Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Architecture 17th century'

The English fifth-rate frigate Saphire was set on fire by its commander in Newfoundland during an attack by a French squadron in September 1696. Prior to its untimely sinking, this small warship had served the Royal Navy for over two decades, primarily in the Mediterranean, acting as convoy and escort to English shipping. This study combines multiple lines of evidence, including archaeology and material culture recovered from the wreck and contemporary documents, art, and illustrations, to explore the significance of the Saphire through a series of multi-scalar and diachronic interpretive lenses. The approach is inspired by an analytical framework for the study of wrecks first proposed by Muckelroy in 1978, while employing a multi-disciplinary methodology informed by social theory to orient the ship in its social and historical context. The first lens considers the Saphire at the broadest level, as an entangled tool of the Royal Navy built and operated at great cost to advance the imperial ambitions of England’s Stuart rulers in the late 17th century. Contemporary records allow the formulation of a biography of this small warship from its launching in 1675 to its loss in 1696, situated against the backdrop of the major political, military and social events of 17th century England. Although the ship was not fully excavated, available archaeological information, naval correspondence and contemporary images illuminate the material processes of constructing, outfitting, operating and maintaining the Saphire as a complex technological artifact. The second lens focuses on the significance of the Saphire at the regional level by examining the social and economic relationships between naval personnel and the settlers and fishers of Newfoundland in the late 17th century. At that time, naval commanders played a role not only in defense, but also in government and judicial affairs of the island. A comparison of material culture recovered from the Saphire with the archaeological record of settlements such as Ferryland illustrates how seaborne trade led to an increasingly globalized material culture that represents a growing consumerism. The third lens examines social relationships and daily life on a small warship in the late 17th century through the material culture from the wreck and contemporary documents. It looks at how naval hierarchy was established, expressed and contested. The concept of assemblages of practice is used to better understand how the artifacts recovered from the wreck reflect the habitus of the daily lives of 17th-century seamen.

In the years around 1600, a change was noted in architecture towards a return to Gothic elements in Europe. The Gothic, in contrast to the Classical or Ancient, became a "new manner", a modern style. The residence churches at Wolfenbuttel and Buckeburg, which were erected around 1600 by Lower Saxon territorial princes, are Late Renaissance constructions that were made to look partly Gothic. This was neither a lingering on of Late Gothic design nor a misunderstanding of Renaissance architecture: it was rather a conscious evocation of the past and its merger with contemporary architecture. The forms of the churches recreated thus the sociopolitical reality of both Roman antiquity and the Middle Ages. This architecture was also emblematic in that it used the concrete objects of the churches as a means to convey an abstract content. Indeed, the aim was to provide a powerful political message, the confirmation of princely rule. In the rising absolutism of the beginnings of the 17th century, the builders of the Wolfenbuttel Marienkirche and the Buckeburg Stadtkirche used court architecture to construct their princely image and house mythology.

This thesis is a comprehensive analysis of the hull remains of La Belle, a ship wrecked off the coast of Texas in 1684 during the failed attempt by Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle to establish a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River. The analysis of La Belle's hull focused on five research goals. The first was to reconstruct the conception and design of the hull. Because La Belle was built on France's Atlantic coast, it was expected that the ship would fit into Atlantic traditions of shipbuilding. Instead, it exhibits an ancient Mediterranean method known only from Renaissance manuscripts. Until La Belle's discovery no archaeological example associated with this method had been identified. Reconstruction of the lines also revealed the unexpected use of surmarks that reflect a transition from a largely empirical approach to the architecturally-based ship plan. The second goal was the documentation of a previously unstudied ship type, the barque longue, through an analysis and description of the hull's assembly and its comparison to contemporary shipbuilding practices. The third goal was an analysis of newly discovered registries, letters, and documents specific to La Belle that raised fundamental questions regarding the ship's genesis and typological identification. The fourth goal was species identification of the timbers to provide a more detailed picture of forest exploitation and to identify whether Old or New World timbers were used in the repairs noted in the hull. The fifth goal was to obtain information on the origin of the wood through dendrochronological analysis. That analysis raised unexpected questions regarding dating and the possibility of re-use of whole frame sets. Because there are no other investigated late 17th-century shipwreck sites from the Rochefort region with species and dendrochronology data, La Belle has provided a benchmark for these two analyses. These five research foci provide a unique picture of late 17th-century shipbuilding in French Atlantic shipyards and contribute to the study of hull design, ship typology, construction and assembly, wood species use and origin, dendrochronological dating, and timber reuse.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, leaves 348-379).
This dissertation concerns the extensive building program which Henri IV undertook in Paris from 1600 to 1610. Focusing on the place Royale (now called the place des Vosges) , the place Dauphine, rue Dauphine, and Pont Neuf, and the hôpital St. Louis, this study holds that Henri IV's urbanism was guided by an emerging view of the city as a unified entity. Drawing from newly uncovered notarial documents, the dissertation examines the form and the function of the monuments and argues that each building was embedded in its physical context, engaged in the life of the city, and informed by an underlying urban vision . First, the buildings were not autonomous geometric forms dropped into open spaces; they were conceived as parts of a larger urban composition, structured by axes which linked the monuments to major roads without however diminishing the quality of spatial enclosure which the designs also promoted. Second, the squares and the hospital were each charged with a program anchored in the commercial, social, and sanitary life of the city. The place Royale and place Dauphine were planned as residential and commercial squares to stimulate trade and manufacturing while the hôpital St. Louis was intended to minimize the convulsive effect of the plague on the city. Finally, the dissertation argues that the royal building program was not merely a sequence of unrelated improvements and isolated adornments, but rather a series of coordinated efforts to impose a unifying order on the city. The monuments were assigned functions which addressed the city as a whole . They were physically linked to more distant parts of the city, and they were composed to create grand urban vistas. The urban fabric was no long e r conceived as an accumulation of fragments contained within the walls; it was understood as a cohesive network with its own internal order.
by Hilary Meg Ballon.
Ph.D.

Pierre I (doc. 1599-† 1621/1622) et Pierre II Souffron (1554-† 1649) sont deux frères architectes homonymes, originaires du Périgord, qui furent actifs dans les provinces de Guyenne et Languedoc entre la fin du XVIe siècle et le début du XVIIe siècle. Pierre I, probablement l’aîné de la fratrie, fut architecte et ingénieur des bâtiments de la Maison de Navarre. Installé dans la région de l’entre-deux-mers, il conduisit notamment l’important chantier du château de Cadillac, propriété du duc d’Épernon. Outre le domaine de l’architecture civile, il s’illustra pour des travaux d’ingénierie militaire et hydraulique. Son frère Pierre II fut lui aussi un artiste polyvalent. Son statut de maître architecte de la fabrique de la cathédrale Sainte-Marie d’Auch lui permit d’accéder à des chantiers de grande envergure tel que le Pont-Neuf de Toulouse. Le choix de réaliser une double monographie autour de ces deux personnalités artistiques n’a rien d’anodin, cette thèse permet de révéler qu’au-delà d’une pratique architecturale et d’une culture constructive commune, les frères Souffron bénéficièrent des mêmes réseaux de relations qu’ils mutualisèrent parfois. S’appuyant sur la découverte de sources inédites, la relecture de documents connus et l’examen approfondi de leur œuvre, cette étude se propose de décrire leurs trajectoires professionnelles. Elle montre aussi qu’ils doivent être considérés comme des figures de passeurs entre le milieu royal et la province. Architectes créatifs et talentueux, ils surent emprunter tant aux traditions constructives méridionales qu’aux grands chantiers contemporains et aux modèles à la mode diffusés par les traités de Serlio, Palladio, Vignole, De l’Orme et Bullant. Complétée par un catalogue raisonné, cette thèse est donc un travail inédit portant sur deux architectes provinciaux méconnus qui furent pourtant de grands héritiers de la Renaissance
Pierre I (doc. 1599-† 1621/1622) and Pierre II Souffron (1554- † 1649) are two namesake architect brothers, who were active in the provinces of Guyenne and Languedoc at the end of the sixteenth century and at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Pierre I, believed to be the eldest of the brothers, was an architect and engineer for the buildings of the royal House of Navarre. Located in the region of l’entre-deux-mers, he overseed several building sites including the château of Cadillac, property of the duc of Epernon. In addition to civil architecture, he was also known for his skills as a military and hydraulic engineer. His brother, Pierre II was also a multitasking artist. His status as Master Architect of the guild of the Saint-Marie cathedral of Auch enabled him to gain access to greater projects such as the Pont-Neuf of Toulouse. The decision to carry out a double monograph of these two artistic identities is far from innocuous, as this thesis reveals that beyond of their common practice of architecture and knowledge of their craft, the Souffron brothers benefited and often shared the same social networks. Based on the discovery of unpublished primary sources, the reinterpretation of other well-known documents and an extensive study of their works, this thesis follows their different career paths by taking into consideration that they both acted as purveyors of ideas between the royal milieu and the provinces. Creative and talented architects, they not only cleverly borrowed southern constructive traditions but were also inspired by contemporary building sites and fashionable architectural treatises such as those by Serlio, Palladio, Vignola, De l’Orne and Bullant. Completed by the catalogue raisonné, this novel thesis therefore sheds light on how these two unknown provincial architects were in fact the heirs of the Renaissance

Né à Lyon dans une famille d’artistes peintres et entré dans la Compagnie de Jésus en 1590, Étienne Martellange (1596-1641) eut une carrière exceptionnelle à laquelle rien ne le destinait pourtant. Il devint en effet le principal architecte visiteur de sa congrégation en France, un concepteur et un organisateur remarquable de même qu’un prolixe dessinateur. Durant près de quarante-trois ans, il voyagea sans cesse dans quatre des cinq provinces jésuites du royaume où il travailla à la réflexion, la construction, l’aménagement et le décor de plus de trente maisons et églises de la Compagnie, de même qu’en dehors de celle-ci. À l’aide d’un ensemble de trois-cent-soixante-neuf documents, plans, coupes, élévations, vues de villes et de monuments, lettres et mémoires rassemblés au cours des recherches dans diverses institutions et dépôts d’archives français et étrangers -parmi lesquels quarante-trois inédits-, cette étude envisage de présenter successivement qui était frère Étienne, quelles furent ses activités et quel fut son rôle dans le renouveau de l'architecture de son temps ainsi que dans la naissance de ce qui deviendra à la fin du Grand Siècle le "classicisme à la française"
Born in Lyon in a painters family and entered the Society of Jesus in 1590, Étienne Martellange (1596-1641) had an outstanding career in which nothing yet the intended. He became in fact the main architect visitor to his congregation in France, a designer and an outstanding organizer as well as a prolific draftsman. For nearly forty-three years he traveled incessantly in four of five Jesuit provinces of the kingdom where he worked for reflection, construction, layout and decor of more than thirty houses and churches of the Company, and that 'outside thereof. Using a set of three-sixty-nine documents, plans, sections, elevations, views of cities and monuments, letters and memories collected during research in various institutions and deposits of French and foreign archives -among whom forty-three unpublished-, this study intends to present successively who was brother Étienne, what were its activities and what was his role in the revival of the architecture of his time and in the birth of what would become the end of the Grand Siècle "French classicism"

In this essay I look at the significance of Inigo Jones's annotated copy of Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura in a time of momentous change in the habits of readers and writers, printers and publishers, architects and kings. Jones lived in Stuart England, a hinge period swinging between print culture and manuscript culture, science (mechanical philosophy) and magic (Neoplatonism, hermeticism, alchemy), humoural physiology and modern medicine. I examine his book as part of a change of social setting, looking outward from his study of Palladian architectural theory to developments in publishing and authorship, perspective and theatre design, graphic representation and anatomy, medicine and the history of the human body.

Principale ville de basse Normandie, Caen a connu à la Renaissance une intense activité sur le plan architectural. Pourtant, après avoir bénéficié au XIXe siècle du travail d’importantes sociétés savantes, elle est restée en marge du mouvement qui a vu, dans ces dernières années, un intérêt renouvelé pour les études urbaines : de grands monuments attendent encore leur première étude, souvent compliquée, il est vrai, par les destructions considérables causées par les bombardements de 1944. Portant aussi bien sur l’architecture religieuse, civile que militaire, cette thèse propose une étude de la création architecturale à Caen entre la fin du XVe siècle et le début du XVIIe, organisée autour de trois axes de réflexion. Le recensement des chantiers, attestés par les sources, l’analyse archéologique ou les travaux d’érudits, permet de mettre en évidence les phases de construction et celles de moindre activité, et donc de préciser l’histoire de la ville et son influence sur les constructions. Pour appréhender les conditions matérielles de la création architecturale, sont ensuite étudiés les rôles et statuts des maîtres d’ouvrage, maîtres d’œuvre et ouvriers, ainsi que la provenance, les usages et les conditions de mise en œuvre des matériaux. L’analyse des œuvres est enfin développée sur deux plans, typologique et stylistique, et, tout en soulignant leur caractère original, replace les réalisations caennaises au sein des réseaux d’échange entre les provinces, les villes et leurs environs. Cette synthèse est complétée par un catalogue présentant, sous la forme de notices et de fiches moins développées, les édifices construits à Caen entre le règne de Charles VIII et le début de celui de Louis XIII
The main town of Lower Normandy, Caen, developed an intense architectural activity during the Renaissance period. However, after having benefited from the work of important learned societies in the 19th century, the city has remained on the sidelines of the renewed interest in urban studies of recent years. Some great monuments have not yet been considered, their study being, admittedly, often complicated by the extensive destructions caused by 1944 bombing. Examining religious, civil and military architecture, this thesis proposes a study of the architectural creation in Caen from the late 15th century to the early 17th century and discusses three key factors. The inventory of the works known through the archival records, the archaeological analysis or the scholarly publications highlights phases of high or low activity, and therefore makes clear the history of the town and its influence on constructions. To understand the material conditions of architectural creation, the role and status of owners, architects and workers, together with the origin, custom and conditions of implementation of the materials must be considered. The analysis of the buildings is separated into two parts: it focuses on the typological and stylistic aspects of the works. In this way, it highlights their original character and assesses their implication in exchange networks between the provinces, towns and neighborhoods. This synthesis is completed by a collection of files and of smaller records dedicated to the buildings erected in Caen from the reign of Charles VIII to the beginning of the reign of Louis XIII

Il s’agit d’un projet de thèse doctorale en cotutelle – entre la «Sapienza» Università de Roma et l’Université de Paris I «Panthéon- Sorbonne » – visant à étudier la vie et l’oeuvre architecturale de Jean-Nicolas Servandoni, une figure d’artiste parmi les plus emblématiques et moins connues du XVIIIe siècle. Peintre, architecte et décorateur, Servandoni est connu pour avoir remporté le concours pour le projet de la façade principale de l’église Saint-Sulpice de Paris, et pour le grand nombre des décors réalisés d’abord pour l’Opéra, puis pour la Salle des Machines des Tuileries. Au cours de sa vie il eut la chance de travailler auprès des souverains les plus importants d’Europe, de Paris à Londres, de Madrid à Lisbonne, de Bruxelles à Vienne et encore à Dresde et Stuttgart. Ce travail de recherche s’est fixé pour objectif d’étudier les périodes les moins connues de sa vie, comme sa formation d’abord à Florence puis à Rome, ses premières missions en Angleterre avant son arrivée à Paris en 1724, ses voyages à travers l’Europe, son travail pour les plus importantes familles royales européennes, et les autres commissions d’architecture en France, au-delà du chantier de Saint-Sulpice. La difficulté majeure a été d’identifier les principales sources bibliographiques et documentaires à partir desquelles on a établi des renseignements biographiques qui ont été transmis à travers le temps jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Il était donc nécessaire de réaliser une opération de «nettoyage» de tous les renseignements faux ou inexacts «incrustés» dans les siècles sur la vie de Servandoni. Grâce à ce «nettoyage», il a été possible d’identifier les sources «premières», sur lesquelles reconstruire la biographie de notre architecte. La recherche dans les archives de plusieurs pays a mené à d’importantes découvertes, tel que la présence de Servandoni à Rome entre 1719 et 1720. Ici il résidait dans le palais du Prince Guido Vaini, un homme «entièrement attaché à la France» et lié au milieu du théâtre d’Alibert et Capranica, où Servandoni aurait évidemment pu se former comme scénographe. Tout cela a permis de formuler des hypothèses sur ses contacts dans la capitale de la papauté, comme son lien avec l’atelier de Benedeto Luti dans le Palais de Florence, où travaillaient, parmi d’autres, Jean Paul Pannini et William Kent. Cette étude a donc mis en évidence sa relation étroite et continue avec les britanniques tout au long de sa vie – à commencer par son séjour romain – de sorte qu’on peut relire son oeuvre architecturale avec une nouvelle clé, davantage liée au milieu palladien anglais. En outre, la lecture des documents a permis d’identifier deux enjeux fondamentaux, qui expliquent en même temps la réussite et l’échec de sa carrière : la question de la nationalité de Servandoni et la légitimation de son rôle d’architecte. Servandoni, en effet, par sa naissance italienne – pourtant d’un père d’origine lyonnaise – dès son arrivée en France fut toujours apprécié comme peintre et décorateur «de Florence». Pour sa qualité d’«ultramontain», il fut choisi par le curé Languet de Gergy, comme architecte de la fabrique de Saint-Sulpice, véritable symbole et point de référence de l’Église de Rome à Paris, contre les «novateurs» jansénistes. [...]
This research work - a phd thesis in co-supervision between the "Sapienza" University of Rome and the University of Paris 1 "Panthéon-Sorbonne" - was born with the aim of shedding light on the life and work of the architect Giovanni Niccolo Servandoni, one of the most emblematic figures and less-known artist of the eighteenth century.At the same time he was painter, architect and decorator and his name was famous thanks to a large number of sets made for the Opéra and to the design of the façade of the church of Saint-Sulpice in Paris. During his life, Servandoni had the opportunity to travel throughout Europe, where he worked for the major courts of that time, from Paris to London, from Lisbon to Brussels, Vienna, Dresden and Stuttgart.The research work has the objective to investigating especially the lesser-known aspects of the architect's life, like as the period of his training in Florence and Rome, the years where he lived in England before his arrival in Paris in 1724, his travels in Europe and his architectural work as well as the site of Saint-Sulpice, both in France and abroad.Thanks to this research, Servandoni's complete work- so vaguely interpreted as an anticipation of the "goût à la grecque" and the revival of the classicism of the late of eighteenth century - is reinterpreted as the result of his training in Italy and England. It is indebted, in fact, that as well the classicism that characterized the Florentine architecture of that period as his close contact with the English Palladian circle and with the Wren, Vanbrugh and Hawksmoor's works, exercised a great influence on him
Questo lavoro di ricerca - una tesi di dottorato in co-tutela tra la « Sapienza » Università di Roma e l’Université de Paris I «Panthéon- Sorbonne» - è nato con l’obiettivo di far luce sulla vita e l’opera dell’architetto Giovanni Niccolò Servandoni, una tra le figure d’artista più emblamatiche e meno conosciute del XVIII secolo. Allo stesso tempo pittore, architetto e decoratore, il suo nome è rimasto famoso per il gran numero di scenografie realizzate per l’Opéra e per il progetto della facciata della chiesa parigina di Saint-Sulpice. Durante il corso della sua vita, Servandoni ebbe l’opportunità di viaggiare in tutta Europa, dove lavorò presso le più importani Corti dell’epoca, da Parigi a Londra, da Lisbona a Bruxelles, Vienna, Dresda e Stoccarda. Una delle problematiche maggiori che il lavoro di ricerca ha manifestato, è stata la verifica della correttezza delle notizie riportate dalle fonti a stampa, sia antiche che moderne. Le biografie esistenti dell’architetto riportavano infatti una serie di notizie inesatte o completamente infondate, che si erano «incrostate» nei secoli sulla sua figura. Si è resa quindi necessaria un’operazione di «pulizia» delle fonti che ha permesso di risalire ad alcune notizie certe e verificabili nei documeni d’archivio, che sono state la base su cui ricostruire la biografia dell’architeto. Il lavoro di ricerca si è posto l’obieivo di indagare in paricolar modo gli aspei meno noi della vita dell’architeto, come il periodo della sua formazione a Firenze e a Roma, i suoi anni di soggiorno in Inghilterra prima del suo arrivo a Parigi nel 1724, i viaggi in Europa e le commissioni di architettura oltre al cantiere di Saint-Sulpice, sia in Francia che all’estero. La ricerca d’archivio ha condotto a scoperte innovative, come la presenza di Servandoni a Roma tra il 1719 e il 1720, all’interno del palazzo del principe Vaini - uomo «entièrement attaché à la France» e legato all’ambiente dei teatri Capranica e d’Alibert - che ha permesso di formulare alcune ipotesi sulla sua vita e i suoi contatti nella cità pontificia. E ancora, lo studio ha messo in luce il forte rapporto che Servandoni ebbe con l’ambiente culturale inglese durante il corso di tutta la sua vita - già a partire dal suo soggiorno romano - tanto da poter rileggere la sua opera architettonica in una chiave nuova, più legata alla corrente palladiana che all’architettura romana o francese di quegli anni. L’interpretazione dei documenti ha portato inoltre all’individuazione di due tematiche fondamentali che, spiegano allo stesso tempo la riuscita e la crisi della carriera di Servandoni : il problema della sua nazionalità e quello della legitimazione del suo ruolo di architetto. [...]

Ce travail s’intéresse au problème de la relativisation de l’expression architecturale liée à la remise en question, durant le XVIIe siècle, de l’origine divine et de la valeur des canons proportionnels qui sous-tendent la tradition classique. Emblématique de la Querelle qui opposa Claude Perrault et François Blondel au sein de l’Académie royale de Paris, ce problème recevra une formulation privilégiée dans la tradition théorique anglaise qui se caractérise par la volonté de préserver une forme d’objectivité à l’expression formelle tout en cherchant à y intégrer la valeur subjective de l’usage. A travers l’étude de textes esthétiques et de théories d’architecture produits en Angleterre durant le XVIIIe siècle et le début du XIXe siècle, nous avons cherché à identifier les différentes solutions proposées par les théoriciens pour parvenir à concilier le sujet et l’objet dans la forme architecturale et ainsi aboutir à une expression qui autorise l’appropriation individuelle tout en satisfaisant à l’impératif du consensus.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Au XVIIe siècle, Dijon, capitale de la province, est le lieu où résident les membres des organes politiques, administratifs et financiers. La ville connaît alors un remarquable essor de la construction privée. Les bâtisseurs sont principalement les officiers des cours souveraines, parlementaires ou conseillers à la chambre des comptes, qui satisfont leur besoin de représentation sociale en commandant des demeures dignes de leur rang : l’hôtel est bien l’illustration de ceux qui détiennent le pouvoir, le lieu à la fois d’une démonstration sociale, architecturale et artistique.Cette étude, première synthèse sur les hôtels particuliers dijonnais de 1610 à 1715, est abordée selon trois axes de réflexion : les commanditaires, les architectes et leurs réalisations. L’analyse architecturale des hôtels, qui laisse une large part à la distribution, permet une étude comparative avec Paris et les autres grandes villes parlementaires du royaume
In the seventeenth century, Dijon, capital of the province, was the place where proposed members of the political, administrative and financial bodies chose to live. The city therefore experienced a remarkable boom in the construction of private residences. The builders were mainly officers of the sovereign courts, members of parliament or advisors to the Board of Auditors who wanted to satisfy their need for social representation by ordering houses worthy of their rank : the private mansion was the illustration of people of power, place both a demonstration of social standing, architectural and artistic.This study, the first synthesis of the private mansions of Dijon from 1610 to 1715, is approached according to three lines of thought: the commissioners, the architects and their constructions. The architectural analysis of mansions which leaves a large part to the distribution, allows the comparison with Paris and other major cities of the parliamentary kingdom

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Architecture, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Johannesburg, 1996
This thesis is set within the historical context of the commercial empire of the VOC (Dutch East India Company), which established a refreshment post for its ships at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, in 1652. The central proposition of the thesis is that the architectural principles established at the Cape between 1652 and 1710 had a greater influence on subsequent developments than has previously been acknowledged. This proposition challenges the widely accepted theory that Cape Dutch architecture developed as an evolution from vernacular beginnings. Re.search in the field to date has focused largely on Cape Dutch buildings, dating from after the mid-18th century, and on later survivals of vernacular types. As a result the buildings erected prior to 1710, defined here as proto-Cape Dutch, have been largely ignored. To redress this imbalance, the thesis investigates the proto-Cape Dutch period in its own right, by presenting the widest possible range of building types erected during this period. Since few of these buildings survive, the evidence for the thesis was derived largely from archival material. This comprised three types of contemporary sources: the official records of the VOC, the written accounts of visitors to the Cape, and the drawings of visiting artists. Some sources were clearly unreliable, but in several cases it was possible to reconcile evidence which initially appeared to be contradictory. The interpretation and evaluation of this research is addressed in Part 1 of the thesis. The architectural evidence is presented in Part 2, where the process of analysis and reconciliation is revealed. This process facilitated the detailed reconstruction of some of the more prominent buildings of the proto-Cape Dutch period no longer in existence. The thesis contends that such buildings, with sophisticated plans and Renaissance proportions, were the stimulus for the development of Cape Dutch architecture later in the 18th century. The thesis thus comprises three major components: the development of a research method; the re-evaluation through this method of a number of buildings known primarily from documentary sources; and the proposition based on this re-evaluation that Cape Dutch architecture was a simplification of the precedent established by the more sophisticated buildings of the proto-Cape Dutch period. The method employed and the conclusions drawn from the evidence may suggest applications in similar colonial circumstances elsewhere. LIST OF KEY WORDS Cape Dutch architecture - Civil engineering works - Dutch colonial architecture - Fortifications - Hospitals - Non-residential buildings - Proto-Cape Dutch architecture - Religious buildings - Residential buildings - Town planning
WS2017

Th e Dutch (VOC) trading empire of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries brought with it to South Africa not only the world of powerful merchant capitalism, but it would also construct a new imaginative geography and order of the land to that which had been known by its ancient inhabitants, wherein the very idea of the land would be rewritten. Many aspects of this new geography would be refl ected in representation during VOC rule in the Cape colony, in its maps, pictures and drawings. Within this picturing of the land, the rival indigenous presence as well as the colony’s non-settlers inhabitants—both of whom formed colonial ‘others’—would also be depicted; although typically this visibility would be carefully measured and managed in complex ways in both offi cial and popular artistic representation. While offi cial colonial and apartheid archives in South Africa lack suffi cient, meaningful representation of marginalised groups such as blacks, slaves, Muslims, and indigenous people, the visual sources wherein such groups are depicted constitute another source of archive which has still only begun to be explored comparatively and as a body of images. Th rough visual sources, the study analyses fi rstly the discursive, imaginative, and physical appropriation of landscape as represented in Dutch and British colonial-period maps and pictures in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. Secondly it explores the representation of colonial ‘others’ who are depicted therein, and to what extent it may be possible to recover some aspects of marginalised narratives and spatial practices. Islam at the Cape, whose history dates back to the very beginning of European settlement but which was offi cially proscribed for the most of the colonial period, also forms an important component of the study, as a case study of such ‘liminal’ narratives and landscapes.

(EN) The Prague's Lesser Town house of count Václav Michna of Vacínov (1611?-1667) pertains to be one of the biggest mysteries of the history of 17th-century architecture in Bohemia, the attention of a number of scholars notwithstanding. The grandiosity of the proposed plan, known in its entirety from a later copy, as well as the imposing design of the house's east front, distinguishing itself by a skilful use of the classical orders, indicate an employment of a designer of a rather surprising capacity and adroitness, given the time and place - Prague in the sixteen- thirties and sixteen-forties. The only incontestable clue, that suggests itself to a solver of this riddle, remains to be the date of the completion of the palace's stucco decoration (1644) and the name of its author, Domenico Galli (died 1675). The anonymity of the designing architect led the previous researchers to search for formal analogies in the Italian architectural production, quite without convincing results. The principal intention of this thesis, aside from an assessment of the previous findings and an attempt for a more accurate placement of the building in the context of Italian architecture, is rather to propose a reading of its meaning, based on a deeper knowledge of the patron's life, his interests, and representational...