Academic literature on the topic 'Architectural variables'
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Journal articles on the topic "Architectural variables"
1
Indrosaptono, Djoko, Tri Susetyo Andadari, and Alfanadi Agung Setiyawan. "The Studies of Architectural Design Method." Journal of Architectural Design and Urbanism 3, no. 2 (2021): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jadu.v3i2.10711.
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The design processes and strategies applied to each architect in carrying out their design tasks are different. The stages in producing architectural work can be based on the theory of certain design methods, intuition or design experience from each architect. As an architect, it is mandatory to know the design process in accordance with existing methods. There are several variables in the design method according to Jones and Schmitt. And this study aims to find the variables most widely used by 8 architects in designing. Including the average of the variables it uses. The method used in this research is quantitative method with one way ANOVA (analysis of variant) as its statistical analysis, by examining the mean difference between the research objects. The literature study was used to obtain an analysis of the design process and the methods used by 4 well-known architects as their secondary empirical data source, while field observations in the form of direct interviews were carried out to obtain the reality of the design process for 4 local architects with various backgrounds and characteristics as well as different architectural works. The end result shows that the average level of architects in the use of research variables is not much different and the design process variables that are most often used by architects in carrying out architectural designs, are the clarity of the need for the design function, the use of the drawing system and the design results that are meaningful and logical.
2
Zachrie ; Caecilia Wijayaputri, Bryan Nurman. "THE PRINCIPLES OF MODERN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AS OBSERVED IN PARAHYANGAN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY’S POSTGRADUATE STUDIES BUILDING." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 2, no. 01 (2018): 108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v2i01.2934.108-128.
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Abstract - The post-Independence era saw the beginning of the development of modern architecture in Indonesia. In this particular era the profession of architect emerged as a requirement that eventually also turned into one of the fields that played a role in the development of Indonesian architecture. As one of the first architects, Mohammad Soesilo joined in participating in drawing up the main principles of architectural design valid for that era, a theorem that can be said to be influential to this day, serving as a set of general guidelines. The lack of data available on the dawn of architectural development has created a certain vagueness concerning these principles. In the post-Independence era, Indonesian architects were still strongly influenced by the principles of design being developed, that is to say those governing modern architecture. The purpose of this research is to deepen our insight into into the various principles of architectural design in the post-Independence era to establish how big the influence has been of the principles governing modern architecture that became the guidelines for designs made by Indonesian architects in those days, in order to be able to determine their impact on the design of architectural works in Indonesia itself. This research has been conducted by examining one of the buildings designed by Mohammad Soesilo, namely Parahyangan Catholic University’s Post-graduate Studies Building. The focus of research revolves around the question whether this building can be classified as one designed with the principles of modern architecture in mind because the design of its physical shape was influenced by the seven variables using the terminology of modern architecture. These seven variables have influenced the attainment of function, expression, and technology in Parahyangan Catholic University’s Post-graduate Studies Building as one that has been well designed. Keywords : Architectural principles, Principles of Modern Architecture, Post-Independence Architecture
3
Schwer, Karlheinz, Christian Hitz, Robin Wyss, Dominik Wirz, and Clemente Minonne. "Digital maturity variables and their impact on the enterprise architecture layers." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 4 (2018): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(4).2018.13.
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This study examines the variables of digital maturity of companies. The framework for enterprise architectures Archimate 3.0 is used to compare the variables. The vari¬ables are assigned to the six layers of architecture: Strategy, Business Environment, Applications, Technology, Physical and Implementation and Migration. On the basis of a literature overview, 15 “digital maturity models” with a total of 147 variables are analyzed. The databases Scopus, EBSCO – Business Source Premier and ProQuest are used for this purpose.The results of the work will help researchers and managers to identify which digitiza¬tion variables affect the different layers of the company. This enables researchers or managers to use the right model for a specific purpose or to create a new model from a combination of existing models for the entire company or just one architectural layer.On the basis of a more precise assessment of the digital maturity of a company, better actions can be derived. This work is important for companies, as the digitization of enterprises and markets changed similarly to the invention of the steam engine did. Websites, sensors, mobile devices, apps, etc. are combined into new digital products and services. The competitors in the market have to adapt. If this is not done, they will increasingly disappear.Finally, the authors suggests a conclusion about the current situation regarding the measurement of digital maturity in companies and show in which areas further studies could be carried out.
4
Mathews, Jose, Karma Yezer, and K. M. Antony. "Organizational Architecture of Human Resources." Bhutan Journal for Business and Management 3, no. 1 (2025): 23. https://doi.org/10.17102/bjbm.v3.2.
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In the human resource-based view of an organisation, resource heterogeneity of the firm provides sustainable competitive advantage. The two core variables that define the resource heterogeneity are the content capital (human capital) and the contextual capital (organisational and managerial processes) of the firm. Using the architectural designs that specify the gradient of organisational performance, this paper suggests the organisational architecture of human resources, delineating the mechanisms of content capital and contextual capital formations. The general model of architecture explains the key variables that architect the content capital and contextual capital. The interactive architectural designs specify the patterns of interaction between the contextual capital processes like leadership, decision-making, communication, motivational strategies, control systems, innovation processes and organisational culture that interact with the content capital of weak and strong patterns producing varying organizational performance outcomes.
5
Kuan, Yong, and Yahaya Ahmad. "Architectural Design Criteria for Multi-Storey Housing Buildings." Open House International 41, no. 1 (2016): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2016-b0009.
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Architecture influences people and the environment from the past, present and the future. Nevertheless architecture and design quality is viewed as subjective, and benchmarks to achieve consensus are necessary for design or evaluation of buildings. This paper establishes architectural design criteria for design quality of multi-storey housing buildings. A set of the criteria was established with literature review, an operational definition and survey on qualified persons or architects in the professional practice of architecture. The literature reviews identified seven concepts for architecture and design quality, and the operational definition translated this architectural design quality to measurable and observable cases and variables. The survey collected these variable data from a purposive sample of 95 respondents, and these data were examined by statistical analysis. The results of the descriptive statistics, inferential t-tests (p ≤ 0.05) and positive hypothesis testing verified that respondents in general agreed to these seven design concepts as architectural design criteria for design quality. These results established the first ever set of seven architectural design criteria which were ranked in descending order of significance as function, socio-culture, site context, cost, aesthetic of art, sustainability, and Feng Shui. These architectural design criteria can be applied to the design or evaluation of multi-storey housing buildings for the good of people and the environment.
6
Kadhim Al-Yousif, Ibrahim Jawad, and Shaimaa M. Hamza Al-Hayabi. "Effect of Text in Contemporary Architectural Formation (Kinetic Architecture as a Case Study)." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 12, no. 4 (2019): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2019.124012.
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Architecture is a language, and this means that we understand each phrase in a language or text in it, which is built in our architecture. Texts have richness and complexity, and the openness of the architectural text ahead of the act of interpretation, lead to social interaction.
 Where the text reads in terms of reference, structure, and philosophical vision, and its variables, and comparing it with kinetic architecture as a product of the relationship between human behavior and kinetic waves which have considered a real revolution in architectural thought, where has changed the path of the architecture, where it changed the path of the architecture that has seen from the perspective of persistence and physical and formal stability on the ground to the perspective of movement, dynamism and the formal and positional changes of the building. The role of the process (time) has a significant impact on the kinetic architecture through which the movement can be, and it is an essential element of the movement's principles and conditions in its contemporary architectural formations.
 So the research aims to statement of the relationship of the text of the concepts of the text to the concepts of the system of human actions in being and its content becoming and process, against the system of architectural acts in the components of the text (reference structure, and philosophical vision), and reflect this relationship on kinetic architecture as a contemporary architectural formation to know its relationship with the text and its components
7
Baper, Salahaddin Yasin, and Zhiman Khairi Ismael. "The Impact of Site Contexts in Increasing the Diversity of Architectural Concepts: Using an Interactive Architectural Approach." Buildings 14, no. 8 (2024): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082567.
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Recently, new alternatives have been applied to enhance the architectural design process through comprehensive interaction with all variables. This approach suggests a dynamic scheme to collect all factors comprehensively. This research introduces approaches to better cognition of architectural concepts based on the site context parameter. It investigates the role of site context in generating architectural ideas by formulating a model of analysis to find similarities and differences in senior architects’ strategies. This approach aims to adapt context to explore aspects that may create diversity in architectural products. The reality is that creating original architectural concepts has received progressively less attention in the professional practice of architecture in recent decades. The research applied a mixed methodology, checklist factors and graphical analysis. It used a two-level method with several steps to evaluate the twelve international cases related to deconstructive architects (Eisenman, Koolhaas, and Hadid). This study concludes that creating a site context that supports the surrounding context can enrich the design concept and create unexpected results.
8
Wijayanti, Dinar Ari, James ED Rilatupa, M. Maria Sudarwani, and Sri Pare Eni. "Four Methods Implementing the Inculturation of Nusantara Architecture for Catholic Church Building in Jakarta." Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 10, no. 2 (2025): 1793–805. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v10i2.51657.
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The architecture of the Nusantara is highly diverse and efforts to delve into it have been extensive. This research aims to discover and develop methods to determine the appropriate style of Nusantara architecture for realizing a Catholic church building in Jakarta, considering religious aspects, urban and societal aspects, cultural inculturation, and the quality of Jakarta's urban environment. The benefits of this research include ensuring that Catholic places of worship in Jakarta reflect local character while also meeting the norms of Catholic liturgy and contributing to sustainable urban development. The scope of this research is divided into two parts: discussion of the variables of planning Catholic worship buildings as dependent variables and free variables related to culture. This research is analytical with a descriptive qualitative approach through observation, surveys, and case studies of two Catholic churches in Jakarta that apply Nusantara architectural styles. The results of this research are four methods of inculturating Nusantara architecture that can be applied to the design of Catholic church buildings in Jakarta: typology method, dynamic equivalence method, assimilation method, and dynamic development method. The methods generated in this research can generally be applied to select Nusantara architectural styles for Catholic church buildings in other regions.
9
Chen, Yanming, Sharul Azim Sharudin, and Yunlin Xu. "Study on the Influencing Factors and Mechanisms of the Evolution of the Architectural Characteristics of Guangfu Ancestral Halls in the Ming and Qing Dynasties." Journal of World Architecture 8, no. 1 (2024): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jwa.v8i1.6314.
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This paper discusses ancestral hall architecture within the context of the Cantonese folk lineage in the PearlRiver Delta. Using a typological research approach and chronological analysis, various factors that have influenced the evolution of ancestral hall architecture are analyzed. The study specifically investigates the features of ancestral halls during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Three periods of ancient China are analyzed: The transition from Ming to Qing, the mid-Qing dynasty, and the late Qing dynasty. The variables of each period and how they influence the evolution of architectural typological features are identified. Based on our analysis, architectural features are related to economic and social factors, materials available, and craftsmanship of the construction workers.
10
Wang, Xiaokang, Li Zhu, Jiang Li, et al. "Architectural Continuity Assessment of Rural Settlement Houses: A Systematic Literature Review." Land 12, no. 7 (2023): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12071399.
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As a significant component of rural settlements, residential architecture is a record of historical changes containing considerable research value. In the study of residential architectural continuity, the focus is on the inheritance and innovation of traditional residential architectural “genes” in contemporary new residential buildings. Based on a systematic review of the literature, the purpose of this study is to analyze the research trends, categories, and variables relating to architectural continuity in residential buildings, and to build a systematic and comprehensive framework for assessing the architectural continuity of residential buildings in rural settlements based on prior research. This study provides guidance and references for evaluating the design of new residential buildings in rural settlements and for formulating regional planning principles. Using the PRISMA guidelines as the basis for the review method, we filtered the literature from three databases: Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and EI, and studied the 40 articles selected at the end. As can be seen from the results, the literature on architectural continuity in rural settlements has focused more on functional and typological levels and less on the archetypal level of architectural continuity (user behavior). Still, the archetypal level is the most important, because the behavior of housing users directly influences the degree to which housing is continuous in terms of its function and type. The most important finding of this review is that the resident behavior of housing users has a significant influence on the assessment of the continuity of housing architecture, and thus, the continuity of housing architecture in rural settlements must be assessed in conjunction with user behavior.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Architectural variables"
1
Ordoñez, García Arturo. "Effects of architectural design variables on energy and environmental performance of office buildings." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/395212.
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Aquesta
tesi
aborda
la
comprensió
dels
efectes
que
les
principals
variables
de
disseny
arquitectònic
tenen
en
les
prestacions
energètiques,
mediambientals
i
econòmiques
dels
edificis
d'oficines,
mitjançant
l'exploració
d'alguns
dels
mètodes
d'anàlisi
que
ofereixen
un
major
potencial
en
l'actualitat.
Busca
contribuir
al
desenvolupament
d'enfocaments,
mètodes
i
eines
que
facilitin
la
presa
de
decisions
durant
el
procés
de
disseny
arquitectònic,
especialment
en
les
primeres
etapes.
També
està
dirigit
a
generar
informació
que
ajudi
a
millorar
els
criteris
aplicats
en
el
desenvolupament
de
codis
energètics
i
sistemes
de
certificació
de
sostenibilitat.
La
investigació
ha
consistit
en
quatre
parts
principals:
•
La
primera
part
consisteix
en
el
desenvolupament
d'un
projecte
paramètric
basat
en
els
programes
EnergyPlus
i
jEPlus.
•
La
segona
part
consisteix
en
una
anàlisi
d'optimització
mitjançant
algoritmes
evolutius.
L'anàlisi
es
va
realitzar
amb
el
programa
jEPlus
+
EA,
i
està
destinat
a
identificar
les
solucions
de
disseny
arquitectònic
que
produeixen
impactes
mediambientals
i
econòmics
més
baixos.
•
La
tercera
part
consisteix
en
l'aplicació
dels
dos
mètodes
d'anàlisi
de
sensibilitat,
Morris
i
Sobol,
per
tal
d'establir
la
importància
relativa
de
cada
variable
de
disseny
arquitectònic
en
les
prestacions
dels
edificis.<br>Esta
tesis
aborda
el
estudio
de
los
efectos
que
las
principales
variables
de
diseño
arquitectónico
tienen
en
el
desempeño
energético,
medioambiental
y
económico
de
los
edificios
de
oficinas,
mediante
la
exploración
de
algunos
de
los
métodos
de
análisis
que
ofrecen
un
mayor
potencial
en
la
actualidad.
Busca
contribuir
al
desarrollo
de
enfoques,
métodos
y
herramientas
que
faciliten
la
toma
de
decisiones
durante
el
proceso
de
diseño
arquitectónico,
especialmente
en
las
primeras
etapas.
También
busca
generar
información
que
ayude
a
mejorar
los
criterios
aplicados
en
el
desarrollo
de
códigos
energéticos
y
sistemas
de
certificación
de
sostenibilidad.
La
investigación
consistió
en
cuatro
partes
principales:
•
Desarrollo
de
un
proyecto
paramétrico
basado
en
los
programas
EnergyPlus
y
jEPlus,
con
el
objeto
de
identificar
y
caracterizar
las
variables
de
diseño
arquitectónico
más
significativas
•
Aplicación
de
un
análisis
de
optimización
mediante
algoritmos
evolutivos.
El
análisis
se
realizó
con
el
programa
jEPlus
+
EA.
•
Ejecución
de
dos
métodos
de
análisis
de
sensibilidad,
Morris
y
Sobol,
con
el
fin
de
establecer
la
importancia
relativa
de
cada
variable
de
diseño
arquitectónico
en
el
desempeño
energético,
medioambiental
y
económico
de
los
edificios<br>This
thesis
addresses
the
understanding
of
the
effects
that
main
architectural
design
variables
have
on
energy,
environmental
and
economic
performance
of
office
buildings,
exploring
some
of
the
analytical
methods
that
offer
greater
potential
nowadays.
It
is
aimed
to
contribute
to
the
development
of
approaches,
methods
and
tools
that
facilitate
the
decision-making
during
the
architectural
design
processes,
especially
in
the
early
stages.
It
is
also
aimed
to
generate
information
that
helps
to
improve
the
criteria
applied
in
the
development
of
building
energy
codes
and
sustainability
certifications.
The
research
consisted
of
four
major
parts:
•
Development
of
a
parametric
project
based
on
the
programs
EnergyPlus
and
jEPlus
software.
•
Implementation
of
Optimization
analysis
by
means
of
evolutionary
algorithms.
The
analysis
is
performed
with
the
program
jEPlus+EA.
•
Application
of
two
sensitivity
analysis
methods,
Morris
and
Sobol,
in
order
to
investigate
the
relative
importance
of
each
architectural
design
variable.
•
Implementation
of
artificial
neural
networks
to
create
meta-models
that
are
able
to
predict,
with
reasonable
accuracy,
the
energy,
environmental
and
economic
performance
of
buildings
2
Haq, Saif-ul. "Complex architectural settings : an investigation of spatial and cognitive variables through wayfinding behavior." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23201.
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3
Stark, Randall J. "Connectionist variable binding architectures." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260835.
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4
Heath, Felicity. "Variable architecture polymers for DNA delivery." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539162.
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5
Saheba, Asheshh (Asheshh Mohit) 1972. "Variable volume architecture : expanding the boundary." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69761.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2001.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. [88]-89).<br>Research into the creation of a Variable Volume Architecture is explored through a series of proposals and projects. An argument is established to develop the means and methods of achieving an architecture of transformation. The basis for developing such a stance is substantiated and clarified with the act of probing into constructs of various scales. The design and manufacturing of a full scale prototype is explored to bring bearing on the physical resolution of the proposal. The device is an acknowledgment of potential applications and uses. The material, spatial, and structural nature of the propositions are articulated and examined throughout the investigation. The morphology of the concepts presented is derived to bring clarity to issues towards an endeavor for creating a responsive architectural landscape.<br>by Asheshh Saheba.<br>S.M.
6
Braun, Weston D. "A high frequency variable load inverter architecture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121623.
Full textAbstract:
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 163-165).<br>This thesis presents a high frequency variable load inverter architecture along with a physical prototype and eciency optimizing controller. The inverter architecture consists of two constituent inverters, one connected directly through the load and the other connected through an immittance converter, which acts as a lossless power combiner. By controlling the amplitude and relative phase of the two constituent inverters the loading seen by each constituent inverter can be kept in a desirable range for wide variations in load impedance. This allows for the use of highly ecient zero voltage switching inverters that would otherwise be precluded in applications with widely varying load impedances, such as wireless power transfer and plasma generation. Previous solutions to the challenge of driving widely variable load impedances, such as the tunable matching network, have typically resulted in systems that are often bulky, expensive, and slow. The physical prototype developed for this project operates at 13.56MHz and can supply a maximum output power of 1kW into a 21:8 + 0:3j load at an eciency of 95:4%. The eciency optimizing controller utilizes a quasi-static model prediction approach which allows for optimization of system performance over any desirable parameter. The system is also capable of driving a wide range of capacitive and inductive loads at a high power level and with high efficiency.<br>by Weston D. Braun.<br>M. Eng.<br>M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
7
Lee, Anthony. "On auxiliary variables and many-core architectures in computational statistics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:244040a7-f094-4d57-a78f-e154ed3b353c.
Full textAbstract:
Emerging many-core computer architectures provide an incentive for computational methods to exhibit specific types of parallelism. Our ability to perform inference in Bayesian statistics is often dependent upon our ability to approximate expectations of functions of random variables, for which Monte Carlo methodology provides a general purpose solution using a computer. This thesis is primarily concerned with exploring the gains that can be obtained by using many-core architectures to accelerate existing population-based Monte Carlo algorithms, as well as providing a novel general framework that can be used to devise new population-based methods. Monte Carlo algorithms are often concerned with sampling random variables taking values in X whose density is known up to a normalizing constant. Population-based methods typically make use of collections of interacting auxiliary random variables, each of which is in X, in specifying an algorithm. Such methods are good candidates for parallel implementation when the collection of samples can be generated in parallel and their interaction steps are either parallelizable or negligible in cost. The first contribution of this thesis is in demonstrating the potential speedups that can be obtained for two common population-based methods, population-based Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and sequential Monte Carlo (SMC). The second contribution of this thesis is in the derivation of a hierarchical family of sparsity-inducing priors in regression and classification settings. Here, auxiliary variables make possible the implementation of a fast algorithm for finding local modes of the posterior density. SMC, accelerated on a many-core architecture, is then used to perform inference for a range of prior specifications to gain an understanding of sparse association signal in the context of genome-wide association studies. The third contribution is in the use of a new perspective on reversible MCMC kernels that allows for the construction of novel population-based methods. These methods differ from most existing methods in that one can make the resulting kernels define a Markov chain on X. A further development is that one can define kernels in which the number of auxiliary variables is given a distribution conditional on the values of the auxiliary variables obtained so far. This is perhaps the most important methodological contribution of the thesis, and the adaptation of the number of particles used within a particle MCMC algorithm provides a general purpose algorithm for sampling from a variety of complex distributions.
8
Demaël, Jacques J. "On the generation of variable structure distributed architectures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14510.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1989.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-203).<br>by Jacques J. Demaël.<br>M.S.
9
Lissek, Hervé. "Les matériaux actifs à propriétés acoustiques variables." Le Mans, 2002. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2002/2002LEMA1007.pdf.
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Ce travail s'intéresse au concept des matériaux actifs à propriétés acoustiques variables, destinés à des applications de type correction acoustique. Ce concept est basé sur un principe de contrôle actif d'impédance acoustique d'un transducteur électroacoustique par contre-réaction motionnelle hybride, qui associe une contre-réaction motionnelle, obtenue grâce à un pont d'impédances électriques, et une contre-réaction en pression à l'aide d'un microphone placé à proximité de l'actionneur. L'extrapolation du principe à celui de mur actif de matériaux actifs à propriétés acoustiques variables est ensuite envisagée. Une mise en oeuvre, sur des haut-parleurs électrodynamiques à bobine mobile traditionnels, a permis de valider le procédé dans une configuration unidimensionnelle (champ acoustique en ondes planes sous incidence normale), puis dans une disposition de type mur actif, soumis à un champ acoustique tridimensionnel complexe. Ces études théoriques et expérimentales ont également permis d'établir un cahier des charges pour un transducteur électroacoustique spécifique, dédié à l'application c matériaux actifs ". La recherche d'un type de transducteur dédié au concept de matériau actif a abouti à l'étude du cas du transducteur isodynamique, dont un modèle numérique a été développé. L'étude du fonctionnement de ce transducteur a mis en évidence de nombreux problèmes susceptibles de limiter les performances en tant que matériau actif à propriétés acoustiques variables, et a permis également d'élaborer un outil nous permettant de le dimensionner pour cette application. Sur la base de cette étude, différents prototypes ont pu être construits, permettant de vérifier d'une part la validité du modèle numérique, et d'autre part d'étudier les limites fonctionnelles du transducteur, afin d'y apporter des solutions pratiques. Les résultats obtenus sur des transducteurs isodynamiques utilisés en matériaux actifs dans une configuration unidimensionnelle, nous on permis d'estimer le travail restant à accomplir pour le développement de matériaux actifs à propriétés acoustiques variables, ce type de transducteur restant le mieux adapté au concept, tant en termes de résultats qu'en termes de coût de fabrication<br>This work deals with the concept of active materials with variable acoustic properties, dedicated to room acoustics applications. This concept is based on an acoustic impedance active control principle by hybrid motionnal feedback, applied on an electroacoustic transducer. This hybrid feedback associates a motionnal feedback, obtained by an electric impedance bridge, and a pressure feedback, obtained by a microphone placed in the neighbourhood of the actuator. After the concept of active material has been modelized and tested experimentally with single moving-coil loudspeaker, this principle is extended to the concept of active wall. A prototype of active wall with active moving coil loudspeakers is modelized and tested, in order to find specifications for a specific electroacoustic transducer dedicated to the « active materials » application. This work leads to the implementation of the isodynamic transducer, for which a numeric model is elaborated. The study of the electroacoustic behaviour of this transducer underlines several problems, likely to limit its performances as active material with variable acoustic properties, and lead us to develop a numeric tool for sizing the transducer for this application. On the basis of this study, many prototypes are build in order to, in one hand, validate the numeric model, and in the other hand, point out the limitations of the transducer to find practical solutions to improve its performances. The results obtained with such transducers as active materials, obtained for plane waves and normal incidence, help us estimate future works for the achievement of active materials with variable acoustic properties ; the isodynamic principle seems to be the must suitable for this concept, in terms of results as well as in terms of product costs
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Xie, Ruinan. "Design and Manufacturing of Variable Stiffness Cellular Architecture." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31739.
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Cellular structures are highly evaluated due to their high material efficiency. Both theoretical and experimental studies have done on periodic cellular structures. However, the mechanical performance can be stochastically distributed in the cellular architecture. This thesis presents the design and manufacturing of variable stiffness cellular architecture to achieve optimized topology by changing the unit cell parameters. The author applies image analysis technique to extract and digitize the information from the performance distribution map. Two types of cellular cells are studied for their relationship of stiffness and relative density. The methods of voxelization for both cells are also given in this study. This proposed methodology is then implemented to design a customized mattress and compare with current existing mattress. With the study of the unit cells and voxelization technique, our designed mattress aligns body curve better which provides more recuperation of the body during sleep.
Books on the topic "Architectural variables"
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Ogor, Didier Gourvennec. Artistes et architecture: Dimensions variables = Artists and architecture : variable dimensions. Pavillon de l'Arsenal, 2015.
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Smith, Michael B. Two cache architectures supporting variable alignment loads and variable length loads. National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1993.
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Th, Luig Klaus, and Köhler Kristin, eds. Häuser mit Zukunft: Variable Grundrisse für flexible Wohnformen. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2009.
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Radogna, Donatella. Kalhöfer & Korschildgen: Flessibilità ed esigenze d'uso : soluzioni progettuali per un quadro prestazionale variabile = Kalhöfer & Korshildge : flexibility and users needs : design solutions for a variable performance outline. Sala, 2008.
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Migliarese, Andrea. Architettura come processo: Variabile temporale e progetto dei Grandi Eventi. Maggioli editore, 2019.
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Blanciak, François. Tokyoids. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14143.001.0001.
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A photographic survey of the robotic face of Tokyo buildings and an argument that robot aesthetics plays a central role in architectural history. In Tokyoids, architect François Blanciak surveys the robotic faces omnipresent in Tokyo buildings, offering an architectural taxonomy based not on the usual variables—size, material, historical style—but on the observable expressions of buildings. Are the eyes (windows) twinkling, the mouth (door) laughing? Is that balcony a howl of distress? Investigating robot aesthetics through his photographs of fifty buildings, Blanciak argues that the robot face originated in architecture—before the birth of robotics—and has played a central role in architectural history. Blanciak first puts the robot face into historical perspective, examining the importance of the face in architectural theory and demonstrating that the construction of architecture's emblematic portraits triggered the emergence of a robot aesthetics. He then explores the emotions conveyed by the photographed buildings' robot faces, in chapters titled “Awe,” “Wrath,” “Mirth,” “Pain,” “Angst,” and “Hunger.” As he does so he considers, among other things, the architectural relevance of Tokyo's ordinary buildings; the repression of the figural in contemporary architecture; an aesthetic of dismemberment, linked to the structure of the Japanese language and local building design; and the influence of automation technology upon human interaction. Part photographic survey, part theoretical inquiry, Tokyoids upends the usual approach to robotics in architecture by considering not the automation of architectural output but the aesthetic properties of the robot.
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Yaneva, Albena. Crafting History. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501751820.001.0001.
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What constitutes an archive in architecture? What forms does it take? What epistemology does it perform? What kind of craft is archiving? This book provides answers and offers insights on the ontological granularity of the archive and its relationship with architecture as a complex enterprise that starts and ends much beyond the act of building or the life of a creator. In this book we learn how objects are processed and catalogued, how a classification scheme is produced, how models and drawings are preserved, and how born-digital material battles time and technology obsolescence. We follow the work of conservators, librarians, cataloguers, digital archivists, museum technicians, curators, and architects, and we capture archiving in its mundane and practical course. Based on ethnographic observation at the Canadian Centre for Architecture and interviews with a range of practitioners, including Álvaro Siza and Peter Eisenman, the book traces archiving through the daily work and care of all its participants, scrutinizing their variable ontology, scale, and politics. It addresses the strategies practicing architects employ to envisage an archive-based future and tells a story about how architectural collections are crafted so as to form the epistemological basis of architectural history.
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Ban, Oliver K. Vector Processor Architecture with Dynamic configurable variable data width. Kennedy Western University, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Architectural variables"
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Golgolnia, T., M. Kevdzija, and G. Marquardt. "Proposing a Systematic Assessment Tool for Evaluating the Architectural Variables of Dementia-Friendly Design in Nursing Homes." In Design for Sustainable Inclusion. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28528-8_7.
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Farr, Marcus. "Sand-Forming: Self-organization and Computational Optimization in the Creation of Flat Dune Sand Tilings." In Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3433-0_16.
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Abstract This paper undertakes an in-depth investigation into a hybrid digital and analogue design process employed in crafting sand-based panel systems conducive to computational optimization. Tailored for extreme desert environments abundant in dune sand, these systems leverage the material’s inherent self-organizing properties. The methodology employs a multi-objective computational system strategically and culminates in an optimized, panelized architectural system. The approach emphasizes self-organization principles, initiated with physical experiments on natural dune sand piles. Advancing to controlled sand deposition on laser-cut planes facilitates precise configurations. The study systematically explores variables such as opening size and quantity, securing configurations with a binder and integrating them into diverse physical surface sequences. Computational analysis refines these sand patterns, identifying optimal configurations aligned with desert-specific contexts. This amalgamation of computational analysis and material processes enriches discussions on designing for extreme environments, aligning seamlessly with UN sustainability goals focused on sustainable communities, climate resilience, and responsible resource utilization.
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Berizzi, Carlo, Marta Mazurkiewicz, and Gaia Nerea Terlicher. "Public Open Spaces and Water: Urban Design in Response to Climate Change." In The Urban Book Series. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77752-3_26.
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Abstract The phenomenon is visible: nature today is at a critical point, and cities are vulnerable. One of the leading causes is the ever-increasing process of soil sealing that has involved cities from the twentieth century onwards. Climate change and soil sealing have weakened the cities that can no longer control natural events. Today, the increasingly prosperous and ever-growing cities must face an issue as crucial as it is urgent: the relationship between ecology and nature, between built and nature. If, on the one hand, water represents a threat to the city, on the other, one of the main resources to deal with climate change effect within urban voids. Starting from the assumption that ever-growing urbanization negatively affects all ecosystem services, and that water is a fundamental resource for ecological restoration and mitigation of the effects of climate change, four European case studies of urban regeneration through the rethinking of public spaces through nature-based solutions are highlighted. The case studies have a recognized architectural quality, belong to the European cultural context of open spaces, and are in metropolitan areas; they are selected following defined variables: reduce heat island effect, improve air/soil/water quality, increase biodiversity, and reuse of urban water.
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García-Álvarez, L., A. Ferraro, and G. Ferrini. "From the Bloch Sphere to Phase-Space Representations with the Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill Encoding." In International Symposium on Mathematics, Quantum Theory, and Cryptography. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5191-8_9.
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Abstract In this work, we study the Wigner phase-space representation of qubit states encoded in continuous variables (CV) by using the Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill (GKP) mapping. We explore a possible connection between resources for universal quantum computation in discrete-variable (DV) systems, i.e. non-stabilizer states, and negativity of the Wigner function in CV architectures, which is a necessary requirement for quantum advantage. In particular, we show that the lowest Wigner logarithmic negativity corresponds to encoded stabilizer states, while the maximum negativity is associated with the most non-stabilizer states, H-type and T-type quantum states.
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Jannesari, Ali, Markus Westphal-Furuya, and Walter F. Tichy. "Dynamic Data Race Detection for Correlated Variables." In Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24650-0_3.
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Clifford, Brandon, Nazareth Ekmekjian, Patrick Little, and Andrew Manto. "Variable Carving Volume Casting." In Robotic Fabrication in Architecture, Art and Design 2014. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04663-1_1.
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Dhombres, Jean. "Une conception architecturale des mathématiques: la séparation des variables chez Pfaff." In Entre Mécanique et Architecture / Between Mechanics and Architecture. Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9072-4_11.
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Pop, Sebastian, Albert Cohen, and Georges-André Silber. "Induction Variable Analysis with Delayed Abstractions." In High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11587514_15.
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Lindstrom, Gary. "Implementing logical variables on a graph reduction architecture." In Graph Reduction. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-18420-1_67.
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Peña, Ricardo, and Luis A. Galán. "Introducing fairness in CSP systems specified with state variables." In PARLE'94 Parallel Architectures and Languages Europe. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58184-7_150.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Architectural variables"
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Han, Tianyu. "Controllability, Dynamics and Randomness: The Generation of Visualization Integration in Parametric Tools during Architectural Design Process." In 2024 10th International Conference on Architecture, Materials and Construction & 2024 5th International Conference on Building Science, Technology and Sustainability. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-etrj7y.
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This paper delves into the spatial representation derived from the interplay of controllability, dynamics, and randomness inherent in parametric technology. By synthesizing pertinent literature and employing digital modeling, it seeks to innovate architectural design and visualization through the developmental trajectory of conceptual comprehensive space design. The evolution of design will be delineated into distinct components, conducting digital simulation under the manipulation of key variables. The paper proposes to explore the manipulation of form, the generation of stochastic facades and the simulation of dynamic shapes to demonstrate the functionality of generative systems within the design process. Thereby, after analyzing the potential applications of parametric techniques and their utilization in experimental research, this article endeavors to furnish references and recommendations for their integration into architectural design, parametric generative design, and allied fields.
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Kurnik, W. J. "The Effect of Water as a Solvent on the Performance of Epoxy/Amine Coatings." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85004.
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Abstract Two component solvent based, epoxy/amine coatings have been, and continue to be, used extensively in industrial maintenance, architectural, marine and new construction areas over a variety of substrates. These coatings are used due to their inherent qualities of adhesion, corrosion resistance, solvent and chemical resistance required in these applications. The development of water based epoxy coatings, although more recent, was a logical extension of water borne developments in other resins such as alkyds and acrylics in the coatings industry. Despite the obvious benefit of using water as a polymer carrier, the bottom line in acceptance of these new technologies remains in the performance. The variables affecting performance are polymer composition and the presence of water. The purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of a water based epoxy/amine coating with its solvent based analog. A variety of test data was gathered to determine the effect of water as a solvent on performance, while keeping polymer composition constant.
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Funkquist, Martin, Simon Ståhlberg, and Hector Geffner. "Learning to Ground Existentially Quantified Goals." In 21st International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2023}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2024/80.
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Goal instructions for autonomous AI agents cannot assume that objects have unique names. Instead, objects in goals must be referred to by providing suitable descriptions. However, this raises problems in both classical planning and generalized planning. The standard approach to handling existentially quantified goals in classical planning involves compiling them into a DNF formula that encodes all possible variable bindings and adding dummy actions to map each DNF term into the new, dummy goal. This preprocessing is exponential in the number of variables. In generalized planning, the problem is different: even if general policies can deal with any initial situation and goal, executing a general policy requires the goal to be grounded to define a value for the policy features. The problem of grounding goals, namely finding the objects to bind the goal variables, is subtle: it is a generalization of classical planning, which is a special case when there are no goal variables to bind, and constraint reasoning, which is a special case when there are no actions. In this work, we address the goal grounding problem with a novel supervised learning approach. A GNN architecture, trained to predict the cost of partially quantified goals over small domain instances is tested on larger instances involving more objects and different quantified goals. The proposed architecture is evaluated experimentally over several planning domains where generalization is tested along several dimensions including the number of goal variables and objects that can bind such variables. The scope of the approach is also discussed in light of the known relationship between GNNs and C₂ logics.
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Jung, Youngsoo. "Automated Front-End Planning for Cost and Schedule: Variables for Theory and Implementation." In Architectural Engineering Conference (AEI) 2008. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41002(328)43.
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Yousif, Sheermen, Mark Clayton, and Wei Yan. "Towards Integrating Aesthetic Variables in Architectural Design Optimization." In 106th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.106.68.
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Gorbea, Carlos, Ernst Fricke, and Udo Lindemann. "The Design of Future Cars in a New Age of Architectural Competition." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49722.
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This paper presents how complex system architecture lifecycles, such as that of cars, follow a similar S-curve shaped path as that of individual technological innovations. By applying this theory we show that today’s automotive industry has started a new chapter of architectural competition with similarities to its early history from 1885–1915 when steam, electric and internal combustion engine cars were competing to dominate the automotive market. Taking a historical perspective, we find that firms that organize their development activities to focus on bringing about architectural innovation are better placed in succeeding in the future market until a new dominant architecture emerges. The architecture lifecycle framework used in this study is constructed by means of a performance index. The index scores the performance of 91 cars of various architectures based on five overall system variables: power, weight, maximum velocity, fuel efficiency and the manufacturer’s suggested retail price. Depicting architectural performance over time helps identify periods of architecture competition and dominance where historical agents to change can be identified. The key factors that brought about architectural competition in the early 1900’s involved a series of innovation breakthroughs in engine and fuel technologies. Today, a new wave of power train innovations is being triggered primarily by environmental regulatory demands to reduce vehicle emissions. Future research lies in presenting a methodology for selecting vehicle architectures early on in the product development cycle that are best suited for the market going forward based on a manufacturer’s goals and a cost-benefit analysis.
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najeeb zaidan, Muslim, Alhamza yassin flaih maeni, and Azwar M. Qasim agha. "The impact of technology, cost, time, and stakeholders on construction project management performance in iraq." In 5th International Conference on Architectural and Civil Engineering Sciences (CIC-ICACE'25). Cihan University-Erbil, 2025. https://doi.org/10.24086/icace2025/paper.1713.
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Abstract— this study examines the impact of technology, cost, time, and stakeholders on construction project management performance in iraq. Using a quantitative research design, data was collected from 300 participants working in iraqi construction companies through a structured questionnaire with a likert scale. The data was analyzed using smart pls to assess the relationships between the independent variables (technology, cost, time, stakeholders) and the dependent variable (project management performance). The results show that for project performance, there is a positive effect of technology, cost management, and time management. This study highlights the contributions of such factors to increase efficiency, verifying the budget, completing the project as per a schedule time and enhancing cooperation among all parties to the construction project in iraq. The outcomes support existing literature and provide actionable recommendations for improving project management practices. Further studies on other variables and qualitative studies are recommended to confirm the results of the study. The present study adds to the literature efforts towards understanding construction project management in developing world, and particularly iraq. Keywords: construction project management, technology adoption, cost management, stakeholder engagement and project performance
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Kalo, Ammar. "Soft States: Experimental, Highly-Textured Concrete Architectural Panels." In 2017 ACSA Annual Conference. ACSA Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.amp.105.18.
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While digital fabrication techniques have the potential to automate processes and increase material efficiency, there are very few examples that produce complex highly-textured concrete surfaces without requiring countless hours of explicit modeling and CNC milling.The pedagogical decision to not use any computer controlled milling machines was to distance the students working on this Design-Build project from relying on the direct information transfer from CAD models to CAM software, and invest more time into exploring material potentials. Using this experimental approach, students spent the first half of the semester developing over 15 methods, before narrowing them down to three. In each cases explored, digital models are used to generate instructions for manual tasks. In addition, they all are meant to produce molds for spraying glass reinforced concrete (GRC), which results in panels that are lighter, thinner, and stronger that traditional concrete panels. Every variable in the process was carefully cataloged and documented to ensure reproducibility.As the prototypes got more developed and refined, students gained an intuitive knowledge of material behavior and tweaked their process variables with confidence to produce predicable results.
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Wolniak, Radoslaw. "THE ANALYSIS OF HIDEN FACTORS OF ARCHITECTURAL BARRIERS IN SOSNOWIEC MUNICIPIAL OFFICE FROM DISABLE PERSON POINT OF VIEW AS IMPORTANT FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b2/v2/36.
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Sustainable architecture is important to minimize negative impact of building. In this paper we concentrate on the problem from people with disability point of view. For them one of must important factors of sustainable architecture in public space is the problem connected with architectural barriers. In presented paper we conducted an analysis of hidden factors of architectural barriers on example of municipal office in Sosnowiec in southern part of Poland. During the research we analyzed the needs of persons with disabilities (perceived quality) and their assessment in terms of the level of quality of services provided by the municipal offices. We analyzed twenty fourth variables connected with architectural barriers in the municipal office and its neighborhood. We analyzed following variables: office location (easy to reach), a sufficient number of parking spaces, Z3 - parking spaces for the disabled near the entrance of the office, a clear marking of parking spaces for the disabled, watch for unauthorized persons occupying seats for the disabled, facilities for disabled people in the office, elevators for disabled guests, toilets suitable for disabled guests, handrails of the stairs, a system of ramps and ramps for the disabled, the doors have a width that allows entry wheelchair, anti-slip floor, equal level thresholds and floors, pavement and curbs around the office adapted for the disabled, website provides information for people with disabilities, website readable for people with visual disabilities, officials are turning to people with hearing difficulties by means of a suitable device, officials are talking with a person of hearing in a separate room, the office's employee who knew sign language, officials can serve the customers with guide dog, the office is equipped with a special frame to allow signing a document, the visually handicapped person allows the presence of a trusted person who acquainted her with the content of signed documents, the city council does not contain architectural barriers hindering the movement of physically disabled person, an overall assessment of architectural barriers at the office. Next we conducted factor analysis to identify main hidden factors of architectural barriers.
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Zeng, Yu, Bo-Yuan Huang, Hongce Zhang, Aarti Gupta, and Sharad Malik. "Generating Architecture-Level Abstractions from RTL Designs for Processors and Accelerators Part I: Determining Architectural State Variables." In 2021 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643584.
Full textReports on the topic "Architectural variables"
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Demael, Jacques J., and Alexander H. Levis. On the Generation of a Variable Structure Distributed Architectures for C3 Systems. Defense Technical Information Center, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada211305.
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Goulet Coulombe, Philippe, Massimiliano Marcellino, and Dalibor Stevanovic. Panel Machine Learning with Mixed-Frequency Data: Monitoring State-Level Fiscal Variables. CIRANO, 2025. https://doi.org/10.54932/qgja3449.
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We study the nowcasting of U.S. state-level fiscal variables using machine learning (ML) models and mixed-frequency predictors within a panel framework. Neural networks with continuous and categorical embeddings consistently outperform both linear and nonlinear alternatives, especially when combined with pooled panel structures. These architectures flexibly capture differences across states while benefiting from shared patterns in the panel structure. Forecast gains are especially large for volatile variables like expenditures and deficits. Pooling enhances forecast stability, and ML models are better suited to handle cross-sectional nonlinearities. Results show that predictive improvements are broad-based and that even a few high frequency state indicators contribute substantially to forecast accuracy. Our findings highlight the complementarity between flexible modeling and cross-sectional pooling, making panel neural networks a powerful tool for timely and accurate fiscal monitoring in heterogeneous settings.
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Cunningham, Stuart, Marion McCutcheon, Greg Hearn, Mark Ryan, and Christy Collis. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Sunshine Coast. Queensland University of Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.136822.
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The Sunshine Coast (unless otherwise specified, Sunshine Coast refers to the region which includes both Sunshine Coast and Noosa council areas) is a classic regional hotspot. In many respects, the Sunshine Coast has assets that make it the “Goldilocks” of Queensland hotspots: “the agility of the region and our collaborative nature is facilitated by the fact that we're not too big, not too small - 330,000 people” (Paddenburg, 2019); “We are in that perfect little bubble of just right of about everything” (Erbacher 2019). The Sunshine Coast has one of the fastest-growing economies in Australia. Its population is booming and its local governments are working together to establish world-class communications, transport and health infrastructure, while maintaining the integrity of the region’s much-lauded environment and lifestyle. As a result, the Sunshine Coast Council is regarded as a pioneer on smart city initiatives, while Noosa Shire Council has built a reputation for prioritising sustainable development. The region’s creative economy is growing at a faster rate that of the rest of the economy—in terms of job growth, earnings, incomes and business registrations. These gains, however, are not spread uniformly. Creative Services (that is, the advertising and marketing, architecture and design, and software and digital content sectors) are flourishing, while Cultural Production (music and performing arts, publishing and visual arts) is variable, with visual and performing arts growing while film, television and radio and publishing have low or no growth. The spirit of entrepreneurialism amongst many creatives in the Sunshine Coast was similar to what we witnessed in other hotspots: a spirit of not necessarily relying on institutions, seeking out alternative income sources, and leveraging networks. How public agencies can better harness that energy and entrepreneurialism could be a focus for ongoing strategy. There does seem to be a lower level of arts and culture funding going into the Sunshine Coast from governments than its population base and cultural and creative energy might suggest. Federal and state arts funding programs are under-delivering to the Sunshine Coast.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world