant data on the photographic image taken by the support, transforming it into a dynamic datum. In the first phase, the relevant activity envisaged a basic knowledge extended to architectural organisms and green systems with a primitive geometric model; subsequently, measurements of architectural details, structures and the digital model were made. Appropriate photographic documentation was produced in addition to bibliographic, archival, and iconographic surveys.
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Hemmerling, Reinhard, Ole Kniemeyer, Dirk Lanwert, Winfried Kurth, and Gerhard Buck-Sorlin. "The rule-based language XL and the modelling environment GroIMP illustrated with simulated tree competition." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 10 (2008): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08052.
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The programming language XL (‘eXtended L-system language’) is an extension of Java, which supports the specification and execution of relational growth grammars, a variant of parallel graph grammars. XL is a powerful generalisation of the well-known L-system approach to functional–structural plant modelling. Some features of XL are discussed that are particularly useful for combining structure and function and for querying plant architectural data, and an exemplary functional–structural plant model of young beech trees is presented that is implemented in XL and includes PAR distribution, assimilate allocation and morphological plasticity. Together with a simpler model of spruce trees, this beech model is included in a virtual landscape with a mixed-species forest stand where competition for light occurs. The open-source platform GroIMP was used for the complete model development process and for visualising the results.
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Remphrey, W. R., and G. R. Powell. "Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: sylleptic branching on the main stem." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 7 (1985): 1296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-180.
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Sylleptic branching occurred on the current (1983) height-growth increment in 44% of Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch (tamarack) saplings sampled from a natural population near Fredericton, N.B. Although variable, the occurrence and amount of syllepsis tended to increase with parental shoot length. Sylleptic shoots were generally located on the proximal halves of parental shoots. In most cases, the proximally and distally situated sylleptic shoots were somewhat shorter than those in between. The lengths of terminal shoots arising from sylleptic shoots were significantly correlated with parental shoot length, current tree leader length, and location of the branch on its parental shoot. The lengths and elevation angles of terminal extensions from sylleptic shoots tended to be greater than those from nonsylleptic (proleptic) lateral long shoots borne in the same region of the height-growth increment. Architectural characteristics of the extensions resembled those of the more distal proleptic shoots, which develop into major branches. Thus, an additional complement of major lateral branches appeared to be developing where syllepsis occurred. Quantitative relationships depicting sylleptic branching patterns were incorporated into a previous architectural model and simulations of crown architecture which included syllepsis were obtained.
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Duan, Taizhong, Wenbiao Zhang, Xinbian Lu, Meng Li, Huawei Zhao, and Xiaofei Shang. "Architectural characterization of Ordovician fault-controlled paleokarst carbonate reservoirs, Tahe oilfield, China." Interpretation 8, no. 4 (2020): T953—T965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2019-0012.1.
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Fault-controlled karst carbonate reservoirs are one of the most important reservoir types in the Tahe oilfield of the Tarim Basin. These reservoirs have a large oil reserve and belong to a strongly reconstructed reservoir type with a highly heterogeneous distribution of pores and fractures. This study characterizes a fault-controlled karst reservoir by using integrated methods, including outcrops, well logging, structure interpretation, seismic inversion, and statistical geomodeling. We have established a fault-/fracture-controlling karstic geologic model and classified the internal architectural elements so that we adopted an origin-controlled hierarchical geomodeling strategy based on the fault-controlling characteristics. The results determined that large strike-slip faults provide an important tectonic framework and that its derived fractures act as important channels and spaces for dissolution. Flower structure fault zones and the associated fractures are the main range of karst development, within which a high stress is concentrated during the strike-slip shear process with a high-density fracture development. This is the highly developed karst reservoir, which mainly is concentrated along large faults. The coexistence of fractures and karst dissolution has resulted in a complicated reservoir architecture (karst architecture), which can be classified into four types: (1) large caverns, (2) small caverns and vugs, (3) fractured zones, and (4) matrix (tight limestone). Controlled by the degree of dissolution, the karst architecture is quite different from the sedimentary facies. Large caverns are formed under the strongest degree of dissolution and are the most favorable reservoir type. Small caves and vugs are created under relatively strong dissolution; they are distributed outside large caves and also can act as favorable reservoirs. The fractured zones are not necessarily affected by strong dissolution but have high conductivity and act as important channels for fluid movement. The carbonate matrix is less reconstructed. The architecture development model of the fault-controlled karst carbonate reservoir presented a tree system, within which the karst reservoir caves are connected by the fractures and faults similar to fruits and trunks. The new geomodeling method revealed the constraining characteristics of faults, seismic attributes, and hierarchical architectural elements. Furthermore, we also have built a 3D model of the Tuoputai unit in the Tahe oilfield to show the robustness of this workflow. This research enables us to better understand the structure of fault-controlled karst reservoirs, and it could provide a specified characterization approach that is considered to be theoretically and practically useful.
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Briand, Christopher H., Usher Posluszny, and Douglas W. Larson. "Differential axis architecture in Thuja occidentalis (eastern white cedar)." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 2 (1992): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-045.
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Quantitative architectural variation was investigated among the axes of Thuja occidentalis. Forty axes of each axis order were randomly sampled and for each axis: length, excurrency index, basal diameter, number of daughter axes, number of basal reiterated axes, dorsiventrality index, and percentage of length partitioned into photosynthetic (bearing green leaves) and nonphotosynthetic (nongreen) components was determined. The crown exhibited six axis orders. Both axis length and basal diameter declined with increasing axis order, and crown form was excurrent. The number of daughter axes was highest on axis order 1 (trunk) and lowest on axis order 5. Axis orders 2 through 4 had a similar number of daughter axes. The frame of the tree was composed of axis orders 1 and 2. These axes were radially symmetrical in midpoint cross section, exhibited indeterminate growth, and only a small percentage of their length was devoted to photosynthetic tissue. Axis orders 3 through 6, taken together, had many characteristics of compound leaves. They were dorsiventrally flattened, exhibited determinate growth (axis terminated by a cone or abscised), and the majority of their length was devoted to photosynthetic tissue. In autumn these axes were often abscised as a unit. Both male and female cones were located terminally on axis orders through 6, with 82.7% of male cones occurring on axis order 6, and 86.0% of female cones occurring on axis order 5. The architectural unit of T. occidentalis resembled that of Thuja plicata. Attims' model most closely resembles the architectural pattern of these two species. Key words: Thuja occidentalis, eastern white cedar, architecture.
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Ivanova, Nina, Olga Ganzha, Vyacheslav Prokopenko, and Alexandra Artyukhina. "Architectural and ecological integration of postindustrial landscapes revitalization into socially oriented space of the embankment." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819301032.
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The architectural and ecological model of civil engineering of socially oriented spaces of coastal landscape aimed at providing comfortable vital environment, development of the greatest possible variety of city activities, solution of environmental and social problems of the city, and development of the embankment as a self-valuable fragment of well-arranged natural landscape is substantiated. The research objective is the development of methodical bases for the process of architectural revitalization of postindustrial coastal landscape. The researchers utilize the methods of system analysis, reviewing of design practice, analysis of available scientific databases as well as referential and normative resources. The methods of modeling and experimental projecting were also used in the study. Architectural proposals on integration of the revitalized postindustrial coastal areas into socially oriented area of the Volgograd embankment are presented. The analysis of the experience in building and recovery of postindustrial landscapes of river basins is preformed to substantiate the proposed architectural and ecological principles of revitalization, "tree of properties" with the definition of environment quality indicator, the sequence of stages in planning of socially oriented area of the city embankment, and experimental project on integration of the studied coastal area into the vital space of the city of Volgograd.
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Karaoğlan, Füsun Cemre, and Sema Alaçam. "Design of a post-disaster shelter through soft computing." International Journal of Architectural Computing 17, no. 2 (2019): 185–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478077119849694.
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Temporary shelters become a more critical subject of architectural design as the increasing number of natural disasters taking place each year result in a larger number of people in need of urgent sheltering. Therefore, this project focuses on designing a temporary living space that can respond to the needs of different post-disaster scenarios and form a modular system through differentiation of units. When designing temporary shelters, it is a necessity to deal with the provision of materials, low-cost production and the time limit in the emergency as well as the needs of the users and the experiential quality of the space. Although computational approaches might lead to much more efficient and resilient design solutions, they have been utilized in very few examples. For that reason and due to their suitability to work with architectural design problems, soft computing methods shape the core of the methodology of the study. Initially, a digital model is generated through a set of rules that define a growth algorithm. Then, Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms alter this growth algorithm while evaluating different configurations through the objective functions constructed within a Fuzzy Neural Tree. The struggle to represent design goals in the form of Fuzzy Neural Tree holds potential for the further use of it for architectural design problems centred on resilience. Resilience in this context is defined as a measure of how agile a design is when dealing with a major sheltering need in a post-disaster environment. Different from the previous studies, this article aims to focus on the design of a temporary shelter that can respond to different user types and disaster scenarios through mass customization, using Fuzzy Neural Tree as a novel approach. While serving as a temporary space, the design outcomes are expected to create a more neighbourhood-like pattern with a stronger sense of community for the users compared to the previous examples.
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Dingkuhn, Michael, Delphine Luquet, Benedicte Quilot, and Philippe de Reffye. "Environmental and genetic control of morphogenesis in crops: towards models simulating phenotypic plasticity." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 11 (2005): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05063.
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As molecular biologists are realising the importance of physiology in understanding functional genomics of quantitative traits, and as physiologists are realising the formidable prospects for improving their phenotypic models with information on the underlying gene networks, researchers worldwide are working on linked physiological–genetic models. These efforts are in their early methodological stage despite, or because of, the availability of many different types of models, the problem being to bring together the different ways that scientists see the plant. This paper describes some current efforts to adapt phenotype models to the objective of simulating gene-phene processes at the plant or crop scale. Particular emphasis is given to the models’ capacity to simulate genotype × environment interaction and the resulting phenotypic plasticity, assuming that this permits the defining of model parameters that are closer to specific gene action. Three different types of approaches are presented: (1) a generic, mathematical-architectural model called GREENLAB that simulates resource-modulated morphogenesis; (2) an ecophysiological model of peach tree fruit development and filling, parameterised for a mapping population to evaluate the potential of plugging quantitative trait locus (QTL) effects into the model; and (3) the new model Ecomeristem that constructs plant architecture and its phenotypic plasticity from meristem behaviour, the principal hypothesis being that resource limitations and stresses feed back on the meristems. This latter choice is based on the fact that gene expression happens to a large extent in the meristems. The model is evaluated on the basis of preliminary studies on vegetative-stage rice. The different modelling concepts are critically discussed with respect to their ability to simulate phenotypic plasticity and to operate with parameters that approximate specific gene action, particularly in the area of morphogenesis.
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Dorji, Yonten, Peter Annighöfer, Christian Ammer, and Dominik Seidel. "Response of Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Trees to Competition—New Insights from Using Fractal Analysis." Remote Sensing 11, no. 22 (2019): 2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11222656.
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Individual tree architecture and the composition of tree species play a vital role for many ecosystem functions and services provided by a forest, such as timber value, habitat diversity, and ecosystem resilience. However, knowledge is limited when it comes to understanding how tree architecture changes in response to competition. Using 3D-laser scanning data from the German Biodiversity Exploratories, we investigated the detailed three-dimensional architecture of 24 beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees that grew under different levels of competition pressure. We created detailed quantitative structure models (QSMs) for all study trees to describe their branching architecture. Furthermore, structural complexity and architectural self-similarity were measured using the box-dimension approach from fractal analysis. Relating these measures to the strength of competition, the trees are exposed to reveal strong responses for a wide range of tree architectural measures indicating that competition strongly changes the branching architecture of trees. The strongest response to competition (rho = −0.78) was observed for a new measure introduced here, the intercept of the regression used to determine the box-dimension. This measure was discovered as an integrating descriptor of the size of the complexity-bearing part of the tree, namely the crown, and proven to be even more sensitive to competition than the box-dimension itself. Future studies may use fractal analysis to investigate and quantify the response of tree individuals to competition.
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Cahill, Lindsay S., Yu-Qing Zhou, Johnathan Hoggarth, et al. "Placental vascular abnormalities in the mouse alter umbilical artery wave reflections." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 316, no. 3 (2019): H664—H672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00733.2018.
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Current methods to detect placental vascular pathologies that monitor Doppler ultrasound changes in umbilical artery (UA) pulsatility have only moderate diagnostic utility, particularly in late gestation. In fetal mice, we recently demonstrated that reflected pressure waves propagate counter to the direction of flow in the UA and proposed the measurement of these reflections as a means to detect abnormalities in the placental circulation. In the present study, we used this approach in combination with microcomputed tomography to investigate the relationship between altered placental vascular architecture and changes in UA wave reflection metrics. Fetuses were assessed at embryonic day (E) 15.5 and E17.5 in control C57BL6/J mice and dams treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), a known model of fetal growth restriction. Whereas the reflection coefficient was not different between groups at E15.5, it was 27% higher at E17.5 in cART-treated mice compared with control mice. This increase in reflection coefficient corresponded to a 36% increase in the total number of vessel segments, a measure of overall architectural complexity. Interestingly, there was no difference in UA pulsatility index between groups, suggesting that the wave reflections convey information about vascular architecture that is not captured by conventional ultrasound metrics. The wave reflection parameters were found to be associated with the morphology of the fetoplacental arterial tree, with the area ratio between the UA and first branch points correlating with the reflection coefficient. This study highlights the potential for wave reflection to aid in the noninvasive clinical assessment of placental vascular pathology. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used a novel ultrasound methodology based on detecting pulse pressure waves that propagate along the umbilical artery to investigate the relationship between changes in wave reflection metrics and altered placental vascular architecture visualized by microcomputed tomography. Using pregnant mice treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, a model of fetal growth restriction, we demonstrated that reflections in the umbilical artery are sensitive to placental vascular abnormalities and associated with the geometry of the fetoplacental tree.
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N.R., Pavlova, Dzerkal V.M., and Ponomareva А.А. "BIOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DENDROFLORA OF NNP «NYZHNIODNIPROVSKYI»." Scientific Bulletin of Natural Sciences (Biological Sciences), no. 30 (June 30, 2021): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2524-0838/2021-30-9.
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In order to preserve, reproduce and effectively use the natural complexes and objects of the DniproDelta as one of the most valuable natural floodplain-littoral complexes in Europe, which have special environmental, recreational, historical and cultural, scientific, educational and aesthetic value, and ensurethe conservationof «DniproDelta»wetland of theinternational importance,the National Natural Park «Lower Dnipro»was created(Decree of the President of Ukraine of November 24, 2015 No 657/2015).The flora of the higher vascular plants of the Park contains 820 species, 40 species of which (4.9% of the total number) are woody plants. Rosaceae Juss. (14 species), Salicaceae Mirb. (7 species), Aceraceae Juss. (3 types) are leading families of the dendroflora of the Park.Biomorphological characteristics of tree plant species in the flora of the Lower Dnipro National Nature Park were carried out according to the following classifications: 1) K. Raunkiersystem of plant life forms; 2) ecological and morphological classification of life forms of I. G. Serebryakov; 3) architectural models of F. Alle, R. Oldeman and P. Tomlinson; 4) classification of the life forms of plants of the temperate zone, which takes into account the vegetative propagation by O. V. Smirnova, L. B. Zaugolnova.AnalysisoftypesofbiomorphsaccordingtotheclassificationofK. Raunkiershowedthatthevastmajorityofdendrofloraspeciesbelongtophanerophytes, amongthem, dependingontheheightoftheplant, therearedifferentgroups-megaphanerophytes(e.g., Populustremula), mesophanerophytes(Salixalba), microphaneorphytes, nanophanerophytes(Amygdalusnana) andhamephytes(Ephedradistachia).According to the ecological and morphological classification of I. G. Serebryakov life forms, the flora of the Park is dominated by forest-steppe trees and forest-type trees.The trees which belong to one life form often differ in the principles of growth and formation of the crown, branching, and general habitus, which is generally considered as an architectural model of a particular species. According to the classification of architectural models by F. Alle, R. Oldeman and P. Tomlinson, in the flora of the Park, there are five models among which the species formed by the model of Tomlinson have a significant representation, and the species formed by the models of Manzheno and Champagne have a smaller representation.Key words:flora, tree, classification, life form, bush. З метою збереження, відтворення і ефективного використання природних комплексів та об’єктів дельти річки Дніпро як одного з найцінніших природних заплавно-літоральних комплексів у Європі, які мають особливу природоохоронну, оздоровчу, історико-культурну, наукову, освітню та естетичну цінність, забезпечення збереження водно-болотного угіддя міжнародного значення «Дельта р. Дніпро» створено Національний природний парк «Нижньодніпровський» (Указ президента України від 24 листопада 2015 року No 657/2015).Флора вищих судинних рослин Парку попередньо складає 820 видів, з них 40 видів (4,9% від загальної кількості) –деревні рослини.Провідні родини дендрофлори Парку –Rosaceae Juss. (14 видів), SalicaceaeMirb. (7 видів), AceraceaeJuss. (3 види). Біоморфологічну характеристику видів деревних рослин у флорі національного природнього парку «Нижньодніпровський» проведено за класифікаціями: 1) система життєвих форм рослин К. Раункієра; 2) еколого-морфологічна класифікація життєвих форм І. Г. Сєрєбрякова; 3) архітектурні моделі Ф. Аллє, Р. Ольдемана і П. Томлінсона; 4)класифікація життєвих форм рослин помірної зони, яка враховує вегетативне розмноження О. В. Смирнової, Л. Б. Заугольнової.Аналіз типів біоморф за класифікацією К. Раункієра показав, що переважна більшість видів дендрофлори належить до фанерофітів, серед них, в залежності від висоти рослини, виділяють різні групи –мегафанерофіти (наприклад, Populus tremula), мезофанерофіти (Salix alba), мікрофанерофіти (Amorpha fruticosa), нанофанерофіти (Amygdalus nana) та хамефіти (Ephedra distachia).За еколого-морфологічною класифікацією життєвих форм І. Г. Сєрєбрякова у флорі Парку домінують дерева лісостепового типу та дерева лісового типу.Дерева, які відносяться до однієї життєвої форми, часто відрізняютьсяпринципами наростання та формування крони, галуженням, загальним габітусом, що загалом розглядається як архітектурна модель конкретного виду. За класифікацією архітектурних моделей Ф.Аллє, Р. Ольдемана і П. Томлінсона у флорі Парку виділено п’ять моделей, серед яких, значне представництво мають види, що формуються за моделлю Томлінсона, менше представництво мають види, що формуються за моделями Манжено та Шампанії.Ключові слова: флора, дерево, класифікація, життєва форма, кущ.
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Birch, Patrick W. L. "Ground to crown: Advocating the latent potentials of undervalued fibre composites." Design Ecologies 9, no. 1 (2020): 61–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/des_00005_1.
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Understood as anisotropic in structure, variation in timber form was traditionally accommodated and often elevated in strategic applications. However, contemporary applications of wood act to suppress the value of timber’s integrated material composition, treating wood simply as mass to be divided and reassembled into homogeneous building components. Influenced by a series of mechanical inputs, including self-loading, wind loading and structural damage, wood is actively developed during its growth as a complex structural material whose internal composition serves not only as a tree’s metabolic infrastructure but also as its load-bearing structure. In this way, trees adaptively respond to the unique conditions of their environment in a manner that architecture regularly fails to, given the latter’s preoccupation with prescribed formalism. Understanding the efficiency with which trees are able to develop their forms and evenly distribute mechanical stresses across their surfaces is an area of research that has architectural potential but has not been widely explored. While concepts of standardization and regularity fit well into a model of measured global commerce, they do little to take advantage of the unique material potentials of wood in design. Furthermore, board-form components fail to speak to the anisotropic structure and integrated growth of wood fibre in a self-optimized, adaptive organic system; the internal grain structure of wood embodies the structural forces running throughout the tree. Acknowledged as embedded structural optimizations rather than structural defects, these non-standardized patterns can be treated as forms to be praised rather than avoided, integrating the autonomy of the non-human world into the design process. Thought of this way, one could argue that wood is, in fact, superior to homogenized building materials in its highly material efficient, adapted biomechanical structure, developed free of human labour.
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Qiu, Tong, Marie-Claire Aravena, Robert Andrus, et al. "Is there tree senescence? The fecundity evidence." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 34 (2021): e2106130118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106130118.
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Despite its importance for forest regeneration, food webs, and human economies, changes in tree fecundity with tree size and age remain largely unknown. The allometric increase with tree diameter assumed in ecological models would substantially overestimate seed contributions from large trees if fecundity eventually declines with size. Current estimates are dominated by overrepresentation of small trees in regression models. We combined global fecundity data, including a substantial representation of large trees. We compared size–fecundity relationships against traditional allometric scaling with diameter and two models based on crown architecture. All allometric models fail to describe the declining rate of increase in fecundity with diameter found for 80% of 597 species in our analysis. The strong evidence of declining fecundity, beyond what can be explained by crown architectural change, is consistent with physiological decline. A downward revision of projected fecundity of large trees can improve the next generation of forest dynamic models.
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Ryabchun, Natalia Petrovna. "The Ontological Dimension of Everyday Life in the Mythopoetic Picture of the World." Ethnic Culture 3, no. 2 (2021): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-98791.
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The article deals with the concept of a home in traditional culture. It is argued that in the mythopoetic tradition, universal principles of creating a house were formed. This deserves attention today, because the main thesis in the concept of a home was the idea of the ontological dimension of everyday life, of the close connection of the spiritual and the material, of the connection of philosophical ideas and everyday actions. In traditional culture, everyday life was associated with the origins of being, was the sphere of application of creative forces. The object of research is the practice of building peasant houses in the medieval period, as well as in the XVIII-XIX centuries, their architecture and interior, their relationship with the surrounding landscape. The author uses general historical, semiotic and hermeneutical methods of research. The article systematizes the architectural principles of building a traditional home, which made the peasant house a prototype of the cosmos, a model of the universe. The author analyzes such structural elements of the mythological picture of the world as the tree of life, the world axis, the cross, the sacrifice, and their application in architecture. The author considers the ideas about the heterogeneity of space in the mythological culture and how they were used in the construction of the house; the function of doors, windows, gates in the symbolic structure of the house is investigated. The conclusion is made about the trinity of information, energy and matter in traditional culture.
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Maillard, Jean, Stephen Clark, and Dani Yogatama. "Jointly learning sentence embeddings and syntax with unsupervised Tree-LSTMs." Natural Language Engineering 25, no. 4 (2019): 433–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324919000184.
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AbstractWe present two studies on neural network architectures that learn to represent sentences by composing their words according to automatically induced binary trees, without ever being shown a correct parse tree. We use Tree-Long Short-Term Memories (LSTMs) as our composition function, applied along a tree structure found by a differentiable natural language chart parser. The models simultaneously optimise both the composition function and the parser, thus eliminating the need for externally provided parse trees, which are normally required for Tree-LSTMs. They can therefore be seen as tree-based recurrent neural networks that are unsupervised with respect to the parse trees. Due to being fully differentiable, the models are easily trained with an off-the-shelf gradient descent method and backpropagation.In the first part of this paper, we introduce a model based on the CKY chart parser, and evaluate its downstream performance on a natural language inference task and a reverse dictionary task. Further, we show how its performance can be improved with an attention mechanism which fully exploits the parse chart, by attending over all possible subspans of the sentence. We find that our approach is competitive against similar models of comparable size and outperforms Tree-LSTMs that use trees produced by a parser.Finally, we present an alternative architecture based on a shift-reduce parser. We perform an analysis of the trees induced by both our models, to investigate whether they are consistent with each other and across re-runs, and whether they resemble the trees produced by a standard parser.
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Kim, Taeuk, Jihun Choi, Daniel Edmiston, Sanghwan Bae, and Sang-goo Lee. "Dynamic Compositionality in Recursive Neural Networks with Structure-Aware Tag Representations." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016594.
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Most existing recursive neural network (RvNN) architectures utilize only the structure of parse trees, ignoring syntactic tags which are provided as by-products of parsing. We present a novel RvNN architecture that can provide dynamic compositionality by considering comprehensive syntactic information derived from both the structure and linguistic tags. Specifically, we introduce a structure-aware tag representation constructed by a separate tag-level tree-LSTM. With this, we can control the composition function of the existing wordlevel tree-LSTM by augmenting the representation as a supplementary input to the gate functions of the tree-LSTM. In extensive experiments, we show that models built upon the proposed architecture obtain superior or competitive performance on several sentence-level tasks such as sentiment analysis and natural language inference when compared against previous tree-structured models and other sophisticated neural models.
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Lintunen, Anna, Risto Sievänen, Pekka Kaitaniemi, and Jari Perttunen. "Models of 3D crown structure for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and silver birch (Betula pendula) grown in mixed forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 9 (2011): 1779–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-092.
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The interplay between plant structure and functioning determines vital plant characteristics, such as the efficiency of light capture by the foliage, and thus continuous efforts have attempted to include plant architecture in plant growth models. We constructed two crown structure models enabling the generation of 3D trees using simple tree measurements as input for Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch ( Betula pendula Roth.), boreal species growing in mixed stands. The data for the models were obtained from sample-based digitizing of 3D crown architecture accompanied by characterizations of stem, branch, and foliage volumes and biomass. A set of equations was used to predict local crown characteristics on the basis of local predictors and tree-level input variables such as tree height, crown height, diameter at breast height, and the degree of competition. The 3D tree model was realized within the LIGNUM tree modelling framework. Comparison with data showed that the model adequately predicts the distribution of biomass into different crown components as well as the distribution of foliage within the tree crowns. The applicability of the simulations is at its best when examining Scots pine and silver birch trees growing on medium fertile mixed stands in Finland.
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Vester, Henricus Franciscus Maria. "Modelos arquitectónicos en la flora arbórea de la Península de Yucatán." Botanical Sciences, no. 71 (June 1, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1662.
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Architectural models help to describe the development and build-up of tree crowns. This knowledge is indispensable for understanding the behavior of trees in the forest and is useful in studying the evolutionary relationships between taxa. This contribution presents a list of 108 tree species from the tree flora of the Yucatan Peninsula and their corresponding architectural models. These species represent 25% of the total number of species and of 68% of the families in the tree flora of the Peninsula. A total of 15 different architectural models were recognized. Data were acquired from field observations and literature study.
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Letort, Véronique, Paul-Henry Cournède, Amélie Mathieu, Philippe de Reffye, and Thiéry Constant. "Parametric identification of a functional - structural tree growth model and application to beech trees (Fagus sylvatica)." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 10 (2008): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08065.
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Functional–structural models provide detailed representations of tree growth and their application to forestry seems full of prospects. However, owing to the complexity of tree architecture, parametric identification of such models remains a critical issue. We present the GreenLab approach for modelling tree growth. It simulates tree growth plasticity in response to changes of their internal level of trophic competition, especially topological development and cambial growth. The model includes a simplified representation of tree architecture, based on a species-specific description of branching patterns. We study whether those simplifications allow enough flexibility to reproduce with the same set of parameters the growth of two observed understorey beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) of different ages in different environmental conditions. The parametric identification of the model is global, i.e. all parameters are estimated simultaneously, potentially providing a better description of interactions between sub-processes. As a result, the source–sink dynamics throughout tree development is retrieved. Simulated and measured trees were compared for their trunk profiles (fresh masses and dimensions of every growth units, ring diameters at different heights) and compartment masses of their order 2 branches. Possible improvements of this method by including topological criteria are discussed.
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Soumoy, L., B. Thiébaut, and I. Sérey. "Développement de quelques Fagaceae japonaises; germination, modèle architectural et systématique." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 8 (1996): 1248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-151.
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In European and American species of Fagaceae, the growth and the shape of axes can be different between seedlings and trees. Furthermore, in this family, a good connection appears between the architectural model and the genus, because oaks grow according to the Rauh model, chestnut trees according to the Massart model, and beeches according to the Troll model. By studying 13 other species from Japan with unknown architectural traits, we complete our knowledge on growth and morphology of Fagaceae. The architectural characters were described on seedlings 1- to 4-years-old grown in the open air, in an experimental field, and on trees of all ages grown in forests. The relationships in architecture between seedlings and trees and the systematic status of these species in the Fagaceae were analyzed. Keywords: Fagaceae, morphology, architecture, germination, systematic.
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Ramos-Rivera, Johnatan, Harianto Rahardjo, Daryl Lee Tsen-Tieng, Nong Xuefeng, and Fong Yok King. "Mechanical response of the real tree root architecture under lateral load." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 50, no. 7 (2020): 595–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0332.
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The impact of climate change on tree stability is often associated with a higher risk of windthrow due to higher frequency and greater magnitude of extreme climatic conditions. Higher lateral loads due to an increase in maximum wind and rainfall reduce tree anchorage because of a decrease in soil matric suction and consequently the overall strength in the system of trunk, root, and soil. This study compared the mechanical response of trees with different root architectures using static loading tests conducted in the field and numerical analysis of laser-scanned root systems. For this case, mature trees of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss., Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr., and Syzygium grande (Wight) Wight ex Walp. were tested and analyzed. The root system models consisted of root system architectures obtained using 3-D laser scanning. A parametric analysis was conducted by varying the modulus of elasticity of the soil (Es) from 2.5 to 25 MPa, and the results were compared with those of the static loading tests to obtain the overall mechanical responses of the root–soil systems. The results showed important dependencies of the mechanical responses of the root–soil system on the root architecture in withstanding the lateral load. The numerical models also allowed estimation of the effective leeward and windward anchorage zones with different soil elastic moduli and rooting architectures to define the extent of the tree root protection zones.
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Popovic, Miroslav, Miodrag Djukic, Vladimir Marinkovic, and Nikola Vranic. "On task tree executor architectures based on intel parallel building blocks." Computer Science and Information Systems 10, no. 1 (2013): 369–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis120519008p.
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Our aim was to optimize a SOA control system by evolving the architecture of the service component that transforms system models into task trees, which are then executed by the runtime library called the Task Tree Executor, TTE. In the paper we present the two novel TTE architectures that evolved from the previous TTE architecture and introduced finer grained parallelism. The novel architectures execute TTE tasks as more lightweight TBB tasks and Cilk strands rather than the OS threads, which was the case for the previous TTE architecture. The experimental evaluation based on time needed for TTE reliability estimation, by statistical usage tests, shows that these novel TTE architectures are providing the average relative speedup, RS, from 8x to 11x, over the original TTE, on a dual-core machine. Additional experiments made on eight-core machine showed that RS provided by TTE based on TBB scales perfectly, and goes up to 77x.
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Jackson, Toby D., Sarab Sethi, Ebba Dellwik, et al. "The motion of trees in the wind: a data synthesis." Biogeosciences 18, no. 13 (2021): 4059–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4059-2021.
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Abstract. Interactions between wind and trees control energy exchanges between the atmosphere and forest canopies. This energy exchange can lead to the widespread damage of trees, and wind is a key disturbance agent in many of the world's forests. However, most research on this topic has focused on conifer plantations, where risk management is economically important, rather than broadleaf forests, which dominate the forest carbon cycle. This study brings together tree motion time-series data to systematically evaluate the factors influencing tree responses to wind loading, including data from both broadleaf and coniferous trees in forests and open environments. We found that the two most descriptive features of tree motion were (a) the fundamental frequency, which is a measure of the speed at which a tree sways and is strongly related to tree height, and (b) the slope of the power spectrum, which is related to the efficiency of energy transfer from wind to trees. Intriguingly, the slope of the power spectrum was found to remain constant from medium to high wind speeds for all trees in this study. This suggests that, contrary to some predictions, damping or amplification mechanisms do not change dramatically at high wind speeds, and therefore wind damage risk is related, relatively simply, to wind speed. Conifers from forests were distinct from broadleaves in terms of their response to wind loading. Specifically, the fundamental frequency of forest conifers was related to their size according to the cantilever beam model (i.e. vertically distributed mass), whereas broadleaves were better approximated by the simple pendulum model (i.e. dominated by the crown). Forest conifers also had a steeper slope of the power spectrum. We interpret these finding as being strongly related to tree architecture; i.e. conifers generally have a simple shape due to their apical dominance, whereas broadleaves exhibit a much wider range of architectures with more dominant crowns.