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Sass, Lawrence. "Precedents in African American architecture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40988.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1994.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-90).<br>As a sub-sets of American culture, African Americans have not been able to offer culturally specific architectural elements to the design process because the history of African American form and space has not been recognized within academia. This thesis is an attempt to fill the gaps in the African American history of form and space. I do so by producing computational models of African American architecture and spatial planning from four key periods of American history: (i) the African Plantations (1619-1793), (ii) the American plantations (1793-1865), (iii) the African American gardens (1619-present), and (iv) the Middle Passage Monument (1993). These architectural elements can play an integral role in designing for African American communities in the future. To demonstrate this point, I use these African American architectural elements in designing housing units in Harlem. In my conclusion, I present ideas and goals for future research in African American architecture and spatial planning.<br>by Lawrence Sass.<br>M.S.
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Arceneaux, Kathleen Dugas. "The script-analogue and its application in architectural analysis: the relationship of African women to African traditional architecture." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54758.
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This work involves the presentation of an original critical theory, termed the "script-analogue", for the discovery of significance in works of traditional architecture within their cultural contexts. The theory includes a set of related ideas about the relationship of architecture and culture, and uses these ideas as a method to analyze the relationship of African women to African traditional architecture.
The use of the script as an analogue refers to the script as it is used in theater, and indicates that the relationship of the individual, culture, and the architectural environment is dynamic and interactive. The "script-analogue" derives from post-structural thought, and modifies and expands on some of its themes to make them directly applicable in the context of architecture. lt represents a dynamic analytical alternative to the reading of architecture as “text”.
In the "script-analogue" theory, culture is represented through the actions of individuals, who are members simultaneously of a culture and overlapping and modifying sub-cultures. Who an individual is, culturally and sub-culturally, is important in the relationship of the individual to architecture. The theory offers a means by which gender differences, in terms of "who" builds and uses architecture, can be addressed in research, through the investigation of metaphors of significance to women, and thus it can facilitate research which focuses on women.
The concept of architecture is expanded to include both the built environment, and the unbuilt environment which is <u>designated</u> to be of significance through language. <u>Memory</u> is the means by which significance in architecture is given continuity. The term <u>commemorative</u> is used to indicate the commemoration, through architectural forms, of the appropriate actions of individuals within culture. The term <u>orientative</u> indicates that the locations of architectural forms and spaces, and the orientations of people to architecture, are factors in the memory of architectural significance and propriety of actions.
The "script-analogue" proposes that architectural significance can be discovered through investigations of the <u>metaphor</u> in language, and that metaphor is the means by which cultural themes exist in an inter-connected relationship to each other. <u>Ritual</u>, as metaphorical action which takes place in an architectural setting, activates the script, and connects it to other cultural and sub-cultural themes outside of the local and specific conditions. This inter-connectedness is termed in the "script-analogue", <u>transcendence through metaphor</u>.
The substance of this dissertation comprises both an explanation of the ideas involved in the "script-analogue" theory, and examples of its application. In addition to the findings generated by the application of the "script-analogue" to the relationship of African women to African traditional architecture, this dissertation suggests other applications of the theory, such as evaluations of housing design in Africa, and it attempts to bridge the gap between architectural theory and practice.<br>Ph. D.
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Fourie, Morne. "Mêmes in amaNdzundza architecture." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30129.
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The amaNdzundza are a South African abaNtu people. This thesis sets forth to determine the role of their world (in the Heideggerian sense) as it impacts on their Architecture. First the evolutionary process of the amaNdzundza architecture is established. An infinite series of memes (much like genes) that function both on an intra- and inter-cultural level govern this process. Next, the cultural interaction of the amaNdzundza over a period of half a millenium are mapped (and a space-time matrix drawn up: ch.3), as to find the sources of introduction on an intercultural level. Finally, the architecture of the amaNdzundza milieu, both of their settlements and of the cultures with which they shared their environment, is analyzed and a sample of memes identified, which best illustrate the meme-exchange and evolution. This is done in a structure comprising the analysis of selected religious spatial incentives, and some aspects and elements of the settlement, the dwelling and the mural. A summary is given of the memes involved in the amaNdzundza architecture, and their evolutionary dynamics and origins. The researcher thus concludes that, rather than a singular factor such as the patronage of apartheid, the cultural 'memes' in the amaNdebele ya amaNdzundza milieu played the predominant role in the shaping of their existential, spatial and structural dwelling, through a process of 'loci meme' evolution.
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Clarke, Charles E. (Charles Edward). "The African-American house as a vehicle of discovery for an African-American architecture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68318.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, February 1996.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-68).<br>The purpose of this research is three-fold: (1) This thesis seeks to uncover evidence of a distinctly African-American architectural form. The primary building type observed will be the house, or the housing of African-Americans that was built by and for African-Americans. Because the greatest numbers of black people have resided in the southern United States throughout American history, most of the study will deal with the houses of blacks in that region. The position taken is that the house is a form of physical and spiritual self-expression. Simply stated, the study seeks to discover what it is about these houses that are of and by black folk that renders them peculiarly African-American. (2) This paper will document the works of some lesser known black builders of the American past, particularly in the Southeast following the Civil War. The objective will be to look for the possible visible signs of the transmittal of material culture in order to find if there is a uniquely African-American built form in existence today, or if, in fact, one has ever existed. It will look primarily at the houses executed by these people, and develop what is hoped will be a significant body of knowledge that will aid in the future study of this and other similar subjects. (3) This thesis seeks to answer a question very basic to my own personal and continuing involvement in the study of architecture, urban design, historic preservation, and African-American history: What are the determinants of an African-American architecture? In order to make a case for a truly African-American architectural form, those factors that could bear directly upon its formulation must be known and described. A major portion of this argument is devoted to just such knowledge and description.<br>by Charles Edward Clarke.<br>M.S.
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Molefe, Rampedi Lesego. "Spatialising African indigenous customs in Langa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19077.
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1.1 Background African Traditional Customs form an important part in the lives of millions of people on the African continent. They are the thread that stitches together the multifaceted blanket of African cultural variety. 1.2 Issue The problem is that of designing an African city that is representative of the cultural fabric and diversity in its spatial structuring and order. Although a city like Cape Town is considered an 'African city' it fails to spatially accommodate African customs that are the core ingredients of being African. Historically African lifestyle values found resistance in expression and loss of meaning within an urban context. The city in its conception and planning does not adequately address the need for African customs that find expression in the more rural context. Now that South Africa is emancipated from the bonds of apartheid, a new era of redefining African Identity has come. The question of African identity cannot be ignored because it is fundamental to solving many societal problems that develop from a loss of character personally and collectively. Many black South Africans living in Cape Town do not consider the city as their 'home'. The majority are of Xhosa lineage and do not feel that their lives are not well rooted in the urban environment. Many still consider the Eastern Cape 'ekhaya' (home), because that is where generations of amaXhosa set their roots. Even though some amaXhosa were raised as second and third generation inhabitants in Cape Town, the stronghold of their traditional roots is evident in their attitude towards their ancestral home. It is marked by the annual pilgrimage to the Eastern Cape by thousands of people who return home to fulfil traditional rituals and customs. For those growing up in Cape Town without a strong family ties or cultural roots with the Eastern Cape, their sense of identity is often lacking because the pillar of traditional ritual is absent in their lives. Personally I believe that a person's self-worth is directly related to their spiritual constitution, and that African traditional customs are not only important but they need to find expression in the environments that people live in daily. 1.3 Design Question How can African Traditional Customs be accommodated in the urban setting by physically finding expression and relevance practically and spatially. 1.4 The Site This project is located in Langa township because of the history of African people who have lived in the urban setting while upholding their traditional practices.
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Nagar, Dawn Isabel. "Towards A Pax Africana: Southern African development community's architecture and evolving peacekeeping efforts, 1996 - 2009." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3760.
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Based on library research this thesis examines the contribution of the SADC's peace and security efforts towards enhancing the larger security on the African continent. While it is acknowledged that peace and security involve peacemaking, peacekeeping and peace building; the research focused only on the peace and security mechanisms of SADC between 1966 and 2009. A central argument is that the SADC's peace and security system does enhance the evolution of a wider AU peace and security architecture. In furtherance of this argument, the thesis addressed the evolution of SADC from its predecessor the SADCC, the evolution of the African Stand by Force and the role of SADC in this process. In the end the study identified the necessity for certain policy reforms to ensure SADC's better contribution to AU's over all peace and security architecture: i) being donor-driven, SADC should remain the driver of its projects and set its own agenda for projects and strengthen its financial management systems in order to attract international funding; ii) SADC members should commit themselves to implementing its policies and strengthening its National Committees (SNCs); iii) The responsibilities of the SADC secretariat need to be revisited to grant it more executive powers on decision-making for achieving its security agenda; iv) Limited and inadequate staffing hampers SADC's overall security objectives, therefore, the SADC secretariat must be supported with additional capacity in competent programme management, planning, monitoring, finance, procurement and administration; and, v) HIV/Aids remains a challenge for SADC's peacekeepers and a policy should be implemented to cater for peacekeepers by specifying a timeframe and length of period for deployment of military personnel on peacekeeping missions with a moratorium set for much high ranking officials overseeing such missions.
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De, Flamingh Francois. "The role of textiles in sustainable South African residential architecture." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1321.
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Thesis (MTech (Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011<br>Sustainable architecture prescribes the conscious consideration and active contemplation of
ways of meeting the housing needs of humans while attempting simultaneously to prevent
our consumption patterns from exceeding the resources at our disposal. Sustainability in the
built environment is infinitely complex as the very nature of modern architecture is based
upon the extraction and exploitation of finite natural resources to feed a linear system
ultimately ending in the depletion of those resources and the destruction of the ecosystem
from which they are excavated. When considering built environments, the most visible and
measurable components of any sustainable design is its ecological and economic
sustainability. Social sustainability, on the other hand is of an unquantifiable nature, making
it a most contentious topic in design and development discourse.
This thesis uses a systems approach to sustainable architecture as a lens to focus on the
practical applications of structural concepts made possible by the integration of textiles in the
built environment and examines possibilities of adapting and incorporating vernacular and
low-tech textile-based construction methods into contemporary sustainable architecture.
More specifically, it explores the possibilities of using architextiles, or textiles in the building
industry, as a vehicle for advancing sustainable development within the emerging economy
of South Africa with its unambiguous diversity in all three bottom lines of sustainability;
environment (ecology, resources, geography, built environment), society (community,
culture, politics) and economy (employment, wealth, finance, industry, infrastructure,
consumer behaviour).
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Harris, Patricia Elaine. "Celebrating diversity : an exploration into African contributions to Caribbean residential architecture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17202.
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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1986.<br>MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.<br>Bibliography: p. 177-180.<br>The purpose of this thesis is to document, through observation and research, architectural elements of a culture that have contributed to the development of another. As such it represents a way of thinking about the impact of architecture on culture and of culture on architecture. The len~ for this focus is the contributions of African people brought to the Caribbean during the European Slave Trade (1520's--1860's). As it essentially was a world region where the influence of indigenous people was negligible due to their early demise and general lack of an extensively developed architecture, it may almost be regarded as a 'clean slate' upon which the Europeans and Africans devised an architecture based on climate, materials, and tradition modified by colonization/enslavement. As climate and materials were generally similar to those found in Africa, tradition may be considered the most important aspect of this process and is the basis for this thesis and for the exploration of the following questions: What did Africans do to contribute to the architecture of the Caribbean; how did they say, "We are here?" What may have been present in the physical landscape, built and natural, that gave Africans brought to the New World any sense of familiarity of place in an otherwise alien environment? What are some of their contributions that have survived, either through transferal or transformation, physically tangible or attitudinal, that are present in the Caribbean today? In general, what do people do to affect the physical environment when they are in positions of social and economic powerlessness?<br>by Patricia Elaine Harris.<br>M.Arch.
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Steyn, G. "The Lamu house - an East African architectural enigma." South African Journal of Art History, 2003. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000884.
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Lamu is a living town off the Kenya coast. It was recently nominated to the World Heritage List. The town has
been relatively undisturbed by colonization and modernization. This study reports on the early Swahili dwelling,
which is still a functioning type in Lamu. It commences with a brief historical perspective of Lamu in its Swahili
and East African coastal setting. It compares descriptions of the Lamu house, as found in literature, with
personal observations and field surveys, including a short description of construction methods. The study offers
observations on conservation and the current state of the Lamu house. It is concluded with a comparison between
Lamu and Stone Town, Zanzibar, in terms of house types and settlement patterns. We found that the Lamu house
is the stage for Swahili ritual and that the ancient and climatically uncomfortable plan form has been retained for
nearly a millennium because of its symbolic value.
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Splaingard, Daniel. "DesignWork : a study of public works programmes in South African architectural projects." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20954.
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Increasingly in South Africa, architects are requested to design buildings that meet the job-creation and training goals of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP), a government-led poverty relief initiative. In so doing, they have a mandate both to design buildings and to design work for the poorest of the poor. This unique context of architectural practice is herein termed DesignWork, and the links between these designs and their measurable work outcomes will be the focus of this Case Study Research. Architects can be key agents in shaping economic empowerment for participants and architectural quality within these projects. This thesis investigated how architects addressed three key goals of increasing wage transfer through labour-intensive construction, enabling skill development through relevant in-situ technical training, and creating quality assets. With the 2030 National Development Plan anticipating the growth of the EPWP in the coming decades, the development of effective architectural strategies within this context is of great significance. Evidence from semi-structured interviews, site visits, archival documents, direct observation, and data collection were used to interrogate the architectural design strategies and work outcomes within two select projects. What emerges is a focused view of the central challenges of achieving the EPWP programme goals, baseline data for future research, and an understanding of the foreseeable challenges for architects designing in this context.
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Mapholi, Ntanganedzeni Olivia. "Exploring genetic architecture of tick resistance in South African Nguni cattle." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97945.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The broad objective of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers associated with tick resistance in South African Nguni cattle and it was addressed by three specific objectives. The first objective was to assess tick load and prevalence in Nguni cattle in different agro-climatic regions of South Africa using tick count data collected monthly from 586 Nguni cattle reared under natural grazing conditions, over two years. Tick counts were assessed under natural challenge at ARC Roodeplaat and Loskop farms (warm climate), and Mukhuthali Nguni Community and University of Fort Hare farms (cool climate). The second objective was to estimate genetic parameters for tick counts in Nguni cattle. The third objective was to identify SNPs associated with tick resistance in Nguni cattle. Counts for each tick species were conducted on each animal in the herd once a month on different body locations, including the head, ears, neck, back, legs, belly, perineum and tail. Distribution of counts was determined using the PROC FREQ (SAS, 2002 - 2010). The tick counts were then analysed with the PROC GLM procedure using the two fixed effect models. Genetic parameters for log-transformed counts were estimated from univariate animal and sire models and bivariate sire models using the ASREML program. Animals were genotyped using Illumina BovineSNP50K assay. After Quality Control (call rate >90%, minor allele frequency > 0.02), 40 436 SNPs were retained for analysis. Association analysis for tick resistance was carried out using two approaches: genome-wide association (GWA) analysis using the GenABEL package and a Regional Heritability Mapping (RHM) analysis. Six tick species were identified: Amblyomma hebraeum (42%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (22%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. (16%), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (11%), Hyalomma marginatum (5%) and Rhipicephalus simus (4%). Tick infestation was significantly affected by location, season, year, month of counting and age of the animal. Loskop farm, as the warmest location, had the highest tick counts and also showed the largest variation in tick loads. Higher tick counts were also observed in the hot-dry (September to November) and hot-wet (December to February) seasons compared to the other seasons. Amblyomma hebraeum was the dominant tick species across all four locations. Heritability estimates for tick count varied according to season and trait (body part or tick species) and ranged from 0.01±0.01 to 0.26±0.01. Genetic correlations ranged from -0.79±0.33 to 1.00±0.00 among counts for different body parts and 0.00±0.00 to 0.99±0.00 among tick species. Phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.06±0.01 to 0.72±0.01 among body parts and 0.01±0.02 to 0.44±0.01 for tick species. Whole body count was highly correlated to the perineum and the belly. These two traits appear to be the most suitable surrogates for whole body count. Several genomic regions of interest were identified for different traits by both the GWA and RHM approaches. Three genome-wide significant regions on chromosomes 7, 10 and 19 were identified for total tick count on the head, total A. hebraeum ticks and for total number of A. hebraeum in the perineum region. Suggestive significant regions were identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19 and 26 for several of the tick traits analysed. The GWA approach identified more genomic regions than did the RHM approach. These findings provide information that would be useful in developing strategies for genetic improvement of tick resistance through selection. The chromosome regions identified as harbouring quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying variation in tick burden form the basis for further analyses to identify specific candidate genes related to cattle tick resistance and provide the potential for marker-assisted selection in Nguni.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om enkel nukleotied polimorfismes (ENPs) merkers te identifiseer wat verwant is aan bosluisweerstand in Suid-Afrikaanse Nguni beeste; dit is aangespreek deur drie doelwitte. Die eerste doelwit was om bosluislading en -voorkoms van bosluise in Nguni beeste in verskillende landbou-klimaatstreke van Suid-Afrika te bepaal deur die gebruik van bosluistelling data wat maandeliks van 586 Nguni beeste, grootgemaak op natuurlike weiding, oor 'n tydperk van twee jaar versamel was. Die tweede doelwit van die studie, was om die genetiese parameters te bepaal vir die bosluistellings in die Nguni beesras. Om hierdie doelwit aan te spreek, is vier verskillende datastelle onderskei in die bosluistelling data wat oor die twee jaar periode versamel was. Genetiese parameters is derhalwe beraam vir die telling van bosluise om sodoende die beste seisoen te identifiseer vir die insameling van bosluistelling data om ten einde strategieë te ontwikkel vir die genetiese seleksie vir vehoogde weerstand teen bosluise. Die derde doelwit was om ENP streke te identifiseer wat verband hou met bosluisweerstand in Nguni beeste. Verskillende bosluisspesies was getel op elke dier in die kudde een keer per maand op verskillende plekke op die liggaam, insluitend die kop, ore, nek, rug, bene, maag, perineum en stert. Bosluistelling data is ontleed met behulp van die SAS program om bosluislading variasie te bepaal. Genetiese parameter skattings vir log getransformeerde bosluistellings data was bereken vanaf twee-veranderlike vaar modelle en een-veranderlike dier- en vaar modelle met behulp van die ASREML program. Om ‘n genomiese wye assosiasie studie (GWAS) uit te voer, is DNS geïsoleer en genotipering gedoen met behulp van die Illumina BovineSNP50K toets. Na kwaliteit kontrole (oproep frekwensie>90%, klein alleelfrekwensie>0.02) is 40.436 ENPs behou vir ontleding. Assosiasie analise vir bosluisweerstand is uitgevoer met behulp twee benaderings, d.i. 'n genoom-wye assosiasie (GWA) analise met behulp van die GenABEL pakket en 'n plaaslike oorerflikheid karterings (POK) analise. Ses bosluisspesies is geïdentifiseer, d.i. Amblyomma hebraeum (42%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (22%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. (16%), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (11%), Hyalomma marginatum (5%) en Rhipicephalus simus (4%). Bosluis besmetting was beduidend beïnvloed deur die plek, seisoen, jaar, maand tel en ouderdom van die dier. Loskop plaas het die warmste weer ervaar en het die hoogste bosluis tellings en ook die grootste variasie in bosluislading gehad. Hoër bosluistellings is ook waargeneem in die warm droë (September tot November) en warm nat (Desember-Februarie) seisoene in vergelyking met die ander seisoene. Amblyomma hebraeum is geïdentifiseer as die mees dominante bosluisspesies oor al vier lokaliteite. Die voorkeur aanhegtingsarea vir die bosluise was onder die stert, perineum en maag areas op die liggaam. Die oorerflikheid beraming vir bosluistelling, soos beïnvloed deur die seisoen en eienskap (d.i. deel van die liggaam of bosluisspesies), het gewissel van 0.01±0.01 tot 0.26±0.01. Genetiese korrelasies het gewissel van -0.79±0.33 tot 1.04±0.01 vir bosluistellings op verskillende liggaamsdele en tussen 0.00±0.00 en 0.99±0.19 vir bosluisspesies. Fenotipiese korrelasies was laag tot matig en het gewissel van 0.06±0.01 tot 0.72±0.01 vir liggaamsdele en 0.01±0.02 to 0.44±0.01 vir bosluisspesies. Die datastel D wat September-Januarie bosluistellings bevat het die hoogste genetiese variasie aangedui. Heel liggaam bosluistellings was hoogs gekorreleerd met bosluistellings rondom die perineum en maag. Hierdie twee lokaliteite blyk die mees geskikte plaasvervanger vir die heel liggaam bosluistelling te wees. Verskeie genoom gebiede van belang is geïdentifiseer vir die verskillende eienskappe van beide die GWA en RHM benaderings. Drie genoom-wye beduidende streke (op chromosome 7, 10 en 19) is geïdentifiseer vir die totale bosluistelling op die kop, totale A. hebraeum bosluise en vir die totale aantal A. hebraeum in die perineum streek. Aanbevelende beduidende streke is geïdentifiseer op chromosome 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19 en 26 vir 'n paar van die bosluis eienskappe wat ontleed was. Die GWA benadering identifiseer meer genoom gebiede as die POK benadering. Hierdie bevindinge bied nuttige inligting vir die ontwikkeling van strategieë vir die genetiese verbetering van bosluisweerstand deur seleksie. Die chromosome streke hier geïdentifiseer is skuiling kwantitatiewe eienskap loki (KEL) vir die onderliggende variasie in bosluislading en vorm die basis vir verdere ontledings vir spesifieke kandidaat gene te identifiseer wat verband hou met die vee bosluisweerstand en bied die potensiaal vir merkerbemiddelde seleksie in Nguni.
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Ikebude, Chukwuemeka. "Identity in Igbo architecture Ekwuru, Obi, and the African Continental Bank building /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1250885407.
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Leibowitz, Vicki, and Vicki dan@gmail com. "Making memory space: recollection and reconciliation in post apartheid South African architecture." RMIT University. Architecture and Design, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20091022.114900.
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Post Apartheid South Africa presents a fascinating platform from which to discuss the complexity and contestations around the creation of memory space. Through examination of multiple modes of dealing with memorials and museums, (the traditional and conventionally understood emblems of authoritative memory), this thesis seeks to explicate how memory is addressed in a society that is attempting to come to terms with a recent past. In so doing, it aims to understand how memory becomes codified into architectural space, how that physical manifestation may be altered over time, and examines some of the complexity inherent in creating new spaces that seek to represent an often volatile and contested past. The traditional palette of the architect: materiality, site, aesthetics and form all contribute to creation of new national narratives and in so doing, reveal the difficulties in revising existing memories as they are articulated through architecture. In order to appreciate how South Africa specifically is approaching memory, I have established a taxonomy that highlights differing modes for dealing with the physicalisation of recollection. Within each case study, questions arise over the success and failures of each modality, which lead to broader discussions about opportunities for gaining insight into how memory space may be addressed in other countries, those facing a colonial past or coming to terms with recent memory themselves. While it does not present a comparative analysis, this thesis seeks to illuminate some of the difficulties inherent in the creation and maintenance of memory space that accurately reflects the population it purports to serve, while generating 'meaningful' architecture. The study is broken down into the following components: TOPPLING TOTEMS The Voortrekker Monument is an examination into existing architectures of an out-dated regime, questioning how meaning is ascribed to architectural space and seeking to understand how easily that significance may be revised. EXPERIENTIAL MUSEUMS The Apartheid Museum presents case studies of how memory is conveyed meaningfully to contemporary society, looking at the international language of museums, questioning how specificity is lost in a desire to situate the past on a world stage. The economy and commoditisation of memory forms a central component of this study. CANNIBALISED SPACE The Constitutional Court offers an investigation into the repatriation of spaces potent as sites of trauma. It examines how sites of trauma become significant places for recollection and presents spatial opportunities for a form of rehabilitation of those sites. SOCIALLY INTEGRATED MEMORY The Red Location Museum presents a study of a new mode of creating official narratives of recollection within a society resistant to official narratives. It looks at architectural solutions to situating memory within the daily life of a society rather then distinguishing official memorials by setting them and by association recollection apart. Ultimately through an examination of the treatment of memory space in South Africa, issues around the complexity of dealing with memory in general become apparent. The aim of this thesis is to draw out some of these narratives so that they may elucidate some of the broader relationships between architecture and collective memory.
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Steyn, G. "Current trends in South African architecture and the way to the future." South African Journal of Art History, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001307.
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Few countries have ever had the opportunity to rethink their architectural dogma as abruptly and radically as South Africa since the few years leading up to the democratic elections of 1994. With only a few exceptions, the pre-democratic South African architecture of the 20th century has always lacked a unique identity. But, coinciding with trends towards Critical-Regionalism and ‘green’ initiatives, the emergence of a new South Africa has inspired the profession as a whole to search for new directions.
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McLean, Phil. "The feedback effects of canopy architecture : why are African acacias flat-topped?" Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25571.
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Only the African acacias have a so-called flat topped crown. This study identifies this architecture using the simple measures of height, diameter and spread. In this way the flat-topped species are identified and differentiated from the other acacia species (A. nilotica & A. tortilis). It has been suggested that this shape is an anti-herbivore mechanism. We demonstrate how these trees spend a lot of energy in defence, which indicates that the canopy shape is a poor anti-herbivore device. Measurements of the height of grass outside the canopies indicate that these species inhabit areas of long grass. At the same time, our data show that at least one of these species (A. nilotica) is extremely fire sensitive (60% mortality). The effect which saves these trees from fire is shorter grass beneath their crowns providing a low-fuel fire buffer for the trunk. However, none of the conventional effects of canopy are able to cause this effect (shade, nutrients). We propose that the shade and nutrient-rich undercanopy grass (as well as the pods of these animal-dispersed trees) encourages large grazing mammals to spend time under these trees. These animals then, are responsible for lowering the height of the grass cover by grazing and trampling, and hence save the trees from fire. We suggest an animal - flat-topped tree mutualism where food and shade are exchanged for seed dispersal and fire protection.
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Ikebude, Chukwuemeka M. "Identity in Igbo Architecture: Ekwuru, Obi, and the African Continental Bank Building." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1250885407.
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Margoles, Conrad Henry. "Space and race : South African "native townships" as corruptions of suburban ideals for political ends." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79004.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1989.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 582-588).<br>This thesis is about reconciling three main pairs of ideas. First, it is about architecture and apartheid, and the ideological role which architecture plays within a particular political system. Second, it is about the attitudes of individuals involved in designing and building the townships, and the reconciliation of the apparently contradictory ideas of the provision of welfare in the form of housing with the exploitation of labor in the form of separate development. Third, it is about the ideals of the white Anglo-American suburbs (housing the whites) and how townships (housing the blacks) differ from them as a city form . The crux of this thesis is that the white suburban ideal was taken and corrupted to become the black township in South Africa, because of a combination of politics, (post-colonial) philanthropy and fear. The historical reasons for the formation of the townships are to be found in the relationships between the races beginning with the earliest European settlers in the country. The first conflicts were over the right to the land. With industrialization came urbanization and the formation of the policy of apartheid: legislation requiring the separation of the races. Anglo-American suburban ideals were used by the planners and architects who put the government's policy into practice. They built townships based on these ideals in an effort to transfer their values to the black people. They worked as technocrats, implicitly accepting the policy of apartheid and relying on "science" and middle-class suburban ideals to achieve their goals. The ideologies of apartheid have resulted in the political nature of space in South Africa, and theories of urban ideology can be applied to understand the complex situation. The result can be seen in the townships as corruptions of suburban ideals for political ends.<br>by Conrad Henry Margoles.<br>M.S.
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Kahera, Akel I. (Akel Ismail). "The architecture of the West African mosque : an exegesis of the Hausa and Fulani models." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74785.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1987.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-109).<br>This thesis will examine two models of West African architecture-- the Mosque at Zaria, Nigeria and the Mosque at Dingueraye, Guinea. It will also attempt to illustrate implicit patterns of creative expression, both literal and allegorical , in the space-making processes of the Hausa and Fulani peoples. In passing, some attention will also be given to the cultural and building traditions of the Mande people. The notion of space and place in much of sub-Saharan Africa oscillates in a realm which is neither absolutely rational nor ethereal. Culture, it could be argued, can offer us an opportunity to investigate an analytical taxonomy through which we can compare and discover particular attributes of space and the phenomenological dimensions of built form. Culture , as a layered accumulation of historical events , visual vocabularies, and architectural expression, is subject at one time or another to an ethos which may have had a syncretic origin. Among the Hausa and Fulani, the image which exists within the architectural paradigm can be described as a language, or code or a method of explaining spatial concepts related to concrete space and traditional culture. The Hausa and Fulani spatial schemes are concerned with the nature of space as a context and metaphor for experience , inner and outer, hidden and manifest.<br>by Akel I. Kahera.<br>M.S.
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Wood, J. C. "Defining the role of the African Union Peace and Architecture (APSA) : a reconceptualisation of the roles of institutions." Thesis, Coventry University, 2012. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/c211face-e5d4-40ae-bb90-d41d0dff935d/1.
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At its core, this research project is a revision of how we conceptualise the role of international organisations. The concept of role is often invoked International Relations when discussing the function of institutions like the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), but its full meaning in this context has never been problematised, leading to varying perceptions of its meaning and a lack of common understanding in the discourse. In the case of the APSA, this lack of common understanding has led to a wide variance in how the role of the APSA is categorised, and a corresponding discrepancy in assessments of the institution’s success and utility, which has had a knock-on effect on policy recommendations, which also differ wildly from author to author. This thesis devises technical definitions for the various ways in which the word role is utilised in International Relations and related fields, and in so doing, aims to standardise our understanding of the role of institutions, using the APSA as a case study. After developing a new technical definition of role based on Role Theory, the thesis develops a research programme which sets out to investigate the true role of the APSA, based on an examination of how the APSA’s role has been shaped by key limiting and enabling factors, and how this role is shaped and influenced, and directed; all the while highlighting how it differs from the organisation’s stated role, and scholarly perceptions of that role.
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Kabaso, Boniface. "Health information systems interoperability in Africa: service oriented architectural model for interoperability in African context." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1413.
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Africa has been seeing a steady increase in the Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) systems deployed in health care institutions. This is evidenced by the
funding that has been going into health information systems from both the government
and the donor organisations.
Large numbers of national and international agencies, research organisations, Non-
Governmental Organisations(NGOs) etc continue to carry out studies and develop systems
and procedures to exploit the power of Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) in public and private health institutions.
This uncoordinated mass migration to electronic medical record systems in Africa has
created a heterogeneous and complex computing environment in health care institutions,
where most of the deployed systems have technologies that are local, proprietary
and insular.
Furthermore, the electronic infrastructure in Africa meant to facilitate the electronic exchange
of information has a number of constraints. The infrastructure connectivity on
which ICT applications run, is still segmented. Most parts of Africa lack the availability
of a reliable connectivity infrastructure. In some cases, there is no connectivity at all.
This work aims at using Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) to address the problems
of interoperability of systems deployed in Africa and suggest design architectures that
are able to deal with the state of poor connectivity.
SOA offers to bring better interoperability of systems deployed and re-usability of existing
IT assets, including those using different electronic health standards in a resource
constrained environment like Africa.<br>Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Doctor of Technology: Information Technology
in the Faculty of Informatics And Design
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2014
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Abrahamse, Clarie Janet. "Integration between dividing lines : the spatial and social integration of African immigrants in post-apartheid Cape Town." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49724.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2009.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 154-164).<br>Over the last fifteen years since the demise of apartheid South Africa, under a new democratic dispensation, has become host to several million immigrants from the rest of the continent. This has been paralleled by a rise in violent acts of xenophobia against an increasingly diverse immigrant population by those who consider themselves "legitimate citizens" of the new post-apartheid nation. As with immigration worldwide, this is a particularly urban phenomenon. Yet in contrast to the urban theories on immigration which have developed in parallel with the emergence of the industrial city, specifically in the Chicago School writings of the 1920s, the South African city has a very particular cultural, historical and physical geography, deeply embedded with notions of race and belonging, and heavily influencing the perception of its new immigrants. The question thus arises as to whether the international urban theories have any explanatory purchase in the South African case. Through analysing Cape Town according to these theories and examining the historical urban-planning responses to immigration and the "other" that have been employed since the colonial era, a few sites are identified in contemporary Cape Town in which a certain level of integration is occurring between immigrant communities and their host societies. It is argued that these sites show strong urban commonalities in terms of the formal and social environments they are able to provide. One of these urban neighbourhoods, Mowbray, is examined in detail against a series of hypotheses drawn from the international theories and the metropolitan and historical understanding of the city.<br>(cont.) These relate to the specific aspects of urban space, grain of fabric and land markets present, the specific ideologies that have guided the making of the neighbourhood, and the effects of civic institutions and organisations in aiding the building of place-based social networks. The analysis of how each of these aspects play out across the spatial and social landscape of the neighbourhood then informs the building of an urban theory and response to the spatial promoters of environments of integration in the city, recognising that while immigration is a very complex phenomenon, its urban location represents an opportunity for urbanism to be brought to bear on making the experience of immigrants less hostile.<br>by Claire Janet Abrahamse.<br>S.M.
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Van, Reenen Coralie. "A case study investigation of the indoor environmental noise in four urban South African hospitals." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/69065.
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The field of acoustics in architecture is often neglected by spatial designers, being thought of as a specialist field only applicable for complex acoustic requirements. However, research shows that environmental noise has a significant effect on humans and thus should be considered in all indoor environment design, no matter the occupancy type.
This case study research seeks to investigate acoustics within healthcare facilities, specifically in multi-bed general wards in four urban South African hospitals.
Sound can have either an auditory or non-auditory effect on humans, meaning it can either cause hearing damage or result in subjective responses that affect performance and physiology. This is an important consideration in a healthcare setting as the principle of ‘do no harm’ should apply to clinical treatment as well as the clinical environment.
Noise control in healthcare environments can be a challenge since most of the surface finishes are hard and smooth, making them easily cleanable but also acoustically reflective, which can potentially cause spaces to become very noisy. Guidelines have been developed internationally by the World Health Organisation (WHO) (Berglund, Lindvall & Schwela 1999) and nationally by the South African Bureau of Standards (South Africa 2008) defining noise limits in various contexts, including hospitals.
Prior research in the area of evidence-based design has shown that a quiet environment is conducive to patient healing and has been shown to improve staff work performance and decrease stress, irritation and tiredness. However, numerous international studies have revealed that few hospitals world-wide, if any, comply with the WHO guidelines (Busch-Vishniac, West, Barnhill, Hunter, Orellana & Chivukula 2005), highlighting the challenge that exists in designing quiet hospital environments.
Since the research in this regard is extremely limited in the South African context, the goal of this research is to investigate the acoustic environment of a selection of South African hospitals to determine whether there is a likely need to design hospitals for improved noise control.
This research project was designed as a multiple case study with the purpose of identifying possible areas for future research. The existing acoustic conditions in a ward of each of four urban hospitals were assessed in terms of sound levels, user opinions and architecture.
The research objective was firstly to establish whether the selected hospitals are too noisy according to national and international guidelines, and then to determine the cause of the noise, whether it is actual or perceived noise, and whether design factors have an influence on the noise.
Environmental noise was assessed by means of a Class 1 integrating sound level meter, questionnaires and direct observation.
It was found that the average sound levels exceeded both local and international guidelines. In spite of this, however, the overall opinion of users was that noise levels were not disturbing. A combined assessment of the data revealed that layout may influence the acoustic environment and is worthy of more extensive research, particularly with regard to the difference between patient and staff member perceptions of sound.
Other recommendations pertain to the establishment of design noise guidelines that address occupied noise levels in hospital wards, which would require an extensive study of human responses to noise exposure as well as factors that can either influence the response to noise or the noise level.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015.<br>Council for Scientific and Industrial Research<br>Architecture<br>MSc (Applied Science)<br>Unrestricted
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Madolo, Bongane. "Adapting at multiple scales: Towards a contextualised adaptive reuse of disused commercial infrastructure in secondary South African cities." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28028.
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In the early 1990s about 50 000 m² of office space was developed in the Central Business District (CBD) of Nelspruit for the Mpumalanga Provincial Government. The office space was spread out in a number of office buildings around the CBD. Between 2003-and 2005 the Provincial Government moved out of these office buildings to an office complex on the outskirts of the CBD, as a result a portion of the CBD was left vacant. The commercial sector has not really recovered since then and the CBD is beginning to experience urban decay. With this as background the dissertation, explores regeneration of a CBD and the opportunities that lie in large scale disused concrete frame buildings in Nelspruit, a secondary South African city. Affordable housing plays an important role in the development of the project, not only because it addresses a practical need for housing in the city, but also because it starts to speak to transformation of a city that largely remains anti-poor. The exploration in-to timber construction plays an equally important role in addressing questions of making buildings differently, looking at regional industry and craft, and the use of more sustainable building material. Research in to this topic was primarily aided by a 4-week research trip to Mezimbite Forest Centre in Beira, Mozambique. The objective is not to create a blueprint on which all the buildings are to be adapted because each existing building by virtue of its context alone, is unique and has challenges that are specific to it that need to be addressed. The objective is to develop a different way of adapting large scale buildings. One that breaks the monolith, makes connections and through its material is rooted in its broader context. Ideas that are tested in 32 Bell Street, a nine-storey building in the CBD of Nelspruit. Johannesburg's regeneration is looked at as an example of regeneration because it is the best example of a South African city that has used the decline of its commercial office sector to bring about transformation to a CBD, with housing being an important part of that transformation. Johannesburg also offers some of the clues on what needs to evolve in the way office buildings are being adapted.
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Zimba, Robert. "High precision GPS data processing for the survey of South African tide gauges." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4977.
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Malino, Jill F. "Collier heights." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28124.
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Boulton, Alexander Ormond. "The architecture of slavery: Art, language, and society in early Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623813.
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Inspired by the concept of culture as expressed in the work of Claude Levi-Strauss, this dissertation traces the roots of modern perceptions of slavery and race by analyzing three sites each of which is associated with a distinct cultural pattern and social ideology. The first, Penshurst in Kent England is described as feudal, organic, vernacular, and popular. The second, Westover in tidewater Virginia is classical, rational, and elite. Thomas Jefferson's Monticello in the Virginia piedmont, the third site, is described as romantic, liberal, and bourgeois. It is only at this third site, the locus for a distinctly modern family type, that concepts of race and slavery unique to our age are found. The new ideas about family structure, race and slavery, evident at Monticello, it is argued, have had a vast influence upon the course of American social and political development.
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Oluborode, Jegede Ademola. "The African Union Peace and Security Architecture : can the Panel of the Wise make a difference?" Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8058.
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The African Union's Panel of the Wise was inaugurated on 18 December 2007. The prospects of the Panel as a conflict prevention and peace and security
promotion tool in the AU Peace and Security architecture may remain dim unless
its concept is understood and the Panel is effectively operationalised. To this end
therefore, the objectives of this study are as follows: (1) To examine the need for the Panel in the AU Peace and Security
Architecture. (2) To examine the institutional design of the Panel. (3) To explore the prospective roles for the Panel in the AU Peace and Security
Architecture. (4) To identify how the Panel can promote the internalisation of peace and
security in Africa. The study will propose key strategies to improve the relevance of the Panel as a tool of the PSC in facilitating peaceful interventions and promotion of peace and security in Africa.<br>Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.<br>A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Christopher Mbazira, Faculty of Law, Makarere University, Uganda<br>http://www.chr.up.ac.za/<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLM
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Muhammad-Oumar, Abdulrazzaq Ahmad. "Gidaje : the socio-cultural morphology of Hausa living spaces." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317656/.
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Hausa architecture is an important part of African indigenous architecture. In many respects its construction techniques, its wail decoration and its structural forms, have been recognised as unique. Most of the Hausa Architecture studied has been in the form of palaces, mosques and few houses of the affluent, merchants and administrators. However the bulk of the Hausa built environment is, and for long has been, composed of ordinary domestic houses that accommodate the citizens of its cities and hamlets. This work deals with Hausa architecture as found in the older parts a major Hausa urban centre; to wit the walled city of Kano. The Kano built environment is composed of several forms of architecture, but the main concern here is specifically with the Hausa domestic architecture in the walled city of Kano. The study is informed by the theoretical proposition that a correlation exists between the spatial organisation of domestic house and the social life of its inhabitants; consequently changes in one result in changes in the other and vice-versa. The study has four main objectives: to establish the basic characteristics of Hausa domestic architecture, i.e. its dominant spatial themes; to show how the resulting domestic environment is supportive of the Hausa-Islamic culture; to examine the cultural impact of colonialism on the concept of the dwelling unit and by extension, on the culture of the Hausa; and to broaden the data base of an indigenous knowledge system in the field of architecture. The principal findings of the work are: that Hausa domestic architecture as found in the walled city is conceptually of two broad types; that the design concept of these types is rooted in the Hausa socio-cultural paradigm; that the design concept is flexible enough to cater for the subcultural elements that are the hallmarks of any Hausa society; that the changes in the political, economic and social fabric of the Hausa society in its recent history have had very little effect on the spatial quality of Hausa domestic architecture.
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Okwumabua, Nmadili N. "Architectural retention and the development of modern African design in the works of architect Demas Nwoko." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2006. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/39.
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The purpose of this research was to examine elements of traditional African architectural design in the works of Demas Nook. These elements remain aesthetically and functionally valuable; hence, their inclusion in the development of modern African residential architecture. The research simultaneously explores the methodology Nwoko has created to apply his theory of comfort design in architecture, as well as the impact of traditional African culture and European culture on modem African residential design. The methodology used is visual analysis, as several of Nwoko's buildings were visited, photographed and analyzed for the application of his design ideology of New Culture. The three elements of design examined are his approach to space design that supports lifestyle and achieves comfort; artistic application that reflects African aesthetic values in color, motif and design patterns; and his use of building materials, that not only provide comfortable interiors in a tropical climate, but are affordable and durable. The research concludes with recommendations and contributions to the discourse on modern African design and offers the findings for further research and development of African and Diaspora communities. The findings expose the intrinsic value of culture and architectural retention in the evolution of modem architecture in Africa and the Diaspora.
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Nikodimos, Mary Kidane. "The Role of the African Governance Architecture (AGA) in the Promotion of Democratic Governance in Africa: the Cases of Egypt-2013 and Burundi-2015." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98122.
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Murphy, Stephan L. (Stephan Lane) 1971. "Structure of an African city : study of Ibadan, Nigeria : city structure and morphology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79170.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture; and, (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1998.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaf 82).<br>The study of Ibadan, Nigeria was conducted to analyze how Colonization has altered, or not altered the structure of the traditional African city form of this Yoruba town. The study encompasses structural city form elements of Ibadan in terms of housing, open space and markets, public facilities, infrastructure, and natural resources. In order to assess the structure of a city, whether it be a western or non-western model, there has to be an investigation of how the people use and enjoy (recreation and social interchange) the city. These elements are a good identifiers as to the effectiveness of city planning methods, and best qualified through the analysis of urban plans. The study is intended to render a series of conceptual city planning development strategies that could be the foundation for further investigation regarding how this large African city could expand in the future, while retaining some of its traditional integrity. Such a study of traditional African city form conflicting with Colonial forces can have broader applications than in Africa alone, and can be utilized where any indigenous form (regardless of geographic location) is met with an introduced methodology. The information presented in this study does not reflect contemporary conditions in Ibadan due to limited access to data, and should be viewed as an analysis of the planimetric form based on urban design principles. Development concepts are reflective of conditions between 1972 and the early 1980's and could be reapplied using the same techniques outlined herein to reflect the contemporary state of the city.<br>by Stephan L. Murphy.<br>M.C.P.<br>M.S.
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Ryder, Robin Leigh. "Free African-American Archeology: Interpreting an Antebellum Farmstead." W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625654.
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Scott, Tashiara. "Bantaba: Designing the Sacred Circle." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5848.
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MOTIVATION In Richmond, there are 1.21 times as many African Americans as any other ethnic group. Yet 63.4% of African Americans live in poverty (Richmond, VA). African Americans face greater exposure to stress due to low socioeconomic status and poverty. In these communities, “discrimination and deprivation undermine individuals’ ability to accumulate the social and material resources to mitigate the effects of stress” (Brondolo, 2018). In this city’s African American community, where stress levels are high and consequential health concerns are prevalent, dance can be a remedy for managing stress and improving health (Hanna, 2006).
DESIGN PROBLEM How can an intentionally designed interior environment support dance as a remedy for stress and its negative health effects? How can the design of this environment celebrate the culture of the African American community?
METHODS Literature reviews on the relationship between space and dance will help inform design decisions. Studies of programmatic precedents will focus on spaces involving dance, healing, community engagement and cultural specificity. Studies of conceptual precedents that involve movement, rhythm and the body will take place. Rudolf Laban’s notation system for studying movement in dance will be utilized to analyze the movements required of African dance, resulting in a more targeted design approach. A dancer with a background in African dance will serve as a research advisor. Interviews of African American dancers will be conducted to gain insight into the practice of dance and the needs of a dance space.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS Research shows that dance reduces stress levels. Specifically, African dance, significantly decreases perceived stress and repeated practice can lead to overall stress reduction (West, J. et al). African dance’s main purpose is to serve as an expression of the physical and psychological states of individuals, allowing for emotional release.(Welsh-Asante, 1996). Dance can be used to cope with stress by discharging repressed aggression, improving self-esteem and allowing for self expression . Dance also prevents stress through physical exercise (Hanna, 2006). Additionally, research from Steven Holl, Santiago Calatrava and other architectural masters discuss the relationships between dance and architecture.
CONCLUSION The research will inform the design of a cultural dance center for the city’s historically African American neighborhood. The interior design of this center will support African dance and culture, foster creativity, and encourage stress reduction. The design will also support the secondary programs of dance movement therapy, seminars, celebrations, community outreach, educational programs, and exhibitions.
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Gales, Melinda Dawn. "African-American Baptist Churches in Hanover County, Virginia, 1865-1900." VCU Scholars Compass, 1999. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1518.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine rural African-American vernacular Baptist churches built in the years following the Civil War. The case study is centered in Hanover County, Virginia, because of the county's strategic location inrelation to the capital of the Confederacy in Richmond. Due to the overwhelming number of slaves, Anglo-Americans attempted to suppress African identity by forcing slaves to attend Anglo-American churches. A number of African-American congregations were secretly organized during the time of slavery. Until the fall of Richmond in spring 1865, African-Americans were not allowed to assemble publicly without Anglo-American supervision. In the years following Emancipation, African-Americans began separating from the Anglo-American congregations to formindependent churches. Upon separation, worship services were held in brush arbors and/or old shanties and were occasionally held in Anglo-American churches. Eventually, African-American church members acquired land to erect churches of their own. Using Chestnut Grove Baptist Church (circa 1870), Shiloh Baptist Church(circa 1877), Union Baptist Church (circa 1885) and Second Union Baptist Church (circa 1885) in Hanover County as a case study, this thesis asks precisely who built these churches, how they were constructed and why they were built the way theywere built.
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Nkambule, Mbongiseni Emmanuel Nathi. "The rise of the black people." Diss., Pretoria : [S.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11132008-194112.
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Njoroge, Mercy Waithira. "Ships passing in the night? Opportunities to integrate the African Peer Review Mechanism: early warning findings within the African Union Peace and Security Architecture." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/12683.
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The potent nature of the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) as an early warning tool may remain in oblivion unless its peace
and security mandate is identified and benefitted from by the Africa Union (AU) Peace and Security
Architecture. The objectives of this study are:
a) To examine the AU and sub-regional organizational mechanisms on early warning as well as
their strengths and weaknesses.
b) To map out the APRM mandate in peace and security from the concept, instruments,
process and reports.
c) To draw both conceptual and practical links between the Continental Early Warning System
and the APRM reports.
d) To make recommendations of how APRM early warning findings can be integrated within the
AU Peace and Security Architecture for early response.<br>A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Katarina Crause, Institute for Human Rights, Abo Akademi University, Finland.<br>LLM Dissertation (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa -- University of Pretoria, 2009.<br>http://www.chr.up.ac.za/<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLM
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Ullmann, Christoph. "Community participation in the architectural design : a South African perspective with focus on Langa Township, Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5581.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 216-223).<br>The intention of this thesis is to analyse community participation by the example of one particular firm in Cape Town, South Africa. The thesis investigates in a time period between 1989 and 2000. That means that the study considers the planning conventions in "black" Langa Township before, during and afer apartheid. The study accepts the philosophy of one particular author, Henry Sanhoff who is internationally acknowledged for expertise in community participation. His theory is based mainly on the social and economical environment of developed countries and holds therefore the potential to transfer knowledge into the nature of community participation as it is understood in South Africa by one particular firm, SC-Studio architects.
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Hugo, Jan Marais. "The climate change adaptation potential of integrating urban agriculture with architecture in inland South African cities." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78823.
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In response to the protracted and ineffective international action on the climate change crisis, this study critically considers the potential of building-integrated agriculture (BIA) as retrofitting strategy to improve the climate change adaptation (CCA) capacity of buildings in South African inland cities. Based on a pragmatism paradigm, the study uses a mixed method research design, to evaluate current BIA farms and their efficacy as CCA retrofitting strategies to improve the thermal performance of the local built environment.
The exploratory research is structured in three phases. During the first phase the unused and underutilised spaces of Hatfield, a rapidly changing neighbourhood in Tshwane, South Africa, are mapped and defined in terms of their latent climate change adaptation capability. Secondly, the spatial and technological characteristics of the current BIA industry is surveyed through a series of interviews and observational studies. As the final research phase, a specific BIA farm type, passively controlled non-integrated rooftop greenhouses, is assessed in terms of its reciprocal thermal impact on the built environment.
As outcome, the research findings reveal a land-use form that can contribute to the climate change adaptation response strategies of South African cities on a spatial level. Unfortunately, the design resolution and technological realisation, specifically the prevalent form currently implemented in Johannesburg and Tshwane, adversely affect both farmers and building occupants during overheated periods. As a result, the study advocates developing and testing contextually appropriate technological solutions in the BIA industry.
The study advances the climate change discourse by assessing the performance of BIA farms as constituent entities in networks of small-scaled climate change adaptation projects in resource constrained urban environments.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.<br>Architecture<br>PhD<br>Unrestricted
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Ngutter, William Nguta-Makau. "The Door of Return Museum of Senegal." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54591.
Full textAbstract:
Door of Return Museum symbolizes a synthesis of environmental building systems (EBS) and extends Senegal's cultural fingerprint along the Atlantic shoreline. Benefits of EBS technologies include ecologic imperatives, coexistence with nature, and transcultural synergies to name a few. Architecturally speaking EBS is the purposeful integration of environmental systems in a harmonious manner that maximizes passive energy solutions to the fullest extent possible. When doing so problems exist both environmental and contextual yet resolutions can be rewarding to the client, community, and most important the end-user. Overcoming problematic challenges maintains sensitivity towards nature, cultural history and vernacular typology. Design methodology mitigates natural systems such as thermal heat transfer, daylight control, natural ventilation and thermal lag prior to incorporating mechanical systems. The paramount result is a contemporary museum that educates via its collection and economized performance systems.<br>Master of Architecture
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Lauer, John. "The war and race museum : adding African-American history to the Cyclorama." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23097.
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Edwards-Ingram, Ywone. "Medicating slavery: Motherhood, health care, and cultural practices in the African diaspora." W&M ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623482.
Full textAbstract:
A sophisticated exploration of the intricacies of motherhood and health care practices of people of African descent, especially the enslaved population of Virginia, can shed light on their notions of a well-lived life and the factors preventing or contributing to these principles. I situate my dissertation within this ideal as I examine how the health and well-being of enslaved people were linked to broader issues of economic exploitation, domination, resistance, accommodation, and cultural interactions. Historical and archaeological studies have shown that the living and working conditions of enslaved people were detrimental to their health. Building on these findings, I explore how aware were blacks of these impediments to their well-being and the pursuit of a wholesome life, and what means these populations employed to change the negative tangibles and intangibles of slave societies. These questions are best studied from a multi-disciplinary perspective and by using a variety of evidence.;Therefore, I collate and wed diverse selections of documentary evidence---a complex assortment of texts covering history, oral tradition, and narratives---with material cultural evidence, mainly from archaeological excavations and historic landscapes, to show the complex web of objects, beliefs, and practices that constituted this arena of well-being and autonomy. I discuss how issues of well-being intertwined with gender and race relations and how these were played out in many acts of motherhood and child care, struggles over foods and health care, other verbal and physical fights, and how the landscape and objects were implicated in social relations. I focus on Virginia but use examples from other slave societies for comparative purposes.;Blacks juxtaposed their cultural ways with those of whites and, at times, found the latter below black standards for a wholesome life. Therefore, while being open-minded toward some practices and beliefs from whites, blacks continued to maintain separate activities. This dissertation presents and interprets the ideals and practices of enslaved blacks and their descendants and shows how they created and reinforced their identity as a people capable of caring not only for themselves, but for whites as well.
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Raubenheimer, Hendrieka. "WARP + WEFT : translating textiles into interior architecture - in search for inspiration and continuation of African textile traditions." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30222.
Full textAbstract:
WARP and WEFT is a textile making guild, intricately woven into KNOOP, the proposed Clothing and Consumer Science building for the University of Pretoria. This building is situated in Hatfield next to the railway line, in close proximity to the Gautrain station and Rissik Station. KNOOP was designed in 2008 by Korine Stegmann in fulfilment of her MArch(Prof) at the University of Pretoria. Therefore, the building in which the intervention is proposed is, to date, only an architectural proposal and has not yet been built. The project was initiated due to a fascination with textiles and the relevance of textiles in interior architecture. This fascination with textiles is ascribed to the following: The first intriguing aspect of textiles is the structure and the underlying construction principles of textiles. The second aspect is the unique character of textiles compared to other building materials. Another interesting notion is the current international textile trend and current re-focus on textiles as a construction material after a long period of being neglected. The current hype about textiles is ascribed to the tactile qualities of textiles, which opposes an increasing movement towards virtualism. The raw and organic production process of handmade textiles is desirable and opposes automated production. Similarly to the Arts and Crafts movement, designers are once more interested in handmade products. Fourthly, textiles used in architecture has the intriguing ability to create an architecture which better relates to fashion in terms of fashion’s ability to easily change and adapt; fashion’s fleeting nature. Lastly, handmade textiles of a specific region have the ability to convey the identity of that specific region. This is a crucial ability to resist globalization and monotony in cultural identity. Appropriately, the fascination of this dissertation is with traditional African handmade textiles and its relevance in interior architecture. The contemporary unbuilt building was selected to demonstrate the value of a collaborative approach between an architect and interior architect prior to construction. The analysis of the architectural proposal shows that the interior architect can effectively recognize the strengths and weaknesses of a building from an interior perspective and enhance and improve these aspects. The aim is also to show that two programmes can function collaborative in one building and that intervention is possible within a building with a fixed programme. The site was selected due to the location and framework it falls within. The location of the site allows for exposure due to the pedestrian demand on the site. Also, the site is advantageously located within close proximity to main transportation nodes. The site falls within the extended Arcadia Arts and Cultural Corridor. The vision for this corridor is a lively and multicultural precinct which hosts a variety of arts and cultural facilities. The vision for these facilities is to portray the zest of local culture, especially to those disembarking the Gautrain. The textile making guild, WARP + WEFT is an important project within this precinct, due to the core concept of the guild to celebrate African textiles. The aim of the guild is to produce contemporary woven textiles which portray the identity of traditional African woven textiles. The vision for WARP + WEFT within the precinct is to exhibit textiles, expose the textile making processes and to create a unique African textile experience for both the public and the users of the guild. The interior intervention will celebrate African textiles by demonstrating how textiles are used to solve and embrace aspects identified through the analysis of the architectural proposal. These aspects include acoustic absorption, solar screening, adding softness, texture and colour to an environment predominantly defined by cold, hard, smooth and monotone surfaces, as well as providing versatile branding elements. The use of textiles in the interior intervention introduces the unique design question of how to design with textiles for a textile related programme, opposed to textiles being used for another programme, such as a theatre or a hotel. It is a matter of “textiles for textiles” instead of “textiles for music” or “textiles for sleeping”. The solution to this unique design problem is to differentiate between spaces which celebrate textiles by acting as a background or blank canvas for the exhibition and production of textiles and spaces which celebrate textiles by becoming textile-like. To create these spatial variations, the exclusive use of textiles is not sufficient. Textiles need to be translated into interior architecture which will be achieved through the following five methods: Translation through metaphor, translation through structure, interpretation of actual textiles, engagement through text and the translation of the unique qualities of textiles. Thus, the aim of the investigation is to celebrate textiles through the application of textiles and through the translation of textiles in interior architecture.<br>Dissertation MInt(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012<br>Architecture<br>MInt(Prof)<br>Unrestricted
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Brown, David Arthur. "An Enslaved Landscape: The Virginia Plantation at the End of the Seventeenth Century." W&M ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623632.
Full textAbstract:
Lewis Burwell II designed Fairfield plantation in Gloucester County to be the most sophisticated and successful architectural and agricultural effort in late seventeenth-century Virginia. He envisioned a physical framework with the intent to control the world around him so that he might profit from growing tobacco, while raising his family's status to the highest in the colony through the display of wealth and knowledge and the enslavement of both Africans and the natural surroundings. The landscape he envisioned contrasted with those of the enslaved Africans he purchased and put to work in the fields and buildings surrounding his '1694 brick manor house. These overlapping and often competing landscapes are visible in the surviving material culture, archaeological remains, and historic documents. Individuals created these landscapes from their personal experiences, a product of their constantly changing perspectives extending outward from themselves, their "way of seeing" tempered by a culture rooted in Senegambia, England, or Virginia. at a crucial period in Virginia history, perhaps the most significant period of plantation development prior to the Civil War, Lewis Burwell II's Fairfield plantation reflected the struggle between the co-dependent strains of agricultural expansion and racialized slavery. This dissertation attempts to explain how and why individuals created and manipulated these landscapes, how landscapes provided opportunities and constrained possibilities, defined interpersonal relationships, individual and group identities, and the relative success and failures of a society constantly confronted with a physical environment it could not wholly control. By studying past landscapes and how others used them to define and redefine their identities, it is possible to gain insight into our present condition, deepening an understanding of how our interactions with landscape define our own identity.
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Bambury, Jill Ellen. "The church in the 'hyperghetto' : an architectural investigation into an African American neighbourhood in New Orleans, Louisiana." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708793.
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Waddington, Andrew John. "Investigating the impact of brand reputation on brand architecture strategies : a study on a South African automotive company." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002796.
Full textAbstract:
The brand architecture of an organisation has become increasingly important to global management and marketing professionals, as it deals with structures and designs of brands which are constantly influenced by a changing environment. The market realities and changes brands face continuously impact the reputation of the brand, which is critical to sustain competitive advantage. The primary purpose of the study was to investigate the impact brand reputation has on brand architecture strategies, and an automotive company was chosen as the focus of the research. This research aims to help managers, marketers and brand owners make informative decisions regarding the brand architecture of a company. A quantitative content analysis methodology was used along with a webpage keyword counting application (WebWords). The application was used based on the principles outlined by Corporate Brand and Reputation Analysis (COBRA), which uses a four step progressive filtering process in filtering traditional and consumer generated media. The results from WebWords were then aligned to the brand architecture strategies from the brand relationship spectrum (BRS) to gain insight as to which of the strategies from the BRS were most vulnerable to reputational damage. The study found that the branded house and sub-brand strategies were most vulnerable to reputational damage based on the number reputational hits received. The connection between the master brand and the sub-brands could cause both brands to be affected should any reputational issues arise.
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Bothma, Johan. "Landscape and architectural devices for energy-efficient South African suburban residential design." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22852.
Full textAbstract:
The study relates international knowledge of climatically responsive and energy-efficient design to work done in South Africa. It also explores the relevance of design devices from international regions to the climates of this country. The research approach explores existing analyses of the main climate regions and the effects of climate factors on human comfort in each, in order to derive appropriate design solutions for the climate of South Africa. In South Africa obstacles exist in the face of energy efficiency. The cheapness of electricity to the consumer and the virtual non-existence of appropriate legislation appear to be two of the most significant obstacles. Design and subsequent construction of suburban residences is carried out with little regard for climatic context. Water is shown to be a particularly scarce and unevenly distributed commodity, which the affluent have greater access to and consume in greater quantities. However, it is demonstrated that the South African climate is virtually ideal for several climate-responsive energy-efficiency techniques. Especially due to the high solar radiation levels there is potential for various active and passive solar design techniques and technologies. The impact of atmospheric temperature and humidity, wind, radiation and precipitation on human comfort is investigated. Humidity and wind are demonstrated to be very influential on human comfort, whereas radiation and wind are the most easily manipulated through design. Furthermore, the specific topography and location of a site can influence the microclimate and solar access of an area to a significant degree. The South African climate is predominantly either hot semi-arid or temperate. Most of the western interior is hot arid whereas the eastern interior and highveld is predominantly temperate, with temperatures increasing to the north and decreasing to the south. The only cool region of the country is found in the highlands of the Drakensberg, with a significant portion of the eastern coast being hot humid. Methodologies and guidelines for both layout, or macro design, and detailed design of residential suburbs are explored. The manipulation of solar radiation, sunlight and wind, as well as the management of rainwater and used household water is explored. It is shown that designing suburbs to create access to solar radiation forms the basis of solar design, with solar access control, material and surface treatment largely determining the success of individual designs. Wind manipulation is achieved mainly through planting design, influencing mostly heat loss and gain ratios into buildings. Effective household water management can substantially reduce its consumption. Further research is needed in all aspects of climate-responsive design, especially classification of the South African climate and development of design techniques adapted to this context.<br>Dissertation (M (Landscape Architecture))--University of Pretoria, 2006.<br>Architecture<br>unrestricted
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King, Taryn V. "[We are] designing : the South African pavilion for world expo 2020, Dubai, UAE." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60183.
Full textAbstract:
The 'Beyond' as Bhaba1 (1994:1) conceives it, is "neither a
new horizon, nor a leaving behind of the past"; rather it is the
borders to the present.
These boundaries of the present are the "that from which
something begins its essential unfolding", according to
Heidegger (1978:356). Unfolding as a consequence of the
intersection of time and space, produces complex, as
opposed to unitary or reductive, figures of difference and
identity in Bhaba's (1994:2) view.
It is with these 'complex figure of difference and identity' which
enact 'hindsight' to re-describe our cultural contemporaneity;
to re-inscribe our human, historic commonality, that this
study is interested in. Within the context of nation branding,
these figures offer an alternative to the archetypal western
approach to identity construction.
The western approach to nation branding is based on two
critical assumptions; firstly, that modern nations are composed
of homogeneous societies, and secondly, that these societies
share a common culture.
It is here that the problem lies, for at its essence, South Africa
is pluralistic. We are a multicultural rainbow nation. We do not
have typical shared myths, historical memories and a mass
public culture due to historical and more recent political
struggles within our country. Consequently, we do not follow
the typical western approach to nation branding. It is therefore the intention of this study to make use of Bhaba's
(1994) theory of the 'Beyond' and his notions of Interstices and
Cultural Hybridity as adjectives and means of complex culture
production, introduced above, to propose an alternative
multicultural South African identity to be spatially transcribed
into the South African pavilion at the Expo 2020, Dubai UAE.
To this end, the study conducted a Hermeneutical, Social
Visual Semiotic and Lexical analysis of I-JUSI, the selected
hybrid culture. The results of the examination produced
seven brand indicators. These indicators in conjunction with
a set of design principals; established via a precedent study
of artifacts, interiors, buildings and landscapes that explored
or expressed the nation's new emerging collective national
identity, will be used to spatially embody the design concept
for the pavilion.<br>Die "Anderkant" (1994:1) soos Bhaba dit verstaan, is nie 'n
"nuwe horison" maar ook nie " 'n vergeet van die verlede" nie,
dit is liewer die grense van die huidige.
Hierdie grense van die huidige is "dit wat waarvan iets
sy noodsaaklike ontplooing begin", volgens Heidegger
(1978:356). Ontplooing, as 'n gevolg van die kruising van tyd
en ruimte, skep komplekse beelde in kontras met die unit?re
of reduserende, beelde met verskille en identiteite uit Bhaba
(1994:2) se oogpunt.
Dit is met hierdie "komplekse beeld van verskil en identiteit"
wat "nawete" implementeer dat ons ons kulturele
tydelikheid kan her-definieer; om ons menslike, historiese
ooreenkomste te her-graveer, dit is die studie waarmee ons
onself mee bemoei. Binne die die begrip van handelsmerking
bied hierdie beelde 'n alternatief tot die argetipiese westerse
benadering tot identiteits konstruksie.
Die westerse benadering tot handelsmerking is gebaseer op
twee kritiese aannames: eerstens, dat moderne nasies van
homogene samelewings saamgestel is, en tweedens, dat
hierdie samelewings 'n algemene kultuur deel.
Dit is hier waar die probleem l?, want Suid Afrika is wesentlik
pluristies. Ons is 'n multi-kulturele re?nboog nasie . Ons besit nie
tipiese legendes wat gedeel word onder ons nie en historise
herinneringe en 'n massa publiek as gevolg van historiese en
meer onlangse politiese stryd in ons land. Dus as 'n gevolg,
volg ons nie die tipiese westerse benadering tot nasie
handelsmerking nie.
Die doel van hierdie studie is dus om gebruik te maak van
Bhaba (1994) se teorie van die "Anderkant" en sy nasies
van tussenruimtes en kulturele hibridisasie as byvoeglike
naamwoorde, en wyses van kompleks kultuur produksie, soos
hierbo bekendgestel, om 'n alternatiewe multikulturele Suid
Arikaanse identiteit voor te stel en om die studie op 'n ruimtelike
wyse op skrif te stel binne die Suid Afrikaanse Paviljoen by die
"Expo 2020, Dubai UAE".
Vir hierdie doel omvat die studie 'n hermeneutiese, sosiaal
visuele semoitiese en leksikale analise van l-JUSI, die verkose
hibried kultuur. Die resultate van die ondersoek het sewe
handels indikators gewerf. Hierdie merke, tesame met 'n stel
ontwerp beginsels ,het deur middel van 'n presedent studie
van artefakte, interieurs, geboue en landskappe wat die nasie
se nuwe ontluikende kollektiwe persoonlike identiteit uitdruk,
gaan gebruik word om die ontwerp konsep van die pawiljoen
ruimtelik uit te druk.<br>Mini Dissertation (MInt (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016.<br>Architecture<br>MInt (Prof)<br>Unrestricted
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Atkins, Stephen Charles. "An Archaeological Perspective on the African-American Slave Diet at Mount Vernon's House for Families." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625859.
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Turner, Grace S. "An Allegory for Life: An 18th century African-influenced cemetery landscape, Nassau, Bahamas." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623360.
Full textAbstract:
I use W.E.B. Du Bois' reference to the worlds 'within and without the veil' as the narrative setting for presenting the case of an African-Bahamian urban cemetery in use from the early eighteenth century to the early twentieth century. I argue that people of African descent lived what Du Bois termed a 'double consciousness.' Thus, the ways in which they shaped and changed this cemetery landscape reflect the complexities of their lives. Since the material expressions of this cemetery landscape represent the cultural perspectives of the affiliated communities so changes in its maintenance constitute archaeologically visible evidence of this process. Evidence in this study includes analysis of human remains; the cultural preference for cemetery space near water; certain trees planted as a living grave site memorial; butchered animal remains as evidence of food offerings; and placement of personal dishes on top of graves.;Based on the manufacture dates for ceramic and glass containers African-derived cultural behavior was no longer practiced after the mid-nineteenth century even though the cemetery remained in use until the early twentieth century. I interpret this change as evidence of a conscious cultural decision by an African-Bahamian population in Nassau to move away from obviously African-derived expressions of cultural identity. I argue that the desire for social mobility motivated this change. Full emancipation was granted in the British Empire by 1838. People of African descent who wanted to take advantage of social opportunities had to give up public expressions of African-derived cultural identity in order to participate more fully and successfully in the dominant society.
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Brown, Brittany. "Ancestral Landscapes: a Study of Historical Black Cemeteries and Contemporary Practices of Commemoration Among African Americans in Duval County, Jacksonville, Fl." W&M ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1550154005.
Full textAbstract:
The end of slavery in North America presented an opportunity for African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida to reinvent themselves. The reconstruction era brought about new social, political, and economic opportunities for African Americans living in Jacksonville. Despite the failure of Reconstruction and the implementation of Jim Crow, Jacksonville gave birth to a vibrant African American aristocracy. Jacksonville's Black elite comprised of doctors, lawyers, morticians, religious leaders, business people and other professionals. Jacksonville's Black elite thrived in the early half of the twentieth century, many of them used their knowledge and skills to contribute to the social and economic development of Jacksonville's African American community. During this period, Jacksonville's African American aristocracy provided their community with legal protection, healthcare, vocational training, employment opportunities, goods, and other critical services such as life insurance and burial. This study centers on a historical African American cemetery cluster that was established during the early twentieth century by Jacksonville's Black aristocrats. This cemetery cluster consists of four cemeteries which include: Pinehurst, Mount Olive, Sunset Memorial, and Memorial. This cluster is located on the Northside of Jacksonville city, along the intersecting roads of 45th street and Moncrief road, and contains an estimated 70,000 African American burials. I argue that this cemetery is reflective of the social, political, and economic changes undergone by Jacksonville's African American community.